Internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia at the present stage.
Development of internal troops (1917 - 1991).
The main stages of the formation and development of internal troops. Internal and escort guards of Russia (1811-1917).
In Russia, until the beginning of the 19th century, there were no special armed formations to maintain order and ensure the safety of the population, provide assistance to people in case of natural disasters, and perform other law enforcement tasks.
In the 16th-17th centuries, some of these functions were performed mainly by units of the archery army. Under Ivan the Terrible, formations of the so-called "residents" were created to protect Moscow. It was an army consisting of serving nobles, numbering about three thousand people. Subsequently, units of "residents" were placed in Kyiv, Belgorod, Kursk and some other cities.
Under Peter I, internal security in the state was provided mainly by formations of soldiers incapable of field service. They were called "garrisons", later - "garrison" and (or) "internal battalions" and were a reserve of field troops.
In the early years of the 19th century, the tasks of protecting and maintaining order in cities were carried out by the police, garrison battalions, as well as provincial full-time companies and teams of soldiers not fit for military service, who were subordinate to the local administration.
Parties of prisoners were escorted to Siberia under the protection of armed teams of Bashkirs (Bashkirs), Meshcheryaks (a people who lived next to the Bashkirs) and a regiment of Cossacks specially allocated for this. In some cases, army units were also involved in escorting large parties of prisoners.
The development of internal troops can be divided into three historical periods:
1. The initial period (1811-1917), which lasted more than a hundred years, from the creation of the internal guard troops, their reorganization into local troops and escort guards until the October Revolution of 1917.
2. The Soviet period (1917-1991) - the formation of the troops of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-MGB-MVD of the USSR, their formation, development and service and combat activities.
3. The modern period (1991 - to the present) - internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.
Fundamental changes in the provision of internal order and escort service in Russia took place during the reign of Emperor Alexander. On March 27, 1811, he issued a decree on replenishment at the expense of regular companies, transferred in January of the same year "from civilian to military authorities", garrison battalions, which became known as "provincial battalions" and were soon merged into a single structure - the internal guard Russia. March 27 became the Day of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, which was established in 1996 by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation.
Battalions of the internal guard (2-3) made up a brigade, and 2-4 brigades were part of the district of the internal guard. Initially, the territory of the European part of Russia was divided into eight districts. Each of them had a serial number and geographically covered several provinces. Subsequently, the number of districts reached 12. The Internal Guard was part of the Russian Military Department.
On July 3, 1811, Alexander approved the Regulations for the internal guard, which determined its purpose and tasks. They were: the fight against robbers, robbers and other criminals; detention of fleeing criminals and deserters; combating the smuggling of smuggled and prohibited goods; ensuring order and security during, as we say now, mass events - fairs, folk festivals, church holidays; rendering assistance to the population in case of natural disasters - floods, fires and others, escorting prisoners, prisoners, recruits, the state treasury (large sums of money) and other law enforcement tasks.
The first commander of the internal guard was General E.F. Komarovsky, a professional military man, a participant in the Italian and Swiss campaigns (1799) of the Russian army under the command of A.V. Suvorov, then assistant to the St. Petersburg military governor. An experienced and talented administrator and military leader, E.F. Komarovsky led the internal guard for more than 17 years.
Since 1816, the internal guard became known as the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard. Its structure and tasks have been supplemented and changed over time. So, in 1817, the St. Petersburg and Moscow gendarme divisions and gendarme teams in provincial and large port cities were established as part of the internal guard. They remained in the OKVS until 1836, when they were transferred to the gendarme corps.
By royal decree of July 25, 1829, 5 linear battalions and 3 mobile companies were formed to protect the mining plants of the Urals and Nerchinsk, where gold and silver were mined, the St. Petersburg Mint. They were supported by the Ministry of Finance. We can say that these were the first units for the protection of important industrial facilities and escort of special cargo.
Radical transformations of the internal guard took place in the 60s of the XIX century in the course of the military reform being carried out in Russia. Then the district command and control system was introduced in the Russian army. The entire territory of the country was divided into military districts. In August 1864, the headquarters of the Separate Corps and the district of the internal guard were abolished, and the brigades and battalions were reorganized into the corresponding units of the local troops, which also included escort teams. Local troops were part of the corresponding military district. The commander of the district had an assistant in command of local troops.
In terms of structure, local troops differed little from the internal guard: in each province, a local brigade was stationed, which included battalions and county teams that performed the tasks of escorting prisoners and assisting the police in maintaining public order.
The next stage in the reform of the internal security forces took place in 1886, when the escort teams were consolidated into escort guards. By order of the Military Department of May 16, 1886, it was ordered to form 567 (actually 530) teams for escort service on the basis of the existing stage, escort and local teams. The escort guard was entrusted with:
Accompanying prisoners of all categories, sent in stages along the routes of European Russia (with the exception of Finland and the Caucasus) and along the main exiled Siberian route;
Accompanying prisoners of the civil department to external work and to judicial institutions;
Assistance to the prison administration in the production of surprise searches and suppression of riots in places of detention;
Implementation of external protection of prisons where it will be deemed necessary.
New teams of escort guards were named after their places of deployment (Moscow escort team, etc.). These units were completed on general army grounds. At the same time, preference was given to quick-witted, quick, physically strong recruits.
But no matter how the military formations for ensuring internal order and security are called - internal guards or local troops, their personnel at all times were faithful to the oath and military duty, performed their tasks with honor and dignity, as evidenced by numerous examples.
In November 1824 St. Petersburg suffered a severe flood. It is described by A. S. Pushkin in the poem "The Bronze Horseman". Together with other forces, units of the internal guard, led by commander General E.F., entered the fight against the raging elements. Komarovsky. They rescued drowning people, dismantled rubble, restored dams and bridges. The distribution of hot food and warm clothes to the affected population was organized, and medical assistance was provided. Energetic actions, clear orderliness of General E.F. Komarovsky, the courage and dedication of the soldiers and officers were highly appreciated by the emperor.
Along with floods, fires were a real disaster for wooden Russia. Hundreds of villages burned to the ground every year. Seriously suffered from the fiery element and the city.
It happened in 1845 in the small town of Yaransk in the former Perm province. One of the houses caught fire. The fire threatened to spread to neighboring buildings, and then the whole city would have blazed. The guards of the local team, led by Lieutenant Zanegin, were the first to arrive at the fire. The officer, being in the immediate vicinity of the fire, with his clear orders skillfully directed the actions of his subordinates, instilled in them confidence and courage. Yaransk was saved. The commander of the 4th district of the internal guard informed all parts of the district about the selflessness of Lieutenant Zanegin and his subordinates.
In the fire, the guard of the Astrakhan battalion, Private Yegor Nagibin, also distinguished himself. In July 1858, he served at the post at the Church of Our Lady of Kazan. During the service, a fire broke out in the church. The sentry, preventing panic among people fleeing the fire, ensured the maintenance of order, the protection of church values. Tsar Alexander II became aware of the courageous behavior of E. Nagibin, who granted the soldier 50 rubles in silver, a considerable amount for that time.
Difficult, requiring great exertion of physical and moral strength, constant readiness for action was the service of the personnel of the escort teams. In June 1859, a convoy accompanied a party of prisoners. When crossing the bridge over the river. Berezin, one of the criminals threw himself into the river. The escort, private Khariton Fedoseev, did not lose his head, boldly jumped after the fugitive, detained him, pulled him out of the water and put him in a convoy of prisoners. The brave and determined soldier was encouraged by the commander of the internal guard corps.
On the night of August 9-10, 1910, the Tsarevna steamer, following the prisoners up the Volga, collided with a tugboat and began to sink. The escort of the Astrakhan escort team under the command of Captain Aivazov, acting in an organized, selfless manner, saved everyone on the ship, for which he used two fishing boats. A report about this incident and the brave actions of the convoy reached Tsar Nicholas II, who personally wrote on it: "Thank you all for the selfless performance of duty."
During the First World War, personnel from escort teams were seconded to replenish parts of the army in the field. So Vasily Vodyanoy, corporal of the Kharkov escort team, ended up at the front. A quick-witted and desperately brave soldier became a regimental scout and more than once successfully completed reconnaissance missions. But one day he was ambushed and taken prisoner. During the interrogation, the Germans subjected him to severe torture (cut off his ears), but the warrior, faithful to the oath, did not say a word. Resourceful and courageous, he managed to escape from custody and returned to his regiment. The officers of the escort units, amazed by the courage of V. Vodyanoy, collected money for the icon and handed it to him in memory of his happy release from captivity.
The chief inspector for the transfer of prisoners (head of the escort guards) wrote about the feat of the corporal: “In the Kharkov team, the distinctive properties of the Russian soul became stronger in him, the valiant qualities of the Russian soldier were established - love for the Motherland and firmness of spirit, which the enemy could not break even with torture.
