Interesting scientific facts from the world. Interesting scientific facts

The process of knowing the world, exploring new horizons and penetrating the very essence of the most complex natural phenomena is impossible without trial and error. Science must be mistaken and wrong, because that's how things work. The whole point is to refute what we think we know well enough. If we can't find evidence to the contrary, then so be it. And if we can, then a whole new world awaits us! Here are 25 examples of the most common misconceptions of the scientific world of past centuries and even years. But 25 misconceptions are just a drop in the ocean, and the most popular misconceptions and interesting facts are on the website https://factum-info.net/. Perhaps today there is something that you unquestioningly believe in, and tomorrow this stereotype will be included in a new list of errors and hoaxes.

25. The four humors of the human body

Ancient doctors and scientists believed that the human body consists of 4 fluids - phlegm, yellow bile, black bile and blood. If the body did not produce a healthy ratio of these vital juices, the person became ill. For the same reason, until the end of the 19th century, the method of treatment with bloodletting was considered the most effective way to bring the balance of fluids back to normal. Then the golden age of microbiology began, and medicine was able to take a different path, saving new lives thanks to scientific breakthroughs.

But why humor? In ancient medical theories, the fundamental human fluids were called humors (an ancient Greek word that translates as humor). It was believed that each type of humor or humor corresponds to a certain temperament. Probably, this is where the ambiguous meaning of the words "bile" and "ulcer" appeared in the Russian language.

24. Miasm Theory

In the science of past centuries, there was a theory that the cause of most diseases is miasma (harmful substances and decay products that get from the soil and sewage directly into the air). Until the advent of extensive research in microbiology in the late 19th century, the miasma theory was the most common explanation for almost all ailments, including typhoid fever, malaria, and cholera.

In the process of developing this theory, science has generated a number of extremely curious medical solutions and devices. During the Middle Ages, doctors sometimes prescribed bad smell treatments (such as inhalation of intestinal gases) to their patients. Apparently, they believed that if unpleasant odors can cause illness, then they can also overcome it.

23. Earth is the center of the universe

Thanks to Nicolaus Copernicus, today we know that our Earth is not the center of the universe. In the 16th century, the geocentric system of the world, according to which all the stars revolved around our planet, was replaced by the heliocentric and then by the following modern cosmological models of the Universe. And that's not all ... Modern scientists know much more than astronomers of past centuries, and we have the latest technology to look far beyond the horizons of the conceivable. But the more a person learns about space, the more new questions appear!

22. Phlogiston

For the first time this term appeared in the middle of the 17th century, and the German chemist and physician Johann Joachim Becher became its author. The pundit suggested that this element is an ultra-fine matter or fiery substance contained in flammable substances and released from them during combustion. In addition, in the 17th century, people believed that we breathe not in order to receive oxygen, but in order to exhale this very phlogiston from the body and not burn alive.

21 Neanderthals And Homo Sapiens Didn't Mate With Each Other

For a long time, geneticists believed that modern people are exclusively descendants of the Homo sapiens species, and Neanderthal DNA has sunk into oblivion. However, in 2010, scientists managed to sequence (determine the sequence of amino acids and nucleotides) the genes of Neanderthals. At the same time, it was discovered that about 4% of people living outside of Africa are partly descendants of those same Neanderthals, and traces of the DNA of this extinct species were found in their blood. It seems that our ancestors still communicated with Neanderthals much more closely ...

20. Genetic differences between human races

In fact, there is no genetic difference between the human races. Recent studies carried out already in the 21st century have even shown that there can be much more differences between African peoples than in general between some Europeans and blacks.

19. Pluto is a planet

At first, Pluto was not considered a planet, then it was nevertheless ranked as this type of celestial bodies, calling it the 9th planet of the solar system. This was until 2006, when the International Astronomical Union updated and expanded cosmological terminology, and Pluto was again demoted, but this time to the rank of a dwarf or minor planet numbered 134340. A number of scientists continue to insist that this celestial body is a classical planet, so there is every chance that he will be returned to his former status again. For those who are not in the know, the main difference between dwarf planets and classical ones is the ability of the astronomical object under study to clear its orbit from cosmic debris, dust or planetesimals.

18. Ulcers appear due to stress and anxiety.

Wrong. An ulcer appears as a result of the vital activity of a special bacterium, and the researchers who proved this received the Nobel Prize in 2005. One of the scientists involved in the experiments deliberately ingested these microorganisms to prove their connection with inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes.

