The Duchy of Burgundy was formed at the end of the 9th century by Richard the Protector, a descendant of a noble family and brother-in-law of Charles the Bald. In the early 880s. Richard took possession of the county of Autun, then began to gradually expand his power to neighboring counties. In 886 he succeeded in taking possession of the county of Auxerre. The dynastic crisis that followed in 887 in the West Frankish kingdom (the deposition and death of King Charles III the Tolstoy) allowed Richard to take over most of the Burgundian counties. By the beginning of the 10th century, all the counties of Lower Burgundy, except for Macon, were under the rule of Richard. Having become one of the most influential counts, Richard could enter the struggle for the royal throne and claim the royal title, but prudently chose to support the representative of the Carolingian dynasty, Charles the Simple, after which he began to occupy first place in the royal council. Richard's active participation in repulsing the Norman invasions of the Burgundian territories earned him prestige among the inhabitants of the Burgundian lands. In 918, Richard proclaimed himself Duke of Burgundy, which was recognized by the king. Dijon became the capital of the duchy, where Richard moved his residence.
After the death of Richard, which followed in 921, the duchy of Burgundy passed into the control of his eldest son Raul. He, unlike his father, did not become a loyal vassal of Charles the Simple, and when a quarrel arose between the king and the Count of Paris, Robert, Raoul supported Robert.
In 922, Robert and Raoul forced Charles to flee to Lorraine. In the same year, Robert took the royal throne, under the name of Robert I. But already in 923, near Soissons, the troops of Charles and Robert met again. In this battle, Robert was killed and the movement against Charles was led by Raul. Charles turned to the Normans for help against the recalcitrant dukes. However, Raoul repulsed the Norman invasion and was elected the new king.
Initially, Raul's position was rather precarious. On the one hand, he constantly had to repel the Norman threat, on the other hand, to stop the speeches of the Burgundian counts, among whom the count of Chalon and the count of Sansa were especially active. But with the death of Charles the Simple in 929, Raoul's position was strengthened. In 935, Raul, in his capacity as king of the West Frankish kingdom, met with Heinrich Pretselov, king of the East Frankish kingdom. An agreement was signed between them, according to which the territory of Lorraine (with part of the lands of the former Burgundian kingdom) remained part of the Eastern Kingdom.
In 936, Raoul died suddenly, leaving no heirs. The duchy of Burgundy went to his brother, Hugh the Black, who, unlike Raoul, had no royal ambitions. The crown passed to the son of Charles the Simple, Louis IV.
In June 936, Louis went to Burgundy in order to obtain an oath of allegiance from Hugh, but Hugh refused to swear allegiance to the new king. Then Louis captured Langres and announced the alienation of it, as well as Troyes, Sens and Auxerre from Hugh the Black in favor of the Count of Paris, Hugh the Great (son of Robert I). Ultimately, Hugh the Black was forced to come to terms with this and take the oath to the king. In subsequent years, he accompanied the king on his campaigns in Lorraine, but after the invasion of Otto I (king of the East Frankish kingdom and founder of the Holy Roman Empire), he promised not to encroach on the East Frankish lands again.
After the death of Hugh the Black, his lands passed first to the Count of Chalons, and then, as a result of the marriage of the daughter of the count and the son of Hugh the Great, they were annexed to the possessions of the Robertins.
Duchy of Burgundy under the Robertines
The transition of all the territories of the duchy into the hands of the descendants of Robert I was complicated by the fact that both the Burgundian nobility and the rulers of the West Frankish kingdom had views of these lands.
In 957, Count Robert de Vermandois, declared his claims to part of the Burgundian territories, but was stopped by King Lothair, who invaded the territory of Burgundy and pacified the rebellious count.
However, the following year, a rebellion broke out of the Count of Dijon, which was also suppressed by the king, who deprived the count of his title and appointed his man to rule Dijon. The unauthorized royal appointment, which took place without agreement with the Burgundian noble families, outraged the Burgundian nobility and the Duke of Burgundy, who were not slow to express their displeasure to the king. A conflict arose between Lothair and the Robertins, which was resolved only in 960, when they took the oath to the king.
In 959, Robert de Vermandois reasserted his claims to the Burgundian territories and captured Troyes and Dijon. The royal troops besieged both cities, but they put up fierce resistance. An agreement between the king and Robert was reached only a year later. According to her, Robert abandoned his claims to Dijon, which again came under the control of the king.
In 986, Lothair died, and the royal throne passed to his son Louis V the Lazy. However, less than two years later, Louis died, leaving no direct heirs, after which the Robertins managed to get the royal title: Hugh Capet, the eldest son of Hugh the Great, who laid the foundation for the Capetian dynasty, was elected king.
Hugh Capet's son, Robert II, succeeded to the royal throne in 996 and, after the death of his uncle Ed-Henry, who ruled the duchy of Burgundy from 965 to 1002, announced his claims to the Burgundian territories.
In 1005, the royal forces besieged Avalon, which was taken after three months of resistance.
In 1015, taking advantage of the conflict that broke out between the count and the archbishop of the county of Sens, Robert II invaded the territory of the county and announced its accession to the royal domain. Following Sans, the same fate befell Dijon. After which Robert II declared his son Henry Duke of Burgundy.
In 1031, Henry inherited the royal crown and gave the duchy to his brother, Robert, who became the founder of the House of Burgundy of the Capet dynasty.
Duchy of Burgundy under the rule of the Capet dynasty
Initially, only Autun, Beaune, Avalon and Dijon belonged to the Dukes of Burgundy from the Capet dynasty. The first Capetians were not very influential in the duchy. No less, and perhaps even more powerful, were their nominal vassals: the counts of Châlons-sur-Saone, Macon, Nevers and Auxerre. It took more than a hundred years for the dukes to be able to achieve submission from them.
Robert the Old (the first duke of the Capet dynasty) fought wars with the Counts of Auxerre over disputed frontier territories. However, he did not have much power in the territories of the duchy, and in his reign the Burgundian counts pursued a policy independent of the power of the duke. As a result, the Burgundian duchy was shaken by constant internecine conflicts among the counts.
Robert's grandson, Hugh I, who inherited the dukedom, had to take urgent measures to stop the endless skirmishes of his vassals. To calm the counts, the duke used the institution of God's Peace. In 1078, Hugh went on a crusade to Spain, returning from which he preferred to retire to a monastery, handing over the reins of government to his brother, Ed I. Ed, however, followed the example of his brother and went to fight in the Holy Land, where he died. Hugo II the Quiet, who inherited the ducal title, achieved the expansion of ducal possessions by purchasing a fourth part of the county of Châlons-sur-Saone. His successor, Ed II, expanded the ducal possessions a little more by adding clerical domains to them: Flavigny and Chatillon-sur-Seine. In the future, the dukes continued to increase their possessions through the purchase of new territories and marriages.
In 1237, Duke Hugh IV succeeded in bartering Châlons-sur-Saone from his uncle and completely annexed it to his possessions. Then, through a series of successful marriages, the counties of Nevers and Auxerre were also added to the duchy.
Hugh IV's heir, Robert II, acquired a number of new territories and in his will forbade the division of ducal possessions.
Finally, in 1316, through a marriage concluded between Duke Ed IV and Joan, daughter of the French king Philip V and heiress of the county of Burgundy, the two Burgundies (duchy and county) were again united. Jeanne was also the heiress of the County of Artois, which, after the conclusion of the marriage alliance, was annexed to the duchy.
