More than 60 years have passed since the first man went into space. Since then, more than 500 people have been there, more than 50 of them women. Representatives of 36 countries visited the orbit of our planet. Unfortunately, there were some casualties on this glorious path of mankind.
In Russia and the United States, the first cosmonauts were recruited from among military pilots. But it soon became clear that other professions were in demand in space. There were doctors, engineers, biologists. Every astronaut is, without a doubt, a hero. However, in this detachment there are the most famous people, whose fame is truly world-wide.
Yuri Gagarin (1934-1968). On April 12, 1961, the Vostok-1 spacecraft was launched from Baikonur with the first cosmonaut in history on board. In orbit, Gagarin did the simplest experiments - he ate, drank, took notes. The control of the ship was almost completely automatic - after all, no one knew how a person would behave in the new conditions. The astronaut completed 1 revolution around the Earth, which took 108 minutes. The landing took place in the Saratov region. Thanks to this flight, Gagarin gained worldwide fame. He was awarded the extraordinary rank of major, as well as the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The day of the historical flight began to be celebrated as Cosmonautics Day. April 12, 1961 forever changed the life of mankind and Gagarin himself. He became a living symbol. The first cosmonaut visited about 30 countries, received many prizes and awards. Social activities affected flight practice. In 1968, Gagarin began to catch up, but on March 27, his plane lost contact and crashed into the ground. Together with the first cosmonaut, the instructor Seregin also died.
Valentina Tereshkova (born 1937). The first successful flights of Soviet cosmonauts gave rise to the idea of the chief designer Sergei Korolev to launch a woman into space. Since 1962, applicants have been selected throughout the country. Of the five prepared candidates, it was Tereshkova who was chosen, also due to her working background. The woman-cosmonaut made her first flight on June 16, 1963 on the Vostok-6 spacecraft. Stay in space took three days. But in flight there were problems with the orientation of the ship. It turned out that Tereshkova did not feel the best way, since female physiology makes itself felt in space. Scientists knew about this, placing Valentina in the list of candidates only in 5th place because of this. However, Khrushchev and Korolev did not listen to the medical commission. Vostok-6 landed in the Altai Territory. Until 1997, Valentina Tereshkova served as an instructor-cosmonaut. Then she moved to the Cosmonaut Training Center. The first female cosmonaut led a rich public and state activity, being a people's deputy in the highest bodies of various convocations. Tereshkova manages to remain the only woman who has made a space flight alone.
Alexei Leonov (born 1934). He has number 11 on the list of Soviet cosmonauts. Glory to Leonov was brought by his flight into space in the status of co-pilot on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft on March 18-19, 1965. The astronaut made the first spacewalk in history, which lasted 12 minutes 9 seconds. During those historical moments, Leonov showed exceptional composure - after all, his spacesuit was swollen, which prevented him from going into space. The ship landed in the remote taiga, the astronauts spent two days in the cold. From 1965 to 1969, Leonov was part of a group of cosmonauts preparing to fly around the moon and land on it. It was this astronaut who was planned to become the first to set foot on the surface of the Earth's satellite. But the USSR lost that race, and the project was curtailed. In 1971, Leonov was supposed to fly into space on the Soyuz-11, but the crew was replaced due to health problems with one of its members. The flight of understudies - Dobrovolsky, Volkov and Patsaev ended in their death. But in 1975, Leonov again went into space, he led the docking of the ships of the two countries (the Soyuz-Apollo project). In 1970-1991, Leonov worked at the Cosmonaut Training Center. This man also became famous for his talent as an artist. He created a whole series of space-themed stamps. Leonov became twice Hero of the Soviet Union, several documentaries were shot about him. A crater on the Moon is named after an astronaut.
Neil Armstrong (b. 1930). By the time he was enrolled in the group of astronauts, Armstrong had already managed to fight in the Korean War, having won combat awards. In March 1968, Armstrong made his first trip to space as the commander of Gemini 8. During that flight, docking with another spacecraft, the Agena rocket, was made for the first time. In July 1969, Apollo 11 was launched and the historic mission - the landing on the moon. On July 20, Neil Armstrong and pilot Edwin Aldrin landed their lunar module in the Sea of Tranquility. In orbit, the main module with Michael Collins was waiting for them. Stay on the surface of the moon took 21.5 hours. The astronauts also made an exit to the lunar surface, lasting 2.5 hours. Neil Armstrong was the first person to set foot there. Having risen to the surface, the astronaut uttered the historical phrase: "This is only one small step for a person, but a huge leap for all mankind." The UST flag was planted on the Moon, soil samples were collected, and scientific instruments were installed. Aldrin became the second person to walk on the moon. Upon their return to Earth, the astronauts were awaited by world fame. Armstrong himself served at NASA until 1971, after which he taught at the university and was a member of the National Space Committee.
Vladimir Komarov (1927-1967). The profession of an astronaut is quite dangerous. Since the beginning of flights, 22 cosmonauts have died during preparation, takeoffs and landings. The first of them, Valentin Bondarenko, burned down in a fire in the pressure chamber 20 days before Gagarin's flight. The most shocking was the death of the Challenger in 1986, which claimed the lives of 7 American astronauts. However, the first cosmonaut who died directly during the flight was Vladimir Komarov. His first flight took place in 1964, together with Konstantin Feoktistov and Boris Yegorov. For the first time in the composition of the ship, the crew did without spacesuits, and in addition to the pilot, an engineer and a doctor were on board. In 1965, Komarov was a member of the Soyuz program preparation group. Gagarin himself became an understudy. Those years were marked by an insane political space race. Soyuz became its victim, having many shortcomings. April 23, 1967 "Soyuz-1" with Komarov on board rose into space. But at the end, the main parachute did not open, the descent vehicle crashed into the ground at great speed in the Orenburg region. Even the astronaut's remains were not immediately recognized. The urn with the ashes of Komarov was buried in the Kremlin wall on Red Square.
