Indefinite pronouns and adverbs with the suffixes -something, -or, -nibud and the prefix something are always written with a hyphen: someone, something, something, some. If there is a preposition, these words are written separately: with someone, with someone.
In negative pronouns, under stress is written not, without stress neither: someone, some, no one, none. Particles not and neither in negative pronouns are written together in the absence of a preposition (no one) and separately in the presence of a preposition (no one).
Ex. 105. Rewrite, inserting missing letters and opening brackets.
Find out (some) details, (some) (about) something to report, consult with someone (someone), (some) (with) someone to talk over, some (some) troubles, someone's (some) objections, (some) (c) whom to make a mistake, (something) (on) someone to hope for, to agree on something, to go somewhere, to spend the night somewhere.
Ex. 106. Rewrite, inserting missing letters and opening brackets.
1) (N...) what did not touch him, he did not notice (n...) what. (Pushkin) 2) (N ..) (on) what to rest the eyes, exhausted by the monotony of the endless picture. (Goncharov) 3) Here - to do (n ...) what - the friends kissed. (Krylov) 4) Klim (n ...) (c) did not speak to anyone like with Marina. (Bitter) 5) He understood everything and (n ...) (into) that he did not want to interfere. (Gubanov)
Synopsis of an open lesson in the Russian language in grade 6.
Spelling of indefinite pronouns.
Teacher: Frolova O.N.
Class - 6th (general education).
The type of lesson is a generalization and consolidation of what has been learned.
The topic is linguistic - the spelling of pronouns. .
The topic is communicative - proverbs of the Russian people.
The topic for the development of speech is a narrative essay.
The technology of the lesson is complex (block presentation of new material and element-by-element development of skills and abilities during consolidation); self-control of tasks; work with the dictionary and reference schemes.
Applied technologies: practical lesson (refers to university technologies), student-oriented lesson, subject-oriented (multi-level tasks), game technologies, computer technologies.
Teaching aids - textbook; didactic material, test tasks, dictionary, diagrams, computer presentation.
Lesson goals.
1. Cognitive:
repeat the main previously studied information about the pronoun (its morphological features, syntactic role in the sentence, orthograms associated with the spelling of pronouns).
2. Practical:
to consolidate the ability to determine the pronoun by morphological features, the ability to highlight orthograms and apply the necessary rule for spelling.
During the classes.
1. Organizational moment. Explanation of the topic of the lesson.
Why do you think the theme sounds like this?
What do you think today's lesson will be about?
What tasks do you set for yourself?
Where can we use the knowledge gained in today's lesson?
2. Repetition of the studied information about the pronoun.
1. Tell us about the pronoun according to the plan.
1. Pronoun as a part of speech.
2. Name the categories of pronouns by value.
3. How pronouns change.
4. Syntactic role in the sentence.
2. Find the correct definition of the pronoun.
A pronoun is a part of speech that:
A) denotes an object, sign, quantity;
B) points to an object, but does not name it;
C) indicates the object, attribute and quantity, but does not name them;
D) means belonging to someone or something.
3. In these proverbs, indicate all the pronouns you know.
A bad friend is like a shadow: only on bright days his and you see. (Private)
How good is the one whom smart head and good heart. (Relative)
Who cool in temper, he is no one's friend. (Relative)
A liar is always an unfaithful friend, will lie you around. (Personal)
Hold on to mother earth she is one will not give out. (Private)
Sorry friend, but not how myself. (returnable)
4. Specify an error in the definition of the case.
1. by yourself - instrumental
2. to yourself - dative case
3. about yourself - accusative
4. with oneself - instrumental case.
5. Which example does not contain a grammatical error?
1. their books
2. sat opposite him
4. for some participants
6. Choose the correct answer.
3. Repetition and consolidation of what has been learned about indefinite pronouns.
1. - Name the categories of pronouns in the last task. (Personal, indefinite)
Why are indefinite pronouns called that? How do you understand the meaning of the word "indefinite"? (They point to an indefinite sign. According to the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov: “1. Not exactly established. 2. Not quite distinct, inaccurate, obscure.”)