United Duchy of Burgundy
Ed IV was a powerful and ambitious ruler who wanted to subjugate the Burgundian nobility to his will, which could not but cause her discontent. During the reign of Ed, his Burgundian vassals repeatedly mutinied. Particularly active was the Count of Chalons, the leader of three uprisings against the duke.
In 1337, the Hundred Years War broke out between France and England, in which Ed sided with the French king Philip VI. But in September 1346, the longtime opponent of the Duke of Burgundy, the Count of Chalons, made an alliance with the British and revolted. After that, Ed was forced to fight at the same time with both his recalcitrant vassal and the British. In the same period, a terrible plague epidemic broke out in Burgundy, which led to the fact that many cities and villages were practically depopulated. In 1349, the duke himself fell victim to an epidemic.
After the death of Ed IV, Burgundy was inherited by his three-year-old grandson, Philip, under whom his mother, Joan of Boulogne, became regent. In 1350, Joan married the son of Philip VI of France, John, who assumed the regency of the duchy. In the same year, John received the royal crown, retaining control of Burgundy.
Meanwhile, the war with England continued. In 1346, at the Battle of Poitiers, John's troops were defeated, and the king himself was captured and taken to England. In 1360, English troops invaded the Duchy of Burgundy. Auxerre and Châtillon-sur-Seine were captured. Pontigny, Chablis, Flavigny and Solier were burned. Vezulus was besieged and, after being taken, destroyed, and its population slaughtered. Avalon and its environs were also devastated.
In 1361, Duke Ed IV's heir, Philip, contracted the plague and died suddenly. With his death, the line of the Burgundian House of Capet was interrupted.
The country received its name from the Germanic tribe of the Burgundians (Burgundii, Burgundiones), who originally lived in the region of the Netsa and Warta rivers. In the III century BC, the Burgundians moved along the upper reaches of the Vistula River, from where they were driven out by the Gepids. In the great migration of the peoples of B., everyone gradually moved southwest, until in the region of the Main River they became neighbors of the Alemanni, with whom they were in constant enmity. From here they, together with other Germanic tribes, made frequent raids on neighboring Gaul, but in 277 after R. X. they were defeated by the emperor. In 413, with the consent of the Romans, the Burgundians, led by King Gunthar, founded a state on the left bank of the Rhine, between Lauter and Nage, with the main city of Worms (Burgundy of the Nibelung cycle). As a result of indignation against the Romans, in 435, the mercenary squad of the Huns devastated their state. King Gundicar was killed and the remnant of the Burgundian people was resettled by Aetius in Sabaudia (Savoy). Here King Gundioch founded the new Burgundian state in the region of the Rhone River. Under his sons Gundobad, Godegizel and Chilperic, B. broke up into 3 parts, with the main cities of Lyon, Vienne and Geneva. But Gundobad, having killed the brothers, united all the Burgundians under his rule. He issued the first code of Burgundian laws - "Lex Gundobada" - and significantly weakened the strife between Catholics and Arians (most of the Burgundians adopted Christianity from the Arian clergy); † in 516
His successor Sigismund the Holy (516-524), who converted to Catholicism, was defeated by the sons of the Frankish king Clovis and, together with his wife and children, was drowned in a well in Kulmje. His brother Godomar first (524) defeated the Franks at Vezerons, but then he himself was defeated (532) by them and B. was annexed to the Frankish state. After the division of this state (561), Burgundy either gained independence or joined one of the parts of the Frankish state - Austrasia or Neustria. In the 9th century, with the collapse of the Frankish state after Charlemagne, Burgundy was again reborn as an independent state. Boso, Count of Vienne, with the help of Pope John VIII, proclaimed himself King of B. and Provence at the Mantal Congress of Nobles (880). This is how the state of Cis-Yuranian Brazil arose, which received the name of Arelatsky, from the main city of Arles, and stretched from the Alps to the Rhone River and from the Mediterranean Sea to the Saone. Boson died in 887, and the northern part separated from his kingdom, forming a special Trans-Juranian or Upper Burgundian state, with King Rudolph I. In 888, he was elected king by the Burgundian nobility and confirmed in this title by emperor; after a peaceful reign, he died in 912. His son Rudolf II united both states again (934). He waged continuous wars to expand his dominions; in 921 he was elevated by Adalbert of Ivrea to the throne of Italy; in 923 he defeated his rival Berengar near Fiorenzuol; in 925 he left Italy, and in 933 he renounced his rights to it in favor of Hugh of Provence; died in 937
He was married to Bertha (Bertha, daughter of the Duke of Alamani Burkgard and wife of Rudolph II, King of Transjurassic Burgundy, after whose death (937) she ruled the country on behalf of her infant son Conrad; subsequently Bertha married King Hugo of Italy and † at the end of the 10th century She was a wonderful hostess and on various seals that have survived from that time, etc., she is depicted sitting on a throne with a spinning wheel in her hands.)
Rudolf III (993-1032), was the last independent king of Burgundy. Pressed by his vassals, he appointed Emperor Henry II, his nephew, as heir. After the death of Henry II, the new emperor, declared B. a fief of the German Empire and after a long struggle with pretenders to the Burgundian throne, Duke Ernst of Swabia and Count Odo of Champagne, achieved (1038) the crowning of his son, later Emperor Henry III, the Burgundian king, at the Diet in Solothurn. Since then, several German emperors have been crowned Burgundian kings at Arles; but with the fall of the Hohenstaufen, B.'s connection with Germany became ever weaker. Emperor Charles IV was crowned for the last time in Arles (1364) as King of Burgundy. Little by little, Bulgaria broke up into many small independent states, which, with the exception of Savoy and Montbéliard, were annexed to France.
Almost the same fate had the Duchy of Burgundy (French Bourgogne in the strict sense), founded in 884 by Boso's brother, Richard, Count of Autun. The duchy extended from Châlons-on-Sauna to Châtillon-on-the-Seine. After the death of Richard, the duchy went to his son Rudolf (Raul), who ascended the French throne in 923 and † in 936, leaving no descendants. Henry, brother of the French king Hugh Capet, married to the granddaughter of Richard, inherited the duchy, which thus passed to a side branch of the Capetians, which died out in 1361. John II the Good, king of France, partly by right of overlord, partly by kinship with the last duke of Burgundy, annexed duchy to the French crown.
But in 1363 he gave it to his youngest son, who was the ancestor of a new line of Burgundian dukes. From this time begins the most brilliant time in the history of the Duchy of Burgundy. Trade, crafts, arts, and with them the welfare of the citizens and the wealth of the country rose and prospered. Philip II the Bold married Marguerite, the only daughter and heiress of Ludwig III, Count of Flanders, and in this way acquired the flourishing regions of Flanders and Franche-Comté. The appointment of Philip as regent of France, due to the mental illness of his nephew Charles VI, led him to an irreconcilable enmity with Louis, Duke of Orleans, the king's brother. Philip was succeeded by his son John the Fearless, who continued to fight the Duke of Orleans until the latter was killed in Paris by assassins sent by John. The war that flared up as a result of this between France and Burgundy ended in peace in 1419; but during the meeting of the Dauphin (later Charles VII) with John on the bridge near Montero, the latter was killed by one of the Dauphin's retinue. His son and successor Philip the Good, in order to avenge the murder of his father, joined with Henry V of England and entered Paris with him. However, dissatisfaction arose between him and the English, and he made peace with France at Arras (1435). He increased his possessions by acquiring Gennegau, Limburg, Namur, Brabant and Luxembourg; but he had to wage an unceasing struggle with the recalcitrant cities of Flanders.
