industry ist. knowledge, studying geography ist. past humanity. I. g. has the same basics. sections, as the geography of modernity, that is, it breaks up into: 1) ist. physical geography, 2) I. g. population, 3) I. g. x-va, 4) ist. political geography. The last section includes the geography of the external. and int. borders, the placement of cities and fortresses, as well as the East. events, i.e., the path of the military. campaigns, maps of battles, geography of bunks. movement, etc. Physical. geography has changed relatively little over the East. period, i.e. for several. the last millennia. But for human development. Societies are also important those small changes from the point of view of the general characteristics of the landscape, to-rye changing the conditions of human life. These include changes in the course of rivers, the disappearance of oases, the appearance of irrigation. systems, deforestation, pl. species of wild animals, etc. The study of these conditions of human life and the changes that have taken place is included in the section ist. physical geography. When studying I. g. of any country, the researcher usually has to focus his attention on ch. arr. on the last three of the above sections of the I. g., in other words, to engage in historical and economic. (population and x-in) and historical and political. geography. In the field of national geographic problems, the researcher faces problems of a general nature (the study of changes in the economic and political geography of a country or part of it over a given long period) and private problems (for example, to trace the growth of the territory of the Moscow Principality in 14-15 centuries or changes in the distribution of the population in the United States in the 18-20 centuries, etc.). In the study of historical and economic. and historical and political. geography of any country for a long time. time, the researcher, guided by the general periodization, must recreate a picture of the development of its economic. and political geography. So, for example, exploring the I. g. of Russia during the time from the end. 18th century to Oct. revolution, it is necessary to study the main. economic elements. and political geography on horseback 18th century, to establish the population, its nat. composition, its location, indicate the borders of which states and how exactly the territory under study was divided. (what was included in the borders of the Russian Empire, what was within the limits of others and which particular states), what was the internal. adm. division of this space. The most difficult part of the task is to show the economic. geography of the studied territory. - setting the level of development produces. forces, their placement. After that, the analysis of changes is carried out. economic elements. and political geography in the pre-reform. and post-reform. periods in order to obtain comparable pictures in this way at the time of the abolition of serfdom in Russia and by 1917. The described understanding of the subject of I. g. is accepted in owls. ist. and geographic sciences. In the pre-revolutionary Russian historiography did not have a single generally accepted understanding of the subject of I. g., and in the geography and historiography of the capitalist. countries it does not exist today. The most common in Russian. prerevolutionary scientific lit-re was a look, to-ry I. g. saw the task in the definition of political. the boundaries of the past and the location of ancient cities and settlements. points, in the indication of places ist. events and in the description of changes in the distribution of nationalities in the territory. studied country. Such an understanding of the subject of I. g. followed from a look at the subject of the ist. science - its main. task was to study the history of politics. events and, above all, a description of wars and their consequences for the borders of states, a story about governments. activity, and often the personal life of monarchs, their ministers and other representatives of power. In order for the story to be better understood by the reader, when describing wars, it is necessary to show the movement of troops, places and the course of battles; the narrative about the activities of the rulers became clearer to the reader when indicating changes in the borders of the country and its internal. adm. division, etc. Hence the definition of I. g. as an auxiliary. disciplines, along with paleography, heraldry, metrology, chronology. I. g. in its understanding, as indicated at the beginning of the article, can answer the historian and those questions that I. g. answered before and, therefore, can perform auxiliary functions. ist. disciplines. But her modern the content has expanded significantly, due to the expansion of the content of the ist. science, which now pays special attention to the study of socio-economic. processes. I. g. has become a branch of ist. knowledge, studying geography. side east. process, without which the idea of ​​it will not be complete and clear. Historical and geographical research is based on the same sources, to-rye serve as the basis of the ist. Sciences. Of particular value to I. g. are primarily sources containing information in geographical. section (for example, "revisions" of the population in Russia in the 18th - 1st half of the 19th centuries, census and scribe books, etc.). The monuments are legislative, with the exception of the decrees on the borders of adm. units, contain little information, to-rye can use I. g. Archeol. are of great importance for I. g. sources, especially for the study of economic. geography of the past. Toponymic and anthropological data are important for studying the I. of the population. Names of rivers, lakes, etc. geographical. objects given by the peoples who once lived on any territories are preserved even after these peoples have left their former habitats. Toponymy helps here to determine the nat. belonging to this population. Settlers in new places of residence often give their settlements, and sometimes even small, previously unnamed rivers, names brought from their old homeland. For example, after Pereyaslavl (now Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky), located on the Trubezh River, which flows into the Dnieper, in the North-East. Russia arose Pereyaslavl-Ryazan (now the city of Ryazan) and Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. Both of them lie on rivers, which are also called Trubezh. This indicates that both of these cities were founded by settlers from the South. Russia. Toponymy in this case helps to outline the paths of migration flows. Anthropological data make it possible to determine the formation of racially mixed peoples. On Wednesday. Asian mountain Tajiks according to anthropological. type belong to the Caucasoid race, the Kirghiz - to the Mongoloid, and the Uzbeks and Turkmens have features of both. At the same time, Taj. lang. belongs to the Iranian, and Kirg., Uzb. and Turkm. - to the number of Turks. lang. This confirms the information in the letters. sources on the introduction of nomadic Turks into agriculture. oases Wed. Asia at cf. century. I. g. uses primarily ist. method, as well as ist. science in general. When processing data from archeology, toponymy and anthropology, the methods of these disciplines are used. The beginning of the formation of I. g. as a separate discipline dates back to the 16th century. It owes its appearance to two major sources. phenomena of the 15th-16th centuries. - humanism and the Great Geographic. discoveries. During the Renaissance, educated people showed exceptions. interest in antiquity, they saw in it a model of culture, and Op. ancient geographers were considered as sources for modern geography. Great Geographical opening end 15 - early. 16th centuries showed the difference between the ideas about the universe of antich. authors and acquired new knowledge about it. Interest in classical antiquity prompted, first of all, to study the geography of antiquity. peace. The first fundamental work in the field of I. g. was an atlas of the ancient world, compiled by flam. geographer 2nd floor. 16th century A. Ortelius, as an appendix to his own atlas, modern. peace to him. Ortelius accompanied his maps with text, in which he briefly described the countries of the ancient world depicted on the maps. He, having declared "geography through the eyes of history," thus introduced I. g. into the circle of auxiliary. ist. disciplines. But Ortelius did not know how to be critical of the information of antiquity. authors, based on Op. to-rykh he compiled his atlas. This shortcoming was overcome in the next 17th century. prof. Leiden University in Holland by F. Klüver, who wrote two works on I. city ​​- east. Geography Dr. Italy and East. Geography Dr. Germany. French figures did a lot for the development of I. g. so-called. erudite ist. schools of the 17th and 18th centuries. and French geographers of this time J. B. D'Anville and others. Along with the geography of ancient. antiquity, they also studied geography cf. centuries. From the 2nd floor. 19th century content of common ist. works expands by including the facts of socio-economic. stories. Belatedly, the content of I. g. is also slowly expanding, which also began to engage in socio-economic. geography of the past. A characteristic work of this new direction is the collective work, ed. Darby in I. G. of England ("An historical geography of England before a. d. 1800", Camb., 1936). Maps on the history of x-va and culture are increasingly being introduced into the ist. atlases. In Russia, the founder of I. g. was V. N. Tatishchev. I. N. Boltin paid much attention to it. In the 2nd floor. 19th century N. P. Barsov, who studied the geography of Kievan Rus, worked a lot in the field of I. G. N. P. Barsov. In the beginning. 20th century begins teaching I. g. in St. Petersburg. archaeological in-those (read by S. M. Seredonin and A. A. Spitsyn) and in Moscow. un-te (read by M. K. Lyubavsky). After Oct. revolution M.K. Lyubavsky published a study "The Formation of the Main State Territory of the Great Russian Nationality. Settlement and Unification of the Center" (L., 1929). Owls. historians have created a number of in-depth studies on I. g. Among them, the foundation stands out. the work of M. H. Tikhomirov "Russia in the XVI century." (M., 1962). For I. G. Dr. In Russia, the study of A.N. Nasonov ""Russian land" and the formation of the territory of the Old Russian state" (M., 1951) is of great importance. Valuable works, ch. arr. according to historical cartography, belong to I. A. Golubtsov. Saturated historical and geographical. research material of E. I. Goryunova, A. I. Kopanev and M. V. Vitov. VK Yatsunsky published works on the history of the development of I. g., on its subject and tasks, and research on specific homelands. I. g. Research. homeland work. I. g. conducts the department of I. g. and the history of geographical. knowledge of Moscow. branch of the All-Union Geographic. about-va, which published three collections of articles on this discipline, and the group of I. g., formed in the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in con. 1962. The course of I. g. is read in Moscow. Historical and Archival Institute and in Moscow. un-those. Lit .: Yatsunsky V.K., Historical. geography. The history of its origin and development in the XIV - XVIII centuries, M., 1955; his same, Subject and tasks ist. Geography, "Historian-Marxist", 1941, No 5; his own, Historical and geographical. moments in the works of V. I. Lenin, in the collection: IZ, (vol.) 27, (M.), 1948; Tikhomirov M. H., "List of Russian cities far and near", ibid., (vol. ) 40, (M.), 1952; Goryunova E. M., Ethn. history of the Volga-Oka interfluve, M., 1961; Kopanev A.I., History of land ownership of the Belozersky region. XV - XVI centuries., M.-L., 1951; Bitov M.V., Historical and geographical. essays on Zaonezhye in the 16th - 17th centuries, M., 1962; "Questions of Geography". Sat., v. 20, 31, 50, M., 1950-60; Essays on the history of ist. Sciences in the USSR, vols. 1-3, M., 1955-1964 (chapters on the history of historical geography in Russia). V. K. Yatsunsky. Moscow.