Toyohiro Akiyama (born 1942). There is no doubt that in the future astronautics will become commercialized. The idea of sending non-governmental tourists into space has been in the sky for a long time. The first sign could be the American Christa McAuliffe, however, during her first and last start, she died while on board the Challenger on January 28, 1986. The first space tourist to pay for his own flight was Dennis Tito in 2001. However, the era of paid travel outside the Earth began even earlier. On December 2, 1990, the Soyuz TM-11 took off into the sky, on board of which, together with the Soviet cosmonauts Afanasyev and Manarov, was the Japanese journalist Toyohiro Akiyama. He became the first representative of his country in space and the first for whose flight an NGO paid money. Television company TBS celebrated its 40th anniversary in this way, paying from 25 to 38 million dollars for the stay of its employee in orbit. The flight of the Japanese lasted almost 8 days. During this time, he showed the insufficiency of his training, which manifested itself in a disorder of the vestibular apparatus. Akiyama also did several reports for Japan, TV lessons for schoolchildren, and biological experiments.
Yang Liwei (b. 1965) Another superpower, China, could not interfere in the space race between the USSR and the SA. Taylor Wang was the first ethnic Chinese to go into space in 1985. However, Beijing has been running its own program for a long time, starting as early as 1956. At the end of the summer of 2003, three astronauts were selected, who were preparing for the first launch. The public learned the name of the first taikonaut only a day before the flight. On October 15, 2003, the Changzheng (Long March) launch vehicle launched the Shenzhou-5 spacecraft into orbit. The next day, the cosmonaut landed in the region of Inner Mongolia. During this time, he made 14 revolutions around the Earth. Yang Liwei immediately became a national hero of China. He received the title "Hero of Space", and even an asteroid was named after him. This flight showed the seriousness of China's plans. So, in 2011, an orbital station was launched, and even the United States was left behind in terms of the number of launches of space objects.
John Glenn (b. 1921). This pilot also took part in the Korean War, even making three victories in the sky. In 1957, Glenn set the record for a transcontinental flight. But he is not remembered for this. The glory of the first American astronaut is divided between John Glenn and Alan Shepard. But his flight, on May 5, 1961, became the first, but suborbital. And on July 21, 1961, Glenn made the first full-fledged orbital flight for the United States. His "Mercury-6" made three revolutions around the Earth in 5 hours. Upon his return, Glenn became a US national hero. In 1964, he left the astronaut corps, going into business and politics. From 1974 to 1999, Glenn was a Senator from Ohio, and in 1984 he even became a presidential candidate. On October 29, 1998, the astronaut again ascended into space, fulfilling the role of a payload specialist. At that time, John Glenn was 77 years old. He became not only the oldest cosmonaut, but also set a record for the time between flights - 36 years. The flight of a crew of 7 people took almost 9 days, during which time the Shuttle made 135 revolutions around the Earth.
Sergei Krikalev (born 1958). Two people - Jerry Ross and Franklin Chang-Diaz have been in space 7 times. But the record for time spent in orbit belongs to a Soviet and Russian cosmonaut. He launched into the sky 6 times, spending a total of 803 days in space. After graduating, Krikalev worked in ground flight control services. In 1985, he was already selected for space flights. His first start took place in 1988 as part of an international crew with Alexander Volkov and Frenchman Jean-Louis Chretien. For almost six months they worked at the Mir station. The second flight took place in 1991. Krikalev remained on the Mir contrary to his original plans, remaining to work with the new crew. As a result, during the first two flights, the cosmonaut had already spent more than a year and three months in space. During this time, he also made 7 spacewalks. In February 1994, Krikalev became the first Russian to take to the skies on the American Shuttle. It was our compatriot who was appointed to the first crew of the ISS, having been there in 1998 on the shuttle Endeavor. Even the new, XXI century, Sergei Krikalev met in orbit. The astronaut made his last flight in 2005, having lived on the ISS for six months.
Valery Polyakov (born 1942). Polyakov's profession is a doctor, he became a doctor of medical sciences and a professor. In the history of the USSR and Russia, Polyakov became cosmonaut No. 66. It is he who holds the record for the longest stay in space. Polyakov spent 437 days and 18 hours in Earth's orbit during 1994-1995. And the astronaut made his first flight back in 1988, being above the Earth from August 29, 1988 to April 27, 1989. That flight lasted 240 days, for which Valery Polyakov received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The second record has already become a record, for which the cosmonaut received the title of Hero of Russia. In total, Polyakov spent 678 days in space, yielding to only three people - Krikalev, Kaleri and Avdeev.
Warm June day in 1971. The descent vehicle of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft made the planned landing. In the mission control center, everyone applauded, looking forward to the crew going on the air. At that moment, no one suspected that the biggest tragedy in its history would soon shake the Soviet cosmonautics.
Long flight preparation
In the period from 1957 to 1975, there was a tense rivalry between the USSR and the USA in the field of space exploration. After three unsuccessful launches of the N-1 rocket, it became clear that the Soviet Union had lost to the Americans in the lunar race. Work in this direction was quietly covered up, concentrating on the construction of orbital stations.
The first Salyut spacecraft was successfully launched into orbit in the winter of 1971. The next goal was divided into four stages: to prepare the crew, send it to the station, successfully dock with it, and then conduct a series of studies in outer space for several weeks.
The docking of the first Soyuz 10 was unsuccessful due to malfunctions in the docking port. Nevertheless, the astronauts managed to return to Earth, and their task fell on the shoulders of the next crew.
Its commander, Alexei Leonov, visited the design bureau every day and was looking forward to the launch. However, fate decreed otherwise. Three days before the flight, flight engineer Valery Kubasov's doctors discovered a strange spot on a lung scan. There was no time left to clarify the diagnosis, and it was necessary to urgently look for a replacement.
The question of who will now fly into space was decided in power circles. The State Commission made its choice at the very last moment, only 11 hours before the launch. Her decision was extremely unexpected: the crew was completely changed, and now Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov and Viktor Patsaev were sent into space.
Life on "Salyut-1": what awaited the astronauts on the OKS "Salyut"
The Soyuz 11 was launched on June 6, 1971 from the Baikonur cosmodrome. At that time, pilots went into space in conventional flight suits, because the design of the ship did not involve the use of space suits. With any leakage of oxygen, the crew was doomed.
The next day after the launch, a difficult stage of docking began. On the morning of June 7, the program responsible for approaching the Salyut station turned on on the remote control. When it was no more than 100 meters away, the crew switched to manual control of the ship and an hour later successfully docked with the OKS.
"Soyuz-11 crew.
After that, a new stage of space exploration began - now there was a full-fledged scientific station in orbit. Dobrovolsky relayed the news of the successful docking to Earth, and his team proceeded to reopen the premises.
The schedule of the astronauts was detailed. Every day they conducted research and biomedical experiments. Television reports were regularly made with the Earth directly from the station.