Taking into account the difficulties and stressful nature of the escort service, and most importantly, its social significance, Minister of Justice N.V. Muravyov petitioned the Russian emperor for the introduction of an award specifically for the lower ranks of the escort guards. The petition was granted and, starting in 1904, the escort soldiers were awarded a silver medal with the inscription "For Diligence" on a ribbon to be worn on the chest. It should be noted that in the army, only non-commissioned officers of extra-long service were awarded this medal for long service and subject to impeccable service.
The recognition of the merits of the internal and escort guards before the people and the Fatherland was the celebration on March 27, 1911 of the 100th anniversary of the local troops and escort guards. The Highest order was issued by the Military Department, in which Emperor Nicholas II declared "highest favor" to all officer and class ranks, and "royal thanks" to the lower ranks.
In honor of the anniversary, a badge was established for presentation: to officers - from silver; the lower ranks are made of white metal.
The division into officer and lower ranks that existed in the Russian army, local troops, and escort guards, which caused discontent among the soldiers and was condemned by progressive officers, was abolished after the fall of tsarism and the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia.
After the February Revolution, local troops and guards voluntarily transferred to the service of the new government. On March 12, 1917, the chief inspector for the transfer of prisoners, Lieutenant-General N.I. Lukyanov, together with the officers of his office, swore "allegiance to the service of the Motherland" and the "Provisional Government", which he informed his subordinates in order No. 1. It also expresses condemnation orders that existed in the troops under tsarism.
“The former fortress system in the troops,” the order said, “caused quite well-founded dissatisfaction with the soldiers, and often the officers ... I do not allow the thought of the possibility of further stay in the service in the escort guards of persons committed to the old order, disastrous for the state.”
Glorious is more than a hundred years of combat path of the internal and escort guards of Russia. Their contribution to ensuring the internal security of the country by the population, public organizations and official authorities is highly appreciated. Numerous feats of soldiers and officers. Over the years, glorious military traditions have been formed - loyalty to the oath and military duty, courage and courage, bravery and courage, high vigilance and incorruptibility, steadfast overcoming of the difficulties of service, military camaraderie and mutual assistance.
They were not only received with honor, but also multiplied by their military work, feats in the fight against enemies by the servicemen of the internal troops, who are the direct heirs and continuers of the military glory of the internal and escort guards of Russia.
Many garrison formations are considered to be the prototype of internal units on the territory of modern Russia back in the hours when Ivan the Terrible ruled. Being on the throne, this monarch introduced a special security system for the protection of Moscow - the institution of residents. In accordance with the orders of the governor, every 3 months, representatives of the nobility constantly arrived in the capital city of the state from other settlements of the country. They were supposed to maintain order in the city.
There was a time when the functions of suppressing unrest and maintaining order fell on the shoulders of the guardsmen, and in 1565 a special army was created from their units - the guardsmen. In subsequent times, so-called residential regiments were placed in the cities to protect the southern borders of the state.
Under another tsar, Peter I, such units were renamed into garrison formations. Already in 1764, after the reform, these units were reorganized into internal and border battalions. Further, almost until the beginning of the 19th century in Russia, the duties and functionality of the internal troops, together with the police, belonged to the provincial teams and the so-called Cossack regiments. In the winter of 1811, all military teams that kept order in the settlements and in the country as a whole were removed from the subordination of the city rulers and transferred to the subordination of the military command. "The history of the creation of internal troops" in Russia is a complex and lengthy process. But officially the day of March 27 is considered the day of the creation of the internal troops of Russia. In those distant times, by decree of Tsar Alexander I, all provincial units or companies, as well as teams, were transferred to the main cities of the provinces and special military battalions of the so-called internal guards were created from them. It was they who became the basis of all security units, which were responsible for order in the country.
A special provision for the internal guards clearly defined the tasks of the units. The duties of these troops included:
- maximum assistance to local authorities in maintaining the existing order and laws;
- assistance in the execution of court decisions and sentences;
- assistance in the investigation and search for thieves and other lawbreakers;
- functions to maintain order in cities and places of greatest concentration of people.
How explosives were created after the revolutionary processes of 17
"" immediately after the revolution, boils down to the fact that in 18 the so-called commissariat for internal affairs reorganized the escort guards. After at least one year, the government decided to combine all the forces of official mission into military units for internal protection. Further, the military units of the VOHR-VNUS-VChK-OGPU-NKVD were restructured more than once, but, nevertheless, their tasks and purpose remained the same, that is, the quick and effective protection of the country's inhabitants from impending threats of any plan.
VV after the collapse of the Union
In the post-Soviet period, in the second half of the 90s, the reform of troops of such a plan as the BB is being carried out in the Russian Federation. Their task, which they previously constantly performed in terms of carrying out security functions, escorting convicts, etc., was removed from them, but their rights were expanded in terms of protection and maintaining order in the country. Another reform in the Ministry of Internal Affairs took place in 2008, according to which reorganization processes were carried out in the administration of the districts - they became regional.
Introduction
Any state should have the Armed Forces in the power structure to ensure stability and public security. World history has shown that, regardless of the change in the political system and socio-economic formation, each country has always been in dire need of protection and protection, which was carried out by a man with a gun - an armed guard. Today, internal troops are one of the most important parts of the security system of the Russian state. With their selfless work, they ensure the security of our Fatherland, stand guard over law and order, protecting the rights and freedom of citizens. They are entrusted with a responsible mission to prevent and suppress criminal manifestations, political extremism and terrorism, ensure the safety of the population, maintain public order and effectively solve service and combat tasks.
Internal troops are warring troops. There are no breaks or pauses in this war. There is a tense struggle to ensure public safety. We wish the servicemen and veterans of the internal troops success in their hard work, peace, prosperity and health.
Purpose of writing work on the topic "Internal Law Enforcement Troops" is a comprehensive study of the institute of internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.
To achieve the above goal, you need to solve the following tasks, which should be considered in detail:
1. Study the history of internal troops;
2. Internal troops in daily activities;
3. Internal troops in the fight against terrorism.
History of internal troops
A separate corps of the internal guard was created by bringing together, in 1816 on February 7, the units of the internal guard created in 1811, by decrees of Alexander the First of January 16 and March 27 (the European territory of the Russian Empire was divided into districts of the internal guard. There were at different times from 8 to 12 -ti districts (50 battalions)). On February 1, 1817, the regulation "On the establishment of gendarmes of the internal guard" was approved, developed by the favorite of Alexander I, cavalry general A.A. Arakcheev, who headed the State Council and the Committee of Ministers. The gendarme guards include metropolitan divisions (with a staff of 334 people) and gendarme teams (31 people) in 56 cities. The metropolitan gendarmerie divisions are subordinate to the chief police officers of the capitals, and the provincial and port gendarme teams are subordinate to the commanders of local garrison battalions. The duties of the gendarmes coincided with the duties of the internal guard, with the exception of collecting taxes and protecting the presence of places and prisons. The whole country was divided into several (first five, then eight) gendarmerie districts. After the revolution, in 1918, the escort guards were reorganized on new principles, and a year later the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense adopted a resolution on the unification of all auxiliary troops that existed under certain departments and the creation of internal guard troops of the Republic. Subsequently, the troops of the VOHR-VNUS-VChK-OGPU-NKVD were repeatedly reorganized, but their tasks remained the same - protecting the population from any threat, including external ones. So it was in the civil war, and during the incidents on Lake Khasan and the Khalkhin-Gol River, and in the Soviet-Finnish war.
Chronology of the reform: 1918-1920 - internal security troops (VOHR), 1920-1921 - internal service troops (VNUS), 1922-1923 - GPU troops, 1923--1934 - OGPU troops (also included border troops), 1934-1938 - border and internal guard troops, 1938-1939 - border and internal troops, 1939 - division into 6 parts, 1941-1951 - internal troops, 1951-1956 - troops internal security, 1956-1957 - border and internal troops, 1957-1960 - internal and escort troops, since 1960 - internal troops.
look at essays similar to "History of the development of internal troops"
INTERNAL GUARD
(1811-1880)*
* The data are taken from the documents of the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA), tsarist decrees, circulars, orders of the Minister of War, the General Staff, the head of the main prison department, stored in the Russian State Library (RSL) in cases where the language and style of the documents are preserved.
1811
January 16th. By decree of Emperor Alexander I, it was ordered to bring security formations into proper compliance. Local provincial teams, subordinate to the civilian authorities, and performing the duties of maintaining internal order, were transferred to the Military Department.