His son Charles the Bold (1467-77) increased his possessions by purchasing Geldern and Zupfen and became one of the most powerful sovereigns of his time. He marked the beginning of his reign by pacifying the indignant citizens of the cities of Liege (Luttich) and Ghent. King Louis XI, who came to him in Peronne without sufficient cover, he detained and forced to renounce his claims to Burgundy. In order to build Burgundy into an independent kingdom, Charles decided to marry his daughter Mary with the son of the emperor. Distrust of the growing power of B. prevented the ambitious plans of Charles the Bold, against whom a coalition was formed from France, Austria and Switzerland. The Burgundian troops, for the most part heavily armed with knightly armor, were defeated by the Swiss light infantry, already equipped with new firearms, at Grandson (1476), Murten and Nancy (1777); in the last battle, Charles the Bold himself was killed. His only daughter and heiress, Mary, brought Burgundy as a dowry to Maximilian, Archduke of Austria. But a significant part of the duchy (namely, Burgundy in the strict sense) was taken over by Louis XI, with the rights of suzerain, and according to the Peace of Arras (1482), B. was recognized as an integral part of the French monarchy. In 1529, this was confirmed by Emperor Charles V in the Treaty of Cambrai. The remaining Burgundian possessions, which remained under the rule of Austria, passed after Charles V to his son, Philip II of Spain.
States of the Burgundians (406 - 534).
Northern kingdom on the Rhine.
Southwest Germany. Table. Worms.
Gibika (Gyuki) (c. 380 - 406). 1. Gundakari (Gunther), son (c. 406 - 436) * 436 Hun conquest.
Southern kingdom on the Rhone.
Vost. France, Switzerland. Table. Genava (n. Geneva), from 501 Lugdun (Lyon).
1. Gundiok (Gunterich) (452 - 73) * Chilperic I, brother (ref. 452 - 70). 2. Gundobad, son (in Lyon 473 - 516). Godegisel, brother (in Geneva 473 - 501) * Chilperic II, brother (in Ghent 473 - 86) * Godomar I, brother (in Vienna 473 - 86) * 3. Sigismund (Sechismund), son (516 - 24) * 4 Godomar II, brother (524 - 34). 534 Frankish conquest.
kings of Burgundy (561 - 612).
Vost. France. Table. Arelat (n. Arles).
1. Guntramn, son of Chlothar I (in Arles and Orleans 561 - 593). 2. Gundebert (Childebert II, King of Austrasia) (593 -596). 3. Theodoric II, son (596 - 612, in Austrasia from 598). 612 joining Neustria. Fleochad, son of Ega (major 640 - 643) * Drogon (duke 695 - 708, major of Neustria 695 - 700).
Kingdom of Burgundy (Arelat) (879 - 1032).
452 - 534 Kingdom of the Burgundians 561 - 612 Kingdom of Burgundy 612 - 879 to the Kingdom of Neustria (France).
1) Lower (Trans-Juranian) Burgundy (879 - 934).
Dauphine and Provence. Table. Arles.
1. Boson, count of Vienne (king 879 - 87). 2. Louis the Blind, son (887 - 923, king of Italy 899 - 905). 3. Hugo, son (Count of Arles 923 - 34, King of Italy 926 - 47). 934 - 1032 unification with Upper Burgundy.
2) Upper (Cis-Juranian) Burgundy (889 - 1032).
Franche-Comté and Savoy. Table. Geneva.
|
Welfs. senior house |
|
| 889 - 911 | |
| 911 - 937 | |
| 937 - 993 | |
| 993 - 1032 | |
|
1032 - 1378 |
|
County of Burgundy (Franche-Comté)
Capital of Dol. (c. 915 - 1384)
| OK. 915 - 952 | |
| 952 - 956 | |
| 956 - 971 | |
| , son | 971 - 975 |
| , son | 975 - 979 |
| 979 - 995 | |
| 995 - 1027 | |
| , son | 1027 - 1037 |
Counts Palatinate of Burgundy
| , son | 1037 - 1057 |
| , son | 1057 - 1087, Count of Macon 1078 - 1085 |
| 1087 - 1097, Count of Macon from 1085 | |
| 1097 - 1125 | |
| 1125 - 1127 | |
| 1127 - 1148, Count of Macon from 1102 | |
| , brother | 1148 - 1156 |
| , daughter | 1156, fact. before 1179 |
| 1156 - 1175, d. 1189 | |
| 1175 - 1200 | |
| , daughter | 1200 - 1231 |
| 1231 - 1234, fact. from 1208 | |
| , son | 1234 - 1248 |
| (Adelgeida), sister | 1248 - 1278 |
| , Count of Chalons | 1248 - 1264 |
| , Count of Savoy | 1268 - 1278, d. 1285 |
| 1278 - 1303 | |
| , son | 1303 - 1315, resp. from 1295 |
| , sister | 1315 - 30, count. Artois 1329 - 1330 |
| 1316 - 1322 | |
| 1330 - 1347 | |
| , Duke of Burgundy | mind. 1349 |
| 1347 - 1361 | |
| 1361 - 1382 | |
| 1382 - 1384 | |
| | 1384 - 1404 |
| to the Duchy of Burgundy | 1384 - 1477 |
| to the royal domain | 1477 |
Dukes of Burgundy (884 - 1482)
|
House of Oton |
|
|
Capetians | |
He subjugated Burgundy, distributing possessions to his close associates. He formed the counties of Châlons, where Adalard became count, and Autun, of which Theoderic became count.
In 872, the counties of Autun, Macon and Chalon were again united in the hands of Count Eckhard II (810-877), but the center of his possessions was no longer Chalon, but Autun. After his death, the counties were again divided, but in 879 Count Bozon of Vienne (850-887), the owner of almost the entire Rhone and Saone valley (Provence, Vienne, Lyon, Macon, Charolais) annexed Autun to his possessions. In the same year, Boson was chosen by the Burgundian nobility as king of Burgundy, which led the kings of France and Germany to oppose him. At the end of 880, Autun, Besançon, Chalons, Macon and Lyon again came under the control of the Carolingians. Autun was given to Boson's brother, Richard the Intercessor (c. 856-921), who remained loyal to the Carolingians, becoming the core around which the Duchy of Burgundy was formed. Having successively received Nevers, Auxerre, Sens and Troyes, Richard significantly increased his possessions. In addition, by 898, Richard's suzerainty recognized seventeen of the eighteen Burgundian counties (except for Macon, which belonged to the Duke of Aquitaine William I), after which King Charles III recognized him first as a margrave, and in 918 as a duke of Burgundy.
Duchy of Burgundy at the end of the 9th - the first half of the 10th century
Burgundy in the 11th and 12th centuries.
Richard was a very prominent figure in the history of France. As a supporter of the Carolingians, Richard supported Charles the Simple, which brought him into conflict with the Robertines and the Count of Vermandois. Having become the most powerful feudal lord in Burgundy, he proclaims himself Marquis of Burgundy, which was recognized by King Ed in 898, and in 918 King Charles recognizes the title of Duke of Burgundy for Richard. He extends his control also to the bishoprics of Autun, Langres and Troyes. Since the king of Upper Burgundy was the brother of Richard's wife, Rudolf I, and the king of Lower Burgundy was his nephew, Louis III, the ties between the two kingdoms and the duchy were very close.
