The main types of troops of the Navy. The purpose of each branch of the Navy

| Types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation | Navy

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Types of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Navy

From the history of creation

In 1695, the young Tsar Peter I made an attempt to seize the Azov fortress occupied by the Turks. The siege ended in failure, as the Turkish fleet, which dominated the Sea of Azov, provided great assistance and support to the garrison of the fortress.

After analyzing the reasons for the unsuccessful siege in Russia, the Admiralty was established, and on the river. Shipbuilding yards were laid in Voronezh. As a result of the energetic measures taken in 1696. managed to create the first in the history of Russia connection of military and transport ships, the so-called naval military caravan. It consisted of 2 frigates, 23 galleys, 4 fire ships and about 1000 small rowing vessels. In May 1696, the ground army (about 75 thousand people) and the naval military caravan reached Azov and blocked it from land and sea, and on May 20, a detachment of 40 Cossack boats attacked the Turkish squadron. The Turks lost 2 ships and 10 cargo ships. At the same time, the main part of the military caravan took up a position at the mouth of the river. Don and did not allow the Turkish fleet, which arrived to help the Azov garrison, to approach the coast and land reinforcements for the besieged.

As a result of these actions, on July 19, 1696, Azov surrendered. In connection with these events, 1696 is rightfully considered the year of foundation of the Russian Navy.

Organizational structure of the Navy

General Command of the Navy
surface forces
submarine forces
Naval aviation
- Coastal Rocket and Artillery Troops
- Marines

Navy- a type of the Armed Forces designed to strike at industrial and economic regions (centers), important military targets of the enemy and defeat his naval forces. The Navy is capable of inflicting nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets, destroying its ships at sea and in bases, disrupting its ocean and maritime communications and defending its own, assisting ground forces in conducting operations, landing amphibious assaults and repulsing enemy amphibious assaults, transporting troops, material funds and perform other tasks.

Part Navy includes several branches of forces: submarine, surface, naval aviation, coastal troops. It also includes ships and vessels of the auxiliary fleet, special forces and various services. The main types of forces are submarine forces and naval aviation.

Navy is one of the most important foreign policy attributes of the state. It is designed to ensure the security and protection of the interests of the Russian Federation in peacetime and wartime at the ocean and sea frontiers.

The Navy is capable of inflicting nuclear strikes on enemy ground targets, destroying enemy fleet groups in the sea and bases, disrupting the enemy’s ocean and sea communications and protecting its maritime transportation, assisting ground forces in operations in continental theaters of military operations, landing amphibious assault forces, participating in repelling enemy landings and perform other tasks.

Today the Navy consists of four fleets: Northern, Pacific, Black Sea, Baltic and Caspian flotilla. The priority task of the fleet is to prevent the outbreak of wars and armed conflicts, and in the event of aggression, repulse it, cover the country's facilities, forces and troops from oceanic and sea areas, inflict defeat on the enemy, create conditions for preventing hostilities at the earliest possible stage and concluding peace at conditions that meet the interests of the Russian Federation. In addition, the task of the Navy is to conduct peacekeeping operations by decision of the UN Security Council or in accordance with the international allied obligations of the Russian Federation.

To solve the priority task of the Armed Forces and the Navy - to prevent the outbreak of war, the Navy has naval strategic nuclear forces and general-purpose forces. In the event of aggression, they must repel enemy strikes, defeat strike groups of his fleet and prevent him from carrying out large-scale naval operations, as well as, in cooperation with other branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, ensure the creation of the necessary conditions for the effective conduct of defensive operations in continental theaters of military operations.

Navy (Navy)

underwater
surface
naval aviation
Marine Corps and Coastal Defense Forces.
- ships and vessels
- special purpose parts
- units and divisions of the rear.

The main striking force of the Navy is nuclear submarines armed with ballistic and cruise missiles with nuclear warheads. These ships are constantly in various areas of the World Ocean, ready for the immediate use of their strategic weapons.

Submarine nuclear powered ships, armed with ship-to-ship cruise missiles, are aimed mainly at combating large enemy surface ships.