Research methods in a generalized representation are ways of cognizing phenomena and processes.

Methods of geographical research - ways of analyzing geographic information in order to identify regional features and spatio-temporal patterns of development of processes and phenomena in nature and society.

Methods of geographical research can be divided into general scientific and subject-geographical, traditional and modern (Fig. 1.1).

The main methods of geographical research are listed below.

• 1. Comparative geographical. This is a traditional and currently widespread method in geography. The well-known expression "Everything is known in comparison" directly refers to comparative geographical research. Geographers often have to identify the similarities and differences of certain objects, conduct a comparative assessment of objects and phenomena in different territories, and explain the reasons for similarities and discrepancies. Of course, such a comparison is carried out at the level of descriptions and is not strictly proven, so this method is often called comparatively descriptive. But with its help, you can notice many of the most clearly defined properties of geographical objects. For example, a change in natural zones, a change in the agricultural development of territories, etc.
• 2. cartographic method- study of spatial objects and phenomena with the help of geographical maps. This method is as common and traditional as the comparative geographical method. The cartographic method consists in using a variety of maps to describe, analyze and understand phenomena, to obtain new knowledge and characteristics, to study development processes, to establish relationships and

Rice. 1.1.

gnosis of phenomena. The cartographic method has two components: 1) analysis of published maps; 2) drawing up your own maps (maps) with their subsequent analysis. In all cases, the map is a unique source of information. The classic of Russian economic geography N.N. Baransky figuratively called maps the second language of geography. With the help of geographical maps presented in various atlases, educational and scientific publications, on the Internet, you can get an idea of ​​the relative position of objects, their size, quality characteristics, the degree of distribution of a particular phenomenon, and much more.

In modern geography is actively used geoinformation research method- use of geoinformation systems for spatial analysis. Using the geoinformation method, one can quickly obtain new information and new knowledge about geographical phenomena.

• 3. Regionalization method- one of the key in geography. The geographical study of a country, any territory involves the identification of internal differences, for example, in population density, the proportion of urban residents, the specialization of the economy, etc. The result of this, as a rule, is the zoning of the territory - its mental division into constituent parts according to one or more characteristics (indicators). This allows not only to understand and evaluate regional differences in indicators, the degree of distribution of objects, but also to identify the causes of these differences. For this, along with the zoning method, historical, statistical, cartographic and other methods of geographical research are used.
• 4. Historical (historical-geographical) research method -

it is the study of changes in geographical objects and phenomena over time. How and why did the political map of the world, the size and structure of the population change, how was the transport network formed, how did the structure of the economy change? The answers to these and other questions are given by historical and geographical research. It allows us to understand and explain many modern features of the geographical picture of the world, to identify many causes of modern geographical problems. In the course of historical research, each geographical object (phenomenon) is considered in conjunction with the political and socio-economic processes and events that took place in a particular period. That is why the study of modern geography requires knowledge of world and national history.

5. Statistical method- this is not only the search and use of quantitative (numerical) information to illustrate regional differences: for example, data on population, area, production volumes, etc. Statistics as a science has numerous methods for generalizing and systematizing quantitative information in order to make characteristic features easily noticeable. With regard to geography, statistical methods make it possible to classify (group) objects according to the magnitude of indicators (countries by territory, by GDP, etc.); calculate the average value of indicators (for example, the average age of the population) and the size of deviations from the average value; obtain relative values ​​(in particular, population density - the number of people per sq. km of territory, the share of the urban population - the percentage of citizens of the total population); compare some indicators with others and identify the relationship between them (correlation and factor analyses), etc.

Previously, the use of statistical methods in geography was very time-consuming, it was necessary to carry out complex calculations of large amounts of information manually or using special tables. With the spread of computer technology, the use of these methods is greatly facilitated, in particular, the functions of the widely used MS Excel and SPSS programs make it easy to perform many statistical operations.

• 6. Method of field research and observations is traditional and has not lost its significance not only in physical, but also in socio-economic geography. Empirical information is not only the most valuable geographical information, but also an opportunity to correct, bring closer to reality the conclusions obtained as a result of cartographic, statistical and other studies. Field research and observations make it possible to understand and more clearly present many features of the studied regions, to identify many of the original features of the territory, to form unique images of the regions. The impressions received as a result of field research and observations, documentary evidence in the form of photographs, sketches, films, conversation records, travel notes are invaluable materials for geographers.
• 7. Method of remote observations. Modern aerial and especially space photography is a significant help in the study of geography. At present, continuous space sounding of the territory of our planet is being carried out from satellites, and this information is effectively used in various fields of science and areas of economic activity. Space images are used in the creation and prompt updating of geographical maps, monitoring the natural environment (climate, geological processes, natural disasters), studying the features of economic activity (agricultural development, crop productivity, forest supply and reforestation), environmental studies (environmental pollution and its sources) . One of the complex problems of using satellite images is a huge flow of information that requires processing and understanding. For geographers, this is truly a treasure trove of information and an effective method for updating geographic knowledge.
• 8. Geographic modeling method- creation of simplified, reduced, abstract models of geographical objects, processes, phenomena. The most famous geographical model is the globe.