After the death of his wife Gerberga, Ed-Heinrich married a second time - to Gersende, daughter of the Duke of Gascony Guillaume II. This marriage aroused the displeasure of Otto-Guillaume, who feared for his inheritance. But in 996, Ed-Heinrich divorced Garsenda, sending her to her homeland.
Accession of the duchy to the French kingdom
Burgundy under the Elder House of Burgundy (-)
County and Duchy of Burgundy in the 14th century
The kinship of the dukes of the Burgundian dynasty, which originates from Robert, and the French kings, probably explains the good relations generally maintained by the Burgundian vassal with his overlord.
The expansion of the territory of Burgundy during the reign of Philip the Good was accompanied by the quantitative growth of ducal residences and the lengthening of the travel routes of the Burgundian court. The centers of political control of the duchy gradually shifted from the Artois Hotel in Paris and the official palace in Dijon to the Netherlands, first to the Gudenberg Palace in Brussels, then to De La Hall (Salle) and the Palais Riour in Lille, and then to the Prinsenhof and Gronehof castles in Bruges.
The last significant Duke of Burgundy was Charles the Bold, after his death in 1477 the War of the Burgundian Succession between France and the House of Habsburg began, as Charles the Bold's daughter Mary of Burgundy married Maximilian of Habsburg. As a result, in 1482, the Treaty of Arras was concluded, according to which Margarita - the daughter of Maximilian - was to marry the French Dauphin (the future King Charles VIII), bringing the French crown as a dowry the County of Burgundy (Franche-Comté) and the County of Artois, as well as other lands that were not formally part of the Burgundian apanage. The county of Flanders went to the Habsburgs. The issues related to the Burgundian inheritance were finally resolved in 1493 by the Treaty of Senlis.
see also
Notes
Bibliography
- Lot F. The Last Carolingians. - St. Petersburg: Eurasia, 2001.
Links
Battle of GransonThe Battle of Granson is one of the battles of the Burgundian Wars. It happened on March 2, 1476 near the city of Granson (fr.Grandson) between the Swiss troops and the army of the Duke of Burgundy Charles the Bold. It ended with the victory of the Swiss.
Battle of MurtenThe Battle of Murten is one of the most significant battles of the Burgundian Wars. It happened on June 22, 1476 near the fortress of Murten (fr. Morat) in the canton of Bern between the Swiss troops and the army of the Duke of Burgundy Charles the Bold. It ended with a convincing victory for the Swiss.
Battle of NancyThe Battle of Nancy is the decisive battle of the Burgundian Wars, which took place on January 5, 1477 near the capital of Lorraine - the city of Nancy, between the Swiss-Lorraine troops (supported by France) and the troops of the Burgundian Duke Charles the Bold. The latter tried to capture Lorraine in order to unite his disparate possessions (the Netherlands and the Duchy of Burgundy) and create an independent kingdom. The outcome of the battle was decided by the Swiss: the Burgundian troops were defeated, and Charles the Bold was killed.
Battle of ErikurThe Battle of Ericourt is the first major battle of the Burgundian Wars. It happened on November 13, 1474 near the city of Héricourt (fr.Hericourt) between the combined Swiss, Alsatian and Austrian troops and the army of the Burgundian Duke Charles the Bold. It ended with the victory of the Allies.
In the autumn of 1474, an army of 18,000 Swiss, Alsatians and Austrians laid siege to Héricourt. Charles the Bold hurried to the rescue of the besieged with an army that was almost twice as numerous as the enemy.
The outcome of the battle was decided by the Swiss infantry, whose attack put the Burgundian infantry to flight. Charles's cavalry retreated without engaging in battle. Erikur's garrison surrendered to the victors.
The losses of the Burgundians amounted to about 600 people, and the allies - about 70. 18 Lombard mercenaries were captured by the Alsatians. They were accused of desecrating churches and other crimes committed during the invasion of Charles the Bold in Alsace. The mercenaries were tortured and burned at the stake. From this episode, massacres of prisoners began, which were dealt with by all parties to the conflict, which led to a sharp tightening of the war.
Burgundy (county)The County of Burgundy (fr. Comté de Bourgogne) is a medieval county, then a county palatine, formed as part of the kingdom of Upper Burgundy and included the territories between the Saone and the Jura mountains. By the 11th century, the county had gained relative independence, remaining part of the Holy Roman Empire. Since 1366, the name Franche-Comté has been attached to it - "free county".
Habsburg NetherlandsThe Habsburg Netherlands (French Pays-Bas des Habsbourg, Dutch Habsburgse Nederlanden) is a historical region of Europe corresponding to the possessions of the House of Habsburg in the XV-XVIII centuries. In 1482-1556/1581 this geopolitical unit corresponded to the Low Countries. During the era of the Dutch bourgeois revolution, from 1556 until the secession of the Republic of the United Provinces in 1581, her rights to the Northern Netherlands become moot. In the years 1581-1794 in the Southern Netherlands (Dutch. Zuidelijke Nederlanden), the Habsburg Netherlands are part of the Spanish (Spanish Países Bajos Españoles, Netherl. Spaanse Nederlanden), and then the Austrian Netherlands (Spanish Países Bajos Austríacos, Netherl. Oostenrijkse Nederlanden, German Österreichische Niederlande).
Geldern WarThe Geldern War (Dutch. Gelderse Oorlogen) is a long conflict between the Habsburgs and Karl Egmont over Geldern, which lasted more than 40 years.
Jean IV de LigneBaron Jean IV (III) de Ligne (fr. Jean IV de Ligne; c. 1435-1491) - Burgundian military leader and statesman, adviser and chamberlain of Charles the Bold and Maximilian of Habsburg.
Spanish NetherlandsThe Spanish Netherlands (Spanish Países Bajos Españoles, Dutch Spaanse Nederlanden, French Pays-Bas espagnols) was the name of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1556 until the division of the Northern and Southern Netherlands in 1585. Between 1543 and 1581, the name Seventeen Provinces was also applied to this geopolitical unit.
After the death in 1482 of Mary of Burgundy, daughter of the last Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, most of the Burgundian Netherlands passed to her son Philip I the Handsome Habsburg, married to Juan, heiress of the Spanish monarchs Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile.
After the death of Philip I, his son Charles V not only received the hereditary possessions of the House of Habsburg in Austria, but also obtained from the Cortes of Aragon and Castile the recognition of himself as the king of Spain (see Revolt of the Comuneros). Realizing the difficulty of managing such vast possessions, in 1522 he assigned the hereditary (Austrian) lands of the Habsburgs to his younger brother Ferdinand I (see the Brussels Agreement, which began the younger branch of the Habsburg house). The remaining possessions of Charles V, along with the Spanish crown, were inherited by his son Philip II. Thus, the Netherlands became part of the possessions of the older - Spanish - branch of the Habsburg house.
History of BurgundyThe history of Burgundy is connected with the toponym of the same name, which appeared on the map of Europe in the era of the Great Migration of Nations. The word itself goes back to the designation of the Germanic tribe of the Burgundians, who, led by Gundahar, created their kingdom in 413 with its capital in Worms (Upper Rhine). After the invasion of the Huns, the Burgundian settlement zone shifted to the Geneva region, and then Burgundy expanded in a southwestern direction along the Rhone River (southeast France). In 457, the Burgundians, led by King Gundioch, captured Lyon, which became the capital of Burgundy. At the end of the 5th century, Dijon became part of Burgundy. In 515, the Burgundian king Sigismund founded the abbey of St. Mauritius (now Switzerland, the canton of Valais), which became an important Christian center of Burgundy.