Nuclear-powered torpedo submarines are used to disrupt the enemy's underwater and surface communications and in the defense system against an underwater threat, as well as to escort missile submarines and surface ships.

The use of diesel submarines (missile and torpedo) is associated mainly with the solution of typical tasks for them in limited areas of the sea.

Equipping submarines with nuclear power and nuclear missile weapons, powerful sonar systems and high-precision navigation weapons, along with comprehensive automation of control processes and the creation of optimal living conditions for the crew, has significantly expanded their tactical properties and forms of combat use. Surface forces in modern conditions remain the most important part of the Navy. The creation of ships carrying aircraft and helicopters, as well as the transition of a number of classes of ships, like submarines, to nuclear power have greatly increased their combat capabilities. Equipping ships with helicopters and aircraft significantly expands their capabilities to detect and destroy enemy submarines. Helicopters create an opportunity to successfully solve the problems of relaying and communications, target designation, transfer of cargo at sea, landing troops on the coast and rescuing personnel.

surface ships are the main forces for ensuring the exit and deployment of submarines in the areas of hostilities and return to bases, transportation and cover of landing forces. They are assigned the main role in laying minefields, in combating the mine danger and protecting their communications.

The traditional task of surface ships is to strike at enemy targets on his territory and to cover their coast from the sea from the enemy's naval forces.

Thus, a complex of responsible combat missions is assigned to surface ships. They solve these tasks in groups, formations, associations both independently and in cooperation with other branches of the fleet forces (submarines, aviation, marines).

Naval aviation- branch of the Navy. It consists of strategic, tactical, deck and coastal.

Strategic and tactical aviation Designed for confrontation with groups of surface ships in the ocean, submarines and transports, as well as for bombing and missile strikes against enemy coastal targets.

carrier-based aviation is the main striking force of the aircraft carrier formations of the Navy. Its main combat missions in the armed struggle on the sea are the destruction of enemy aircraft in the air, the starting positions of anti-aircraft guided missiles and other enemy air defense systems, the conduct of tactical reconnaissance, etc. When performing combat missions, carrier-based aviation actively interacts with tactical aviation.

Naval aviation helicopters are an effective means of targeting a ship's missile weapons when destroying submarines and repelling attacks by enemy low-flying aircraft and anti-ship missiles. Carrying air-to-surface missiles and other weapons, they are a powerful means of fire support for marines and the destruction of enemy missile and artillery boats.

Marines- a branch of the Navy, designed to conduct combat operations as part of amphibious assault forces (independently or jointly with the Ground Forces), as well as to defend the coast (naval bases, ports).

The combat operations of the marines are carried out, as a rule, with the support of aviation and artillery fire from ships. In turn, the marines use in combat operations all types of weapons characteristic of motorized rifle troops, while using landing tactics specific to it.

Coastal Defense Troops, As a branch of the Navy forces, they are designed to protect the bases of the Navy forces, ports, important sections of the coast, islands, straits and narrownesses from the attack of ships and amphibious landings of the enemy. The basis of their armament is coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships (protection of the water area). Coastal fortifications are being set up on the coast to ensure defense by troops.

Units and divisions of the rear are intended for logistic support of the forces and military operations of the Navy. They ensure the satisfaction of the material, transport, household and other needs of formations and formations of the Navy in order to maintain them in combat readiness for the performance of assigned tasks.

The Navy is a powerful factor in the country's defense capability. It is subdivided into strategic nuclear forces and general purpose forces.

Strategic nuclear forces have great nuclear missile power, high mobility and the ability to operate for a long time in various regions of the oceans.

The Navy consists of the following branches of forces: submarine, surface, naval aviation, marines and coastal defense troops. It also includes ships and vessels, special-purpose units, units and subunits of the rear.

submarine forces- the strike force of the fleet, capable of controlling the expanses of the World Ocean, covertly and quickly deploying in the right directions and delivering unexpected powerful strikes from the depths of the ocean against sea and continental targets. Depending on the main armament, submarines are divided into missile and torpedo, and according to the type of power plant, nuclear and diesel-electric.