March 27th. By decree of the emperor, regular provincial companies and teams were relocated to provincial capitals. Military battalions were formed from the transferred teams, which were consolidated into internal guard brigades.
3 July. Emperor "Alexander I approved the "Regulations for the Internal Guard", which, in addition to general military duties, assigned guard, escort service. It was used:
“I) to aid the execution of laws and judgments of the court;
2) to capture, pursue and exterminate robbers and disperse crowds prohibited by law;
3) to pacify disobedience and violence;
4) for the capture of fugitive, departed criminals and deserters;
5) for the prosecution of prohibited and smuggled goods;
6) to help free movement of domestic food;
7) to facilitate the collection of taxes and arrears;
8) to preserve the order and tranquility of church rites of all confessions, tolerable by law;
9) to maintain order at fairs, auctions, folk and church festivals, etc.;
10) for receiving and seeing off recruits, criminals, prisoners and prisoners;
11) to send the military who overstayed their holidays to their teams;
12) for fires, to help with river flooding and the like;
13) to dispatch the necessary sentries to government offices, prisons and prisons, and
fourteen). for seeing off the treasury, and moreover, for use in recesses at the opening of the tavern and for "guarding the guilty until they are sent to court."
"In addition, the internal guards were obliged to:" I) take into custody and present to the provincial authorities people caught "at the scene of a crime, riot, or violence against a person or property and found with a bloodied weapon or dress, and 2) capture gatherings of thieves and robbers" .
During a year. With the establishment of the internal guard, 8 districts were formed, each commanded by a major general. The district was subordinate to several brigades, consisting of 2-3 battalions.
The battalions were stationed in the provincial cities and bore their name.
(Astrakhan, Minsk, etc.).
In each county town there was a disabled team.
Such a structure of internal guards was created throughout Russia with the exception of Siberia.
September 13th. By decree, the military orphanage departments of the military department were entrusted with the training of clerks for the battalions of the internal guard.
1812
April-August. Provincial battalions and district teams stationed in the western part of Russia took an active part in defensive battles against the Napoleonic troops.
September-December. Separate battalions of the internal guard, in addition to collecting and escorting recruits, are entrusted with the task of recruiting horses for the army in the field. In the Volyn and Podolsk provinces, 13 thousand horses were collected.
1813
September. The manifesto on the general recruitment of August 21, 1813, 22 provinces were granted the right to supply horses instead of people.
The fulfillment of this task was entrusted to the internal guard, which by the end of the year sent up to 40 thousand horses to the cavalry reserve.
1816
February 7th. The subdivisions of the internal guard were consolidated into a separate corps of the internal guard *. The European territory of the Russian Empire was divided into districts of the internal guard. existed at different times
8 to 12 districts (50 battalions).
1817
February 8th. The military department has introduced a staged system for escorting prisoners; as part of the battalions of the internal guard, stage teams were formed to escort prisoners along approved stage routes.
1818
22nd of June. The military department has established the procedure (general, private) for manning the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard.
General - once a year, from the regiments, all recognized as unfit for field service after inspection reviews were sent to their homeland at the disposal of internal battalions. Private-monthly after discharge from hospitals. In turn, the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard once a year handed over recruits to civilian departments for service as postmen, policemen, firefighters, patrolmen and in the protection of banknotes.
5th of August. Salt disabled teams have been established in the salt mines to carry out guard duty.
12th of August. Salt teams are ranked among the inner guard.
December 31 The General Headquarters is forbidden to send to the internal guard battalions persons who have not acquired the proper skills by their service in the field units.
1822
The Senate adopted a Decree on the punishment of prisoners for escapes with gauntlets.
28 January. By the Regulations of the Committee of 22 Ministers, Highest approved in
On the 28th day of January 1822, relief was sought, the detention of prisoners was decided:
1. Chains or shackles should be used only for males.
2. Do not impose leg chains on women, but apply hand chains to them only during the journey.
3. Juveniles of both sexes shall be freed from wearing fetters while they are really in infancy.
4. The weight of male shackles is determined from 5 to 5 "/2 pounds." 5. Hoops, imposed on the legs, sheathed with leather ... "
22 July. The Charter on the stages for the transfer of exiles to the Siberian provinces was approved by the Highest. § 50 of the Charter determined that the convicts were separated from the settlers and followed in chains.
1824
November December. The units of the internal guard ensured order and assisted in eliminating the consequences of a large flood in the city of
Petersburg. "
1825
August 19. In order to combat escapes, the military and prison departments have established a procedure for fettering those being transported. prisoners with a metal bar.
.
1829
23 July. A separate corps of the internal guard consisted of 9 districts. In District
2-3 brigades, 5-8 battalions.
July 25th. The Regulations on line battalions and mobile companies designed to protect mining plants, mints and other institutions subordinate to the Mining Administration were approved. 5 line battalions and 3 mobile companies were formed. In a battalion of 4 companies - 728 people, in a mobile company - 177 people. Organizationally, they entered the combined inner guard.
2 October. The Minister of War, in order to distinguish the military personnel of the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard from other troops, maroon-colored piping was introduced for their uniforms.
1830
May 21st. The commander of the Separate Corps of Internal Guards presented the project
-new staging system, in which it was proposed to have. 399 stages of 4 categories and 296 half-stages, as well. in places of lodging for the night - the construction of stage houses.
1832
March 1. The chaining of convicts being transported with a metal bar has been replaced by chaining them with special handcuffs to a common metal chain.
1835
/ Nov. The military department entrusted the district generals of the internal guard with the duty of supervising the organization of military training in the correctional departments of military prisoners.
November. The reorganization (experimental) of the milestone business from Moscow to
Nizhny Novgorod. For these purposes, 69,709 rubles were allocated. 47 1/2 kop. and allowed the purchase of 155 horses for the transport of prisoners on carts.
1837
March 24. At the suggestion of the commander of the Separate Internal Guard Corps, the transfer of prisoners in the European part of Russia and along the stage route to Tobolsk on carts was established.
April 6: By order of the General Staff, stage teams were established on the tracts.
1840
Under the battalions of the internal guard, correctional departments were established to hold convicted lower ranks of the internal guard. Abolished by order of the military department of May 18, 1861.
July 8. To improve the maintenance of the lower ranks of the Separate Internal Guard Corps, the Regulations on the reserve capital of the Separate Internal Guard Corps were approved, which consisted of the savings of the internal garrison battalions.
1842
July 15. The Holy Synod, at the request of the commander of the Separate Internal Guard Corps, allowed the priests to instruct the criminals sent to Siberia.
1846
11th August. The State Council replaced the stigma “thief” with “kat” among the prisoners. A decision was made to brand fugitives, criminals on the right arm and shoulder blade
(SB-exiled fugitive, SK-exiled convict). Each escape was branded. Persons who do not remember kinship were branded with the letter "B" (tramp).
1854
February 21st. In the Perm province, a two-hundred detachment of internal guards was created to catch the fugitives.
1857
October 21. By order of the commander of the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard, it is prescribed to select officers for appointment as heads of local county teams "with extreme legibility", with a rank not lower than "second lieutenant".
1858
March, 3rd. 15 staging teams between St. Petersburg and Moscow were abolished, instead of them a Special Escort Department was formed to escort prisoners by rail (beginning, rail transportation of prisoners).
March 27th. The Regulations on the transportation of prisoners along the Nikolaev railway were approved, on the basis of which special prison cars were arranged, attached at the end of freight trains. The prisoners along the entire route were kept chained in "iron fortifications".
1859
April 3rd. In order to deliver prisoners to their destination and to avoid changing their surnames, an open sheet with their signs was introduced.
1862
In connection with the increase in guard posts, the opening of new staging routes and prisons, staging teams were renamed into teams of internal guards of 16 ranks. There were 471 teams in total. The number of each - 265 people.
1864
August 6th The separate corps of the internal guard was abolished. Local troops were formed, which included provincial battalions and district teams performing (among other duties) the external guard of prisons, as well as teams designed exclusively for escorting exiled and transit prisoners.
December 6. Established horse transportation of prisoners from Nizhny Novgorod to,
Tyumen.
1865
December. A stage-transit unit is being established as part of the General Staff. Through her efforts, a coherent system of service for escort teams was created, interaction with the prison administration, and the command of local troops.
1867
January 27th. The position of the Chief Inspector for the Transfer of Prisoners was approved
* at the Main Headquarters of the military department with the rights of the chief of the local troops of the district in relation to the escort teams. -
* See the personalities of the Chief Inspectors for the Transfer of Prisoners
1877
March 24. The Minister of War approved the Regulations on the transportation of prisoners by rail, which determined:
- the procedure for guarding, loading, following prisoners;
- Arrangement of prison wagons;
- the head of the convoy was given the right to “impose” fetters on the disobedient, deprive them of part of the food, and in special cases use weapons;
- the chiefs of the escort teams are entrusted with the duty of monitoring the strict observance of the transportation of prisoners along the railway networks and managing this matter.