17. The earth is flat

For many centuries this statement was considered a dogma and an ordinary fact. But if you think that those days are over, you are mistaken. For example, the Flat Earth Society still promotes the idea of a flat earth and assures people that all satellite images are fake. Members of this organization deny generally accepted scientific facts and believe in conspiracy theories. Society is convinced that the Sun, Moon and other stars revolve above the surface of our flat planet, that gravity does not exist, that there is no South Pole either, and Antarctica is the Earth's ice belt.

16. Phrenology

This pseudoscience says that the inner world, character and sometimes even the fate of a person depend on the physical appearance. Followers of phrenology believe that the most important information about a person's mental properties can be obtained by measuring the parameters of the skull and analyzing its structure.

15. "Indestructible" laws of Newtonian physics

Since 1900, when Max Planck published his landmark paper “On the theory of the distribution of radiation energy in the normal spectrum” at a meeting of the German Physical Society, quantum mechanics has completely changed our understanding of the world. At the quantum level, there are such processes that are difficult to understand and explain with the help of classical mechanics and the three famous laws of Isaac Newton...

14. California Island

One of the sunniest states in the US, California was once considered a full-fledged island. No wonder there is an expression "California is an island in itself." This metaphorical phrase was once used quite literally. So it was until the end of the 18th century, when, during scientific expeditions, cartographers finally realized that this piece of land is a real continental coast and an indivisible part of North America.

13. Telegony

Telegony is the false science that offspring can inherit the genes of their mother's sexual partners, with whom she entered into an intimate relationship before their father. This teaching was especially popular among the Nazis. They believed that an Aryan woman who had at least one sexual encounter with a non-Aryan man was no longer capable of producing a full-blooded Aryan.

12. Irrational numbers

Pythagoras and his followers were almost religiously obsessed with numbers. One of their key doctrines was that all existing numbers can be expressed as a ratio of integers. That is why when the ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician Hippas noticed that the square root of 2 was irrational, it shocked the Pythagoreans. Moreover, there is a version that pundits were so much amazed and offended that they even drowned Hippasus in the sea.

11 Hollow Earth Theory

If you've ever read Jules Verne's sci-fi novel Journey to the Center of the Earth, or even watched the movie based on it, you already know what this theory is all about. Until almost the end of the 19th century, some scientists still believed that our planet was hollow and subject to internal exploration. These scientists believed that the size of the void is not much smaller than the size of the Earth itself. The most daring fantasies said that inside our planet there is a second atmospheric layer, internal water bodies, their own life forms living on the inner surface of the planet, and in the center of this sphere a small star hovers in airless space.

10 Raising Lambs

The ancient Greeks were a people who were ahead of their time and other nations in many ways. They practiced the sciences, made mathematical discoveries and built architectural masterpieces. But with all this, the Greeks believed that lambs could be raised on trees. This crazy theory was inspired by the stories of Indian pilgrims and merchants, who recalled trees on which “wool grew”. The belief that sheep and rams could be raised like plants continued well into the 17th century.

9. Time is constant

So it was thought before the discoveries of Albert Einstein. When he proved that only light was permanent, the public did not immediately believe it and even considered him a madman for a while. Today, however, NASA pilots have to set their watches in a special way, because time flows differently depending on the distance at which the spacecraft are from the source of gravity, and on the speed of movement. The difference is felt even on Earth. For example, at sea level, the clock ticks faster than on the roof of the famous Empire State Building (Empire State Building, 443 meters).

8. The more complex organisms, the more genes

Previously, scientists thought that humans had about 100,000 genes. The most amazing discovery made by the Human Genome Project (HGP, an international research project) was that we only have about 20,000 genes. It will sound especially incredible that over 30,000 genes have been found in some tiny mosses!

7 Water Is Only Found On Earth

This thesis also turned out to be a fallacy. Most recently, the NASA space agency reported that Europa, the natural satellite of Jupiter, has more water reserves than our entire planet.

6 Monkeys Are The Smartest Animals On Earth, Except Humans

For a long time, it was generally accepted in the scientific community that since primates (monkeys) are mammals closest to humans in terms of body structure and origin, they are also incredibly smart. However, recent studies have shown that there are birds in nature that are smarter than even the smartest monkeys. Do not underestimate the birds ...

5. The death of the ancient Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun

In 2006, archaeologists unearthed evidence that Tutankhamun died due to an accident with his chariot. However, already in 2014, historians reported that the real cause of his death was the consequences of incest, hereditary diseases characteristic of incest.

4 Neanderthals Were Stupid

It used to be thought that Neanderthals died out because Homo sapiens were smarter. New evidence contradicts this theory. According to new data from researchers, Neanderthals could be even smarter than our ancestors. But why then did they disappear from the face of the Earth? There is still no answer to this question...