Nuclear-powered submarines armed with ship-to-ship cruise missiles are mainly aimed at fighting large enemy surface ships. Nuclear torpedo submarines are used to disrupt enemy submarine and surface communications and in the defense system against underwater threats, as well as to escort missile submarines and surface ships.

The use of diesel submarines (missile and torpedo) is associated mainly with the solution of typical tasks for them in limited areas of the sea. Equipping submarines with nuclear power and nuclear missile weapons, powerful sonar systems and high-precision navigation weapons, along with comprehensive automation of control processes and the creation of optimal living conditions for the crew, has significantly expanded their tactical properties and forms of combat use.

surface forces in modern conditions remain the most important part of the Navy. The creation of ships carrying aircraft and helicopters, as well as the transition of a number of classes of ships, like submarines, to nuclear power have greatly increased their combat capabilities. Equipping ships with helicopters and aircraft significantly expands their capabilities to detect and destroy enemy submarines. Helicopters create an opportunity to successfully solve the problems of relaying and communications, target designation, transfer of cargo at sea, landing troops on the coast and rescuing personnel. Surface ships are the main forces to ensure the exit and deployment of submarines to combat areas and return to bases, transport and cover landings. They are assigned the main role in laying minefields, in combating the mine danger and protecting their communications.

The traditional task of surface ships is to strike at enemy targets on its territory and cover its coast from the sea from the enemy's naval forces.

Naval aviation- branch of the Navy. It consists of strategic, tactical, deck and coastal.

Strategic and tactical aviation is designed to confront groups of surface ships in the ocean, submarines and transports, as well as to deliver bombing and missile strikes against enemy coastal targets.

Carrier-based aviation is the main striking force of the Navy's aircraft carrier formations. Its main combat missions in armed struggle at sea are the destruction of enemy aircraft in the air, the starting positions of anti-aircraft guided missiles and other means of enemy air defense, tactical reconnaissance, etc. When performing combat missions, carrier-based aviation actively interacts with tactical aviation.

Coastal Defense Troops, as a branch of the forces of the Navy, are designed to protect the bases of the forces of the Navy, ports, important sections of the coast, islands, straits and narrownesses from the attack of enemy ships and amphibious assault forces. The basis of their armament is coastal missile systems and artillery, anti-aircraft missile systems, mine and torpedo weapons, as well as special coastal defense ships (protection of the water area). Coastal fortifications are being set up on the coast to ensure defense by troops.

Logistic units and subunits are intended for logistic support of the forces and military operations of the Navy. They ensure the satisfaction of the material, transport, household and other needs of formations and formations of the Navy in order to maintain them in combat readiness for the performance of assigned tasks.

Fleets:

Black Sea Fleet (BSF)- operational-strategic association of the Russian Navy in the Black Sea.
The main base is Sevastopol.

Pacific Fleet (Pacific Fleet)

The Russian Pacific Fleet, as an integral part of the Navy and the Russian Armed Forces as a whole, is a means of ensuring Russia's military security in the Asia-Pacific region.

To accomplish the assigned tasks, the Pacific Fleet includes strategic missile submarines, multi-purpose nuclear and diesel submarines, surface ships for operations in the oceanic and near sea zones, naval missile-carrying, anti-submarine and fighter aircraft, ground forces, parts of ground and coastal forces .

The main tasks of the Russian Pacific Fleet at present are:

maintaining naval strategic nuclear forces in constant readiness in the interests of nuclear deterrence;
protection of the economic zone and areas of production activities, suppression of illegal production activities;
ensuring the safety of navigation;
implementation of foreign policy actions of the government in economically important areas of the World Ocean (visits, business visits, joint exercises, actions as part of peacekeeping forces, etc.)

Northern Fleet (SF)- operational-strategic association of the Russian Navy.

The basis of the modern Northern Fleet is nuclear missile and torpedo submarines, missile-carrying and anti-submarine aviation, missile, aircraft-carrying and anti-submarine ships.

Baltic Fleet- operational-strategic association of the Russian Navy in the Baltic Sea.

The main bases are Baltiysk (Kaliningrad region) and Kronstadt (Leningrad region). It includes a division of surface ships, a brigade of diesel submarines, formations of auxiliary and search and rescue vessels, the Air Force of the Fleet, coastal troops, units of logistic technical and special support.