1879
Hiking of the exiled convicts on about. Sakhalin was replaced by their transportation on steamers through Odessa. The General Staff issued an order on the escape of prisoners, both military and civilian, the head of the escort team, in charge of which they were, is obliged to submit a detailed report to
The highest name.
1880
July 13. By order of the Main Prison Department, an Instruction was approved on the procedure for the detention and transfer of persons accused of state crimes or convicted of political unreliability.
CONVOY GUARD
(1886-1917)
1886
January 20th. The State Council decided during 1886 to form an escort guard in the amount of 567 escort teams. Tasks:
- escort of prisoners of all departments and categories;
- escort of prisoners within settlements to administrative and judicial institutions in cases provided for by law;
- assistance to the prison administration in the event of open riots among the prison population and in the production of mass searches of prisons; ,
- escorting those arrested for forced labor:
- external protection of prisons and other places of detention. The escort guards were divided into escort teams led by officers, there were 65 of them, and others, led by non-commissioned officers - 466 teams *. The escort teams were part of the local troops and were named after the place of deployment (Moskovskaya,
Kyiv, etc.).
The end of the year. In Russia there were 875 places of detention, they contained 686,760 prisoners. 397 people fled in a year, 196 people were caught.
* In fact, 532 escort teams were formed.
1887
December 17th. The General Staff issued a circular on the direction of the most capable lower ranks of the escort guards to study as non-commissioned officers for a period of 2 months.
December 18th. It was determined to equip convoy teams with recruits on a common basis with other troops.
1890
In the escort teams, the institution of long-term conscripts was introduced (sergeant major, non-commissioned officer, senior clerk, medical assistant, etc.).
A separate brochure published a memo to the escort "Keep your eyes open!" It was sold in special stores for the ranks of the escort guards.
REMINDER TO THE GUARD
1. The escort is the same sentry, and therefore he must understand himself in this way and observe himself in this way.
2. When accompanying a prisoner, remember that he is thinking about how to run away or deceive you, and you must think about how not to miss him.
3. Do not enter into any conversations or jokes with the prisoners and do not accept any food from them, treat them kindly, without rudeness, but if you have to deal with hardened criminals, die yourself, but do not let the prisoner out of your hands.
4. If you are appointed for the senior in the convoy, then when receiving prisoners, do this: check the prisoners according to the documents, carefully make sure that their signs are similar to the person, ask whether each of them goes where it is written in the document, examine in detail whether state-owned clothing is safe and sound, if something is not found, make a note about it in the clothing note; in winter, make sure that the prisoners are warmly dressed, that is, they have short fur coats with vargas and cloth onuchi.
5. When searching prisoners, pay the main attention to the fact that they do not carry knives, razors, scissors, needles; playing cards, smoking and snuff, soap, lard and other things harmful to the prisoner, which are right there in prison, hand over to the head of the prison for dealing with them according to the law.
6. If valuable things (gold or silver) or money are found on the prisoner, then, having taken them away, also hand over to the head of the prison and, having received a receipt from him, hand it to the prisoner.
7. Before setting out on the road, announce to everyone the prisoner loudly and distinctly like this:
"If any of you dare to flee or rage, then the force of arms will be used against such a person."
8. Also observe the actions of the escorts given to help you, so that they sacredly fulfill the duties assigned to them in relation to the prisoners and any violation of the established rules by any of them - stop immediately, and upon returning from a business trip report to your nearest superiors , never cover an unreliable comrade-escort, remembering that by doing this you are doing harm to him and "to yourself, and to the service, violating the oath given by you.
9. Watch vigilantly for the prisoners entrusted to you, so that no one approaches them; so that they themselves do not ask for alms, without forbidding them to accept it, but at the same time strictly see that nothing is invested in alms. -
10. Watch that the prisoners do not weaken or damage the shackles, i.e., leg shackles and handcuffs, do not spoil official clothes and do not exchange them among themselves.
* 11. Prevent and stop all disputes, quarrels, fights among the prisoners among themselves, but do it decently, without guarantees, on the grounds that too rude and cruel treatment of the escorts drops and humiliates their importance in the eyes of the prisoners.
12. Do not offend a prisoner unnecessarily: a guard is not a robber.
13. Resort to force and weapons only in extreme cases "and then, only with the permission of the escort commander or the "senior" in the escort, on which the order depends on how to act: by force or weapons. At your own discretion, never dare to resort to any strict measures.
"senior" - execute immediately.
14. On halts, rests, and in general, at any stops, do not let go of the gun, but always have it ready.
15. Do not stop for a halt near a forest, a bush, a swamp, a river, a cemetery, and in general near such places, behind which it is easy for a prisoner to hide in case of escape.
16. Before letting the prisoners into the stage house, carefully inspect the premises and make sure that the window bars are strong and that there are no defects that may facilitate escape.
17. At night, at lodging for the night, observe as often as possible what is happening in the cell of prisoners.
18. In case of illness of a prisoner on the way, demand from the village authorities a cart for him, but under no pretext do not leave him in the village, but by all means deliver him to the city.
19. In the event of the death of a prisoner, leave his body in the first village along with travel documents and clothes, which you hand over to the volost or village authorities, and when accepting the deceased, documents and things, take a receipt, which you present upon arrival in the city to the district military commander and report to him about this incident.
20. In case of illness or death of the “senior” in the convoy, one of the remaining convoys takes his place and takes command of the convict party. .
21. On a hike, keep yourself clean, clothes and shoes in order. Take care of your gun and legs more than your eyes: wrap your footcloths well and soak them with fat - your leg will be softer, and in severe frosts, with the permission of your superiors, put on felt boots.
22. The escort must be healthy, honest, incorruptible.
23. Remember that for any violation of the rules of escort service, a military prison or a disciplinary battalion awaits you, and for exact execution - praise from the authorities.
Author staff captain Drozdovsky.
1900
Convoy teams are armed with 3-line rifles.
1901
January 2. By a circular of the General Staff, escort teams were assigned within the cities to escort prisoners from places of detention to police departments and other public places (courts, etc.).
1902
10 October. The General Staff instructed to send recruits of strong constitution, with good eyesight, to the escort teams. It was forbidden to call Jews. In addition, it was instructed to transfer an inferior recruit to the escort team of the county from where he was called up.
1903
A brochure “A detailed set of questions and answers of the escort service” was published, in which, in a concise and accessible form for the lower ranks of the escort guard, the tasks facing the escort teams, the procedure for organizing and performing service, etc. were explained. It was distributed among the ranks of the escort guard through a network of bookstores. shops.
1904 *
April 30. By order of the military department, for especially outstanding feats shown by the lower ranks of the escort guards, at the request of their immediate superiors, it was established to award them with a silver medal
"For diligence" on the Stanislav ribbon for wearing on the chest, as well as money at the expense of the prison department.
21st of June. The Minister of War, by circular, authorized the transfer of lower ranks from the escort teams to the reserve and field troops.
1905
March 22. The main prison administration has established the procedure for admitting officials to check the escort service to all premises, on railways, along waterways and pedestrian-stage routes.
December 14., Decrees of the Emperor created the Main Committee for the Protection of Railways under the Ministry of Railways.
1906
29 April. The military department has established that the lower ranks assigned to railway, water and postal routes to escort prisoners should be given money in excess of provisions for the purchase of food. A new type of prison cars was introduced, which in 1910-1911. have been improved.
The State Council granted the civil authorities the right to call in escort teams to suppress riots in places of detention.
1907
April 7th. In order to prevent escapes, the chiefs of the escort were granted the right to impose chains with handcuffs on the prisoners by the circular of the Main Prison Department in order to prevent escapes.
June 10th. The decree approved the draft Charter of the escort service (it consisted of 13 chapters, 484 articles).
FROM THE CHARTER OF THE CONVOY SERVICE
Establishment of a convoy guard
1. The performance of escort service in the presence of prisoners of all departments is assigned to escort guards, with the exception of those localities in which this duty lies with other parts of the troops or police ranks.
The escort guard consists of separate escort teams of the following categories:
1) having special chiefs from staff and chief officers, enjoying the rights of the commander of a separate battalion, and
2) who do not have special commanders from officers, and therefore subordinates: a) in areas where there are district military commanders - this last and b) in localities where there are no district military commanders - to the heads of local teams located in the same point with escorts commands.
Note. In the area of Nerchinsk penal servitude, escort teams were formed, on the basis of general regulations on escort guards, with the exceptions indicated in the appendix to Art. 25 Set Exiled (according to the prod. 1902).