According to their most important characteristics, the models repeat real objects. Among the main advantages of models is the ability to represent a geographical object, usually significant in size, in its most characteristic features and from different angles, often inaccessible in reality; carry out measurements and calculations using the model (taking into account the scale of the object); conduct experiments to identify the consequences for a geographical object of certain phenomena.

Examples of geographic models: maps, three-dimensional relief models, mathematical formulas and graphs that express certain geographic patterns (population dynamics, the relationship of socio-economic development indicators, etc.).

9. Geographic forecast. Modern geographical science should not only describe the studied objects and phenomena, but also predict the consequences that humanity can come to in the course of its development. It is geography, which is a complex science with a holistic vision of the surrounding world, that is able to reasonably foresee many changes taking place on Earth.

A geographic forecast helps to avoid many undesirable phenomena, reduce the negative impact of activities on nature, rationally use resources, and solve global problems in the “nature-population-economy” system.

HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY - complex dis-qi-p-li-na, studying physical, social-qi-al-no-eco-no-mic, cultural , a lytic geography of past eras in the historical di-na-mi-ke.

Sfor-mi-ro-va-las at the junction of is-to-rii and geo-graphics. Su-sche-st-vu-yut is different-li-chiya in op-re-de-le-nii pre-me-ta historical geography with-to-ri-ka-mi and geo-gra-fa-mi, and as well as various national na-uch-us-mi schools-la-mi. In historical science, historical geography is op-re-de-la-et-xia as an auxiliary is-to-ri-che-dis-qi-p-li-na , studying the pro-country-st-venous hundred-ro-well of the historical process, either specific geo-graphics of the past of that or another country or ter-ri-to-rii. The task of historical geography includes Ch. arr. lo-ka-li-za-tion of historical events and geo-graphic objects in past epochs. In part, historical geography studies the di-na-mi-ku of the internal and external borders of states and their administrative-territorial units, apart -ing and then-according to the graphic of cities, de-re-ven, etc. d., lo-ka-li-za-tion of transport com-mu-ni-ka-tsy and trade routes in the historical past, right- le-niya is-to-ri-che-sky significant geo-graphic pu-te-she-st-viy, ex-pe-di-tion, mo-re-pla-va-ny and etc., op-re-de-la-et routes of military campaigns, places of battles, resurrections and other historical associations being.

In a no-ma-nii Bol-shin-st-va fi-zi-ko-geo-graph-fov, historical geography is a science that studies “is-to-ri-che-sky”, i.e. the next after the appearance of a person-lo-ve-ka, a stage in the development of nature (natural environment); within the framework of this investigative research direction, a special sub-dis-qi-p-li-na was formed - the historical geography of landscapes (In S. Zhe-ku-lin and others). Eco-no-mi-ko-geo-counts consider historical geography as dis-qi-p-li-nu, studying ch. arr. “temporal slices” (especially ben-no-sti, ha-rak-te-ri-zuyu-ing this or that epoch). At the same time, to historical geography from-no-syat and work, sfo-ku-siro-van-nye on the study of the history of modern eco-no-mi-ko-geo-graphic objects, as well as on the study of the evolution of the tsio-nal, re-gio-nal and local systems of races -se-le-niya, ter-ri-to-ri-al-no-pro-from-water-st-vein-clusters, pro-country-st-vein-ny structures-tour ho- zyay-st-va and others. gio-nal-no-go, lo-cal-no-go).

The main sources for historical geography are ar-heo-logical and written (le-to-pi-si, ak-to-vye ma-te-ria-ly , in-and-so-graphically-descriptions, ma-te-ria-ly pu-te-she-st-wiy, etc.) pa-min-ni-ki, sve- de-tion according to that-by-no-mi-ke and linguistic data, as well as not-about-ho-di-may for re-con-st-ruc-tion of physi-zi- co-geo-graphical landscapes of the past in-for-ma-tion. In part-st-no-sti, in the historical geography of shi-ro-ko is-pol-zu-yut-xia ma-te-ria-ly spo-ro-in-dust-tse-vo-go and den-d -ro-chro-no-logic analysis; great attention is paid to you-yav-le-niyu re-lic-to-out and dynamic kha-rak-te-ri-stick com-po-nen- landscape compositions (bio-genetic, hydro-morphic, litho-genetic), fixation of "traces" of past an-tro-po-genes -ny impacts on the natural environment (sampling of soils, ni-yah, mar-ki-ditch-ka you-ra-wife-nyh in the cultural landscape of the borders of the former lands-le-vla-de-niy, ho-diy). In historical geography, they use both syn-chronic methods of research-to-va-ny (“time-slices”) and di-a-chro -no-che-sky (when studying the history of modern geographic objects and the evolution of pro-country-st-vein structures).

Is-to-ri-ches-ky essay

Historical geography as a special area of ​​\u200b\u200bknowledge na-cha-la for-mi-ro-vat-sya in the era-hu Voz-ro-zh-de-nia and V-li-kih geo-gra-fi -che-sky opening. The greatest significance for its establishment in the 16th century was the work of the Flemish geo-counts and carto-counts A. Or-te- lia and G. Mer-ka-to-ra, the Italian geo-count L. Gvich-char-di-ni, in the XVII-XVIII centuries - the Dutch geo-count F. Klu-ver and the French scientist th J. B. d'En-vi-la. In the 16th-18th centuries, the development of historical geography was more than once connected with the historical cartography; special attention in the is-to-ri-ko-geo-graphical ra-bo-tah de-la-moose in-pro-historical di-na-mi-ki times -me-shche-niya on-se-le-niya, race-se-le-tion of various peoples, from-me-neni-yams of state borders on the political map of the world. In the 19th-20th centuries, the subject of historical geography was ras-shi-ril-sya, the problems of the historical geography of households entered the circle of studying-shih-sya questions, vzai-mo-dey-st-via of the common-st-va and pri-ro-dy in is-to-rich. in the past, studying is-to-rich. types of pov-ro-do-pol-zo-va-nia, etc.

Leading national schools of historical geography with-mi-ro-va-lis at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. The most close connection between is-to-ri-she and geo-gra-fi-she developed in this period in France. In the Russian geo-historical syn-the-for you-half-not-us os-but-in-po-la-gai-works of the French geo-count J. J. E Rec-lu, including the many-volume work “New all-gen- eral geography. Earth and people ”(vols. 1-19, 1876-1894), which ut-ver-di-la the role of historical geography in the country-no-ve-de-nii and re-gio-no-ve -de-nee. Is-to-ri-ko-geo-graphical tra-di-tions of the school Rec-lu would-whether we-would-we-we-in-ra-bo-tah before-hundred-vi-te-lei French school of geo-graphics che-lo-ve-ka (the head of the school is P. Vi-dal de la Blache). They and his after-before-va-te-la-mi (J. Brun, A. De-man-jeon, L. Gall-lois, P. De-fon-ten, etc.) were sphor -mu-li-ro-va-ny the most important principles-qi-py geo-gra-fi-che-sko-go pos-si-bi-liz-ma, for many de-sya-ti -anniversary of becoming the me-to-logical basis of the new development of not only the French, but also the entire Western historical geography. In the 20th century, the traditions of geo-historical syn-the-za in French science were also supported within the framework of the historical “an-na -lov "school (especially ben-but in the works of L. Feb-ra and F. Bro-de-la).