Clashes with the Frankish state led to the fact that in 532 the Burgundian army of Godomar was defeated in the battle of Autun (now France, Saone and Loire), and their kingdom itself was headed by rulers from the Merovingian dynasty. Burgundy became an integral part of the Frankish state.
In 843, the Treaty of Verdun leads to the division of the Frankish state. Its middle part in 855, in turn, is divided into Italy, Lorraine and Provence, which later begins to be called Lower Burgundy. Crowned in 879 in Lyon, Bozon of Vienne strengthened Lower Burgundy, whose capital was Vienne. In 888, Upper Burgundy appeared independently of Lower Burgundy, whose king was Rudolf I. In 933, both Burgundies merged into one kingdom, whose capital was Arles, and King Rudolf II. In 1032 the Kingdom of Burgundy became part of the Holy Roman Empire.
In the north-west of the Burgundian kingdom, within the kingdom of France, there was the Duchy of Burgundy, known since the 9th century (Richard I is the brother of the Burgundian king Bozon). In 1365, construction began on the Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy in Dijon. During the years of the Hundred Years War, the Duchy of Burgundy gained independence, and its influence spreads to the north and reaches the North Sea (Burgundian Netherlands). The territorial fragmentation of the Burgundian Netherlands and the Duchy of Burgundy, centered on Dijon, provoked the Burgundian Wars. In 1477, the last Duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, died at the Battle of Nancy, and the territories of Burgundy, Franche-Comte and Picardy finally became part of France. Burgundy turns from a duchy into a province.
During the Second World War, the Nazis hatched plans for the revival of Burgundy from the English Channel to the Mediterranean, which would include eastern France (Artois, Lorraine, Picardy, Provence, Franche-Comte and Champagne). Currently, the toponym Burgundy is inherited by the French region of Burgundy - Franche-Comte.
CapetiansThe Capetians (fr. Capétiens) are a dynasty of French kings originating from the Robertine family, whose representatives ruled from 987 to 1328, and along the side lines until 1848. In the history of the French state - the third dynasty in a row after the Merovingians and Carolingians.
The first king who established the dynasty on the throne for a long time was the Parisian Count Hugh Capet (although the Robertins were kings before him twice), whom the royal vassals elected king after the death of the childless Louis V. Abbot Hugh was nicknamed Capet due to the fact that he wore a mantle secular priest, which was called "kapa". It was Hugh Capet who gave the name to the largest royal dynasty of France, whose descendants ruled the country for many centuries.
The last representative of the senior branch of the Capetians on the French throne was Charles IV the Handsome. Then the Valois dynasty came to power, which is the youngest branch of the Capetian family. After the suppression of the Angouleme line of the Valois dynasty, another branch of the Capetian house, the Bourbons, came to power. The two current pretenders to the throne of France are also direct descendants of Hugh Capet: from the Legitimists - a representative of the Spanish branch of the Bourbons, from the Orleanists - a representative of the Orleans branch of the Bourbons.
The Capetians also belonged to the Breton ducal house of Dreux, the Courtenay noble family (which gave several rulers of the Latin Empire), most of the kings of Portugal, including the Braganza dynasty that continues to this day with numerous side branches, as well as a number of smaller noble families.
Comper, LoiseLoyset Compère (c. 1445, Hainaut, Duchy of Burgundy - 8/16/1518, Saint-Quentin) - French composer, a major representative of the Franco-Flemish polyphonic school.
Summer II de MaconSummer (Lieto, Letald, Leotald) II (fr. Letaud (Liétaud, Liétald, Léotalde) II de Mâcon; c. 910/915 - 965) - Count of Macon from 945, Count of Besancon and Archgraph of Burgundy from 952, son of Count Aubrey I de Macon and Tolan, daughter of Raculf, Viscount Macon.
Public Good LeagueThe League of Public Good (fr. Ligue du Bien public; also "Union of the Common Good") is a coalition of feudal nobility that rebelled against the policy of centralization of the state, which was pursued by the French king Louis XI of Valois (1461-1483).
Macon (county)The County of Macon (fr. Comté de Mâcon) is a medieval French county with its capital in the city of Macon, located in the Maconnay region in southeastern Burgundy on the territory of the modern French province of Saone-et-Loire. Due to its geographical position south of the County of Chalons, the County of Macon has never been part of the Duchy of Burgundy. In addition, in the 9th-12th centuries, the county of Macon depended on the county of Burgundy, being simultaneously in vassal dependence on the kings of France and the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, which allowed its rulers to gain some independence on their territory.
Marguerite of Burgundy (Dauphin of France)Marguerite of Burgundy (fr. Marguerite de Bourgogne), also known as Marguerite Nevers (fr. Marguerite de Nevers; December 1393 - February 2, 1441 / 1442, Paris, Kingdom of France) - the eldest daughter of the Duke of Burgundy, Jean the Fearless; in his first marriage, the Dauphine of France.
Otto (Duke of Burgundy)Otto (fr. Otton; earlier 944-23 February 965) - Count of Auxerre and Beaune from 955, Duke of Burgundy (Otto I) from April 8, 956 (confirmed by the king on April 7, 961), Count of Nevers from 956 from the house of Robertin ; second son of Hugh the Great, Duke of France and Hedwig of Saxony.
Middle Frankish KingdomThe Middle Frankish Kingdom (Middle Francia) is a state formed as a result of the division of the Frankish Empire under the Treaty of Verdun in 843, which included Italy and a strip of land from the Netherlands to Provence. Most of the former Frankish Burgundy also went to Middle Francia, headed by Emperor Lothair I, with the exception of a small northwestern part west of Sona, which was assigned to West Francia and on whose territory the Burgundian duchy was later formed.
The territory of Middle Francia covered lands inhabited by various peoples - Germanic (Franks in Austrasia, Frisians in Friesland, Alemans in Alsace) and Romanesque (in Burgundy, Provence and Italy). The formal capital of the kingdom was Rome, and the actual capital was Aachen. In 844, Lothair I appointed his eldest son Louis king of Italy, and in 850 he asked the pope to crown Louis as emperor, although he himself continued to be emperor.
In 855, Lothair I, sensing the approach of death, bequeathed to divide Middle Francia between his sons, after which he took the monastic vows in Prüm Abbey and died a few days later. According to the Partition of Prüm, Italy and the title of emperor went to the eldest son Louis II of Italy, and the kingdom of Provence (including most of Burgundy) to the youngest son Charles of Provence. The middle son Lothair II got the territory, covering mainly western Austrasia and Frisia, then called Lotharingia.
"Whoever wants to write the history of the Burgundian dynasty will have to try to make the main tone of his narrative the invariably sounding motive of revenge, gloomy as funeral horns"
(Johan Huizinga "Autumn of the Middle Ages")
"Master of the Universe" - such was the unspoken title of Charles V of Habsburg, in whose possessions "the sun never set". Subsequently, the Austrian Habsburgs had a saying "Let others fight, Austria makes marriages", although with full right it could have arisen much earlier, and not in Austria. Through numerous marriages of his predecessors, Charles V received the titles:
Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, King of Germany, King of Castile, Aragon, Leon, Sicily and Naples, Archduke of Austria, ruler of 17 provinces of the Netherlands, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Luxembourg, Liege, Geldern, Margrave of Namur, Milan, Count of Flanders, Charolais, Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland, Artois, Zutphen.