2. Convoy teams, in combat and economic relations, are under the jurisdiction of the chiefs of local brigades and are subordinate, on a common basis for the troops, to the chiefs of garrisons and commandants.
3. The management of the prisoner transit unit is entrusted to the Chief
Main Prison Department. All the ranks of the escort guards and the persons participating in its management are subordinated to him, as part of the service with prisoners of the civil department, as well as monitoring the performance by the ranks of the escort guards of their duties in this service.
4. All escort teams, according to the duties of the escort service, are subordinate
Chief Inspector for the Transfer of Prisoners.
5. The duties of the Chief Inspector for the transfer of prisoners include: monitoring the departure of escort teams of escort service with prisoners, personal inspection and revision of the record keeping of these teams, in terms of their official use.
6. Under the Chief Inspector for the transfer of prisoners, there are senior and junior staff officers and a chief officer for assignments, whose duties are entrusted with:
Empire and b) the production, on behalf of the Chief Inspector, inspections of convoy teams in terms of their special service and verification of the service of the convoys accompanying the convict party.
7. The closest supervision of the transfer of convicts and the service of escort teams in the Irkutsk and Amur governorates-general is entrusted to the inspector for the transfer of prisoners in Eastern Siberia.
8. The responsibility of the Chief Inspector for the Transfer of Prisoners includes: a) orders for the transfer of prisoners along all stage routes; b) appointment of officers to escort teams; c) the movement of officers and lower ranks from one team to another; d) awards for officers and lower ranks for escort service and special merits in the prison department; e) secondment or transfer of lower ranks from one escort team to another, in accordance with the actual size of their service with prisoners and to equalize teams in terms of their quality; f) bringing junior officers to court-martial for crimes relating to the violation of escort service, and g) all questions in general relating to escort service proper.
9. The chiefs, in whose immediate jurisdiction the escort teams are, in all cases indicated in the previous (8) article, enter with a presentation directly to the Chief Inspector for the transfer of prisoners, and in other cases - on command.
Note. The heads of the escort teams, prior to the dismissal of the junior officers of these teams on vacation, every time ask for permission
Chief Inspector for the Transfer of Prisoners.
10. All escort teams in relation to the escort of prisoners are interconnected with each other. Therefore: a) the head of the convoy of junior officers and lower ranks, as well as all other ranks of the convoy, upon arrival at the locations of the escort teams, during the entire stay in these places, are subordinate to the heads of the indicated teams, or the district military commanders, or the heads of local teams, according to their affiliation, who give them all the necessary instructions for the escort service, and b) the head of the escort team, who arrived at the same points as the head of the escort escorting the prisoners, resolves all issues that arise regarding the transfer of these prisoners by agreement with the above local commanders, whom he is obliged to give timely notice of his arrival at these points, as well as of his departure from the latter.
11. When the lower ranks of the escort team are in places of detention of a civil department, all orders and instructions from the authorities of these places are executed by the designated ranks only by order of the head of the escort.
12. The lower ranks assigned to the escort to the prisoners, during their stay in places of detention, as well as in all their relations with the civil class ranks of prison institutions, observe the rules of respect and courtesy, for which, in the presence of the designated persons, when they are in their assigned uniforms do not have the right to sit or smoke, etc., if permission does not follow from the latter, and with verbal explanations with them, they put their right hand to the headdress.
13. The rules of respect and courtesy indicated in the previous (12) article are observed by the escort lower ranks when they are in judicial and other government institutions in relation to all civil class ranks serving in these institutions when they are in the uniform assigned to them.
14. The officer ranks of the escort guards are obliged to have constant monitoring of the execution of the lower ranks subordinate to them, specified in the previous (12 and 13) articles of the rules. In official, personal and written communications with officials of a civil department, the procedure established in military laws is observed.
Chapter II General conditions of escort service
A) Duties of convoy teams.
15. Convoy military ranks during the performance of the duties of the service of escorting, guarding prisoners are for all equated with the ranks of the military guard. The convoy dressed up for the above purpose is considered to have performed its duties from the time of departure from the barracks and until the head of the convoy appears before the head of the convoy with a report at the end of the trip (Article 241).
16. The duties of the service of escort teams include: a) escorting prisoners of all departments along railways, waterways and pedestrian routes; b) escort of persons sent during stage games (Article 31); c) escorting prisoners on their way from the places of detention of the civil department to railway stations, steamship piers and back; d) escorting prisoners to the area of cities from places of detention of a civil department: (Article 2, paragraphs 4, 5, 6, 7 of the Ussod, under the page of the ed. 1890) to judicial institutions, to judicial and military investigators, to officials to persons conducting investigations in criminal cases, and to other public places, to a hospital and a bathhouse located outside the prison fence and a photograph (when the card must be removed by order of the authorities), as well as back to places of detention; e) escorting, separately from other prisoners, the persons listed in Art.
27 of this statute; f) escorting civilian prisoners when they are sent to work outside the prison fence; g) assistance to the prison authorities in carrying out searches in places of detention of a civil agency; h) assistance to the prison authorities in ending riots among prisoners in places of detention of the civilian department; i) external protection of places of detention of a civil department: a) as a permanent measure - subject to a corresponding increase in the staff of the subject escort teams (The Highest Command of November 4, 1886, art. 16 p.g. P.S.
3989) and b) in exceptional cases, as a temporary measure, with the permission of the commanders of the troops in the districts.
17. The duties of the escort teams are assigned to escort to the Police
Offices and other public places are only for those prisoners who are expelled from the places of detention to the designated institutions and are subject to return to the places of detention or even to be left in custody.
The escort of persons who have served their terms of punishment, as well as those who are not in custody, does not apply to the duties of escort teams.
18. When escorting stage parties of such a composition for which the regular number of ranks of the ranks of the escort teams would be insufficient, in the cases referred to in paragraphs a, b, c and d of the previous (16) article, an additional escort is assigned from the nearest parts of the field, reserve or local troops, by order of the head of the garrison, and, if the ranks of these troops are on a business trip for more than three days, their food and travel allowances are charged to the Ministry
Justice.
19. Accompanying to the area of cities the prisoners of the military and naval departments held in places of detention (Article 16, paragraph d) of these departments, lies with the duties of the military units of the aforementioned departments, according to their affiliation.
20. In those points where there are no permanent escort teams, the performance of the duties of the escort service is assigned, by order of the military district authorities, to the parts of the garrison located in these points.
21. The ranks of the escort guards are prohibited from entrusting any assignments that are not related to the duties (Article 6) of the escort service.
22. Parts of the field, reserve and local troops, when performing escort service in the cases required, are guided by the rules prescribed by this charter.
Assistance to escort guards in stopping riots and conducting searches in places of detention of a civil department
473. At the request of the civil authorities, the escort guards are sent to the places of detention of the civil department of the command to stop by force the disturbances or disorders that have arisen among the prisoners, if it is impossible to restore
"enforcing order by the prison guards.
474. For the purpose indicated in the previous (473) article, the teams of the escort guards dress up: a) in the absence of units of field, reserve and fortress troops in their quarters, and b) when in the designated places, although there are named troops, there are teams of escort guards, in depending on local conditions, they may arrive at the scene of unrest earlier. In this case, the escort guard team provides assistance to the prison authorities until the arrival of the units indicated in paragraph a of the troops. The demand in the case referred to in paragraph b is presented to the escort team simultaneously with the demand of the troops.
475. Teams of escort guards are sent upon receipt of an order from the head of the garrison.
476. In cases of urgent need, when the prisoners have already attempted violent acts, damage or destruction of state or private property, teams of escort guards are sent at the request of the governor-general, governor, town governor or prison authorities, presented directly to the district military commander or the heads of the escort or local commands.
477. The order of the head of the garrison or the demand of the persons indicated in the previous (476) article must be in writing; in extreme cases, they may be given in person, by telephone, or verbally through a sent proxy. In the latter case, the person transmitting the demand is left with the command of the escort guards and follows with it to the place of unrest.
478. Commands of the escort guards, when called to suppress unrest among prisoners, always go out under the command of their chief, and where there are no individual chiefs of officers according to the state, the county military commander or persons interceding them, moreover, in the full complement of the escort team, if any less than 50 people - the strength of the expelled team is determined by its chief, depending on the available information about the size of the unrest, the number of prisoners, etc., but in any case, the team dressed up for the specified purpose, if possible, should be at least 50 people.
479. The escort guards, called upon to suppress prison unrest or disturbances, are guided in their actions by the rules on the procedure for calling up troops to assist the civil authorities.
480. The prison authorities, in cases of need to assist the escort guards in carrying out searches of prisoners, apply for the dispatch of a team directly to the district military commander or the head of the escort or local team, according to their affiliation.