2. Write out indefinite pronouns from the proposed text.
Someone's voices are heard outside the window, making it difficult to concentrate. Vitka has already repeated several times to himself the pronouns that someone called indefinite: someone, someone, something. He thinks. His dreams are vague, indefinite. “If only someone, with someone, would come after someone,” he spins in his head.
But no one comes after him, and Vitka crams further.
Do you know all the words in the text?
What does the word "crumble" mean? (Cramming is pointless to memorize.)
Why is Vitka cramming and not learning indefinite pronouns? Who prevents him from concentrating? (He really wants to take a walk with friends, and not to learn words, not to do homework, that's why he doesn't learn anything from him)
Have you been like this?
Let's check the written words. (Someone, several, someone, someone, someone, in something, someone, with someone, after someone)
What can you tell us about the spelling of the written out indefinite pronouns? (In indefinite pronouns, someone, something, some, several, etc. The prefix NOT- is always under stress and is written together.
The prefix something, suffixes -or, -something, -something are written with a hyphen.
Pronouns with a preposition are written in three words.)
Memo for hyphens in pronouns
SOMETHING, SOMETHING, SOMETHING –
Don't forget about the dash!
(Something, anything, sometime, someday...)
3. Write by opening brackets. (if time does not allow, then the task is performed in the same leaflets)
talk to someone (with) someone, approach someone (to) someone, someone's (or) object, meet someone (or), call someone (someone), see someone (at) someone, notice something (or), do something (something) ), move away from someone (something), look at something (something).
The key to the task. talk to someone, approach someone, someone's object, meet someone, call someone, see someone, notice something, do something, move away from someone, look at something anything.
5. The game "Editor". Find and fix bugs. Write with the word to which the pronoun refers.
Three black dogs were sitting on something,
Three black dogs were looking somewhere,
Three black dogs saw something
Three black dogs jumped up from something
Three black dogs crept up to something,
Three black dogs were chasing something
But who is not a bit confused,
He wobbled with something and climbed onto something.
(A. Khurgin)
The key to the task: they sat on something, looked somewhere, saw something, jumped up from something, crept up to something, chased after something, someone wagged something, at something then climbed up.
6. Vocabulary dictation.
someone, someone, something, somehow, with something, some, someone, to someone, anything, in front of someone, something, some, somewhat , from someone.
Make up 1-2 sentences with any pronoun on the topic “Friendship. Friends".
4. Verification work.
A1. which pronoun is indefinite?
some
A2. In which case is the case defined incorrectly?
1. with someone - instrumental
2. about someone - prepositional case
3. to someone - dative case
4. some - prepositional case
A3. In which case is the pronoun spelled together?
something (something)
(some
someone (someone)
A4. When is a pronoun written with a hyphen?
by someone
with someone
someone (someone)
A5. In which case is the pronoun written separately?
something
someone (someone)
some (any)
IN 1. Write down the indefinite pronouns.
(1) Suddenly something slapped in the middle of a quiet pool, and I saw the head of an otter that was swimming towards the shore. (2) She was heading with a live fish in her mouth towards the thick bushes that covered the shore. (3) I sat and did not move, I saw how she disappeared under the bushes. (4) I have never seen anything like this before.
(According to I. Sokolov-Mikitov)
IN 2. Indicate in the proposed text sentences in which there are relative pronouns.
Answer: ________________________________________________________________
IN 3. Write down personal pronouns from the text.
Answer: ________________________________________________________________
C1. Write how you understand the meaning of the proverb.
Not the friend who smears honey, but the one who tells the truth in the face.
Key to verification work.
IN 1. something, anything
IN 2. 1.2
IN 3. I, she, I, she, me
5. Task for work at home.
Complete exercise 405 of the textbook (story by picture).
6. Summing up the lesson.
Did you like the lesson?
Are you satisfied with your results?
