The fact that cheese, cream and other products important for human life are made from pasteurized milk and may not be suitable for food for a short time is known to every schoolchild today. But few people know that we owe such a discovery to the brilliant French scientist Louis Pasteur, whose biography will be considered in this article.

The process of pasteurization was invented by the French microbiologist and chemist Louis Pasteur many years ago, he was already a respected scientist during his lifetime. He discovered that microbes are responsible for the souring of alcohol, and in pasteurization bacteria are destroyed by heating. His work led him and his team to develop the anthrax and rabies vaccine. He is known for many achievements and discoveries, for example, modern medicine owes him fundamental developments in the field of maintaining and developing immunity. In the course of many years of experiments, he managed to develop vaccines against various animal diseases, and his rabies vaccinations saved the lives of many people even then.

Biography of Louis Pasteur: childhood

Louis Pasteur, the third of five children, was born on December 27, 1822 in the French town of Dole, where he lived with his parents and siblings for three years. After the family moved, he grew up and studied in the city of Arbois. In his early school years, Louis Pasteur, whose biography we are considering, showed at first an unexpressed talent in the field of scientific subjects, but rather an artistic one, because he spent a lot of time writing portraits and landscapes. He studied diligently and attended school, then was busy for a while at the college in Arbois, before moving on to the Royal College in Besançon.

Education of the future great scientist

Every year, Louis Pasteur, whose biography is discussed in this article, increased his knowledge. As a result, his academic success did not go unnoticed, which is why he soon began teaching at the Higher Normal Parisian School. He received a Bachelor of Arts (1840) and a Bachelor of Science (1842) from the Royal College of Besançon, and a Doctor of Science (1847) from the École Normale in Paris.

Pasteur spent several years studying and teaching at the Dijon Lyceum. In 1847, Louis received his doctorate in natural sciences, for which he prepared two dissertations in the chemical and physical fields. During his stay in Paris, he attended many lectures at the Sorbonne, especially sitting up for a long time in chemistry classes.

First discoveries in chemistry

While still a student, Pasteur conducted several experiments to study the crystal structure and activity of tartaric acid. In 1849, a scientist was trying to solve a problem regarding the nature of tartaric acid, a chemical found in wine fermentation deposits. He used the rotation of polarized light as a means to study crystals. When polarized light passed through the solution, the tilt angle of the light plane rotated. Pasteur noticed that another compound called tartaric acid is also found in wine fermentation products and has the same composition as tartaric acid. Most scientists assumed that the two compounds were identical. However, Pasteur noticed that tartaric acid did not rotate plane polarized light. He determined that although these two compounds have the same chemical composition, they still have different structures.

Looking at tartaric acid under a microscope, Pasteur found two different types of tiny crystals. Although they looked almost the same, they were actually mirror images of each other. He separated these two types of crystals and began to study them carefully. When polarized light passes through them, the scientist saw that both crystals rotate, but in the opposite direction. When both crystals are in a liquid, the effect of polarized light does not differ. This experiment established that studying the composition alone is not enough to understand how a chemical behaves. Structure and shape are also important, and this led the researcher to the field of stereochemistry.

Academic career and scientific achievements

Initially, Pasteur planned to become a science teacher, as he was greatly inspired by the knowledge and abilities of Professor Dumas, whose lectures he attended at the Sorbonne. For several months he worked as a professor of physics at the Lyceum in Dijon, then in early 1849 he was invited to the University of Strasbourg, where he was offered the position of professor of chemistry. Already from the first years of his work, Pasteur took an active part in intensive research activities, developed professionalism in himself and soon began to enjoy a well-deserved reputation as a chemist in the scientific world.

The biography of Louis Pasteur (in English Louis Pasteur) specifically mentions the year 1854, when he moved to Lille, where a department of chemistry was opened just a few months ago. It was then that he became the dean of the department. At the new place of work, Louis Pasteur showed himself to be an extremely innovative teacher, he tried to teach students, focusing primarily on practice, which was greatly helped by the new laboratories. He also implemented this principle as director of scientific work at the Higher Normal School in Paris, a position he took in 1857. There he continued his pioneering work and made some rather bold experiments. He published the results of his research at that time in the journal of the Higher Normal School, the creation of which was initiated by himself. In the 1960s, he received a lucrative commission from the French government to research the silkworm, which took him several years. In 1867, Louis Pasteur was called to the Sorbonne, where he taught as a professor of chemistry for several years.