The most optimistic version says that the Neanderthals did not actually die out, but simply dissolved among the tribes of Homo sapiens, integrated into our society and assimilated with our ancestors, as evidenced by traces of their DNA in our blood.

3. The rate of expansion of the universe

According to the most famous cosmological model of the 20th century, due to gravity, the expansion of our universe is gradually slowing down. However, in the 1990s, new data showed that the expansion of the universe was, in fact, accelerating.

2 Dinosaurs Had Normal Skin

Everything we know about the appearance of dinosaurs is based partly on conjecture, partly on the analysis of their descendants, and in some cases on fossilized prints. Previously, there was a theory that the body of these extinct animals was covered with skin or scales, but now the version of feathered dinosaurs is becoming increasingly popular in the scientific community.

1. Alchemy

Sir Isaac Newton was a great scientist and made a huge contribution to physics. But this did not stop him from believing in alchemy, which is now considered a pseudoscience based on myths. Until the end of his days, Newton believed that one day he would be able to turn ordinary metal into gold. Do not rush to laugh, because it is thanks to alchemy that we have modern chemistry.

Even while studying at school, many of you, dear readers, probably learned that such words as biology, psychology, theology came from the corresponding Greek words, one of which logos means a word or doctrine (biology is the doctrine of life).

By analogy, each person can name any doctrine invented by him. So, for example, the science of ratings in this case will be called ratingology. There are no less strange officially recognized sciences that are devoted to the study of unusual things - we will talk about them today. So here is the list the most unusual sciences in the world.

1. OOLOGY

Do you like the smell of sulfur? Are you concerned about your cholesterol levels? Then you can safely become an oologist. Oology is the branch of ornithology that deals with the study of the eggs of animals, especially birds. You may be surprised, but many people in the world collect eggs, and some collections are so extensive that they deserve to be displayed in museums.

To become an oologist, you must first become an ornithologist. The profession will be in demand in museums and zoos.

2. THANATOLOGY

Thanatology is the science of death, a branch of medicine that studies the process, dynamics and causes of dying. The most famous research in this area belongs to the University of Wisconsin in the USA. Thanatologists, in addition to directly death and dying, can also study cemeteries and tombstones.

3. POMOLOGY

In third place, science is not so gloomy and, to some extent, even life-affirming. Pomology is a branch of agronomy that studies various varieties of fruit and berry plants. Agree, it is much more pleasant to breed a new variety of berries and fruit trees than to study tombstones.

Future pomologists often begin their studies as ordinary gardeners, then their knowledge deepens and expands.

4. Narratology

Narratology is the science of storytelling. It is the narratologist who can say what exactly captivated you in your favorite book. The work is sometimes studied down to every metaphor. Narratologists are masters of literary analysis - here they reach heights inaccessible to the average person.

5. ESCHATALOGY

Eschatology is a religious doctrine about the end of the world, the fate of people, the afterlife and the transition of the Universe to a new qualitative state.

This branch of theology deals with finding out what happens to a person after death. If you catch yourself thinking about the end of the world or your own destiny after death, then eschatology will help you find answers to many questions.

6. DENDROCHRONOLOGY

Dendrochronology is a science devoted to the study of the growth rings of wood with the aim of subsequent dating of archaeological finds and antiquities.

It turns out that trees, like human bodies, can carry signs of past trauma or stress. Dendrochronology studies tree rings to find out what events happened to a tree during its existence. Such events may include, for example, a lightning strike or a forest fire.

7. VEXILLOLOGY

Vexillology is a historical discipline that studies flags, banners, standards, pennants. The science is quite interesting and fascinating - vexillology allows you to learn new facts about the history of the creation and use of the flags of various states.

8. CAMPANOLOGY

Campanology is the study of bells. The notorious hunchback Quasimodo of Victor Hugo would have been surprised to hear this name, although he was directly related to the bells. So why does this science exist? In fact, not everything is so simple with the bell ringing. Bells are very different: they can be made of various materials and weigh from a few kilograms to a ton. You need to ring the bells in such a way that the desired effect is created in a certain way, and not every person is capable of this.

Campanologists often start their careers as bell ringers. Some go on to become bell-ringing teachers in order to pass on their knowledge to the next generations.

9. KREMLINOLOGY

Kremlinology, as the name implies, is the science that studies Soviet or Russian politics. It is not surprising that such a science has appeared. Our country is the largest and richest in natural resources, so the foreign and domestic policy pursued by the USSR, and now by Russia, will always be closely studied and analyzed.