481. The amount of the expulsion for the need indicated in the previous (480) article is determined by the chiefs indicated in the same (480) article, who are in accordance with the information provided by the prison authorities on the number of prisoners to be searched and other related circumstances.
482. The head of the exiled team, with the assistance of the search, complies with the instructions of the prison authorities.
483. Convoy lower ranks do not take part in the actual search of prisoners and prison premises.
484. When rendering assistance to the prison authorities in the unhindered conduct of searches among the prisoners, if necessary, the summoned escort guard team is entrusted with: b) removal from among the prisoners of those who will be indicated by the prison authorities; c) providing protection to the searchers, and d) taking measures to restore order, in the event of unrest among the prisoners, before the arrival of the team called for this.
1908
March, 3rd. The Chief Inspector of the Transfer of Prisoners issued a circular, which determined the procedure for checking the service of escort teams.
November 5. A procedure has been introduced for "attaching" photographs to open sheets of prisoners sentenced to hard labor, exile and settlement, and vagrants. AT
Petersburg and Moscow, the transportation of prisoners began to be carried out on special vehicles.
1911
March 27th. In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the escort guards and local troops, the highest favor was declared to all officers and class ranks, and royal thanks to the lower ranks.
The badge "100 years of the escort guards" was approved: silver oxidized for officers, white metal for lower ranks.
March. The chief inspector for the transfer of prisoners, Major General N. I. Lukyanov, donated 3,000 rubles to the escort guards. Concerning. The chief of the General Staff approved the Capital Regulations of Major General Lukyanov for the issuance of temporary benefits to the lower ranks and their families who suffered during the execution of the convoy service. By 1912, the capital was 5059 rubles, by 01/01/1916 - 7802 rubles.
1912
11th of November. The Minister of the Interior approved the regulation of the armed guards on the railways (1 guard for 10 civilians).
1913
Places of detention in Russia were served by 1389 senior guards, 16635 guards, 737 guards, 153 full-time prison priests, clerks, psalmists, more than 140 churches, schools, libraries.
1914
25th of April. On the railways, the police guard is replaced by the railway guard. Armed guards have been established on the South-Eastern Railways.
August 23. With the outbreak of the 1st World War, the Main Committee for the Protection of Railways decided to strengthen the protection of bridges, establish internal supervision in trains and a pass system on bridges.
The end of the year. There were 531 escort teams in Russia. They escorted 1,573,562 prisoners, including 680,019 by rail, 20,208 by waterways, 134,770 on foot to railway stations - 372,664, and within cities - 36,584.
1915
During a year. The escort teams of the western provinces of Russia are entrusted with escorting prisoners of war and escorting military cargo to the front. They transported 176,060 transit soldiers, 134,000 foreign nationals sent into the interior of the country and for transfer to the authorities of their states, 142,000 prisoners of war, and 5,090,325 pounds of military cargo.
|
1916
September 24th. The tunnels on the Transbaikal road were taken under protection. Post and mobile armed guards have been created.
1917
Formation of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma.
The revolutionary moods that have engulfed the army are also penetrating into the escort guards.
March 1. The military units of Petrograd, which supported the revolution, occupy the Winter Palace.
March, 3rd. The program of the new government has been promulgated. It provided for an amnesty “on all political and religious matters”, the granting of political freedoms to all, including military personnel, the abolition of class, religious and national restrictions, the replacement of the police by the people’s militia, democratic elections of local self-government bodies, preparations for convening a constituent assembly to establish a form of government and drafting the constitution of the country, etc.
March 17. The Provisional Government abolished the imposition of all types of shackles, such as shackles, handcuffs. Prisoners are allowed to carry soap, lard, fats. The fodder salary of prisoners was set at 50 kopecks. per day.
April. The Petrograd escort team was entrusted with escorting artillery cargo to the army in the field. For this purpose, personnel from other escort teams were seconded.
October 25 (November 7). The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies adopted a programmatic appeal to the workers, soldiers and peasants!", which, in particular, stated: "... The Soviet government will offer an immediate democratic peace to all peoples and an immediate truce on all fronts. It will ensure the free transfer of landlord, appanage and monastic lands to the disposal of the peasant committees, defend the rights of the soldier by carrying out the complete democratization of the army, establish workers' control over production, ensure the timely convocation of
The Constituent Assembly, will attend to the delivery of bread to the cities and essentials to the countryside, will ensure to all the nations inhabiting Russia the true right to self-determination. The congress decides: all power in the center and in the localities passes to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, which must ensure genuine revolutionary order ... "
1917
February 27. February Revolution in Russia. The overthrow of autocracy.
Formation of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.
Formation of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma.
The revolutionary moods that have engulfed the army are also penetrating into the escort guards.
The soldiers of the Petrograd and Moscow escort teams supported the revolution.
/ March. The military units of Petrograd, which supported the revolution, occupy the Winter Palace.
2nd of March. Abdication of Tsar Nicholas II from the throne. Interim Education
Government (Prince G.E. Lvov became Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Minister of the Interior).
March, 3rd. The program of the new government has been promulgated. It provided for an amnesty “in all political and religious matters”, the granting of political freedoms to all, including military personnel, the abolition of class, religious and national restrictions, the replacement of the police by the people’s militia, democratic elections of local self-government bodies, preparations for convening a constituent assembly to establish a form governance and the development of the country's constitution, etc.
March 17. The Provisional Government abolished the imposition of all types of shackles, such as shackles, handcuffs. Prisoners are allowed to carry soap, lard, fats. The fodder salary of prisoners was set at 50 kopecks. per day.
April. The Petrograd escort team was entrusted with escorting artillery cargo to the army in the field. For this Purpose, personnel from other escort teams were seconded to her.
October. Re-elections of members of the command committee took place in the escort teams.
"on October (November 7). The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies adopted a program appeal "To the workers, soldiers and peasants!", Which, in particular, said: "... The Soviet government will offer an immediate
INTERNAL TROOPS (1917-1922)
1917
October 26 (November 8). The Council of People's Commissars (SNK) of the RSFSR was formed under the chairmanship of V. I. Lenin, among other People's Commissariats created
People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs. A. I. Rykov was appointed People's Commissar.
October 28 (November 10). The People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs adopted a resolution "On the workers' militia".
16 (29) November. The Council of People's Commissars passed a resolution on the appointment
G. I. Petrovsky as People's Commissar of Internal Affairs and the formation of the Board of the People's Commissariat.
State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), f. 130, op. 1, d. 2, l. 3.
December 7 (20). The Council of People's Commissars decided to create
All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK) under the Council of People's Commissars for the fight against counter-revolution and sabotage. F. E. was appointed chairman of the commission.
Dzerzhinsky.
1918
January 15 (28). The Council of People's Commissars adopted a Decree on the organization of the Workers' and Peasants'
Red Army (RKKA).
Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 1.-M.; Politizdat, 1957.-
pp. 356-357.
24 February. The Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution on the formation of 1 armored detachment under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, which subsequently became part of the troops
VNUS and VChK. Yu. V. Konopko was appointed the first commander.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S. 648.
Not earlier than March 9th. From the composition of the 1st scooter battalion of the Petrograd Military District, 72 scooters were seconded to the disposal of the Cheka
(excluded from the list of the battalion on March 27, 1918).
Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA), f.
16073, op. 1, d. 4, l. 89.
March 18. The collegium of the Cheka made a decision to unite the detachments of the local Cheka into
Combat detachment of the Cheka.
From the history of the troops of the Cheka and the border guard. Documents and materials.
(1917-1921).-M.: Military Publishing, 1958.-S. 5.
March 23. The Council of People's Commissars adopted a Decree on the centralization of management, the protection of roads and the increase in their carrying capacity.
Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 2.-M.: Politizdat, 1959.-S. twenty.
20 April. By order of the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs, the escort guard of the Republic was reorganized. To manage it, the Main Inspectorate of the Escort Guards under the People's Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR was established.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.- S. 35-36.
9th May. Decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On the Emergency Powers of the People's Commissar for Food" (approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on May 13, 1918)
The People's Commissariat of Food was granted the right to have armed force. The decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of May 27 (in the final version of May 30) determined the form of organization of this armed force, the principle of recruitment and tasks. The decrees laid the foundation for the formation of the Food Requisition Army (Prodarmiya).
Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 2.-M.: Politizdat, 1959.-S. 264-266, 307-312.
May 29. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a Decree on the transition to compulsory military service for workers.
Collection of legalizations and orders of the Workers 'and Peasants' Government of the RSFSR
(hereinafter SU), 1918, No. 41, art. 518.