I will not talk about the kings of Spain - I know little about them. In all these titles, the "Duke of Burgundy" is striking, which was inherited by the Spanish monarchs until 1700.
And it all started with the same Dukes of Burgundy, with the Hundred Years War and feudal civil strife in France.
So, the King of France, John II, had 2 sons (more precisely, there were much more sons, but in this case we will only talk about two). The elder inherits the throne under the name of Charles V, the younger, after the extinction of the old Burgundian family, becomes the Duke of Burgundy, which he receives as a reward for personal courage in the Battle of Maupertuis (near Poitiers) in 1356. Despite his young age - 15 years old - he fought desperately and constantly warned the king "Beware, father, danger on the right! Beware, danger on the left!" For this, he received the nickname "Brave", which in a different variation will pass to two more of his heirs.
King John II the Good 1319 - 1364, king from 1350 (unknown artist of the French school of the second half of the 14th century):
It would seem that nothing special, much less terrible, happened. The king thanked his youngest son by giving him part of his vassal possessions, but he initiated a conflict between France and Burgundy that lasted at least 4 generations:
1. Charles V the Wise (1338-1380) - Philip the Brave (1342-1404)
2. Charles VI the Mad (1368-1422) - John the Fearless (1371-1419)
3. Charles VII (1403-1461) - Philip the Good (1396-1467)
4. Louis XI (1423-1483) - Charles the Bold (1433-1477)
The murder of John the Fearless on the Montero Bridge (a high-profile and not fully clarified event, often referred to in historical documents as the “Montero Affair”) during a meeting with the Dauphin Charles and the subsequent revenge of his son Philip made the war of interests an irreconcilable and uncompromising conflict in which the French kings almost always found themselves in the position of losers. This is the "revenge motive" that Huizinga speaks of.
What was the main reason for the growing power of Burgundy? Roughly speaking, this can be called a demographic factor. The dukes of Burgundy married the richest European heirs - often the only daughters of large-scale seigneurs, and from these marriages almost always many daughters were born and only one son, inheriting constantly accumulating territories. Gradually, Burgundy grew to gigantic proportions, and its rulers began to be called the Grand Dukes of the Whole West.
Domains of Philip the Good (Golden Age of Burgundy):
Philip the Brave very well laid the foundation for this by marrying the only heiress of Louis Malsky - Margarita. Here was her title: Countess of Flanders, Artois, Margraves Retel, Nevers, Margravess of Antwerp (after her father, Louis of Malsky), Duchess of Brabant and Liege (after her mother, Margaret of Brabant). All these lands, of course, went to Burgundy.
Philip the Brave (1342-1404) and Margaret of Malskaya (1350-1405):
Philip and Margarita had three sons (this is the first and last case when more than one heir was born to the Dukes of Burgundy). Two of them died at the Battle of Agincourt. The first had no legitimate heirs, and his possessions went to his brother, Duke John the Fearless (again, this is a nickname) and entrenched in Burgundy.
John the Fearless, in turn, also married the wealthy heiress Margaret of Bavaria . Her title: Mr.countess of Hainaut, Holland and Zeeland.
John the Fearless (1371-1419) and Margaret of Bavaria (1363-1425):
John and Margarita had six daughters and only one son, who inherited the possessions of both his father and mother, and he did not have to share them due to the absence of brothers.
Thus, the son of John and Margaret, Philip the Good, was already Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Limburg, Liege and Luxembourg, Count of Charolais, Flanders of Artois and Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland and Zutphen, Margrave of Namur, Count of Burgundy. In addition, as a "payoff" for the murder of John the Fearless, Philip receives from the French king Macon, Ponthieu, Auxerre, and the towns on the Somme with the right of their subsequent redemption by the French for 400 thousand livres. And also by his second marriage he married the widow of his uncle Philip of Nevers, which completed the unification of the Burgundian lands directly under his rule.
Philip the Good (1396-1467)(art. Rogier van der Weidem)and his third wife Isabella of Portugal (1397-1473):
Philip's heirs were already quite tight. Not like with sons, even with daughters. More precisely, there were many of them - almost 3 dozen, but all of them were illegitimate. Philip's first wife, Michelle of France, was barren, the second died in childbirth. The third gave birth to three sons, of whom only the youngest survived - Charles the Bold, who inherited everything accumulated by his predecessors and reasonably demanded a royal title for himself.
Titles of Charles the Bold: Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Liege, Guelders, Limburg and Luxembourg, Margrave of Namur, Count of Artois, Charolais, Flanders, Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland and Zutphen, Count of Burgundy and Marquis of the Holy Roman Empire.
Charles the Bold (1433-1477)(artist Rogier van der Weyden) and his second wife Isabella de Bourbon (1435-1465):
The problem of inheritance for Charles the Bold has already become obsessive. Like his father, he was married three times, but this did not save the situation. The only daughter from the second marriage and no one else - neither illegitimate nor dead in infancy. Mary of Burgundy is the richest bride in Europe with such a dowry, Mary the Rich, her name in the English version. She marries Maximilian of Habsburg, the future emperor, and the titles of her husband are added to the possessions of her heirs. .
Mary of Burgundy (1457-1482)(artist Bernard Strigel) andEmperor Maximilian I (1459-1519):
Son of Mary and Maximilian Philip the Handsome - Duke of Burgundy, Duke of Guelders, Count of Charolais, Artois, Flanders, Zutphen and Hainaut, Count of Burgundy, Count Archduke of Austria. Subsequently, it could become Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, but he died before his father. Philip was married to the daughter and heiress of Ferdinand and Isabella, and through this marriage acquired the titles King of Castile and Leon.
Philip the Handsome (1478-1506) and Juana the Mad (1480-1555):
The title of their son Karl - see at the beginning)
The second son - Ferdinand - marries in due time Anna of Hungary and Bohemia, the sister of King Lajos of Hungary. Lajos will die at the age of 19 in a battle with the Turks, leaving no heirs. The possessions will pass to Anna - now the Queen of the Czech Republic and Hungary, and from her to her husband. Here is the Habsburg Empire in its multinational composition.
Among the states that existed on the territory of Europe in the late Middle Ages, Burgundy is of particular interest. The Burgundian state, suddenly emerging among the traditional European states, was able to achieve recognition of its importance in a century, and began to play an important role in international politics.
The Burgundians lived in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia, although their original place of origin is the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea. After the beginning of the era of resettlement, they invade Eastern Europe and settle together with the Goths on the territory of present-day Poland, Ukraine, Romania, and Hungary. Later they founded their state Burgundy. This geographical name existed until the 15th century, although by that time there was no Germanic element left in it at all.
Literally bursting into the already more or less established system of Western European relations of the XIV-XV centuries, Burgundy made many powers worried, and the ambitions and victories of its dukes confused the rulers of neighboring countries. Feeling a threat to their possessions, the neighboring states forgot about the differences and created in 1475 the so-called. "anti-Burgundian coalition" (France, Austria, the union of Alsatian cities, Switzerland). In the course of a fierce struggle, Burgundy was soon destroyed, but its legacy had a significant impact on European history for a long time to come.
The Burgundian phenomenon has not been a special subject of historical research for a long time. Burgundy was mentioned only in the context of French history. She was assigned a small and not very honorable role of a state entity that stood in the way of the unification of France. The history of the Burgundian state has long served as an example of the inevitable collapse of feudal separatism and the backwardness of feudal methods of government in comparison with the progressive absolutist tendencies of the policy of Louis XI.