On June 26 (that is, exactly 20 days later), the Soyuz 11 crew became a new record holder in terms of flight range and duration of stay in space. There are 4 days left until the end of their mission. Communication with the Control Center was stable, and nothing boded trouble.
The way home and the tragic death of the crew
On June 29, the order came to complete the mission. The crew transferred all research records to the Soyuz 11 and took their places. The undocking was successful, as Dobrovolsky reported to the Control Center. Everyone was in high spirits. Vladislav Volkov even joked on the air: "See you on Earth, and prepare cognac."
After disconnection, the flight went according to plan. The braking unit was launched in time, and the descent vehicle separated from the main compartment. After that, communication with the crew stopped.
Those who were expecting astronauts on Earth were not particularly alarmed by this. When the ship enters the atmosphere, a wave of plasma rolls over its skin and the communication antennas burn. Just a regular situation, communication should resume soon.
The parachute opened strictly on schedule, but "Yantari" (this is the call sign of the crew) was still silent. The silence on the air began to strain. After the landing apparatus landed, rescuers and doctors almost immediately ran up to it. There was no reaction to the knock on the skin, so the hatch had to be opened in emergency mode.
A terrible picture appeared before my eyes: Dobrovolsky, Patsaev and Volkov were sitting dead in their chairs. The tragedy shocked everyone with its inexplicability. After all, the landing went according to plan, and until recently the astronauts got in touch. Death occurred from an almost instantaneous air leak. However, what caused it was not yet known.
A special commission restored literally in seconds what actually happened. It turned out that during landing, the crew discovered an air leak through the ventilation valve above the commander's seat.
They didn’t have time to close it: it took 55 seconds for a healthy person, and there were no spacesuits and even oxygen masks in the equipment.
The medical commission found traces of cerebral hemorrhage and damage to the eardrums in all the dead. The air dissolved in the blood literally boiled and clogged the vessels, even getting into the chambers of the heart.
To search for a technical malfunction that caused the valve to depressurize, the commission conducted more than 1000 experiments with the involvement of the manufacturer. In parallel, the KGB worked out a variant of deliberate sabotage.
However, none of these versions has been confirmed. Elementary negligence in production played its role here. Checking the condition of the Soyuz, it turned out that many nuts were simply not tightened in the right way, which led to valve failure.
The day after the tragedy, all the newspapers of the USSR came out with black mourning frames, and any space flights were stopped for 28 months. Now spacesuits were included in the obligatory equipment of astronauts, but at the cost of this were the lives of three pilots who never saw the bright summer sun on their native Earth.
"In memory of astronaut Laurel Clark".
Small sheet of 4 stamps. Gambia, 2003
Looking at stamps dedicated to Soviet and Russian cosmonauts, I looked at these people from a different, somewhat unusual side. It would seem that nothing new can be said about astronauts, their flights and biographies, it seems that everything has been written about them.
From April 12, 1961 to the present, 99 Soviet and Russian cosmonauts have flown into space. All starts, even not entirely successful ones, were widely reported to us by the media. It was reported, but not always, about the death or death of astronauts. In recent years, this sensitive topic can only be learned from specialized sources. But today, 22 Soviet cosmonauts are no longer alive - people of excellent health who have passed a rigorous medical selection, special psychological and physical training.
The first, and tragic, loss occurred on April 24, 1967. V. Komarov died while returning to Earth due to the failure of the parachute system of the Soyuz-1 descent vehicle. This was his second flight testing the new spacecraft. He made his first flight as commander of the Voskhod spacecraft on October 12–13, 1964.
The second, no less tragic and even more emotional, loss occurred on March 27, 1968. The first cosmonaut of the planet, Yu. Gagarin, died during a training flight in a training fighter with Colonel V. Seregin near the town of Kirzhach, Vladimir Region, at about 10 o'clock. 31 min. by Moscow time. Until now, there is no unambiguous conclusion about the causes of this accident, there are several versions.
On June 30, 1971, the largest catastrophe in the history of Soviet cosmonautics occurred. Due to the depressurization of the Soyuz-11 descent vehicle, the entire crew died during the return to Earth: V. Volkov, G. Dobrovolsky and V. Patsaev. For Volkov, this was the second space flight.
Time passes, psychological and physical overload, stress, and just the years take their toll. Seventeen cosmonauts died from diseases inherent in ordinary people. Three from postoperative complications, five from cancer and seven from heart disease. An accident can be considered the death of V. Lazarev, who was poisoned by low-quality alcohol.
Gagarin, the first cosmonaut of the planet, died the youngest. He was only 34 years old. In total, three cosmonauts died between the ages of 30 and 40. Two others who did not live to be 40 years old, Volkov (35 years old) and Patsaev (38 years old), died in the second catastrophe in the history of Soviet cosmonautics.
Four died or died between the ages of 40 and 50: Komarov, Belyaev, Dobrovolsky and A. Levchenko; from 50 to 60 years old - three: B. Egorov, Yu. Malyshev and V. Vasyutin; from 60 to 70 years old - seven: V. Lazarev, G. Shonin, Yu. Artyukhin, E. Khrunov, G. Titov, G. Strekalov and G. Sarafanov; from 70 to 75 years old - five: G. Beregovoy, L. Demin, N. Rukavishnikov, O. Makarov and A. Nikolaev.
Cosmonaut "number three" Nikolaev, who did not live two months before his seventy-fifth birthday, died the oldest. Beregovoy lived only half a year less, until 1991 (the launch of T. Aubakirova) he was the only cosmonaut who first launched on October 26, 1968, already being a Hero of the Soviet Union. Beregovoy received his first "Gold Star" during the Great Patriotic War for 186 sorties to attack enemy troops.
Astronauts, being well-known and public people, are buried in various cemeteries - from Novodevichy in Moscow to small rural churchyards. All the cosmonauts who died during the flights are buried in Moscow on Red Square in the Kremlin wall.
Belyaev, Yegorov, Beregovoy and Titov are buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery. Khrunov, Makarov, Strekalov and Rukavishnikov are buried on Ostankino in Moscow. Lazarev, Shonin, Artyukhin, Demin, Malyshev and Sarafanov are buried at the cemetery of the village of Leonikha, Shchelkovsky District, Moscow Region. Levchenko was buried at the Bykovsky cemetery in Zhukovsky, and Vasyutin at the cemetery in the village of Monino. Nikolaev is the only cosmonaut who was buried not in Moscow or the Moscow region, but at home, in the village of Shorshely, Mariinsky Posad district of the Chuvash Republic.