In Germany, an important impetus to the formation and development of historical geography, is it the work of F. Rat-tse-la - os-but-in-in-false-no -ka and li-de-ra of German an-tro-po-geo-graphics. In focus, attention to the German an-tro-geo-graphic school on-ho-did-were about the influence of natural facts ditch on the is-th-riya of different peoples. Also, in the works of Rat-tse-la and his disciples, under-rob-but describe-sy-va-lis-dis-pro-countries of lo-kal-nyh and re- gio-nal cultural complexes on the terrestrial sphere, the role of historical contacts in the for-mi-ro-va-nii cultural ry on-ro-dov in an in-separate connection with landscape-shaft-we-mi especially-ben-no-stya-mi co-from-vet-st-vuyu-shchy ter-ri-to -ry. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, in Germany, would ka-pi-tal-nye works on the historical geography of ag-ri-kul-tu-ry be published (E. Khan); lo-the-we-is-but-you is-the-ri-co-geo-graphical study of cultural landscapes (O. Schlüter).

In the Anglo-Sak-Son countries (We-li-ko-bri-ta-nii, the USA, etc.), historical geography became bur-but develop-vi-va-sya after 1 th mi-ro-howl war-ny. Li-de-rum of British is-to-ri-ko-geo-graphers since the 1930s has become G. Dar-bi, ra-bo-you-to-ro-go in the field of historical geography is considered a classic example of the us-pesh-no-go use of the me-to-logia of "temporary cuts" ". Ra-bo-you Dar-bi and the scientists of his school of su-shche-st-ven-but pro-move-well-whether forward the source of the exact-no-Vedic base of historical geography, in turn, someone swarm for the first time on a large scale became written ma-te-ria-ly, from co-from-vet-st-vuyu-schim epo-ham (historical chronicles, ka-da-st-ro-books-gi-ze-mel, other official do-ku-men -you). Emphasis at the same time de-lal-sya on complex and meticulous about-follow-up-to-va-ni-yah not-big-ter-ri-to-ry, for some reason -rym da-va-elk to collect under-rob-nye data. On-a-row with lo-kal-ny-mi (large-but-mas-staff-ny-mi) research-follow-to-va-niya-mi, Dar-bi and his teacher-ni-kam uda- elk under-go-to-twist a summary of works on the historical geography of We-li-ko-bri-ta-nii. Similar views on the subject and content of historical geography were held by and other leading British is-to-ri-ko-geo-grass fas of the XX century - G. East, N. Pounds, K. T. Smith, who considered, like Dar-bi, that the main task of historical geography is re-con-st-rui- to draw a geo-graphic map of the past historical eras, using a complex (integral) approach.

In the USA, historical geography in the period of its for-mi-ro-va-niya is-py-ta-la is a strong influence of the ideas of mo-der-ni-zi-ro-van-no- go and adapt-ti-ro-van-no-go to the newest scientific ways-ni-yams of geo-graphic de-ter-mi-niz-ma (en-vai-ron-men- ta-liz-ma), the main wires-no-ka-mi-ko-ro-go in the American scientific community at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries were whether E. Hunt-ting-ton and especially ben-no E. Semple - the teacher of F. Rat-tse-la, having accepted many of his an-tro - in geo-graphics, author of the fundamental work “America-can-is-to-riya and its geo-graphic-fi-che-us-lo-via” (1903 year). But already in the 1920s, b. h. bi-lists, for-im-st-in-van-nye Ch. arr. from Western European geo-graphics. The leading pre-hundred-vi-te-whether American historical geographers of the 20th century are K. Za-wer, R. Brown, A. Clark, W. Webb.

The greatest significance for the development of the world of historical geographers had the work of Za-wera - os-but-in-a-false-no-berk- liy-sky (ka-li-for-ny-sky) cul-tour-no-land-shaft-noy and is-to-ri-ko-geo-graphic school. In his opinion, the main task of historical geography is the study of the mutual-mo-for-vi-si-mo-sti of all the constituents of the land-shaf-ta natural-no-go and cultural-tour-no-go pro-is-hoj-de-niya, you-de-lyae-my for each class-sa yav-le-ny, in historical di-na-mi-ke. In the program work “Mor-pho-logia of the landscape” (1925), the cultural landscape is op-re-de-lyal-sya by Sauer as “ter -ri-to-riya, from-li-tea-character by mutual connection of natural and cultural forms ”; at the same time, the culture-tu-ra in-ter-pre-ti-ro-va-las as an active na-cha-lo in mutually-mo-action-st-vie with the natural environment , natural are-al - as in the middle ("background") of the human activity, and the cultural landscape - as re -zul-tat their con-so-ta. Given us-ta-nov-ka would-la p-nya-ta b. including his after-before-va-te-lei from among the scientists of the Berk-liy school.

Within the framework of the Me-zh-du-folk geo-graphic soy-for su-sche-st-woo-et Commission on historical geography, on the international folk geo-graphic con-gres-sah (once every 4 years) ra-bo-ta-et section of historical geography. In the countries of Europe, dey-st-vu-et Me-zh-du-folk is-to-ri-ko-geo-graphic se-mi-nar “Ras-se-le-nie - cultural landscape - ok-ru-living-environment ”(os-no-van in 1972 by the German is-to-ri-ko-geo-graf K. Fe-nom on ba -ze Ra-bo-whose group at the University of Bonn, Germany).

In Russia, the historical geographical as a scientific dis-qi-p-li-na on-cha-la warehouse in the XVIII century. One of the earliest in Russian science co-chi-non-ny on historical geography became the articles of G. Z. Bai-e-ra “On the chat- ke and ancient-them-would-wa-li-shahs of the Scythians”, “About the place-of-the-same-of-Scythia”, “About the wall of the Caucasus” (1728 year), as well as a number of his researches (in Latin) in Scythian and Varyazh-sky in-pro-sam. The subject and task of historical geography for the first time op-re-de-lil in 1745 V. N. Ta-ti-shchev. M.V. ter-ri-to-rii of European Russia, et-no-genesis of Slavs and pro-is-ho-zh-de-nie of Ancient Rus. I.N. fac-to-ditch in is-to-rii. Is-to-ri-ko-geo-graphical pro-ble-ma-ti-ka for-nya-la su-sche-st-ven-noe place in the works of V. V. Kre-sti -ni-na, P. I. Rych-ko-va, M. D. Chul-ko-va, etc., in geographic dictionaries, in sacred Se- ve-ru and C-bi-ri so-chi-ne-ni-yah S. P. Kra-she-nin-ni-ko-wa, I. I. Le-pyo-hi-na, G. F. Mil-le-ra, P. S. Pal-la-sa and others.

In the 1st half of the 19th century, the inter-relationship of the sta-nov-le-tion of historical geography with for-ro-zh-de-ni-em and the -but-no-micical studies-follow-before-va-niy pro-follow-ve-va-et-sya in the works of A. X. Vos-to-ko-va “For-da-chi l -bi-te-lyam these-mo-lo-gies "(1812), A. K. Ler-berg-ga" Research-to-va-nia, serving to explain -niyu of ancient Russian history "(1819), Z. Do-len-gi-Ho-da-kov-go" Way of communication in ancient it of Russia "(1838), N. I. Na-de-zh-di-na" Experience of the is-to-ri-che-geo-graphics of the Russian world "(1837 year). Ten-den-tion of inter-mo-connection-za-no-go development of historical geography, then-no-mi-ki, et-but-no-mi-ki, etc. worked in the works of N. Ya. Bi-chu-ri-na.