Once upon a time, in ancient times, Celtic tribes lived on the territory of Burgundy. Then the Romans subjugated them. And at the beginning of the VI century, the Germans-Burgundians came from the north, who imposed their name on the country, and disappeared without a trace in the conquered expanses.
The Kingdom of Burgundy was founded a long time ago, back in the 5th century, on the territory of the Western Roman Empire by the tribes of the Burgundians. Almost immediately it was ravaged by the Hunnic tribes (for more details on the relationship between the Huns and the Burgundians, the "Song of the Nibelungs" tells). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, Burgundy remained an independent kingdom for some time, but was soon captured by the Frankish kingdom, and in 800 became part of the Frankish Empire. After its collapse in 843, Burgundy again gained independence for a short time, but then became one of the four kingdoms in the Holy Roman Empire. At the end of the 13th century, Burgundy withdrew from the empire and immediately fell under the rule of France, losing the status of a kingdom and acquiring the status of a duchy in return.
The history of the Duchy of Burgundy, which belonged to the Valois dynasty, begins in 1363, when the youngest son of the French king John II the Good, Philip the Brave (1342-1404), received Burgundy as a fief. According to the state tradition of that time, flax was bestowed in the form of appanage, that is, it had to return to the crown in the event of the termination of the ducal dynasty. It was a common form of donation to princes of blood that legally left territory within the French royal house.
The reason for the creation of the new Duchy of Burgundy is connected with the traditions of medieval chivalry: King John II the Good gave these possessions to his son because he did not leave him in a critical situation at the Battle of Poitiers. It should be noted that this episode had a very definite meaning in the eyes of contemporaries and was captured as a typical example of knightly prowess, which received a truly royal reward. This is partly why the whole subsequent policy of the dukes will be clothed in various forms of knightly tradition.
Burgundy in the last third of the 14th century was a fairly large, but far from the largest possession in France. There were other holdings of princes of the blood: the duchies of Anjou, Bourbon, Vendome, Orleans, the Viscountcy of Béarn and many others. Nothing seemed to foretell the future rapid rise of the House of Burgundy. Europe was already divided among the existing states, and the creation of a new one in the conditions of the Late Middle Ages seemed unlikely. But the phenomenon of Burgundy lies in its dissimilarity to other European countries, including those means and methods that were used to create the state.
Already by the end of the XIV century. the situation is changing dramatically. This is due to the marriage policy pursued by the dukes.
The Burgundian dukes managed to put their matrimonial policy on such a high level that no one could achieve later. Perhaps this is due to the fact that in modern times, marriage unions no longer played such a role, and the dukes found the last opportunity to use this technique to the fullest. In the era of nation-states, this, of course, was no longer possible.
Priority was placed on politically and territorially promising marriages, for the conclusion of which the dukes showed remarkable energy and ingenuity. The first opportunity to apply this technique was presented to Philip the Brave. When the time came for him to marry, there were no particular problems with the choice: in the French royal house there were many princesses of the blood, however, who had nothing but a good name and nobility. The duke was not satisfied with such an easy, but unpromising option, since even in the event of the suppression of the dynasty, he could not inherit the property, due to the fact that their holdings, like his, were in the form of appanage. Philip turned to another option.
The most attractive party was Marguerite of Flanders (1350-1405), heiress of the counties of Flanders, Artois and Franche-Comté, Nevers and Rethel. She was the only daughter of Count Louis II of La Malle, due to whose advanced age no new heirs were expected. Having shown interest in Margarita, the plans of the then still very insignificant duke clashed with the interests of big politics. Since Margarita's husband received control over all the Southern Netherlands, as well as the opportunity to block France from the north and east, which, naturally, in the context of the ongoing Hundred Years War, was very dangerous for her. For some time, Margarita's future marriage became a point of conflict between the interests of France and England, whose sovereigns themselves offered their hand to the countess.
It would seem that the insignificant duke had nothing to try to interfere in this struggle. But here the diplomatic talent of Philip the Brave showed up. The fact is that Count Louis was well aware that by passing off his daughter as an English or French king, he was drawing his lands into an inevitable war with the second pretender. The cities of the Netherlands, living on trade and industry, would be ruined. Louis II, as a caring sovereign of his subjects, was obliged to do everything possible to maintain peace and economic prosperity. Philip the Brave, ideally suited for the role of the new sovereign of Flanders and Artois. Not possessing large funds, he inevitably had to take into account the opinion of the cities, which a strong ruler would hardly have done.
The kings of England and France, not wanting to give in to each other, also began to lean towards a third candidate. But how could the English king agree to the candidacy of the French prince of the blood? In this situation, Philip the Brave decided to take a risky step - having assured the king of France of future loyalty, the duke entered into a secret agreement with the English king, the essence of which was that Philip would not participate in the war on the side of France.
When all parties were satisfied, in 1369 a marriage was concluded. After the death of Louis II in 1384, Philip the Brave became the ruler of Flanders, Artois and Franche-Comte, Nevers and Rethel. To the relatively underdeveloped and predominantly agrarian Burgundy, he received a kind of economic leader of that time - the southern Netherlands. The county of Franche-Comté was in the territory of the Holy Roman Empire. Thus, Philip the Brave also became an imperial count, which will also have an impact in the future. The possessions of the Duke of Burgundy increased several times, and from a second-rate vassal of the French crown, he turned into a major ruler.
The foreign policy history of Burgundy is a constant struggle with France for sovereignty and continuous expansion into neighboring possessions.
The first Duke Philip the Brave (1364 - 1404) actively intervened in the struggle for the regency in France over the mentally ill King Charles VI the Mad. The rivalry for power of two parties: the Bourguignons (the party of the duke) and the Armagnacs, resulted in a civil war in France, complicated by the ongoing Hundred Years War. The duke at this stage still enjoys very little influence in order to actively participate in political life. Therefore, he prefers the expansion of his possessions to an unpromising regency in France. Just without leaving an heir, the Count of Flanders dies, and Philip the Brave, as the husband of his eldest daughter, becomes the formal sovereign of Flanders. True, the wealthy Flemish cities were not inclined to recognize him as a count. The struggle for the Flanders inheritance would take a lot of time and effort of the duke before, in 1382, he defeated the Flemings at Roosebek.
As regards the Hundred Years' War, Burgundy is allied with the English, who guarantee the defense of Flanders against French claims. In general, summing up the first period of the history of Burgundy, we can say that the policy at this stage did not differ from the behavior of at least a large, but typical vassal of the French crown. The duke is almost entirely under the influence of French politics and does not think about an independent state political line. Even the acquisition of Flanders and Franche-Comté does little to change the situation. Philip the Brave remains, above all, a French duke: vassal traditions and kinship still dominate this period of Burgundian history.