June 13th. The Board of the Cheka decided to unite all the detachments, consisting of emergency commissions in the center and in the field, into the Corps of the Cheka. (V. V. Kamenshchikov was appointed the first chief of staff of the Corps of the Cheka troops, and from October 1918, K. M. Valobuev).
From the history of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission. 1917-1921-S. 137-138.
July 6-7. There was a Left SR rebellion in Moscow. As a fighting force, the rebels used the regiment of the Cheka D. Popov. A detachment of the Cheka under the command of A. Polyakov participated in the liquidation of the rebellion.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S. fifteen.
10 July. The 5th All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted a resolution on the organization of a regular Red Army.
Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 2.-S. 541-544
10 July. The Chief Sugar Committee decided to form an armed guard to protect sugar production. (At the beginning of 1919, the number was set at 5500 people and consisted of two regiments, two separate companies and 90 separate platoons),
Russian State Archive of Economics (RGAE), f. 6967, op. 1, d. 56a, ll. 91-93.
23 July. The Moscow provincial conference of textile workers decided to protect the property of factories, which marked the beginning of the organization of military protection
Centrotextile. Bulletin of Centrotextile. - 1918, No. 27, July 27.
July 25th. The Council of People's Commissars adopted a resolution on the reorganization of the river protection of the Main Directorate of Water Resources (Glavovod).
Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 3.-M.: 1964.-S. 86.
August 19. By a decree of the Council of People's Commissars, all armed forces
The republics formed both by the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs and other departments were transferred to the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs for recruiting, training, supply, combat training and use as a military force. Acquisition-on a common basis with the Red Army.
Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 3. - S. 224-226.
2 September. By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Soviet Republic was declared a single military camp. The Revolutionary Military Council (Revolutionary Military Council) was created
Republic, the post of Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces (Commander-in-Chief) of the Republic was established. The Supreme Military Council, which functioned from
April 1, 1918, abolished. Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 3.-S. 268.
16 of September. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee established the Order of the Red Banner of the RSFSR. During the Civil War, more than 150 servicemen of the internal troops were awarded this order. SU, 1918, No. 69, p. 742.
Not later than September 19th. A detachment of the Simbirsk Gubchek consisting of 100 infantrymen and
20 cavalrymen after a 16-hour battle with an enemy force of 500 people. liberated mountains. Kurmysh. Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S. 51.
October 11. By order of the troops of the Eastern Front, distinguished in battles
September 14-15 with the enemy Combat detachment of the Cheka, operating as part of
Inza (later 15 Sivash) Rifle Division.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S. 52-53.
12 October. By order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, the order of recruitment, supply and combat training that was in force in the Red Army was extended to auxiliary troops.
Russian State Military Archive (RGVA), f. 4, op. 3, d. 1560, l. 68, 68 rev.
October 26th. The number of the Corps of troops of the Cheka was 12841 people. (24 battalions).
RGVA, f. 42, op. 1, d. 1970, l. 180.
28 of October. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the Regulations on the All-Russian and Local Extraordinary Commissions for Combating Counter-Revolution, Profiteering and Offenses. Clause 7 of the Regulations read: “The All-Russian Emergency Commission and all local emergency commissions have the right to organize special armed detachments with them ...
All detachments of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission and local emergency commissions are under the control and account of the Revolutionary Council
Republic".
Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 3.-S. 457-459.
November 14th. The Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic established the procedure for recruiting the Corps of the Cheka troops on a common basis with the Red Army.
RGVA, collection.
November 28. Schools for the illiterate and semi-literate were organized by order of the Corps of the Cheka troops.
From the history of the troops of the Cheka and the border guard. - S. 47-49.
29th of November. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee considered and approved the Charter of the internal service and the Charter of the garrison service. Later, on January 30, 1919, the Disciplinary Charter of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army was approved. General military charters approved
All-Russian Central Executive Committee, acquired the force of law. They regulated the order of service, the life and life of units and subunits, determined the relationship, duties of military personnel. The troops of the Cheka were also guided by these charters.
November 30th. By the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, the Council of Workers' and Peasants'
Defense. In April 1920, it was transformed into the Council of Labor and Defense (STO).
Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 4-M.: 1969.-S. 92-94.
1919
January 16th. The headquarters of the Corps of troops of the Cheka was renamed the Headquarters of the troops of the Cheka.
RGVA, f. 11, op. 5, d. 559.
February 13. The order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic established the procedure for supplying units of the Cheka troops on the same basis as the Red Army.
RGVA, f. 4, op. 3, d. 51, l. 198.
18th of Febuary. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee issued a Decree on the organization of the railway police and railway guards. At the same time, the Regulations “On Railway Guard” were approved.
Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 4.-M.: 1968-S. 407-408,
409-410.
March 12th. The Presidium of the Cheka approved the "Regulations on the troops of the Cheka".
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S. 84-85.
March 14th. By order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic and the People's Commissariat of Food, the management of the food army was reorganized. RGVA, f. 4, op. 3, d. 1586, l. 3.
16 April. The Board of the NKVD decided to transfer the shipping security to the NKVD and establish the Main Directorate of Shipping Security.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S. 88.
May 28 The Council of Workers 'and Peasants' Defense adopted a resolution "On Auxiliary Forces". The troops of the internal security of the Republic, subordinated to the NKVD of the RSFSR, were created. The internal security troops (VOHR) included all auxiliary troops that were at the disposal of the People's Commissariat of Food,
Glavoda, Glavsugar, Glavneft, Centrotextile, etc. The headquarters of the Cheka troops was renamed the Headquarters of the VOKhR troops.
Decrees of Soviet power, T. 5.-S. 508-510.
June 18th. The headquarters of the troops of the internal security of the Republic was renamed into the Main Directorate of the troops of the VOKhR.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic. - S. 113.
July 8-30. By orders to the troops of the VOKhR of the Republic, in order to better control the units, sectors of the VOKhR were created: Moscow (July 8); Kursk, Petrograd
(July 11);. Vostochny (July 14); Kyiv (July 30).
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S. 122.128.
September 27. The Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic decided to increase the troops of the VOKhR by 45 thousand people. and bring the total number to 165 thousand people.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S. 129.
10 October. The Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense adopted a decision to involve the troops of the All-Russian Union of Arts and Sciences and units of the Red Army in assisting customs institutions in protecting the economic interests of the RSFSR.
Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 6.-S. 461-462.
October 21. A military council of the troops of the VOKhR was formed (approved by the Revolutionary Military Council
Republic December 31, 1919). Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S.
130.
November 5. The Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic determined the procedure for attracting the troops of the VOKhR for military operations on external fronts.
RGVA, f. 4, op. 3, d. 33, l. 389.
November 24th. By order of the military council of the troops of the VOKhR, the Main Directorate of the Internal Guard Troops was renamed the Headquarters of the Internal Guard Troops of the RSFSR.
From the history of the troops of the Cheka and the border guard.-S. 93-94.
December 7th. The Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic awarded the 249th Infantry Regiment (formerly the 6th Combined Regiment of the Cheka troops) with the Honorary Revolutionary Red Banner for distinction in battles on the strike front in February-July 1919.
Combat exploits of the Red Army units (1918-1922). Collection of documents.-M.:
1957.-S. 27-28.
1920
January 11th. By order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, under the military council of the troops of the VOKhR, the Revolutionary Military Tribunal of the Internal Guard Troops was established.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S. 144-145.
January 23. The Council of Workers 'and Peasants' Defense entrusted the troops of the VOKhR with the protection and defense of railways and railway facilities throughout the territory
Republic, except for the front line.
Decrees of the Soviet power. T. 7.-M.: 1975.-S. 129-131.
January 31st. The troops of the VOKhR are entrusted with the protection of forced labor camps.
RGVA, f. 42, op. 1, d. 1348, l. 44
28th of February. The Military Council of the VOHR troops issued an order on the introduction of unity of command in the troops.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic. - S. 334.
20th of March. By decision of the military council of the troops of the VOKhR, a main inspection of the troops of the VOKhR was created.
GARF, f. 393, op. 1, d. 121, ll. 1-3.
The 21st of April. The STO adopted a resolution on the troops of the Internal Guard of the Republic, which sets out the tasks and procedure for using these formations.
It was determined that they are entrusted with the protection of transport, the country's industries, and they are the reserve of the Red Army, operating on external fronts.
SU, 1920, No. 11, art. 70, 19 June.
April 30. The "Regulations on political and educational work in the troops of the VOKhR" were approved.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.- S. 343-346.
May 27th. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution "On the troops of the VOKhR of the Autonomous Republics", explaining that they are the reserve of the Red Army, are fully subordinate in all respects to the head of the VOKhR troops. SU, 1920. No. 50, l.
220.
2 June. By order of the troops of the VOKhR, in order to raise military education and the general development of junior command personnel, schools were organized for each brigade
(training teams) 1 for the training of junior command staff. The term of study is 4 months.