Will the spellings that we learned today come in handy for us in subsequent lessons? In which cases.
7. Minute for a joke.
1. What pronoun can be written with one letter? (I)
2. What two pronouns interfere with vehicles? (I-we)
3. What pronouns are the purest? (You - we - you)
4. Which island in the Caribbean claims to have clothes? (I am Mike)
5. What pronoun in sports can satisfy rivals but disappoint fans? (Draw)
Bibliography.
Russian language. Grade 6: textbook. for general education institutions / M.T. Baranov, T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, L.A. Trostentsoa and others - M .: Education, 2010.
Russian language. 6th grade. Thematic test tasks for preparation in the GIA / Auth.-comp. N.V. Butygin. - Yaroslavl: Academy of Development, 2010.
Akhremenkova L.A. To the top five step by step, or 50 lessons with a tutor: Russian: Grade 6: psobium for students / L.A. Akhremenkova. – M.: Dedication, 2007.
L.N. Sitnikov. Dictations and presentations for students in grades 5-8. - Volgograd: Publishing house "Teacher", 2003.
A.B. Malyushkin. Test tasks to test students' knowledge of the Russian language: Grade 6. - M .: TC Sphere, 2008.
A.T. Arsyriy. Entertaining materials on the Russian language: a book for students / Ed. Doctor of Philology L.P. Krysina. – M.: Enlightenment, 1995.
The respiration of plants and animals in biology is a unique and universal process. It acts as an integral property of any organism that inhabits the Earth. Consider further how plant respiration occurs.
Biology
The life of organisms, like any manifestation of their activity, is directly related to energy consumption. Plant respiration, nutrition, organs, photosynthesis, movement and absorption of water and necessary compounds, as well as many functions, are associated with the continuous satisfaction of necessary needs. Organisms need energy. It comes from consumed nutrient compounds. In addition, the body needs plastic substances that serve as a building material for cells. The breakdown of these compounds, which occurs during respiration, is accompanied by the release of energy. It also ensures the satisfaction of vital needs.
Plant growth and respiration
These two processes are closely related to each other. Full respiration of plants ensures the active development of the organism. The process itself is presented as a complex system, including many conjugated redox reactions. In the course of them, the chemical nature of organic compounds changes and the energy present in them is used.
general characteristics
Cellular respiration of plants is an oxidative process that occurs with the participation of oxygen. In the course of it, the decomposition of compounds occurs, which is accompanied by the formation of chemically active products and the release of energy. The overall equation for the whole process looks like this:
С6Н12О6 + 602 > 6С02 + 6Н20 + 2875 kJ/mol
Not all of the energy that is released can be used to support life processes. The body needs mainly that part of it that is concentrated in ATP. In many cases, the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate is preceded by the formation of a difference in electric charges on the membrane. This process is associated with differences in the concentration of hydrogen ions on different sides of it. According to modern data, not only adenosine triphosphate, but also the proton gradient acts as a source of energy to ensure the vital activity of the cell. Both forms can be used to activate the processes of synthesis, intake, movement of nutrients and water, the formation of a potential difference between the external environment and the cytoplasm. The energy that is not stored in ATP and the proton gradient is more dissipated as light or heat. It is useless for the body.
Why is this process necessary?
What is the importance of respiration in plants? This process is considered central to the life of the organism. The energy that is released during respiration is used to grow and maintain the already developed parts of the plant in an active state. However, these are far from all the points that determine the importance of this process. Consider the main role of plant respiration. This process, as mentioned above, is a complex redox reaction. It goes through several stages. At intermediate stages, the formation of organic compounds occurs. Subsequently, they are used in various metabolic reactions. Intermediates include pentoses and organic acids. Plant respiration is thus a source of many metabolites. From the overall equation, it can be seen that water is also formed during this process. In conditions of dehydration, it can save the body from death. Generally speaking, respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis. However, in some cases these processes complement each other. They contribute to the supply of both energy equivalents and metabolites. In some cases, when energy is released in the form of heat, plant respiration leads to a useless loss of dry matter. Therefore, an increase in the intensity of this process is far from always beneficial for the body.