John II of Valois, the Good
From a young age, John was forced to resist the forces of decentralization that were influencing the cities and the nobility. He grew up amidst intrigue and betrayal, and subsequently he ruled the country only with the help of a close circle of trusted advisers. His marriage to Bonn of Luxembourg brought him 10 children in 9 years, which was a rarity even at that time. 1st wife: (since 1332) Bonne of Luxembourg (May 21, 1315 - September 11, 1349), daughter of John the Blind, King of the Czech Republic, sister of Emperor Charles IV. Had 11 children: Blanca (1336-1336); Charles V the Wise (January 21, 1338 - September 16, 1380), King of France from 1364; Catherine (1338-1338); Louis I of Anjou (July 23, 1339 - September 20, 1384), Duke of Anjou and Touraine. Adopted by Giovanna I, Queen of Naples, was to be her successor. After the overthrow and murder of Giovanna I by her cousin Charles III, he tried to get the Neapolitan crown by force, but managed to win back only Provence for himself (1382). Louis and his descendants in the male line (Louis II of Anjou, Louis III of Anjou, Rene the Good, Charles of Maine) bore the empty title of kings of Sicily and Jerusalem, repeatedly tried to conquer Naples, but never achieved success. The family died out in 1482, its possessions (Anjou, Maine and Provence) went to King Louis XI; Jean of Berry (November 30, 1340 - March 15, 1416), Duke of Berry and Auvergne, viceroy of Kings Charles V and Charles VI in Languedoc, a renowned patron of the arts. Survived all his sons, Auvergne, as a dowry of his daughter, passed to one of the Bourbons; Philip II the Bold (January 7, 1342 – April 27, 1404), Duke of Burgundy from 1363, founder of the Burgundian branch of the Valois . Thanks to an advantageous marriage with Marguerite (April 13, 1350 - March 16, 1405), heiress of Flanders, Artois, Nevers, Retel and Franche-Comté, he significantly increased his possessions, laying the foundation for the mighty power of the Dukes of Burgundy. Philip II and his descendants John the Fearless, Philip III the Good and Charles the Bold played a significant role in the history of France. The male line ended in 1477 with Charles the Bold, the latter's daughter Mary of Burgundy married Emperor Maximilian I, bringing him the historical Netherlands (modern Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg) as a dowry; Jeanne of France (June 24, 1343 - November 3, 1373), wife of Charles II the Evil (October 10, 1332 - January 1, 1387), King of Navarre from 1349; Mary (18 September 1344 – 15 October 1404), wife of Robert I, duc de Bar; Agnes (1345-1349); Margarita (1347-1352); Isabella of Valois (October 1, 1348 - September 11, 1372), wife of Gian Galeazzo I Visconti (1351-1402), Duke of Milan. 2nd wife: (from 1349) Jeanne of Auvergne (1326 - November 21, 1361). They had two children: Blanca (1350-1350); Catherine (1352-1352).
John I the Fearless (05/28/1371-09/10/1419),
Duke of Burgundy from 1404, head of the Burgundian (Bourguinon) party. In 1407, he organized the assassination of Duke Louis of Orleans, after which he became the de facto ruler of France. In the Hundred Years War, which resumed in 1415, he became an ally of the British; occupied Paris in 1419. During negotiations with the Dauphin (since 1422, King Charles VII of France), he was killed.
With the murder of John the Fearless in mind, Johan Huizinga gives the following advice to the researcher of Burgundy: “Whoever wants to write the history of the Burgundian dynasty will have to try to make the main tone of his narrative the invariably sounding motif of revenge, so that in every act, whether in council or on the field battle, one could feel the bitterness that lived in these hearts, torn apart by a gloomy thirst for revenge and diabolical arrogance "
PHILIP THE BRAVE, DUKE OF BURGUNDY great-grandfather of Charles the Bold
artist unknown
Isabella of Portugal, wife of Philip the Good and mother of Charles the Bold
(Jan van Eyck)
Isabella of Portugal
Philip III of Valois the Good (1396-1467).
After 1450, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
Rogier van der Weyden
Philip III the Good (1396-1467) - Duke of Burgundy from 1419. In the Hundred Years' War 1337-1453. at first he was an ally of the British (in 1430 he took part in the siege of Compiègne, when Joan of Arc was captured). In 1435 he went over to the side of the French: for the concession to Picardy, he recognized Charles VII as the legitimate sovereign of France. With the help of marriages, money , skillful diplomacy, Philip Ill significantly expanded his possessions, adding to them in 1421 the county of Namur, in 1428-33 - the counties of Hainaut, Zeeland, Holland, in 1430 - the duchies of Brabant and Limburg, in 1431-43. - Duchy of Luxembourg, etc.
Anthony of Burgundy (Grand Bastard of Burgundy), c.1460
Rogier van der Weyden
Portrait of Charles the Bold. Around 1460, Art Gallery, Berlin-Dahlem
Rogier van der Weyden
Charles the Bold (1433-77) - Count of Charolais, Duke of Burgundy (since 1467). Son of Philip the Good. Charles the Bold sought to unite his fragmented possessions, to expand the territory of the Burgundian state and turn it into a mighty power. Repeatedly, with merciless cruelty, he suppressed the uprisings of the Dutch cities that were part of the Burgundian state. Charles the Bold was the most dangerous and powerful opponent of Louis XI, who vigorously pursued the centralization and territorial unification of France; the struggle between the two sovereigns died out only for short periods. Even during the life of his father, Charles the Bold actually led a coalition against Louis XI (the League of Public Good), forcing the French king to cede cities on the Somme to him. To secure the support of the English King Edward IV, Charles the Bold married his sister Margarita. Tried to take possession of Alsace and Lorraine. However, thanks to the dexterity of Louis XI, who resorted to diplomatic negotiations and bribery, Charles the Bold lost his allies (including the English king), remaining isolated. In the Burgundian Wars of 1474-77 (fought against Charles the Bold by Switzerland and Lorraine, secretly supported and subsidized by France), Charles the Bold was betrayed by mercenaries bribed by Louis XI and died at the Battle of Nancy.
Mary of Burgundy, second half of the 15th century
artist unknown
Mary of Burgundy (fr. Marie duchesse de Bourgogne, February 13, 1457 - March 27, 1482) - from 1477 the Duchess of Burgundy, Hainaut and Namur, Countess of Holland, the only daughter and heiress of the Duke of Burgundy Charles the Bold.
Mary of Burgundy, daughter of Charles the Bold and Margaret of York
Mary died in 1482 at the age of only 25 from the effects of a fall from a horse while falconry while pregnant. Philippe de Commines in his Memoirs writes:
Mary of Burgundy on the fatal hunt, pursued by death
(miniature from the book of hours, begun for Mary and completed for Maximilian)
The horse she was riding was hot and threw her onto a large log. Some say, it is true, that she fell in a fit of fever. But be that as it may, a few days after the fall she died, and it was a great grief for her subjects and friends, because after her death they no longer knew the world: after all, the people of Ghent revered her much more than her husband, since she was the owner countries.
Mary of Burgundy is buried in the Church of Our Lady in Bruges next to her father Charles the Bold.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Burgundy
Duchess Marie of Burgundy
CHARLES VII the Victorious (1403 - 1461), KING OF FRANCE father of Louis XI,
artist: Jean Fouquet
LOUIS XI King of France
artist Jean Bourdichon
PHILIPPE DE COMMIN Secretary and confidant of Charles the Bold,
later - Louis XI
Burgundy in search of identity
(1363-1477 years)
http://www.osh.ru/pedia/history/west/light_ages/burg07.shtml
In the 1380s, the first duke of Burgundy from the Valois dynasty, Philip the Brave, supported the representative of the same dynasty of French kings, Charles VI in the fight against the rebel Ghent. . The duke participated on the side of the French king and in the battle of Roosebeke (fr. Roosebeke, Dutch Rozebeke) on November 27, 1382.
In the chronicles of Froissart there is a miniature dedicated to the battle.