RGVA, f. 42, op. 1, d. 1396, l. 436.
23 July. At the meeting of the STO, the issue of reorganizing the troops of the VOKhR was considered.
RTSKHIDNI, f. 19, op. 3, d. 138, l. 5.
August 13th. STO adopted a resolution on the transfer of units of the VOKhR Troops to
North Caucasus and Kuban as a labor force for the assignment
People's Commissariat of Food.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.-S. 205.
September 1. STO adopted a resolution on the creation of internal service troops
Republic (VNUS). They included the troops of the VOKhR, guards, railway defense, railway police, water police, etc.
Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic.- S. 207-209.
September 15th. The STO adopted a resolution on providing the People's Commissariat of Food with armed force from the internal service troops.
SOURCE
History of the Internal Troops
Chronicle of events (1811-1991)
Moscow 1995
Colonel G.S. Beloborodov ed. GUVV MIA of Russia
Printing house of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 151 pages.
COURSE WORK
in the discipline "Military Affairs"
on the topic: "Development of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia"
Introduction
Internal and escort guards of the Russian Empire (1811-1917)
The Soviet stage in the development of internal troops (1917 - 1991)
Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (1991 - present)
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
In Russia, until the beginning of the 19th century, there were no special armed formations to maintain order and ensure the safety of the population, provide assistance to people in case of natural disasters, and perform other law enforcement tasks.
In the 16th-17th centuries, some of these functions were performed mainly by units of the archery army. Under Ivan the Terrible, formations of the so-called "residents" were created to protect Moscow. It was an army consisting of serving nobles, numbering about three thousand people. Subsequently, units of "residents" were placed in Kyiv, Belgorod, Kursk and some other cities.
Under Peter I, internal security in the state was provided mainly by formations of soldiers incapable of field service. They were called "garrisons", later - "garrison" and (or) "internal battalions" and were a reserve of field troops.
In the early years of the 19th century, the tasks of protecting and maintaining order in cities were carried out by the police, garrison battalions, as well as provincial full-time companies and teams of soldiers not fit for military service, who were subordinate to the local administration.
Parties of prisoners were escorted to Siberia under the protection of armed teams of Bashkirs (Bashkirs), Meshcheryaks (a people who lived next to the Bashkirs) and a regiment of Cossacks specially allocated for this. In some cases, army units were also involved in escorting large parties of prisoners.
The development of internal troops can be divided into three historical periods:
1. Internal and escort guards of the Russian Empire (1811-1917), which lasted more than a hundred years, from the creation of internal guard troops, their reorganization into local troops and escort guards until the October Revolution of 1917.
2. The Soviet stage in the development of internal troops (1917-1991) - the formation of the troops of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-MGB-MVD of the USSR, their formation, development and service and combat activities.
3. Internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (from 1991 to the present).
1. Internal and escort guards of the Russian Empire (1811-1917)
Radical transformations in the matter of ensuring internal order and escort service in Russia took place during the reign of Emperor Alexander I. On March 27, 1811, he issued a Decree on replenishment at the expense of regular companies transferred back in January of the same year “from civilian to military authorities”, garrison battalions, which became known as "provincial battalions" and were soon merged into a single structure - the internal guard of Russia. March 27 became the Day of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, which was established in 1996 by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation.
2-3 battalions of the internal guard made up a brigade, and 2-4 brigades were part of the district of the internal guard. Initially, the territory of the European part of Russia was divided into eight districts. Each of them had a serial number and geographically covered several provinces. Subsequently, the number of districts reached 12. The Internal Guard was part of the Russian Military Department.
On July 3, 1811, Alexander approved the Regulations for the internal guard, which determined its purpose and tasks. They were: the fight against robbers, robbers and other criminals; detention of fleeing criminals and deserters; combating the smuggling of smuggled and prohibited goods; ensuring order and security during, as we say now, mass events - fairs, folk festivals, church holidays; rendering assistance to the population in case of natural disasters - floods, fires and others, escorting prisoners, prisoners, recruits, the state treasury (large sums of money) and other law enforcement tasks.
The first commander of the internal guard was General E.F. Komarovsky, a professional military man, a participant in the Italian and Swiss campaigns (1799) of the Russian army under the command of A.V. Suvorov, then assistant to the St. Petersburg military governor. An experienced and talented administrator and military leader, E.F. Komarovsky led the internal guard for more than 17 years.
In 1812, the Russian Empire was intensively preparing to repel the invasion of the Napoleonic army. In accordance with the published rules, the recruitment was assigned to the commanders of the provincial battalions of the internal guard. Recruit depots are formed at the battalions, which produce recruits, their initial military training and preparation for army service.
The provincial garrison battalions became the main core of the collection of militia formations. Even before the start of hostilities, officers and lower ranks of the provincial battalions of the internal guard formed and led two divisions from among the recruits.
The battalions of the internal guard were not intended to conduct direct combat operations with enemy forces. But during the invasion of Napoleonic troops into the borders of Russia, the battalions and teams of the internal guard located in the western provinces were forced to come into combat contact with the enemy. One of the first enemy strikes was taken by the Grodno provincial garrison battalion. In a skirmish with the French on the bridge over the Neman River, a soldier of this unit became the first heroically fallen soldier of the Russian army.
As the enemy troops were driven out, the garrison battalions of the internal guard moved after the attackers. Their task was to organize garrison service, restore and maintain order.
During and after the war, many veterans who were expelled from the active army due to injury and illness ended up serving in the battalions of the internal guard. Most of the soldiers and officers could be proud of their military past.
The inspector of the internal guard, Adjutant General Count Komarovsky, successfully completed the mission assigned to him during the war, and to a large extent, he and his subordinate troops contributed to the achievement of victory. When the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was built in Moscow in honor of the victory over Napoleon, the names of many generals and officers of the internal guard who distinguished themselves in battles and battles were immortalized on the plates of its walls.
Since 1816, the internal guard became known as the Separate Corps of the Internal Guard (OKVS). Its structure and tasks have been supplemented and changed over time. So, in 1817, St. Petersburg and Moscow gendarmerie divisions and gendarme teams in provincial and large port cities were established as part of the internal guard. They remained in the OKVS until 1836, when they were transferred to the gendarme corps.
By royal decree of July 25, 1829, 5 linear battalions and 3 mobile companies were formed to protect the mining plants of the Urals and Nerchinsk, where gold and silver were mined, the St. Petersburg Mint. They were supported by the Ministry of Finance. We can say that these were the first units for the protection of important industrial facilities and escort of special cargo.
Radical transformations of the internal guard took place in the 60s of the XIX century in the course of the military reform being carried out in Russia. Then the district command and control system was introduced in the Russian army. The entire territory of the country was divided into military districts. In August 1864, the headquarters of the Separate Corps and the district of the internal guard were abolished, and the brigades and battalions were reorganized into the corresponding units of the local troops, which also included escort teams. Local troops were part of the corresponding military district. The commander of the district had an assistant in command of local troops.
In terms of structure, local troops differed little from the internal guard: in each province, a local brigade was stationed, which included battalions and county teams that performed the tasks of escorting prisoners and assisting the police in maintaining public order.
The next stage in the reform of the internal security forces took place in 1886, when the escort teams were consolidated into escort guards. By order of the Military Department of May 16, 1886, it was ordered to form 567 teams for escort service on the basis of the existing stage, escort and local teams.
The escort guard was entrusted with:
Accompanying prisoners of all categories, sent in stages along the routes of European Russia (with the exception of Finland and the Caucasus) and along the main exiled Siberian route;
Accompanying prisoners of the civil department to external work and to judicial institutions;
Assistance to the prison administration in the production of surprise searches and suppression of riots in places of detention;
Implementation of external protection of prisons where it will be deemed necessary.
New teams of escort guards were named after their places of deployment (Moscow escort team, etc.). These units were completed on general army grounds. At the same time, preference was given to quick-witted, quick, physically strong recruits.
But no matter how the military formations for ensuring internal order and security are called - internal guards or local troops, their personnel at all times were faithful to the oath and military duty, performed their tasks with honor and dignity, as evidenced by numerous examples.
In November 1824, St. Petersburg suffered a severe flood. It is described by A. S. Pushkin in the poem "The Bronze Horseman". Together with other forces, units of the internal guard, led by commander General E.F., entered the fight against the raging elements. Komarovsky. They rescued drowning people, dismantled rubble, restored dams and bridges. The distribution of hot food and warm clothes to the affected population was organized, and medical assistance was provided. Energetic actions, clear orderliness of General E.F. Komarovsky, the courage and dedication of the soldiers and officers were highly appreciated by the emperor.