Successful chemical discoveries and the biography of Louis Pasteur

In addition to his distinguished academic career, Louis Pasteur also made a big name for himself in the field of chemical discoveries. Already in the first half of the 19th century, scientists knew about the existence of the smallest living beings in the products of wine fermentation and during the souring of food. Their exact origin, however, was not yet fully known. But Louis Pasteur, in the course of various experiments in his laboratory, found out that these organisms enter the products through the air, cause various processes there, and also cause all kinds of diseases, and they can exist there without oxygen. Pasteur called them microorganisms or microbes. Thus he proved that fermentation is not a chemical but a biological process.

The practical benefits of Pasteur's scientific discoveries

His discovery quickly spread among specialists, and also found its place in the food industry. The scientist began to look for ways to prevent the fermentation of wine, or at least slow down this process. Louis Pasteur, whose biography is known today to every scientist, found out in the course of his research that bacteria are destroyed when heated. He continued his experiments and found that by briefly heating to a temperature of 55 degrees Celsius, and then instantly cooling, it is possible to kill bacteria and at the same time get the characteristic taste of wine. So the chemist developed a new method of short heating, which today is called "pasteurization". Today it is widely used in the food industry for preserving milk, products made from it, as well as vegetables and fruit juices.

Work in the field of medicine

In the seventies of the XIX century, Louis Pasteur, whose biography and achievements are known to every schoolchild today, devoted himself to developing a method that is today known as immunization. He first focused his research on chicken cholera, a contagious disease that is deadly to humans. Working with experimental pathogens, he found that the antibodies formed by the animals helped to withstand the disease. His research helped develop vaccines against other deadly diseases such as anthrax and rabies in the coming years.

An important breakthrough in the field of medicine came from the scientist's idea of ​​​​vaccination against rabies, which he developed in 1885 during his work with rabbits. The first patient to be saved in this way was a small boy who had been infected by the bite of a rabid dog. Since Pasteur introduced the vaccine before the disease even entered the brain, the little patient survived. Pasteur's vaccine made him famous internationally and earned him a reward of 25,000 francs.

Personal life

In 1849, Louis Pasteur, whose biography and photo are discussed in this article, met Anne Marie Laurent, the daughter of the rector of the university, in Strasbourg, and married her in the same year. In a happy marriage, five children were born, of which only two survived to adulthood. The death of his nine-year-old daughter Jeanne, who died of typhus, prompted the scientist to study later and vaccination against this terrible disease.

Sunset of the great explorer

Biography of Louis Pasteur (in French Louis Pasteur) is rich in historical events and discoveries. But no one is completely immune from disease. Since 1868, the scientist was partially paralyzed due to a severe cerebral stroke, but he was able to continue his research. He celebrated his 70th birthday at the Sorbonne, where a number of prominent scientists took part, including the British surgeon Joseph Lister. During this time his condition worsened and he died on September 28, 1895. The biography of Louis Pasteur in English and in many others is now available for study by his descendants.