In the 2nd half of the 19th century, the is-to-ri-co-geo-graphic study of those mentioned in historical sources continued -kah of geographic objects, tribes and peoples of Eastern Europe. The most-bo-more significant-chi-tel-we-we-would-whether you-ra-bo-you K. A. Ne-vo-li-na, N. P. Bar-so-va, N. I. Kos- to-ma-ro-va, L. N. Mai-ko-va, P. O. Bu-rach-ko-va, F. K. Bru-na, M. F. Vla-di-mir-sko- go-Bu-da-no-va, then-po-ni-mic and eth-but-ni-mic studies M. Wes-ke, J. K. Gro-ta, D. P. Ev-ro-pe-mustache, I. A. Iz-nos-ko-va, A. A. Ko-chu-bin-sko-go, A. I. So-bo-left-go, I. P. Fi-le-vi-cha and others. In the works of V. B. An-to-no-vi-cha, D. I. Ba-ga-leya, N. P. Bar-so- va, A. M. La-za-rev-sko-go, I. N. Mik-la-shev-sko-go, N. N. Og-lob-li-na, E. K. Ogo-rod- ni-ko-va, P. I. Pe-re-tyat-ke-vi-cha, S. F. Pla-to-no-va, L. I. Po-hi-le-vi-cha, P. A. So-ko-lo-va, M.K. -but because of the change of the borders of individual regions and places on the pro-tya-zhe of the XIII-XVII centuries. Theo-re-tic as-pek-you pro-ble-we-ko-lo-no-for-tion races-smat-ri-va-lied in co-chi-not-no-yah S. M. So-lov -yo-va and V.O. Ma-te-ria-ly in historical geography were included in general, country-Vedic and local geo-graphic, statistic and that-by-nim-mic words-va-ri (I. I. Va-sil-e-va, E. G. Wei-den-bau-ma, N. A. Ve-ri-gi-na, A. K. Za-vad- sko-go-Kras-but-pol-sko-go, N. I. Zo-lot-nits-ko-go, L. L. Ig-na-to-vi-cha, K. A. Ne-will on, P. P. Se-myo-no-va-Tyan-Shan-sko-go, A. N. Ser-gee-va, I. Ya. Spro-gi-sa, N. F. Sum-tso- va, Yu. Yu. Trus-ma-na, V. I. Yas-t-re-bo-va, etc.).

At the end of the 19th century, the first fundamental is-to-ri-ko-de-mo-graphic studies appeared-after-do-va-nia: “Na-cha-lo in Russia pe-re-pi-sey and their course until the end of the 16th century "N. D. Che-chu-li-na (1889)," Or-ga-ni-za-tion of the direct ob- lo-zhe-niya in Mo-s-kov-go-su-dar-st-ve from the time of Smu-you to the era of pre-ob-ra-zo-va-ny ”A. S. Lap -on-yes-no-left-th (1890). Then the same Russian scientists on-cha-whether one-ra-ba-you-va-pro-ble-we from-me-not-ny fi-zi-ko-geo-graphical landscapes historical past (V. V. Do-ku-cha-ev, P. A. Kro-pot-kin, I. K. Po-gos-sky, G. I. Tan-fil -ev, etc.). On you-ra-bot-ku-me-to-logical foundations of historical geography, the eye-for-whether the influence of the tracts of the environment and the role of its individual factors in labor-dah N. K. Mi-hai-lov-sko-go, L. I. ideas of N. Ya.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the most important-ne-shi-mi times-de-la-mi of historical geography was-la-lis-to-rice-to-no-mi-ka and et-no-no-mi-ka ( works of N. N. De-bol-sko-go, V. I. La-man-sko-go, P. L. Mash-ta-ko-va, A. F. Fro-lo-va, etc. .). Pro-ble-ma co-lo-ni-za-tion raced-smat-ri-va-las V. O. Klyu-chev-skim, A. A. Shakh-ma-to-vym, G. V. Ver -nad-sky, A. A. Isaev, A. A. Ka-uf-man, P. N. Mi-lyu-ko-vym. The class-si-che-sky in this area became-la ra-bo-ta M.K. these in connection with ko-lo-ni-for-qi-she ”(1909). The development of new directions in historical geography (“Thoughts about the establishment of waterways in Russia” by N. P. Pu- zy-rev-sko-go, 1906; “Russian waterways and su-do-voe de-lo in pre-Peter’s Russia” N. P. Za-gos- ki-na, 1909). Thank you-ra-bo-tam V.V. Bar-tol-da (“Is-to-ri-ko-geo-gra-fi-che-sky review of Iran”, 1903; “ Kis-to-rii oro-she-niya Tur-ke-sta-na", 1914), G. E. Grumm-Grzhi-mai-lo ("Ma-te-ria-ly according to eth-no-lo- gii Am-do and the region of Ku-ku-No-ra ”, 1903), L. S. Ber-ga (“Aral Sea”, 1908) and other corner-lub- la-moose study of Central and Central Asia. At the same time, there was sis-te-ma-ti-zi-ro-van and studied kor-pus ma-te-ria-lov according to the history of ze-mel-no-go ka-da -st-ra, about-lo-zhe-niya, me-zhe-va-niya, de-mo-graphics, sta-ti-sti-ki (works of S. B. Ve-se-lov- sko-go, A. M. Gne-vu-she-va, E. D. Sta-shev-sko-go, P. P. Smir-no-va, G. M. Be-lo-tser-kov- sko-go, G. A. Mak-si-mo-vi-cha, B. P. Wein-berg-ga, F. A. Der-be-ka, M. V. Kloch-ko-va, etc. ). A significant contribution to the system of knowledge of historical geography outside the geo-counts - specialists in general problems of the earth-le-ve-de-nia ( A. I. Vo-ey-kov, V. I. Ta-li-ev and others). In 1913-1914, “Is-to-ri-ko-kul-tur-ny at-las on Russian is-to-rii” (vol. 1-3) N. D. Po-lon -sky.

At the beginning of the 20th century, for-mi-ro-wa-lied on scientific schools of historical geography, M.K. logical institute, under-black-ki-val, that “due to the iso-ri-che-geo-geography of Russia ... not-about-ho-di-mo connection -zy-va-et-sya with is-to-ri-her-to-lo-no-for-tion of our country Russian-on-ro-house. S. M. Se-re-do-nin, who taught historical geography at the St. Petersburg Archaeological Institute, put forward his concept before -me-ta of historical geography, op-re-de-liv it as “the study of the mutual relations of nature and man-lo-ve-ka in pro- walk-shem. A. A. Spitsyn, who taught historical geography at St. affairs of is-to-rii, having the goal of studying the ter-ri-to-rii of the country and its on-se-le-niya, that is, fi-zi-ko-geo-gra- fi-che-sko-go ha-rak-te-ra of the country and its life obi-ta-te-lei, otherwise-che go-in-rya, us-ta-nov-le-nie its is - that-ri-che-sko-go drink-for-zh. The same ideas about historical geography are held by V. E. Da-ni-le-vich, who taught a course in historical geography at Warsaw University -si-te-te.