The mentality of Russians and Europeans is significantly different, and in many ways we are opposite to each other. This is probably why it took a whole science to find explanations for certain decisions of our leadership.

10. GERONTOLOGY

Gerontology is a branch of medicine that studies the phenomena of aging in living organisms. Gerontology also includes the study of diseases of the elderly, the hygiene of older people and their psychological and behavioral characteristics.

Among domestic scientists, a significant contribution to the development of science was made by I. I. Mechnikov and n. M. Amosov. There is a section of gerontology - social gerontology, which deals with the demographic and socio-economic problems of aging.

Incredible Facts

Science is an amazing thing. Everyone knows that everything that exists is made up of atoms. The nucleus of an atom has protons and neutrons, and is it itself surrounded by electrons that revolve around the nucleus? like little satellites. Interestingly, atoms are 99.99% empty space.

This screen is made of atoms, and these atoms are practically nothing. So why can't you see through the screen? And how can we even see, feel and stand on anything?

It's all about power. The atoms on the table actually repel the atoms in your hand. When you touch something, you actually experience a repulsive force.

Here are some more amazing scientific facts you didn't know.

1. If fill a thimble with matter from a neutron star, it will weigh almost 100 million tons.

2. Pseudoblindness is a phenomenon in which blind people develop a physiological response to visual stimuli (such as an angry face) despite being unable to see them.

3. If people used Newton's formulas instead of Einstein's theory of relativity, GPS calculations would differ by several kilometers.

4. Most cold place in the known universe is on Earth in the laboratory. Scientists have succeeded in freezing atoms using laser cooling. This resulted in temperatures in the billionth power of absolute zero.

5. In the human brain more synapses than stars in the Milky Way.

6. If it were possible to remove all empty space in atoms, then Everest could be put in a glass.

7. The compound that gives raspberries their flavor is found throughout our galaxy.. You heard it right, the Milky Way tastes like raspberries.

8. According to the Hafele-Keating experiment, time runs faster when flying west than when flying east(relative to the center of the earth).

9. Every cell in your body has been dividing since life began on Earth. And all this division will end with your death, except for the cells that you pass on to your descendants (1 per child) and certain circumstances (for example, organ donation).

10. The only reason you are able to read this article is because hundreds of miles of fiberglass cables lie on the ocean floor.

11. Grease in your knees is one of the most slippery substances known to man.

12. When you remember some event in the past, you remember not the event itself, but rather the last time you remembered it. In other words, you have a memory of memories. For this reason, people's memories are often inaccurate.

13. Pluto has only made 1/3 revolution since it was discovered.

14. If the Earth were the size of a billiard ball, it would be smoother (there would be less oscillation between high and low points on its surface).

15. Human sweat is odorless but since bacteria feed on it, the smell comes from their waste products.

Amazing Facts

16. Your lungs have the same surface area as a tennis court.

17. There is no way to scientifically prove that we are not part of a computer simulation.

18. The human body emits more heat per unit volume than the sun.

19. None of your ancestors died before successfully producing offspring.

20. Stomach acid is strong enough to dissolve zinc.

21. Occur on the Sun fiery whirlwinds larger than the Earth.

22. You never really touch anything. Your atoms simply repel the atoms of other objects (most of which are empty space).

23. Your The brain is made up mostly of water and fat..

24. Water conducts electricity only due to pollution. Perfectly pure water does not conduct electricity.

25. Of the four basic forces (gravity, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear and weak nuclear), gravity is the weakest, easiest to observe and least understood.

Newborns usually have about 270 bones, most of which are very small. This makes the skeleton more flexible and helps the baby move through the birth canal and grow quickly. As we grow older, many of these bones fuse together. The skeleton of an adult consists of an average of 200-213 bones.

2. The Eiffel Tower grows 15 centimeters in summer

The huge structure is built with temperature expansion joints, thanks to which the steel can expand and contract without any damage.

When steel is heated, it begins to expand and takes up more volume. This is called thermal expansion. Conversely, a decrease in temperature leads to a decrease in volume. For this reason, large structures such as bridges are built with expansion joints that allow them to change in size without being damaged.

3. 20% of oxygen comes from the Amazon rainforest

Flickr.com/thiagomarra

The Amazon rainforest covers 5.5 million square kilometers. The Amazonian jungle produces a significant portion of the Earth's oxygen by absorbing vast amounts of carbon dioxide, which is why they are often referred to as the lungs of the planet.

4. Some metals are so reactive that they explode even on contact with water.

Some metals and compounds - potassium, sodium, lithium, rubidium and cesium - exhibit increased chemical activity, therefore they can ignite with lightning speed upon contact with air, and if they are lowered into water, they can even explode.