To the question What is the merit of Louis Pasteur and Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov? Biology! * Help me please. given by the author flush the best answer is French microbiologist and chemist Louis Pasteur was born in Dole (Jura, France). In 1847 he graduated from the Higher Normal School in Paris, in 1848 he defended his doctoral dissertation. He taught natural sciences in Dijon (1847-1848), was a professor at Strasbourg (1849-1854) and Lille (since 1854) universities. In 1857 he became dean of the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the Higher Normal School, since 1867 he was a professor of chemistry at the University of Paris. In 1888 he founded and headed the Microbiological Research Institute, created with funds raised by international subscription (now the Pasteur Institute). Since 1857, Pasteur began to study fermentation processes. As a result of numerous experiments, he proved that fermentation is a biological process caused by the activity of microorganisms (in particular, M. Berthelot and J. Liebig insisted on the chemical nature of fermentation). Developing these ideas further, Pasteur argued that each type of fermentation (lactic, alcoholic, acetic) is caused by specific microorganisms ("embryos"). Pasteur outlined his theory in the article "On the fermentation called lactic" (1857). In 1861, he discovered microorganisms that cause butyric fermentation - anaerobic bacteria that live and develop in the absence of free oxygen. The discovery of anaerobiosis led Pasteur to the idea that for organisms that live in an oxygen-deprived environment, fermentation replaces respiration. In 1860-1861. Pasteur proposed a method of preserving food products using heat treatment (later called pasteurization). In 1865, Pasteur began to study the nature of the silkworm disease and, as a result of many years of research, developed methods to combat this contagious disease (1870). He studied other contagious diseases of animals and humans (anthrax, puerperal fever, rabies, chicken cholera, rubella of pigs, etc.), finally establishing that they are caused by specific pathogens. Based on the concept of artificial immunity developed by him, he proposed a method of preventive vaccinations, in particular, vaccination against anthrax (1881). In 1880, Pasteur, together with E. Roux, began research on rabies. The first protective vaccination against this disease was given to him in 1885.
h tt p://w w w. physchem.chimfak.rsu. ru/Source/History/Persones/Pasteur.html remove spaces.
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845-1916) - Russian biologist and pathologist, one of the founders of comparative pathology, evolutionary embryology and domestic microbiology, immunology, creator of the theory of phagocytosis and the theory of immunity, creator of a scientific school, corresponding member (1883), honorary member ( 1902) Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Since 1888 at the Pasteur Institute (Paris). Together with N. F. Gamaleya, he founded (1886) the first bacteriological station in Russia. Opened (1882) the phenomenon of phagocytosis. In the works "Immunity in infectious diseases" (1901) he outlined the phagocytic theory of immunity. Created the theory of the origin of multicellular organisms. Proceedings on the problem of aging. Nobel Prize (1908, together with P. Ehrlich). In 1887, Mechnikov left for Germany, and in the fall of 1888, at the invitation of L. Pasteur, he moved to Paris and organized a laboratory at his institute. The 28-year stay at the Pasteur Institute was a period of fruitful work and general recognition for Ilya Mechnikov. In 1908, together with P. Ehrlich, he received the Nobel Prize for work on immunity. Paying main attention to the issues of pathology, Ilya Mechnikov during this period created a series of works devoted to the microbiology and epidemiology of cholera, plague, typhoid fever, and tuberculosis. In 1891-92, Mechnikov developed the doctrine of inflammation, closely related to the problem of immunity. Considering this process in a comparative evolutionary aspect, he assessed the phenomenon of inflammation itself as a protective reaction of the body, aimed at liberation from foreign substances or the focus of infection.
http://to-name.ru/biography/ilja-mechnikov.htm

What is the merit of Louis Pasteur and Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov? Biology! * Help me please.