The greatest recognition in the national historical geography of the middle - the 2nd half of the 20th century, in the best way, is the work of V.K. Yatsun-sko-go and his after-before -va-te-lei (O. M. Me-du-shev-skaya, A. V. Murav-yov, etc.). Considered-tav-shi-sya whether-de-rum of the so-vet school of historical geography Yatsun-sky you-de-lil in its co-hundred-ve 4 sub-dis-qi-pli-ny: is- thoric physical geography, historical geography on-se-le-niya, is-to-ri-ko-eco-no-mic geography and is -to-ri-ko-po-lytic geo-graphics. In his opinion, all the elements of historical geography “should be studied not from-li-ro-van-but, but in their mutual connection and obus-loving -len-no-sti", and the geo-graphical characteristics of the pre-dy-du-shchih periods should not be sta-ti-che-ki- mi, but di-na-mi-ches-ki-mi, i.e., in-ka-zy-vayu-schi-mi process from-me-not-niya pro-countries-st-vein-ny structures -tour. “Scheme of Yatsun-sko-go” was not-one-but-times-but re-produced in the 2nd half of the 20th century in many works of Soviet is -ri-kov, referring to the is-ri-ko-geo-graphical prob-le-ma-ti-ke.

Questions of historical geography were once-ra-ba-you-va-lied in the works of many domestic is-to-ri-kov, among them - A. N. Na-so-nov ("Rus -sky land "and about-ra-zo-va-nie ter-ri-to-rii of the Old-non-Russian-go-su-dar-st-va. Is-to-ri-ko- geo-gra-fi-che-study-before-va-nie ”, 1951), M. N. Ti-ho-mir-dov (“Russia in the 16th century”, 1962 year), B. A. Ry-ba-kov (“He-ro-do-to-va Ski-fia: Is-to-ri-ko-geo-gra-fi-che-ana-liz”, 1979 year), V.A. si in the X-XIV centuries, 1984), etc. The historical geography of waterways in Russia is studied in the works of E. G. Is-to-mi-noy. In the 1970s, from-da-na, educational textbooks on historical geography: “Is-to-ri-che-geo-gra-fia of the USSR” V. Z. Dro-bi-zhe-va , I. D. Ko-val-chen-ko, A. V. Mur-rav-yo-va (1973); “Is-to-ri-che-geo-gra-fia per-rio-da feo-da-liz-ma” A. V. Mur-rav-yo-va, V. V. Sa-mar-ki- on (1973); “Is-to-ri-che-geo-graphy of Western Europe in the Middle Ages” by V. V. Sa-mar-ki-na (1976).

Is-to-ri-ko-geo-graphical research-sle-before-va-tion, pro-div-shi-sya in the USSR and Russia within the framework of geo-graphic science , you-half-lyed as fi-zi-ko-geo-gra-fa-mi (L. S. Berg, A. G. Isa-chen-ko, V. S. Zhe-ku-lin), and pre-hundred-vi-te-la-mi of the national school of an-tro-geo-graphics (V. P. Se-myo-nov-Tyan-Shansky, A. A. Si -nits-cue, L. D. Kru-ber), and later - eco-no-mi-ko-geo-gra-fa-mi (I. A. Wit-ver, R. M. Ka-bo , L. E. Iofa, V. A. Pu-lyar-kin, etc.). In the middle of the 20th century in the USSR there was a pub-li-ko-va-but a significant number of ka-pi-tal-nyh is-to-ri-ko-geo-graphic works of re-gio -nal-noy on-right-len-no-sti (R. M. Ka-bo “Go-ro-da Western C-bi-ri: essays on is-to-ri-ko-eco -no-mi-che-geo-graphics", 1949; L. E. Io-fa "Go-ro-da Ura-la", 1951; V. V. Po-kshi-shevsky "For-se-le-nie C-bi-ri. Is-to-ri-ko-geo-gra-fi-che-skie essays", 1951; S. V. Bern-shtein-Ko-gan "Vol-go-Don: is-to-ri-ko-geo-gra-fi-che-sky essay", 1954; etc.).

In the 2nd half of the 20th century, is-to-ri-ko-geo-graphical studies-after-to-va-nia for-nya-whether a prominent place in ra-bo-tah ve-du- Russian geo-ur-banists (G. M. Lap-po, E. N. Per-tsik, Yu. L. Pi-vo-va-rov). The main directions of the is-to-ri-ko-geo-graphical study of cities are an analysis of their geo-graphical appearance lo-zhe-niya, functional-tional-structural-tu-ry, di-na-mi-ki of the city-born network in the pre-de-lah of a particular country or territory -to-rii for op-re-de-lyon-ny historical period. An important impetus to the development of historical geography in the USSR in the 2nd half of the 20th century was given by special collections under the auspices of the All-co- yuz-no-go geo-graphic society (“Is-to-ri-che-geo-gra-fia of Russia”, 1970; “Is-to-riya of geo-graphics and is-to -ri-che-sky geo-graphy, 1975, etc.). They published articles not only of geo-graphers and is-to-ri-kov, but also of many related sciences - et-no-gra-fov, ar-heo-log-gov, de-mo-graph-fov, eco-no-m-stov, specialists in the field of to-po- ni-mi-ki and it-ma-sti-ki, folk-lo-ri-sti-ki. Since the end of the 20th century, fak-ti-che-ski new-on-right-le-ni-em, rise-ro-w-day-nym in Russia after a few de-sya-ti-years , became the historical geo-graphy of culture (S. Ya. Su-shchy, A. G. Dru-zhi-nin, A. G. Ma-na-kov and others. ).

Comparing-no-tel-but-so-so-len-noe in-lo-same-nie among-di-rights-of-national historical geography for-no-ma-yut works of L. N. Gu- mi-le-va (and its after-before-va-te-lei), raz-ra-bo-tav-she-go own concept of the mutual connection of et-no-sa and landscape-ta and track-to-vav-she-go historical geography as the history of ethno-owls. General pro-ble-we are mutually-from-no-she-niya of nature and general-st-va in their historical di-na-mi-ke races-smat-ri- va-yut-sya in the works of E. S. Kul-pi-na. At the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st centuries, uk-re-p-la-yut-sya inter-dis-qi-p-li-nar-ny connections of historical geography with eco-no-mi-che-geo-gra- fi-ee, so-qi-al-noy geo-gra-fi-ee, in-li-ti-che-geo-gra-fi-ee, cultural-tur-noy geo-gra-fi-ee, and also with research-to-va-niya-mi in the field of geo-po-li-ti-ki (D. N. Za-my-tin, V. L. Ka-gan-sky , A. V. Po-st-ni-kov, G. S. Le-be-dev, M. V. Il-in, S. Ya. .).

An important center for the development of historical geography is the Russian geo-gra-fi-che-society (RGO); from the de-le-tion of historical geography they have in his head organization in St. Petersburg, the Moscow Center of the Russian Geographical Society and in non- some-ryh re-gio-nal-nyh or-ha-ni-for-qi-yah.

Historical geography

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Historical geography - an auxiliary historical discipline that studies the spatial localization of the historical process.

Historical geography is interdisciplinary. According to the object of study, it is close to geographical science. The difference lies in the fact that geography studies its object in the present state, but it also has a historical point of view. Historical geography studies an object in its historical development, and it is also characterized by an interest in the current state of the object, since one of its tasks is to explain the formation of an object in its current state.

It is also wrong to confuse historical geography with the history of geography. The history of geography studies the history of geographical discoveries and travels; the history of geographical representations of people; the concrete geography of states, population, economy, nature, created by society, in which these people of the past lived.

Sources of historical geography

Methods of historical geography

The history of the emergence and development of historical geography

Sources of historical geography

Historical geography uses the entire set of historical sources as a source base: written, material, pictorial, as well as data from other sciences.