For comparison, I will give statistics for other countries. From May 5, 1961, 274 astronauts launched in the United States, and today there are 30 flying astronauts, including four women, who are no longer alive.
More than half of them died in three terrible disasters. On January 27, 1967, during the pre-flight training of the crew, a fire broke out in the cabin of the Apollo spacecraft, three astronauts died (one of them, R. Chaffee, did not have time to fly into space). On January 28, 1986, 73 seconds after launch, the Challenger spacecraft exploded, killing seven astronauts at once. On February 1, 2003, 16 minutes before landing, the Columbia spacecraft crashed, killing seven more astronauts. Four astronauts died in air and car accidents, five died from cancer, four from heart disease.
Five astronauts died between the ages of 30 and 40, twelve astronauts died or died between the ages of 40 and 50, six astronauts between 50 and 60, five between 60 and 70, and two between 70 and 80.
In addition to the US astronauts, the following died on May 9, 1995 in a plane crash - German astronaut R. Furrer, on February 1, 2003 in the Columbia crash - the first Israeli astronaut I. Ramon.
All countries honor the memory of space explorers, including through philately. Especially many stamps are dedicated to cosmonauts and astronauts who died during flights. For example, almost all countries of the world devoted issues to the disasters of Soyuz-11, Challenger and Columbia. Stamps dedicated to fallen and deceased cosmonauts and astronauts are issued regularly in different countries.
Unfortunately, there are no stamps, envelopes or cards with portraits of Levchenko and Vasyutin yet. I hope that the Marka Publishing and Trade Center will fill this gap and issue stamps dedicated to the memory of astronauts who are no longer with us.
For each anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's historic flight, "revealing" articles appear again and again in newspapers and the Internet, claiming that Gagarin was not the first cosmonaut. Usually they come down to listing rumors about pilots who allegedly flew into space before Gagarin, but died there, so their names are classified. Where did the myth about the victims of Soviet cosmonautics come from?
Venus phantom
For the first time, the Soviet Union was accused of hushing up the death of astronauts even before Gagarin's flight. In the diary of the then head of the cosmonaut corps, Nikolai Kamanin, there is an entry dated February 12, 1961:
Since the launch of the rocket to Venus on February 4, many in the West believe that we have unsuccessfully launched a man into space; the Italians even allegedly “heard” groans and intermittent Russian speech. These are all completely baseless speculations. In fact, we are working hard on a guaranteed astronaut landing. From my point of view, we are even too cautious in this. There will never be a full guarantee of a successful first flight into space, and a certain amount of risk is justified by the greatness of the task ...
The launch on February 4, 1961 was indeed unsuccessful, but there was no one on board. This was the first attempt to send a research vehicle to Venus. The Molniya launch vehicle launched it into space, but due to a malfunction, the device remained in near-Earth orbit. The Soviet government, according to established tradition, did not officially acknowledge the failure, and in a TASS message to the whole world, it was announced the successful launch of a heavy satellite and the fulfillment of the scientific and technical tasks set at the same time.
In general, it was precisely the unjustified in many cases veil of secrecy that surrounded the domestic space program that gave rise to a lot of rumors and conjectures - and not only among Western journalists, but also among Soviet citizens.
The birth of a myth
However, back to Western journalists. The first message dedicated to the "victims of red space" was published by Italians: in December 1959, the Continental agency circulated a statement by a certain high-ranking Czech communist that the USSR had been launching manned ballistic missiles since 1957. One of the pilots named Alexey Ledovsky allegedly died on November 1, 1957 during such a suborbital launch. Developing the topic, the journalists mentioned three more "dead cosmonauts": Sergei Shiborin (allegedly died on February 1, 1958), Andrei Mitkov (allegedly died on January 1, 1959) and Maria Gromova (allegedly died on June 1, 1959). At the same time, the female pilot allegedly crashed not in a rocket, but while testing a prototype orbital aircraft with a rocket engine.
At the same time, rocket pioneer Herman Oberth said that he heard about a manned suborbital launch, which allegedly took place at the Kapustin Yar test site in early 1958 and ended in the death of the pilot. However, Oberth emphasized that he knew about the "cosmic catastrophe" from other people's words and could not vouch for the veracity of the information.
And the Continental agency produced sensation after sensation. Italian correspondents talked either about the "lunar ship" that exploded on the launch pad of the mythical Siberian cosmodrome "Sputnikgrad", or about the upcoming secret flight of two Soviet pilots ... Since none of the sensations was confirmed, the reports of "Continental" ceased to be trusted. But the "rumor factory" soon had followers.
In October 1959, an article about aircraft testers was published in the Ogonyok magazine. Aleksey Belokonev, Ivan Kachur, Aleksey Grachev were mentioned among them. The Vechernyaya Moskva newspaper, in an article on a similar topic, spoke about Gennady Mikhailov and Gennady Zavodovsky. The journalist of the Associated Press, who reprinted the materials, for some reason decided that the photographs in these articles depict future Soviet cosmonauts. Since their names did not subsequently appear in TASS "space" reports, a "logical" conclusion was made: these five died during early unsuccessful launches.
The real Belokonov, Grachev and Kachur in the photographs from Ogonyok (Photo: Dmitry Baltermants)
Moreover, the exuberant fantasy of journalists played out so much that for each of the pilots they came up with a separate detailed version of the death. So, after the launch on May 15, 1960 of the first satellite ship 1KP, the prototype of the Vostok, the Western media claimed that the pilot Zavodovsky was on board. He allegedly died due to a malfunction in the attitude control system, which brought the ship into a higher orbit.
The mythical cosmonaut Kachur found his death on September 27, 1960 during the unsuccessful launch of another satellite ship, the orbital flight of which was to take place during Nikita Khrushchev's visit to New York. According to rumors, the Soviet leader had with him a model of a manned spacecraft, which he would triumphantly show to Western journalists if the flight was successful.
It must be admitted that the Soviet diplomatic services themselves created an unhealthy atmosphere of expectation of some high-profile event, hinting to American journalists that “something amazing” would happen on September 27th. Intelligence reported that spacecraft tracking ships took up positions in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. A Soviet sailor who escaped during the same period confirmed that a space launch was being prepared. But, having knocked with his fist at the UN General Assembly, on October 13, 1960, Nikita Khrushchev left America. There have been no official statements from TASS. Of course, journalists immediately trumpeted to the whole world about a new catastrophe that had befallen the Soviet space program.