Peculiarities
Plant respiration is carried out around the clock. During this process, organisms absorb oxygen from the atmosphere. In addition, they inhale O2, formed in them as a result of photosynthesis and available in the intercellular spaces. During the day, oxygen mainly enters through the stomata of young shoots and leaves, lentils of stems, and also the skin of roots. At night, almost all plants have them covered. During this period, plants use oxygen for respiration, which has accumulated in the intercellular spaces and was formed during photosynthesis. Oxygen entering the cells oxidizes the organic complex compounds present in them, converting them into water and carbon dioxide. In this case, the energy spent on their formation during photosynthesis is released. Carbon dioxide is removed from the body through the cell surface of young roots, lentils, and stomata.
Experiences
To make sure that plant respiration really occurs, you can do the following:
How to use the acquired knowledge?
In the process of growing cultivated plantations, the soil is compacted, and the air content in it is significantly reduced. To improve the flow of life processes, loosening of the soil is carried out. Plants that are grown on waterlogged (highly moistened) soils especially suffer from a lack of oxygen. Improved O2 supply is achieved by draining the land. The dust that settles on the leaves negatively affects the breathing process. Its solid small particles clog the stomata, which greatly complicates the supply of oxygen to the leaves. In addition, impurities that enter the air during combustion at industrial enterprises of various types of fuel also have a harmful effect. In this regard, when landscaping an urban area, as a rule, trees are planted that are resistant to dust. These, for example, include horse chestnut, linden, bird cherry, poplar. During the storage of grain, special attention should be paid to their moisture content. The fact is that with an increase in its level, the intensity of breathing increases. This, in turn, contributes to the fact that the seeds begin to be strongly heated by the released heat. This, in turn, negatively affects the embryos - they die. To avoid such consequences, the seeds that are stored must be dry. The room itself must be well ventilated.
Conclusion
Thus, plant respiration is of great importance for ensuring their normal development at any stage. Without this process, it is impossible not only to ensure the normal functioning of the body, but also the formation of all its sections. During respiration, the most important compounds are formed, without which the existence of a plant is impossible. This complex, multi-stage process is a central link in the entire life of any organism. Knowledge of this contributes to ensuring proper conditions for growing and storing cultivated plants, achieving high yields of grain and other agricultural plantations. It is known that heat is released during respiration. Near some crops, the air temperature can rise by more than 10 degrees. This property is used by a person for various purposes.
Respiration is inherent in all living organisms. After all, thanks to breathing, the body receives energy for life: it grows, develops, feeds, multiplies, moves, perceives the world around it.
Where does the body get energy from? from organic matter. In the cells of the body, organic matter is oxidized with the help of oxygen. As a result, simpler organic substances or carbon dioxide are formed, and energy is also released. This energy is "bound" in special molecules - ATP. And thanks to them, energy is used where it is needed. For example, during protein synthesis, cell division, etc., ATP is formed in mitochondria.
There are bacteria that do not need oxygen to oxidize substances and obtain energy. However, the vast majority of organisms need it. This applies to all plants and animals. Therefore, it is important to ensure the supply of oxygen to their bodies. Plants and animals solve this problem in slightly different ways.
Plants absorb oxygen from the air with their entire surface. They do not have special respiratory organs. However, there are special adaptations: stomata on leaves, lentils on the bark of trees, intercellular spaces filled with air.
Most oxygen is required for the growing parts of the plant, since there the respiration process is more intense. Seeds respire very little. Plant roots also breathe, but there is less air in the soil and, accordingly, less oxygen than on the surface. Therefore, densely nailed soil makes it difficult for the roots to breathe.
More simply arranged animals (for example, sponges, worms) also breathe the entire surface of the body. Other animals have special respiratory systems. Moreover, they differ in different groups of organisms. So arthropods have an extensive tracheal system throughout the body, fish breathe with gills, frogs have lungs, and they also breathe through the skin, in reptiles, birds and mammals mainly pulmonary breathing.