The most complete information on historical geography is provided by written sources, and above all historical and geographical descriptions, expedition materials, and maps. Information of a historical and geographical nature contains chronicles, scribes, customs, boundary census books, materials of revisions and censuses, act and legislative monuments, office documentation of institutions in charge of industry, agriculture, etc. A special place among written sources is occupied by sources containing toponyms - the names of geographical objects.

Material sources are important for historical geography, since accurate conclusions can be drawn by using information from written sources in conjunction with others, including materials from archaeological finds. With the help of material archaeological materials, it is possible to establish the place of a settlement that has not survived to our time, the boundaries of the settlement of ethnic groups, etc.

Methods of historical geography

Historical geography uses methods adopted in history, geography, archeology, toponymy, ethnology, etc. One of the main methods is the analytical-synthetic method, the use of which is advisable in studying the territorial growth of the country, its administrative structure, demographic problems, as well as political and economic geography. The comparative-historical method, the method of retrospective analysis, statistical and cartographic methods are used. In recent years, more and more often they talk about a new method of historical and geographical research - the method of relative space, i.e. determining the place of an object in space relative to the landmarks established in science.

The history of the emergence and development of historical geography

In Russia, historical geography as a special discipline dates back to the 18th century. Its founder was V.N. Tatishchev. He outlined the tasks associated with the study of the natural factors of economic life, the ancient geography of peoples and states, and the history of settlements. In his "Proposals on Composing the History and Geography of Russia", he pointed out that history without geography cannot give "perfect pleasure in knowledge." His "Lexicon of Russian Historical, Geographical, Political and Civil" clarified the tasks of historical geography, which is divided into ancient, middle and new, or present. In the "History of the Russian" the scientist laid the foundations for studying the migration of peoples in Eastern Europe, focusing on the Slavs.

In his views on the place of historical geography in general historical works, Tatishchev is joined by M.V. Lomonosov. In the work “On the Layers of the Earth”, the scientist spoke about the connection between the historiography of historical and modern geography: “Visible bodily things on earth and the whole world were not in such a state from the beginning from creation, as we now find ... which is shown by history and ancient geography, demolished with the current ... ".

Directly related to historical geography is the theory of the role of climate in the development of human society. Detailed judgments on this topic are available from the enlighteners Montesquieu and Herder. Less detailed, but more harmonious statements on this topic belong to the Russian historian, who was under their undoubted influence, I.I. Boltin. He outlined his views on the role of climate in the history of human society in the first volume of his Notes on the History of Ancient and Present Russia by G. Leclerc. According to I.N. Boltin, climate is the main reason that determines "human mores", and other reasons either strengthen or restrain its effect. He considered climate "the primary cause in the dispensation and education of man."

In general, in the XVIII century. the content of historical geography was reduced to determining on the map the places of historical events and geographic objects that ceased to exist, the study of changes in political boundaries and the resettlement of peoples.

In the first half of the XIX century. the most interesting historical and geographical studies were the works of N.I. Nadezhdina, Z.Ya. Khodakovsky, K.A. Nevolin.

In the second half of the XIX century. - the beginning of the XX century. historical geography began to take shape as a branch of historical science. At the beginning of the XX century. several consolidated courses of historical geography appeared, read at the St. Petersburg and Moscow archaeological institutes. Their authors were S.M. Seredonin, A.A. Spitsyn, S.K. Kuznetsov, M.K. Lyubavsky. Seredonin believed that the task of historical geography is to study the problems of the relationship between man and nature in past historical periods. A.A. Spitsyn saw the main significance of historical geography in creating a background "for understanding ongoing events and the development of historical phenomena."

As a general task of historical geography, scientists put forward the study of the relationship between man and nature in different historical periods. Deterministic tendencies are noticeable in the approach to this problem. In this regard, it is necessary to mention the concept of geographical determinism, the founders of which are Montesquieu and Ratzel. This naturalistic doctrine ascribes a primary role in the development of society and peoples to their geographical position and natural conditions. The concept played a negative role, since according to it, exclusively natural and geographical features determine the history of the people.

The role of the geographical factor, due to the objective conditions in Russia, is much greater than in the West. Therefore, Russian historians paid great attention to this problem, but often exaggerated the role of the geographical factor. For the first time in Russia, the concept of geographical determinism was defended by representatives of the “state school” in the historiography of B.N. Chicherin and K.D. Kavelin. S.M. most fully brought it to life. Solovyov. They were influenced, of course, by the concept of L.I. Mechnikov, who connected the main periods of development of world civilizations with the influence of rivers (Egypt - Nile, etc.).

Historical geography at this time becomes the most popular and dynamically developing historical discipline. Among other researchers, Yu.V. Gauthier. In the book Zamoskovny Krai in the 17th century. he emphasized the close relationship between natural conditions and the economic life of the population. P.G. Lyubomirov was one of the first to attempt to outline the economic regions of Russia in the 17th and 18th centuries. The problem of economic-geographical zoning was posed by him, but was not solved (before him, they were limited to division into historical regions).

At the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. mainly problems of historical political geography and historical geography of the population were studied. Historical and geographical research played an auxiliary role in relation to historical science: the places of historical events were localized, trade routes were clarified, etc. Clearly insufficient attention was paid to the historical geography of the economy and the development of historical cartography. Historical maps were mainly educational and military and reflected the history of political borders and wars. Pre-revolutionary science did not create a consolidated outline of the historical geography of Russia. There was no unity in understanding the tasks of historical geography. There was constant interest in the problem of the influence of the natural environment (geographical environment) on the development of society.

In the 1920-1930s. historical geography as a science was forgotten, and for many years the term "historical geography" was not used.

The turning point for the development of historical geography was 1941, when an article by V.K. Yatsunsky "The subject and tasks of historical geography". Within a few years there was a breakthrough in the study of the main problems of science. The teaching of the course of historical history in universities was resumed. By the second half of the XX century. historical geography took its place among the auxiliary historical disciplines, but scientific work in the field of historical geography was carried out, in the words of Yatsunsky, by “single handicraftsmen” - M.N. Tikhomirov, B.A. Rybakov, S.V. Bakhrushin, A.I. Andreev, A.N. Nasonov, I.A. Golubtsov, L.V. Cherepnin. Work intensified in the field of historical cartography .

The development of Soviet historical geography proceeded in two main directions: the development of traditional themes continued, and the study of the problems of the geography of production and economic relations began.

The greatest merit in the revival of historical geography, in its formation as a science belongs to V.K. Yatsunsky. His name is associated with the development of the theoretical foundations of historical geography and the study of historical and geographical sources. He attached great importance to the methodological basis of historical geography, the solution of the question of its position at the intersection of history and geography and the use of information obtained by historians and geographers of science with the help of the scientific methods of each of the sciences. The scientist not only developed the theory of science, but also conducted specific studies of a historical and geographical nature, created a number of cartographic manuals on the history of the national economy of Russia with explanatory texts. His contribution to the study of the history of historical geography is significant.

VK. Yatsunsky proposed the structure of historical geography. He singled out four elements of the content of historical geography:

historical physical geography;

historical economic geography, or historical geography of the economy;

historical geography of the population;

historical political geography.