Many years later, it became known that a launch was indeed planned for those days. But not a man was supposed to fly into space, but 1M - the first apparatus for studying Mars. However, attempts to send two identical devices at least into near-Earth orbit, undertaken on October 10 and 14, ended ingloriously: in both cases, the launch failed due to an accident with the Molniya launch vehicle.
The next "victim of the space race", the pilot Grachev, died, according to the Western media, on September 15, 1961. The same factory of rumors "Continental" told about his terrible death. In February 1962, the agency said that in September 1961, two Soviet cosmonauts were launched on the Vostok-3 spacecraft: supposedly this launch was timed to coincide with the XXII Congress of the CPSU and during the flight the ship was supposed to fly around the Moon, but instead " lost in the depths of the universe."
Cosmonaut Ilyushin?
Vladimir Sergeevich Ilyushin, the son of a famous aircraft designer, is another victim of sensation hunters. In 1960, he had an accident, and he was declared another "Dogagarin cosmonaut." Conspiracy theorists believe that Ilyushin was forbidden to talk about his flight into space until the end of his life, because he allegedly ... landed in China. It is impossible to think of a more ridiculous reason to abandon the space championship. Moreover, Ilyushin not only did not die - he lived until 2010 and rose to the rank of major general.
Voices in space
The grave of the tester Zavodovsky. As can be seen from the dates, the “deceased cosmonaut” died in the 21st century in retirement
The failed launch of the Venus station on February 4, 1961 gave rise to a new wave of rumors. Then, for the first time, the amateur radio brothers Achille and Giovanni Judica-Cordilla made themselves known, having built their own radio station near Turin. They claimed to have been able to intercept telemetry radio signals from the beating of a human heart and the ragged breathing of a dying Soviet cosmonaut. This "incident" is associated with the name of the mythical cosmonaut Mikhailov, who allegedly died in orbit.
But that's not all! In 1965, the amateur radio brothers told an Italian newspaper about three strange broadcasts from space at once. The first interception allegedly took place on November 28, 1960: radio amateurs heard the sounds of Morse code and a request for help in English. On May 16, 1961, they managed to catch on the air the confused speech of a Russian female cosmonaut. During the third radio interception on May 15, 1962, the conversations of three Russian pilots (two men and a woman) who died in space were recorded. In the recording, through the crackle of static, the following phrases could be distinguished: "Conditions are getting worse ... why are you not answering? .. the speed is dropping ... the world will never know about us ..."
Impressive, isn't it? To finally assure the reader of the authenticity of the stated "facts", the Italian newspaper names the dead. The first "victim" on this list was pilot Alexei Grachev. The female cosmonaut's name was Lyudmila. Among the trio who died in 1962, for some reason, only one is named - Alexei Belokonev, about whom Ogonyok wrote.
In the same year, the "sensational" information of the Italian newspaper was reprinted by the American magazine Reader's Digest. Four years later, the book Autopsy of an Astronaut was published, written by pathologist Sam Stonebreaker. In it, the author claimed to have flown into space on a Gemini 12 to obtain tissue samples from dead Soviet pilots who had been in orbit since May 1962.
That's who really flew into space before Gagarin - the dummy Ivan Ivanovich. So that he would not be mistaken for the corpse of an astronaut, a sign "Layout" was inserted into the helmet
As for the article in Ogonyok, which gave rise not even to a myth, but to a whole mythology, the well-known journalist Yaroslav Golovanov, who investigated the stories of the “Dogagarin cosmonauts”, interviewed Alexei Timofeevich Belokonov himself (exactly so, and not Belokonev, as is customary among the myth-makers ). Here is what the tester said, who was buried a long time ago by Western rumor mills.
In the 50s, long before Gagarin's flight, my comrades and I, then very young guys - Lyosha Grachev, Gennady Zavodovsky, Gennady Mikhailov, Vanya Kachur, were engaged in ground tests of aviation equipment and anti-g flight suits. By the way, at the same time, spacesuits for dogs that flew on high-altitude rockets were created and tested in a neighboring laboratory. The work was difficult, but very interesting.
Once a correspondent from the Ogonyok magazine came to us, walked around the laboratories, talked with us, and then published a report “On the Threshold of Great Heights” with photographs (see “Spark” No. 42, 1959 - Ya. G.). The main character of this reportage was Lyosha Grachev, but it was also told about me, how I experienced the effect of explosive decompression. Ivan Kachur was also mentioned. It was also said about the high-altitude record of Vladimir Ilyushin, who then climbed 28,852 meters. The journalist slightly distorted my last name, called me not Belokonov, but Belokonev.
Well, this is where it all started. The New York Journal-American magazine printed a fake that my comrades and I flew to Gagarin in space and died. The editor-in-chief of Izvestia Alexey Ivanovich Adzhubey invited Mikhailov and me to the editorial office. We arrived, talked with journalists, we were photographed. This picture was published in Izvestia (May 27, 1963 - Ya. G.) next to Adzhubey's open letter to Mr. Hirst Jr., the owner of the magazine that sent us into space and buried us.
We ourselves published a response to the Americans to their article in the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper (May 29, 1963 - Ya. G.), in which we honestly wrote: “We did not have a chance to rise into extraatmospheric space. We are testing various equipment for high-altitude flights.” No one died during these tests. Gennady Zavodovsky lived in Moscow, worked as a driver, didn’t get into Izvestia then - he was on a flight, Lyosha Grachev worked in Ryazan at a factory of calculating and analytical machines, Ivan Kachur lived in the town of Pechenezhin in the Ivano-Frankivsk region, worked as a teacher in an orphanage . Later, I participated in tests related to cosmonauts' life support systems, and even after Gagarin's flight, I was awarded the medal "For Labor Valor" for this work ...
Forgotten Heroes
So, in the list of mythical astronauts, there were still people who worked for the space program, but their real life was noticeably different from journalistic fantasies.
In addition to the four test friends, a very real figure was, for example, Pyotr Dolgov. The Western media announced him as an astronaut who died during the catastrophe of an orbiting satellite ship on October 10, 1960 (in fact, they tried to launch the 1M No. 1 apparatus that day). Colonel Pyotr Dolgov died much later: on November 1, 1962, during a parachute jump from a stratostat, raised to a height of 25.5 kilometers. When Dolgov left the stratospheric balloon, the face shield of the pressure helmet cracked - death came instantly.