1. French microbiologist and chemist Louis Pasteur was born in Dole (Jura, France). In 1847 he graduated from the Higher Normal School in Paris, in 1848 he defended his doctoral dissertation. He taught natural sciences in Dijon (1847-1848), was a professor at Strasbourg (1849-1854) and Lille (since 1854) universities. In 1857 he became dean of the Faculty of Natural Sciences at the Higher Normal School, since 1867 he was a professor of chemistry at the University of Paris. In 1888 he founded and headed the Microbiological Research Institute, created with funds raised by international subscription (now the Pasteur Institute). Since 1857, Pasteur began to study fermentation processes. As a result of numerous experiments, he proved that fermentation is a biological process caused by the activity of microorganisms (in particular, M. Berthelot and J. Liebig insisted on the chemical nature of fermentation). Developing these ideas further, Pasteur argued that each type of fermentation (lactic acid, alcohol, acetic) is caused by specific microorganisms (embryos). Pasteur outlined his theory in the article On the fermentation called lactic (1857). In 1861, he discovered microorganisms that cause butyric fermentation, anaerobic bacteria that live and develop in the absence of free oxygen. The discovery of anaerobiosis led Pasteur to the idea that for organisms that live in an oxygen-deprived environment, fermentation replaces respiration. In 1860-1861. Pasteur proposed a method of preserving food products using heat treatment (later called pasteurization). In 1865, Pasteur began to study the nature of the silkworm disease and, as a result of many years of research, developed methods to combat this contagious disease (1870). He studied other contagious diseases of animals and humans (anthrax, puerperal fever, rabies, chicken cholera, rubella of pigs, etc.), finally establishing that they are caused by specific pathogens. Based on the concept of artificial immunity developed by him, he proposed a method of preventive vaccinations, in particular, vaccination against anthrax (1881). In 1880, Pasteur, together with E. Roux, began research on rabies. The first protective vaccination against this disease was given to him in 1885.
   h tt p://w w w. physchem.chimfak.rsu. ru/Source/History/Persones/Pasteur.html remove spaces.
   Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845-1916) Russian biologist and pathologist, one of the founders of comparative pathology, evolutionary embryology and domestic microbiology, immunology, creator of the theory of phagocytosis and the theory of immunity, founder of a scientific school, corresponding member (1883), honorary member (1902) ) Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Since 1888 at the Pasteur Institute (Paris). Together with N. F. Gamaleya, he founded (1886) the first bacteriological station in Russia. Opened (1882) the phenomenon of phagocytosis. In the works Immunity in Infectious Diseases (1901) he outlined the phagocytic theory of immunity. Created the theory of the origin of multicellular organisms. Proceedings on the problem of aging. Nobel Prize (1908, together with P. Ehrlich). In 1887, Mechnikov left for Germany, and in the fall of 1888, at the invitation of L. Pasteur, he moved to Paris and organized a laboratory at his institute. The 28-year stay at the Pasteur Institute was a period of fruitful work and general recognition for Ilya Mechnikov. In 1908, together with P. Ehrlich, he received the Nobel Prize for work on immunity. Paying main attention to the issues of pathology, Ilya Mechnikov during this period created a series of works devoted to the microbiology and epidemiology of cholera, plague, typhoid fever, and tuberculosis. In 1891-92, Mechnikov developed the doctrine of inflammation, closely related to the problem of immunity. Considering this process in a comparative evolutionary aspect, he assessed the phenomenon of inflammation itself as a protective reaction of the body, aimed at liberation from foreign substances or the focus of infection.
   http://to-name.ru/biography/ilja-mechnikov.htm
2. write less next time

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

1 slide

Description of the slide:

Nobel Prize winners (Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich, Louis Pasteur) Teacher of history and social science at Moscow School of Education No. 16 of Yakutsk Polushina Albina Alekseevna

2 slide

Description of the slide:

3 slide

Description of the slide:

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845-1916) - Russian biologist and pathologist, one of the founders of comparative pathology, evolutionary embryology and domestic microbiology, immunology, creator of the theory of phagocytosis and the theory of immunity, creator of a scientific school, corresponding member (1883), honorary member ( 1902) Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Since 1888 at the Pasteur Institute (Paris). Together with N. F. Gamaleya, he founded (1886) the first bacteriological station in Russia. Opened (1882) the phenomenon of phagocytosis. In the works "Immunity in infectious diseases" (1901) he outlined the phagocytic theory of immunity. Created the theory of the origin of multicellular organisms. Proceedings on the problem of aging. Nobel Prize (1908, together with P. Ehrlich).

4 slide

Description of the slide:

There, under the influence of the famous zoologist A. O. Kovalevsky, Mechnikov became a convinced Darwinist. In an effort to prove, on the basis of the theory of evolution, the relationship of animals of all species, he, together with Kovalevsky, developed the principles of a new science - comparative embryology. The discoveries of Mechnikov and Kovalevsky were noted by the scientific community. In 1867 they received the first-class Karl Baer Prize for outstanding work in embryology.

5 slide

Description of the slide:

At 22, Mechnikov defended his dissertation and became a master of zoology at the Novorossiysk University in Odessa. However, soon, not getting along with his superiors, he left for St. Petersburg. But here, too, his quarrelsome character made itself felt - having run for the military medical academy, Ilya Ilyich returned to Odessa, having managed to defend his doctoral dissertation in the capital.