This structure was reflected in many reference and educational publications, although a number of researchers, while generally supporting the definition of "historical geography" given by Yatsunsky, did not agree with him in everything. For example, in 1970 there was a discussion about the definition of the concept of "historical geography". During the discussion, it was proposed to exclude V.K. Yatsunsky, for example, physical geography. In the 1970s much attention was paid to the content of the course "Historical Geography" and its teaching. New tutorials have arrived. Such a manual was the “Historical Geography of the USSR”, published in 1973 by I.D. Kovalchenko, V.Z. Drobizhev and A.V. Muravyov. Until now, it remains the only manual of such a high level. It was the first to give a generalized description of the historical and geographical conditions of Russia's development from ancient times to the present day. The authors defined historical geography in the same way as V.K. Yatsunsky. The material was presented in chronological order by historical periods.

V.S. Zhekulin, who dealt with theoretical problems and specific issues of historical geography. He, in particular, announced the existence of two scientific disciplines under the same name, which have nothing in common with each other: historical geography as a geographical science and historical geography, related to the cycle of historical disciplines.

Interest in historical geography in recent decades was promoted by L.N. Gumilyov, who developed the theory of ethnogenesis and passionary impulse and applied it in historical research. The theory linked together ideas about man as a biological species of Homo sapiens and the driving force of history. According to L.N. Gumilyov, the ethnos is "inscribed" in the surrounding landscape, and natural forces are one of the engines of history.

In the last decade, the monograph by L.V. Milov "Great Russian plowman and features of the Russian historical process" (1st ed.: M., 1998; 2nd ed.: 2001).

On the whole, historical geography could not develop as a purely independent science. A number of works created in the 20th century were of an auxiliary nature; they mainly studied local problems, and more often on the medieval history of Russia. The use of new sources, for example, geographical descriptions, must be recognized as a merit of Russian historical geography.

1. Averyanov K.A. On the subject of historical geography // Problems of historical geography and demography of Russia. Issue 1. M., 2007.

2. Goldenberg L.A. To the question of cartographic source study

3. Drobizhev V.Z., Kovalchenko I.D., Muravyov A.V. Historical geography of the USSR

4. Kovalchenko I.D., Muravyov A.V. Works on the interaction of nature and society

5. Milov L.V. Natural and climatic factor and features of the Russian historical process // Questions of history. 1992. No. 4-5.

6. Petrova O.S. Problems of historical geography in the "Proceedings of Archaeological Congresses" (second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries) // Problems of Methodology and Source Studies. Materials of the III scientific readings in memory of academician I.D. Kovalchenko. M., 2006.

7. Shulgina O.V. Historical geography of Russia in the XX century: socio-political aspects. M., 2003.

8. Yatsunsky V.K. Historical geography: the history of its origin and development in the XIV - XVIII centuries. M., 1955.

Lomonosov M.V. Selected Philosophical Works. M., 1950. S.397. one

Detailing concepts:

Geographic environment

historical map; Toponym; .

Geography; Natural resources and nature management;

Detailing concepts:

historical map; Map; Economic-geographical zoning.

Historical geography is a branch of historical science that studies the main characteristic features of the geographical, spatial side of the historical process. It concretizes our ideas about historical events and phenomena, connects them with certain territories, studies the geography of the historical past of mankind, including in terms of interaction and mutual influence of nature and society. In other words, historical geography is the geography of a certain territory at a certain stage in the historical development of its population.

For the geographical characterization of a region, as a rule, it is necessary to know its physical geography (relief, climate, vegetation, wildlife, minerals, etc.); political geography (territory and borders of political formations, their territorial and administrative structure, localization of places associated with various events, etc.); the geography of the population in terms of the formation of its composition, location and movement; economic geography, i.e., the geography of production and economic relations with regional and sectoral characteristics.

Historical geography is also based on these basic elements, but their content often differs from that which modern geography puts into them. And this difference is explained not only by the fact that historical geography studies a chronologically different stage in the development of mankind than modern geography. The point is in geography itself, geography as a science: the geography of the past differs sharply from the modern one.

Thus, for example, in a primitive society there is virtually no geography (more precisely, zoning) of production and trade, and at the same time, physiographic factors play a particularly large role there. Often in the historical geography of a particular era, a significant role is played by such factors that are practically not taken into account by modern geography: the geography of popular movements, the distribution areas of the main types of production tools, spheres of cultural influence, etc. In general, the definition of the range of problems of the historical geography of each era depends on features of a given social formation, from the basic laws of its historical development. That is why historical geography is an auxiliary historical discipline, closely related to the history of this formation.

However, unlike the bulk of auxiliary historical disciplines, historical geography does not have special methods and techniques of research, it does not have separate sources of knowledge. The specific fund of this science, the factual material on which it is based, is provided to it by other sciences, first of all by history, and then by disciplines, often very far from history.

Thus, to study the problems associated with the physical geography of the past, historical geography uses data from historical climatology, geology, dendrochronology, soil science, astronomy, historical botany, plant geography, historical cartography, glaciology, and many other branches of science, including ethnography, archeology, and history itself. (information of chronicles, myths, legends, etc.).

Historical geography also widely uses the findings of such disciplines as toponymy, historical demography, historical statistics, numismatics, the history of prices and money circulation, anthropology, the geography of diseases, historical topography, linguistics, anthroponymy, the history of military art, the history of urban planning. But the overwhelming mass of information, most of the scientific baggage of historical geography, is drawn from historical sources by the methods and techniques of historical research proper.

After all, information of a historical-geographical order is provided not only by maps and geographical descriptions, but mainly and above all by chronicles, act material, cartularies, politicians, etc. Practically any written source can provide information on the historical geography of its era. Therefore, naturally, the historical geographer must be first and foremost a historian.

Such a breadth of the "source study base" of historical geography, the generalizing nature of the scientific activity of the historical geographer does not at all mean that historical geography occupies a special position among other historical disciplines. On the contrary, it retains its auxiliary character, revealing only one - the spatial - side of the historical process.

The close connection of historical geography with history determines another feature of this discipline - its direct dependence on historical science, on the level of its development, on its needs and tasks: while history was reduced to the history of wars, governments, events, i.e. political history, historical geography was also limited to problems of political geography (borders of states, localization of battles, etc.), and only in the last century did it acquire its modern form (population geography, economic geography of the era, etc.). Finally, the main directions of historical and geographical research have always coincided with the needs of history proper.

Another circumstance gives historical geography as a science a peculiar shade. As already mentioned, most of the problems that make up its content are, to one degree or another, the object of study of other sciences. The problem of "environment and society", for example, is of interest to geographers, sociologists, and philosophers; apart from historians, demographers, economists, ethnographers, anthropologists, specialists in toponymy, onomastics, etc., deal with issues of population distribution both in the present and in the past.

Almost all sections of historical geography can find corresponding analogues in history itself: the history of crafts and industry, trade, transport, etc. Therefore, the historical geographer faces a very difficult task - starting from the total amount of knowledge accumulated by other specialists, to determine his own, specific historical and geographical approach to these problems, focusing on the territorial aspects of the issues under study.

Such a peculiar perspective when looking at seemingly long-established issues often leads to new observations and conclusions, makes it possible to draw new conclusions on well-known premises that expand our understanding of a particular era. One example. It is common knowledge that there were many churches dedicated to various saints in medieval towns and villages; it is also well known that many of these saints were traditionally considered patrons of various crafts. But here is a simple mapping of churches and chapels dedicated to St. Nicholas (the patron of merchants and merchants), shows us the clusters of centers of this cult, i.e., shopping centers and the most common routes of merchants in this territory.

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