Parachutist-record holder Pyotr Dolgov really died, but space has nothing to do with it
Pilot Anokhin flew on a rocket plane, not on a spaceship
I present all these details here not to impress the reader or make him doubt the known history of astronautics. A review of rumors and mythical episodes is needed to show how detrimental to the reputation of the domestic space program was the policy of silence and disinformation. The unwillingness and inability to admit mistakes played a cruel joke on us: even when TASS made a completely truthful statement, they refused to believe it, looking for contradictions or trying to read "between the lines."
Sometimes the test pilots themselves contribute to the spread of rumors. Shortly before his death in 1986, the outstanding Soviet pilot Sergei Anokhin dropped in an interview: "I flew on a rocket." Journalists immediately asked themselves: when and on what rocket could he fly? They recalled that from the mid-1960s Anokhin headed the department in the bureau of Sergei Korolev, which prepared "civilian" cosmonauts for flights. Yes, he was part of the team. Is it because he already had the experience of "flying on a rocket" in the early 1950s? .. But in fact, long before working for the bureau, Anokhin participated in the testing of a rocket plane and a cruise missile, and most likely had this in mind.
James Oberg, one of the debunkers of this "conspiracy theory"
All the rumors about the Soviet cosmonautics, which had flickered in the Western press since the mid-1960s, were taken to systematize by the American space technology expert James Oberg. Based on the collected material, he wrote the article "Phantoms of the Cosmos", first published in 1975. Now this work has been supplemented with new materials and has gone through many reprints. Having the reputation of a staunch anti-Soviet, Oberg is nevertheless very scrupulous in the selection of information relating to the secrets of the Soviet space program, and very cautious in his conclusions. Without denying that there are many "blank spots" in the history of Soviet cosmonautics, he concludes that stories about cosmonauts who died during launch or in orbit are implausible. All this is the fruit of a fantasy fueled by the regime of secrecy.
Reality versus myth
Soviet cosmonauts really died - both before Gagarin's flight and after it. Let us remember them and bow our heads before Valentin Bondarenko (he died on Earth, without flying into space, on March 23, 1961 due to a fire during tests), Vladimir Komarov (died on April 24, 1967 due to a disaster during the landing of the Soyuz- 1"), Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov and Viktor Patsaev (died on June 30, 1971 due to depressurization of the descent module of the Soyuz-11 spacecraft). However, in the history of Soviet cosmonautics there was and is no secret corpses.
For cynics who do not believe documents, memoirs and diaries, but rely on "logic" and "sanity", I will give a cynical, but absolutely logical argument. Under the conditions of the space race, it did not matter whether the first astronaut returned to Earth or not - the main thing was to announce his priority. Therefore, if the pilot Zavodovsky were on the 1KP satellite, as irresponsible authors are trying to assure us, it would be Zavodovsky who would be declared the first cosmonaut of the planet. Of course, the whole world would mourn him, but the Soviet people would still be the first to go into space, and this is the main thing.
The readiness of the USSR government for any outcome of the flight is also confirmed by declassified documents. I will give here a fragment of a note sent to the Central Committee of the CPSU on March 30, 1961 on behalf of people involved in the space program:
We consider it expedient to publish the first TASS message immediately after the satellite enters orbit for the following reasons:
a) if necessary, this will facilitate the rapid organization of the rescue;
b) this will exclude the declaration by any foreign state of the astronaut as a reconnaissance officer for military purposes ...
Here is another paper on the same topic. On April 3, the Central Committee of the CPSU adopted a resolution "On the launch of a spacecraft-satellite":
1. Approve the proposal<…>on the launch of the Vostok-3 spacecraft-satellite with an astronaut on board.
2. Approve the draft TASS report on the launch of a spacecraft with an astronaut on board the Earth satellite and grant the right to the Launch Commission, if necessary, to make clarifications on the results of the launch, and to publish it to the Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on military-industrial issues.
As decided, so they did. The TASS message, dedicated to the first manned flight into space, sounded even before Gagarin returned to Earth. He could have died during the descent - and April 12 would still be Cosmonautics Day.
The Soviet manned space program, which began with triumphs, began to falter in the second half of the 1960s. Wounded by failures, the Americans threw huge resources into competition with the Russians and began to outstrip the Soviet Union.
In January 1966, he died Sergei Korolev, the man who was the main engine of the Soviet space program. In April 1967, an astronaut died during a test flight of the new Soyuz spacecraft. Vladimir Komarov. On March 27, 1968, the first cosmonaut of the Earth died during a training flight on an airplane. Yuri Gagarin. Sergei Korolev's latest project, the N-1 lunar rocket, suffered one setback after another during tests.The astronauts involved in the manned "lunar program" wrote letters to the Central Committee of the CPSU with a request to allow them to fly under their own responsibility, despite the high probability of a catastrophe. However, the political leadership of the country did not want to take such risks. The Americans were the first to land on the moon, and the Soviet "lunar program" was curtailed.
The participants in the failed lunar exploration were transferred to another project - a flight to the world's first manned orbital station. A manned laboratory in orbit was supposed to allow the Soviet Union to at least partially compensate for the defeat on the Moon.
Crews for "Salute"
In about four months that the first station could work in orbit, it was planned to send three expeditions to it. Crew number one included Georgy Shonin, Alexey Eliseev and Nikolai Rukavishnikov, the second crew was Alexey Leonov, Valery Kubasov, Petr Kolodin, crew number three - Vladimir Shatalov, Vladislav Volkov, Victor Patsaev. There was also a fourth, reserve crew, consisting of George Dobrovolsky, Vitaly Sevastyanov and Anatoly Voronov.
The commander of crew number four, Georgy Dobrovolsky, seemed to have no chance of getting to the first station, called "Salyut", there was no chance. But fate had a different opinion on this matter.
Georgy Shonin grossly violated the regime, and the chief curator of the detachment of Soviet cosmonauts, General Nikolai Kamanin removed him from further training. Vladimir Shatalov was transferred to Shonin's place, Georgy Dobrovolsky himself replaced him, and they introduced Alexey Gubarev.