5. A teaspoon of a neutron star would weigh 6 billion tons.

Neutron stars are the remnants of massive stars, consisting mainly of a neutron core covered with a relatively thin (about 1 km) crust of matter in the form of heavy atomic nuclei and electrons. The cores of stars that died during a supernova explosion were compressed under the influence of gravity. This is how superdense neutron stars were formed. Astronomers have found that the mass of neutron stars can be comparable to the mass of the Sun, despite the fact that their radius does not exceed 10–20 kilometers.

6. Each year, Hawaii moves closer to Alaska by 7.5 cm.

The earth's crust consists of several huge parts - tectonic plates. These plates are constantly moving along with the upper layer of the mantle. Hawaii is located in the middle part of the Pacific Plate, which is slowly drifting in a northwesterly direction towards the North American Plate, on which Alaska is located. Tectonic plates move at the same speed as human nails grow.

7. In 2.3 billion years, Earth will be too hot for life to exist.

Our planet will eventually become a vast desert, similar to today's Mars. For hundreds of millions of years, the Sun has been heating up, getting brighter and hotter, and will continue to do so. In about two billion years or more, temperatures will become so hot that the oceans that make Earth habitable will evaporate. The whole planet will turn into an endless desert. As scientists predict, in the next few billion years, the Sun will turn into a red giant and completely swallow the Earth - the planet will definitely come to an end.

Flickr.com/andy999

Thermal imagers are able to identify an object by the heat it radiates. And polar bears are experts at keeping warm. Thanks to a thick layer of subcutaneous fat and a warm coat, bears are able to endure even the coldest days in the Arctic.

9. It takes light 8 minutes 19 seconds to travel from the sun to the earth.

It is known that the speed of light is 300,000 kilometers per second. But even with such dizzying speed, it will take time to overcome the distance between the Sun and the Earth. And 8 minutes is not so much on a cosmic scale. It takes 5.5 hours for sunlight to reach Pluto.

10. If you remove all the interatomic space, humanity will fit in a sugar cube

In fact, more than 99.9999% of an atom is empty space. An atom consists of a tiny, dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons that proportionally occupy more space. This is because electrons move in waves. They can only exist where the crests and troughs of the waves add up in a certain way. The electrons do not stay at one point, their location can be anywhere within the orbit. That is why they take up a lot of space.

11. Gastric Juice Can Dissolve Razor Blades

The stomach digests food thanks to caustic hydrochloric acid with a high pH (hydrogen index) - from two to three. But at the same time, the acid also affects the gastric mucosa, which, however, is able to quickly recover. The lining of your stomach is completely renewed every four days.

Scientists have many versions of why this happens. The most likely: due to huge asteroids that have affected its course in the past, or due to the strong circulation of air currents in the upper atmosphere.

13. A flea can accelerate faster than a space shuttle.

Flea jumps reach breathtaking heights - 8 centimeters per millisecond. Each jump gives the flea an acceleration that is 50 times the acceleration of the spaceship.

What interesting facts do you know?

Interesting scientific facts

1. Pseudo-blindness is a phenomenon in which blind people develop a physiological response to visual stimuli (such as an angry face) despite being unable to see them.

2. If a thimble is filled with matter from a neutron star, it will weigh almost 100 million tons.

3. If people used Newton's formulas instead of Einstein's theory of relativity, GPS calculations would differ by several kilometers.

4. The coldest place in the known universe is on Earth in a laboratory. Scientists have succeeded in freezing atoms using laser cooling. This resulted in temperatures in the billionth power of absolute zero.

5. There are more synapses in the human brain than there are stars in the Milky Way.

6. If it were possible to remove all the empty space in atoms, then Everest could be placed in a glass.

7. The compound that gives raspberries their flavor is found throughout our galaxy. You heard it right, the Milky Way tastes like raspberries.

8. According to the Hafele-Keating experiment, time runs faster when flying in a westerly direction than in an easterly direction (relative to the center of the Earth).

New interesting facts

9. Every cell in your body has been dividing since life began on Earth. And all this division will end with your death, except for the cells that you pass on to your descendants (1 per child) and certain circumstances (for example, organ donation).

10. The only reason you are able to read this article is because hundreds of miles of fiberglass cables lie on the ocean floor.

11. The grease in your knees is one of the most slippery substances known to man.

12. When you remember an event in the past, you don't remember the event itself, but rather the last time you remembered it. In other words, you have a memory of memories. For this reason, people's memories are often inaccurate.