Composition and organization of the Navy

The purpose and nature of the activities of the Navy require the presence in its composition of various branches of forces capable of solving both offensive and defensive tasks in remote and coastal areas.

The Navy consists of two components: naval strategic nuclear forces (NSNF), general-purpose naval forces (MSON), as well as support forces, special troops and fleet services.

The Navy includes four types of forces: submarine forces; surface forces; naval aviation; coastal troops of the Navy.

Type of force - an integral part of the type of the Armed Forces, including units and formations that have their own combat means, weapons and equipment. Each type of forces has its own combat properties, uses its own tactics and is intended to solve operational, tactical, operational-tactical tasks. The branches of forces, as a rule, operate in a certain geographical environment and are capable of conducting combat operations independently and jointly with other branches of the forces.

Under present-day conditions, the main arms of the Navy, capable of most successfully solving the main offensive missions of the fleet using conventional and nuclear missile weapons, are submarine forces and naval aviation.

Naval strategic nuclear forces are an integral part of the country's strategic nuclear forces. They are represented by strategic missile submarines (rplSN) and are used in the operations of strategic nuclear forces according to the plan of the Supreme High Command.

General-purpose naval forces include all types of forces of the Navy, are used to solve operational and tactical tasks, to conduct systematic combat operations.

The Coastal Forces, as a branch of the Navy, unites formations and units of the Marine Corps, Coastal Rocket and Artillery Troops (BRAV), and in certain regions of the Russian Federation, groups of coastal troops (Coastal Defense Troops).

Support forces, special troops and services of the fleet include the air defense forces of the fleet, formations and units of special troops and services (reconnaissance, marine engineering, chemical, communications, radio engineering, electronic warfare, missile technical, technical support, search and rescue, hydrographic), formations, units and institutions of the rear. The composition of the Russian Navy is shown in fig. 2.

Organizationally, the Navy of the Russian Federation consists of associations, naval bases, separate formations, units and institutions.

The Russian Navy is headed by the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, who is one of the Deputy Ministers of Defense. The supreme body of the Navy, the Main Headquarters of the Navy and the Directorate of the Navy, is subordinate to him.

An association is a large organizational formation, consisting of formations and units of various branches of the Navy forces, capable of solving operational (sometimes strategic) tasks independently or in cooperation with other branches of the Armed Forces. Depending on the composition and scale of the tasks to be solved, formations can be operational-strategic, operational and operational-tactical.

The regionally deployed operational-strategic formations of the Russian Navy include: the Northern, Pacific, Baltic and Black Sea fleets, as well as the Caspian flotilla. The basis of the Northern and Pacific Fleets are strategic missile submarines and multi-purpose nuclear submarines, aircraft-carrying, landing and multi-purpose surface ships, mine-sweeping ships and boats, diesel submarines, coastal missile and artillery troops and attack aircraft. The basis of the Baltic, Black Sea Fleets and the Caspian Flotilla is multi-purpose surface ships, mine-sweeping ships and boats, diesel submarines, coastal missile and artillery troops and attack aircraft.

The operational formations of the Navy include fleets(a flotilla of heterogeneous forces, a flotilla of rpl SN, a flotilla of multi-purpose submarines) and naval air force.

The operational-tactical formations of the Navy include squadrons (operational squadron, squadron of diverse forces, squadron of multi-purpose submarines, squadron of amphibious assault forces).

The regional deployment of the Navy requires the maintenance and development of independent basing infrastructures, shipbuilding and ship repair, all types of support, the basis of which is the historically established system of cities - naval bases in Russia.

A naval base (Naval Base) is a well-equipped and defended area of the coast with the water area adjacent to it, which provides basing, comprehensive support, deployment and return of fleet forces. It includes, as a rule, several base points, as well as forces and means to maintain a favorable operational regime in the designated 8MB operational area of responsibility.

The composition of formations and naval bases is not permanent. It is determined depending on the purpose, the nature of the tasks performed, the areas and directions in which they operate, as well as the conditions of the theater of operations.