On April 19, the Salyut orbital station was launched into low Earth orbit. Five days later, the Soyuz-10 spacecraft returned to the station with a crew consisting of Shatalov, Eliseev, and Rukavishnikov. Docking with the station, however, took place in an emergency mode. The crew could not go to the Salyut, nor could they undock. In extreme cases, it was possible to undock by blowing up the squibs, but then not a single crew could get to the station. With great difficulty, they managed to find a way to get the ship away from the station, keeping the docking port intact.Soyuz-10 returned safely to Earth, after which the engineers began to hastily refine the Soyuz-11 docking units.
Forced replacement
A new attempt to conquer the Salyut was to be made by a crew consisting of Alexei Leonov, Valery Kubasov and Pyotr Kolodin. The start of their expedition was scheduled for June 6, 1971.
On the wires to Baikonur, the plate, which Leonov threw on the ground for good luck, did not break. The awkwardness was hushed up, but the bad premonitions remained.
By tradition, two crews flew to the cosmodrome - the main and backup. Understudies were Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov and Viktor Patsaev.
SOYUZ-11"Soyuz-11" on the launch pad. Photo: RIA Novosti / Alexander Mokletsov
It was a formality, because until that moment no one had made last-minute substitutions.
But three days before the start, doctors found a blackout in Valery Kubasov's lungs, which they considered the initial stage of tuberculosis. The verdict was categorical - he could not go on a flight.
The State Commission decided: what to do? The main crew commander, Alexei Leonov, insisted that if Kubasov could not fly, then he should be replaced by backup flight engineer Vladislav Volkov.
Most experts, however, believed that in such conditions it is necessary to replace the entire crew. The crew of understudies also opposed the partial replacement. General Kamanin wrote in his diaries that the situation had escalated in earnest. Two crews usually went to the traditional pre-flight rally. After the commission approved the replacement, and Dobrovolsky's crew became the main one, Valery Kubasov said that he would not go to the rally: "I'm not flying, what should I do there?" Nevertheless, Kubasov appeared at the rally, but tension was in the air.
Soviet cosmonauts (from left to right) Vladislav Volkov, Georgy Dobrovolsky and Viktor Patsayev at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Photo: RIA Novosti / Alexander Mokletsov
“If this is compatibility, then what is incompatibility?”
Journalist Yaroslav Golovanov, who wrote a lot on the space theme, recalled what was happening these days at Baikonur: “Leonov tore and threw ... poor Valery (Kubasov) did not understand anything at all: he felt absolutely healthy ... At night he came to the hotel Petya Kolodin, drunk and completely drooping. He told me: "Slava, understand, I will never fly into space...". Kolodin, by the way, was not mistaken - he never went into space.
On June 6, 1971, Soyuz-11 with a crew of Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov and Viktor Patsaev successfully launched from Baikonur. The ship docked with Salyut, the astronauts boarded the station, and the expedition began.
The reports in the Soviet press were bravura - everything is going according to the program, the crew feels good. In fact, things were not so smooth. After landing, when studying the crew's diaries, they found Dobrovolsky's entry: "If this is compatibility, then what is incompatibility?"Flight engineer Vladislav Volkov, who had space flight experience behind him, often tried to take the initiative, which did not please the specialists on Earth, and even his crewmates.
On the 11th day of the expedition, a fire broke out on board, and there was a question of an emergency leaving the station, but the crew still managed to cope with the situation.
General Kamanin wrote in his diary: “At eight in the morning, Dobrovolsky and Patsaev were still sleeping, Volkov got in touch, who yesterday, according to Bykovsky’s report, was the most nervous and“ yakal ”too much (“I decided ...”, “I did ..." etc). On behalf of Mishin, he was given an instruction: “Everything is decided by the crew commander, follow his orders,” to which Volkov replied: “We decide everything by the crew. We'll figure out how to do it ourselves."
“Communication ends. Happily!"
Despite all the difficulties, the difficult situation, the Soyuz-11 crew completed the flight program in full. On June 29, the astronauts were supposed to undock from Salyut and return to Earth.
After the return of the Soyuz-11, the next expedition was to go to the station in order to consolidate the successes achieved and continue the experiments.
But before undocking with Salyut, a new problem arose. The crew had to close the passage hatch in the descent vehicle. But the banner "Hatch open" on the control panel continued to glow. Several attempts to open and close the hatch yielded nothing. The astronauts were in great tension. Earth advised to put a piece of insulation under the limit switch of the sensor. This happened repeatedly during the tests. The hatch was closed again. To the delight of the crew, the banner went out. Relieve pressure in the domestic compartment. According to the readings of the instruments, we were convinced that the air from the descent vehicle does not escape and its tightness is normal. After that, Soyuz-11 successfully undocked from the station.
At 0:16 on June 30, General Kamanin contacted the crew, reporting the landing conditions, and ending with the phrase: “See you soon on Earth!”
“Understood, landing conditions are excellent. Everything is in order on board, the crew is in excellent health. Thank you for your care and good wishes,” Georgy Dobrovolsky answered from orbit.
Here is a recording of the last negotiations of the Earth with the Soyuz-11 crew:
Zarya (Mission Control Center): How is the orientation going?
"Yantar-2" (Vladislav Volkov): We saw the Earth, we saw it!
Zarya: Okay, take your time.
"Yantar-2": "Dawn", I am "Yantar-2". Orientation started. To the right is rain.
"Yantar-2": Great flies, beautiful!
"Yantar-3" (Viktor Patsaev): "Dawn", I'm the third. I can see the horizon at the bottom of the porthole.
"Dawn": "Amber", once again I remind you of the orientation - zero - one hundred and eighty degrees.
"Yantar-2": Zero - one hundred and eighty degrees.
"Dawn": Correctly understood.
"Yantar-2": The banner "Descent" is on.
Zarya: Let it burn. Everything is great. Burns correctly. The connection ends. Happily!"
"The outcome of the flight is the most difficult"
At 1:35 Moscow time, after the orientation of the Soyuz, the braking propulsion system was turned on. Having worked out the estimated time and losing speed, the ship began to deorbit.
During the passage of dense layers of the atmosphere, there is no communication with the crew, it should appear again after the parachute of the descent vehicle opens, due to the antenna on the parachute line.
At 2:05 a.m., a report was received from the Air Force command post: "The crews of the Il-14 aircraft and the Mi-8 helicopter see the Soyuz-11 spacecraft descending by parachute." At 02:17 the descent vehicle landed. Almost at the same time, four helicopters of the search group landed with him.