Aquatic animals get oxygen from water, terrestrial - from air. There is less oxygen in water, it gets there from the air. Therefore, it is important that the water surface is in contact with the air. When water bodies are completely covered with ice or oil is spilled on their surface through the fault of a person, aquatic organisms can suffocate.
The main task of the respiratory system of animals is to deliver oxygen to the blood and take carbon dioxide out of it. That is, to carry out gas exchange. When oxygen enters the blood from the lungs, it delivers it to all cells of the body. Carbon dioxide enters from the cells into the blood.
Carbon dioxide, as an unnecessary product of respiration, must be excreted from the body. In plants, this occurs in the same way as the supply of oxygen - through the entire surface of the plant. In animals - through the respiratory and circulatory systems.
Respiration requires not only oxygen, but also organic matter. Its oxidation with the release of energy can be compared with combustion. However, less intense. As you know, when burning, a lot of energy is released in the form of heat and light. And burning mostly organic substances.
Animals and plants differ in the source of organic matter. Plants receive organic matter for oxidation in mitochondria as a result of photosynthesis. That is, they themselves synthesize organic matter from inorganic in chloroplasts. Animals, on the other hand, are forced to absorb the original organic substances, since they cannot synthesize them from inorganic substances.
Thus, in animals and plants, the process of respiration is similar at the cellular and molecular level. However, the method of oxygen absorption from the external environment and its delivery to the cells of the body differs. "Fuel", that is, organic matter for respiration, the plants themselves receive. Animals get it from food. Both plants and animals release carbon dioxide as a result of respiration.
Respiration involves systems that supply the body with oxygen. In plants, it is identical to the animal. This process takes place around the clock. Respiration in plants occurs in the cells of organs located on the entire surface of leaves, stems and roots. It interacts with all the cells of the body. If a representative of the flora has a blockage of cells, then the flow of carbon dioxide will stop. In this case, the plant may die.
History reference
The fact that plants release oxygen during respiration was written in the scientific works of A.L. Lavoisier. In 1773-1783 he conducted experiments. The result of his work was the discovery that during combustion and respiration, a large amount of oxygen is absorbed. This releases carbon dioxide and heat.
Based on his work, the scientist revealed that respiration is the burning of nutrients in a living organism. Later this activity was continued by J. Ingenhaus. He proved that both in the dark and in sunlight, carbon dioxide is absorbed and oxygen is released. This means that plants can recycle both CO 2 and O 2 during respiration, depending on whether light is involved in this process or not.
Similar studies were carried out by H.F. Sheinbain and A.N. Bach. In 1897, the theory was discovered. In the same year, K. Engler presented similar works. In 1955, O. Hayishi and G.S. Mason, through experiments, confirmed that oxygen is an important element in organic compounds.
Specificity of respiration in plants
Breathing is a universal process. It is considered an integral part of all living organisms. It is generally accepted that respiration in plants occurs in the cells of organs and tissues through which gas exchange occurs. Such a system is associated with life, and the cessation of breathing is associated with the death of all living things.
The manifestation of vital activity is inextricably linked with the expenditure of energy. In this case, development, reproduction, growth, cell division occurs. Nutrients, water, various syntheses and processes move and are absorbed. plants are a complex multi-link system. Conjugate oxidative processes change the chemical composition of organic compounds.
Cellular respiration
Such respiration is an oxidative process. It involves oxygen and the breakdown of important nutrients. There is a release of energy and the formation of active metabolites. They are used by cells to form the necessary life processes. In this case, respiration in plants occurs in the cells of organs and is calculated using the summary equation:
С6Н12О6 + 602 > 6С02 + 6Н20 + 2875 kJ/mol.