A formation is a permanent organizational formation of ships and units capable of independently solving tactical tasks and participating in solving operational tasks. The composition of compounds is determined by their regular structure. Designed for purposeful combat training and ease of control. The division is the main tactical formation. Brigade and division ships - tactical formations.

A division (brigade) of submarines, as a rule, consists of submarines of the same class (subclass). For example: a division of strategic missile submarines, a division (brigade) of torpedo submarines. Divisions (brigades) of surface ships consist of one or more classes (subclasses) of ships. For example: a division of rocket-but-artillery ships. A battalion as a tactical unit is a formation of rank 111 and IV ships. For example: a division of minesweepers, a division of missile boats, etc.

A tactical unit is a military formation capable of independently solving tactical tasks. Parts are: ships of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd ranks, groups of ships of the 4th rank, regiment (in naval aviation, marines, BRAV).

Part, in turn, consists of military units - small military formations. Typical units: combat unit (service), ship of the 4th rank, squadron, air unit, battalion, company, platoon, etc.

Special troops and services designed to support the combat activities of the Navy and solve their inherent special tasks are organizationally reduced to formations, units, subunits and institutions that are part of associations, formations and units of the Navy, and are also under central subordination. For example: a division of reconnaissance ships, a military construction detachment, a chemical protection battalion, a communications center, an electronic company, an electronic warfare squadron, an arsenal, bases and warehouses, a shipyard, a rescue ship brigade, a hydrographic detachment, an automobile company, a group of naval support vessels, etc. .

The organizational structure of the Russian Navy is shown in fig. 3.

The qualitative and quantitative composition of the troops (forces) of the fleets (flotillas) must correspond to the level and nature of threats to the national security of the Russian Federation in a particular region.

The variety of tasks solved by the fleet necessitates the specialization of ships, i.e. the construction of ships with certain qualities, which led to the need for their classification.

All ships and vessels in the Navy are divided into groups. The criterion for division is purpose. Five groups are distinguished: warships, combat boats, special-purpose ships, naval support vessels, raid vessels and support boats.

Warships and combat boats, i.e. the first and second groups determine the combat composition of the Navy and are designed to solve precisely combat missions.

The group of special-purpose ships includes special-purpose submarines, control ships, training ships, reconnaissance ships.

The group of offshore support vessels includes vessels for combat training, medical support, radiation safety and chemical protection, transport, rescue, navigation and hydrographic support.

The group of offshore support vessels includes vessels designed to support the activities of the fleet in the roads and harbors. To them from-; basic rescue vessels, self-propelled and non-self-propelled maintenance vessels, basic dry-cargo and tankers, tugboats, raid boats, etc.

Within the groups, ships and ships of the Navy are divided into classes. The criteria for dividing into classes are the tasks to be solved and the main weapon. So, for example, submarines are divided into two classes, and surface ships into five classes.

Within the classes, combat ships and special-purpose ships are divided into subclasses. The criteria for dividing into subclasses are displacement, type of power plant, narrower specialization, cruising range.

Depending on the tactical and technical elements and purpose, as well as to determine the seniority of commanders, the legal status of the officers and the standards of logistics, warships are divided into ranks. The Russian Navy has four ranks of ships. The first is the highest. The division into classes and ranks is determined by the Regulations on the Classification of Ships and Vessels of the Navy.

6 depending on the design features of the ships of one and of the same subclass differ in types and designs.

The classification of the ship composition in different states has its own characteristics and is not constant. As the fleet develops, with a change in its tasks and armament of ships, new classes (subclasses) appear, and obsolete ones are excluded from the composition of the fleet. Thus, after the Second World War, in most states, the class of battleships and subclasses of escort aircraft carriers were excluded from the fleet, and the subclass of patrol ships was excluded from the US Navy. With the equipping of the fleet with rocket weapons, a class of rocket ships appeared.

The future of the fleet belongs to multi-purpose, versatile ships capable of effectively combating air, surface, underwater and coastal targets. Therefore, the number of ship classes will be reduced. At the same time, there are specific tasks that require the use of special materials and design solutions in the construction of ships, for example, mine-ladder, landing ships, some special-purpose ships, the universalization of which is impractical.