Doctor Anatoly Lebedev, who was part of the search group, recalled that he was embarrassed by the silence of the crew on the radio. The helicopter pilots were actively communicating while the descent vehicle was landing, and the astronauts were not going on the air. But this was attributed to the failure of the antenna.
“We sat down after the ship, about fifty to a hundred meters away. How does it happen in such cases? You open the hatch of the descent vehicle, from there - the voices of the crew. And here - the crunch of scale, the sound of metal, the chirp of helicopters and ... silence from the ship, ”the physician recalled.When the crew was removed from the descent vehicle, the doctors could not understand what had happened. It seemed that the astronauts simply lost consciousness. But upon a cursory examination, it became clear that everything was much more serious. Six doctors started artificial respiration, chest compressions.
Minutes passed, the commander of the search group, General Goreglyad demanded an answer from the doctors, but they continued to try to bring the crew back to life. Finally, Lebedev replied: "Tell me that the crew landed without signs of life." This wording is included in all official documents.
Doctors continued resuscitation until absolute signs of death appeared. But their desperate efforts could not change anything.
At first, the Mission Control Center was informed that "the outcome of the space flight is the most difficult." And then, having already abandoned some kind of conspiracy, they reported: "The entire crew died."
Depressurization
It was a terrible shock for the whole country. At parting in Moscow, the comrades of the cosmonauts who died in the detachment cried and said: “Now we are already burying whole crews!” It seemed that the Soviet space program had finally failed.
Specialists, however, even at such a moment had to work. What happened in those moments when there was no communication with the astronauts? What killed the Soyuz-11 crew?
The word "depressurization" sounded almost immediately. They remembered the emergency situation with the hatch and carried out a leak test. But its results showed that the hatch is reliable, it has nothing to do with it.
But it really was a matter of depressurization. An analysis of the recordings of the autonomous recorder of onboard measurements "Mir", a kind of "black box" of the spacecraft showed: from the moment the compartments were separated at an altitude of more than 150 km, the pressure in the descent vehicle began to decrease sharply, and within 115 seconds it dropped to 50 millimeters of mercury.These indicators indicated the destruction of one of the ventilation valves, which is provided in case the ship makes a landing on the water or lands hatch down. The supply of life support system resources is limited, and so that the astronauts do not experience a lack of oxygen, the valve "connected" the ship to the atmosphere. It was supposed to work during normal landing only at an altitude of 4 km, but it happened at an altitude of 150 km, in a vacuum.
The forensic medical examination showed traces of cerebral hemorrhage, blood in the lungs, damage to the eardrums and the release of nitrogen from the blood among the crew members.
From the report of the medical service: “50 seconds after separation, Patsaev had a respiratory rate of 42 per minute, which is typical for acute oxygen starvation. Dobrovolsky's pulse drops rapidly, breathing stops by this time. This is the initial period of death. At the 110th second after the separation, neither pulse nor breathing is recorded in all three. We believe that death occurred 120 seconds after the separation.
The crew fought to the end, but had no chance of salvation
The hole in the valve through which the air escaped was no more than 20 mm, and, as some engineers stated, it could "just be plugged with a finger." However, this advice was practically impossible to implement. Immediately after the depressurization, a fog formed in the cabin, a terrible whistle of escaping air sounded. In just a few seconds, the astronauts, due to acute decompression sickness, began to experience terrible pains throughout their bodies, and then they found themselves in complete silence due to bursting eardrums.
But Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov and Viktor Patsaev fought to the end. All transmitters and receivers were turned off in the Soyuz-11 cockpit. The shoulder belts of all three crew members were unfastened, and Dobrovolsky's belts were mixed up and only the upper belt lock was fastened. Based on these signs, an approximate picture of the last seconds of the life of the astronauts was restored. To determine the place where the depressurization occurred, Patsaev and Volkov unfastened their belts and turned off the radio. Dobrovolsky may have had time to check the hatch, which had problems during undocking. Apparently, the crew managed to understand that the problem was in the ventilation valve. It was not possible to plug the hole with a finger, but it was possible to close the emergency valve with a manual drive, using a valve. This system was made in case of landing on water, to prevent flooding of the descent vehicle.On Earth, Alexei Leonov and Nikolai Rukavishnikov participated in an experiment, trying to determine how long it takes to close the valve. The cosmonauts, who knew where trouble would come from, who were ready for it and were not in real danger, needed much more time than the Soyuz-11 crew had. Doctors believe that consciousness in such conditions began to fade after about 20 seconds. However, the safety valve was partially closed. Someone from the crew began to rotate it, but lost consciousness.
After the Soyuz-11, the astronauts were again dressed in spacesuits
The reason for the abnormal opening of the valve was considered a defect in the manufacture of this system. Even the KGB got involved in the case, seeing a possible sabotage. But no saboteurs were found, and besides, it was not possible to repeat the situation of abnormal opening of the valve on Earth. As a result, this version was left final due to the lack of a more reliable one.
Spacesuits could have saved the cosmonauts, but on the personal instructions of Sergei Korolev, their use was discontinued starting with Voskhod-1, when this was done to save space in the cabin. After the Soyuz-11 disaster, a controversy unfolded between the military and engineers - the first insisted on the return of the spacesuits, and the latter argued that this emergency was an exceptional case, while the introduction of spacesuits would drastically reduce the possibilities for delivering payload and increasing the number of crew members.The victory in the discussion was with the military, and, starting from the Soyuz-12 flight, Russian cosmonauts fly only in spacesuits.
The ashes of Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov and Viktor Patsaev were buried in the Kremlin wall. The program of manned flights to the Salyut-1 station was curtailed.
The next manned flight to the USSR took place more than two years later. Vasily Lazarev and Oleg Makarov new spacesuits were tested on Soyuz-12.
The failures of the late 1960s and early 1970s did not become fatal for the Soviet space program. By the 1980s, the space exploration program with the help of orbital stations again brought the Soviet Union to the world leaders. During the flights, there were emergency situations and serious accidents, but people and equipment turned out to be on top. Since June 30, 1971, there have been no accidents with human casualties in the domestic cosmonautics.
P.S. The diagnosis of tuberculosis made by cosmonaut Valery Kubasov turned out to be erroneous. Darkening in the lungs was a reaction to the flowering of plants, and soon disappeared. Kubasov, together with Alexei Leonov, participated in a joint flight with American astronauts under the Soyuz-Apollo program, as well as in a flight with the first Hungarian cosmonaut Bertalan Farkas.