The received energy is not completely released. Part of the energy is stored in adenosine triphosphate. After synthesis, differences in electric charges are formed on the membrane. This phenomenon is preceded by a difference in the concentrations of hydrogen ions that are formed in the two sides of the membrane. Respiration and nutrition of plants occur with the help of a proton gradient. It is the main material of energy, necessary for the subtle processes occurring in the cell. Such processes are used in the synthesis, intake, movement of water and nutrients. In the chemical structure, a potential difference is created between the environment and the cytoplasm. The energy that could not be stored in the proton gradient is dissipated as light.
Catalytic processes of respiration
The oxidation of substrates occurs with the help of enzymes. They are called protein catalysts. Enzymes have some features:
- very high lability;
- increased activity;
- high specificity for substrates.
Plant respiration and nutrition depend on spatial orientation, which changes under the influence of internal and external factors. Metabolism is regulated. Some of the ways of oxidation are associated with the concept of electrons. Types of oxidative reactions:
- return of electrons;
- accession of oxygen;
- removal of hydrogen;
- the appearance of a hydrated compound;
- removal of protons and two electrons.
The oxidation of a substance is associated with the reduction of the acceptor. Such enzymes are considered to be oxidoreductases. In this case, protons and electrons are detached. They are accepted by the acceptor. The enzyme forms a transfer reaction. These processes include aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration
Such a respiratory system refers to the oxidative process. During respiration, the plant absorbs carbon dioxide while releasing oxygen. The substrate breaks down into the energies of inorganic substances. The main substrates for plant respiration are carbohydrates. In addition to them, a supply of proteins and fats can be consumed.
Such breathing includes two main stages:
- oxygen-free process. In it, there is a slow gradual decay of substrates, the release of hydrogen atoms and the binding of the process with coenzymes.
- oxygen process. Here, the subsequent splitting off of hydrogen atoms is observed. They move away from the respiratory substrate and gradually oxidize. As a result, electrons are transferred to oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration
Such respiration of plants occurs with the help of microorganisms living on them. For the oxidation of substances, they do not use molecular oxygen. They need nitric salt, carbonic and sulfuric acid, which, during long processes, turns into reduced compounds. The necessary energy is achieved by splitting complex molecules of organic substances into the simplest ones. The final electron acceptors are carbonates, sulfates and nitrites. Nitrogen salt, sulfuric and carbonic acid are converted into reducing compounds.
root system
An integral part of the process is the respiration of plant roots. For active growth, representatives of the flora need fresh air supplied to. Such breathing is carried out with the help of oxygen, which circulates in large pores.
With non-capillary porosity during prolonged downpours or an excess of moisture in the pot, the soil is oversaturated with moisture. During this period, the root system experiences asphyxia. Some subspecies of plants can breathe thanks to oxygen dissolved in moisture. In this case, the flow of water must circulate or be flowing. With stagnant moisture, the roots of the representatives of the flora do not receive the necessary oxygen.
Under acceptable conditions, the plant absorbs carbon dioxide during respiration. But in a stagnant regime, it cannot conduct a full-fledged gas exchange. Growth slows down significantly. In relation to nitrogen, the level of oxygen is reduced by 21%. The use of mineral resources of the soil is stopped. The plant captures air, which comes from the leaves, stem and bark of the plant.
The meaning of breath
Respiration in plants occurs in the cells of organs and is the main metabolic process. The energy that is released during breathing is spent on the growth and activity of representatives of the flora.
Plant respiration is compared to photosynthesis. The process goes through several stages. Organic compounds are formed at intermediate stages. They are used in metabolic reactions. These include pentoses and organic acids, which are formed during respiratory decay. Therefore, respiration is considered to be a source of metabolites.
The respiratory system is considered a supplier of energy equivalents of NADP-H and ATP. Plants breathe out oxygen. In this process, representatives of the flora form water. When the plant is dehydrated, it protects it from death.
Sometimes breath energy can be released as heat. In this case, the respiratory process will lead to an unnecessary consumption of dry matter. Strengthening the process of respiration for the plant itself is far from being beneficial in all cases.