6 slide

Description of the slide:

In 1887, at the invitation of Pasteur, with whom he entered into correspondence, Mechnikov came to Paris. He worked at the Pasteur Institute until the end of his life (he died on July 15, 1916) and earned the recognition of C. Darwin, I. M. Sechenov and others. 19th century Russia was threatened by a cholera epidemic, he did a lot to fight the disease. He repeatedly participated in expeditions to the Kalmyk steppes, where natural foci of plague were common. Mechnikov was an honorary member of the Royal Society of London, the Paris Medical Academy, the Russian Academy of Sciences and the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy.

7 slide

Description of the slide:

8 slide

Description of the slide:

The French scientist, Louis Pasteur, became a man who made a breakthrough in medicine and immunology in particular. He was the first to prove that diseases, which are now called infectious, can only occur as a result of the penetration of microbes into the body from the external environment. This brilliant discovery formed the basis of the principles of asepsis and antisepsis, giving a new round in the development of surgery, obstetrics and medicine in general.

9 slide

Description of the slide:

Thanks to his research, not only pathogens of infectious diseases were discovered, but effective ways to combat them were found. This is how vaccines against anthrax, chicken cholera, and swine rubella were discovered. In 1885, Louis Pasteur developed a vaccine against rabies, a disease that in 100% of cases ends in the death of the patient. There is a legend that in childhood, the future scientist saw a man bitten by a rabid wolf. The little boy was very shocked by the terrible picture of cauterization of the bite with a red-hot iron. But when Pasteur nevertheless created a vaccine, he hesitated for a long time to test the effectiveness of the anti-rabies vaccine in humans. In the end, he decided to test the effect of the vaccine on himself. But chance helped: a boy was brought to him, bitten by a rabid dog. The child would have died anyway, so Pasteur injected the child with tetanus toxoid. After 14 injections the boy recovered.

10 slide

Description of the slide:

Pasteur created the world scientific school of microbiologists, many of his students later became major scientists. They own 8 Nobel Prizes. It was Pasteur who laid down one of the cornerstone principles of scientific research, evidence, by saying the famous "never trust what is not confirmed by experiments." In the 20th century, prominent scientists developed and successfully used vaccinations against poliomyelitis, hepatitis, diphtheria, measles, mumps, rubella, tuberculosis, and influenza.

He could have become a musician, but devoted himself to science. He was a pessimist who made a number of suicide attempts. He developed a method for extending a person's life, the truth of which he bequeathed to be tested on his own body posthumously. He introduced the concept of cellular phagocytosis into science and founded the doctrine of old age (gerontology). It is very difficult to write a short biography of Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. His life path was thorny and strewn with losses. But fate took care of this outstanding scientist, and he justified her hopes.

Childhood

He was born into a friendly large family of boyars of Moldavian origin on May 15, 1845. In their estate in the village of Panasovka (Kharkiv region) it was always noisy. Little Ilya diligently listened to his teachers, but most of all he liked the teacher of his older brother Leo, a medical student Khodunov, who taught chemistry and biology. The biography of Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov as a scientist began at the age of eight. It was then that he enthusiastically collected a herbarium and gave pocket money to his brothers so that they would listen to his "lectures on botany." And at eleven, Ilyusha almost drowned in a pond when he was catching freshwater hydras for his research.

Gymnasium

The future scientist was a child prodigy. He entered the Kharkov gymnasium immediately in the second grade (1856) and graduated with a gold medal. He devotes all his free and not very time to the natural sciences. He reads books avidly, catches hydras and strives to go to college early. With considerable difficulty, this sixth-grader obtained permission to attend lectures on anatomy and cytology at Kharkov University. An ambitious high school graduate decided to continue his studies in Germany. But at that time, Europe did not accept him. He returned to his homeland and entered his native university in the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. From Europe, Ilya brought Ch. Darwin's book "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection", which is gaining popularity. This work made its own adjustments to the biography of Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, who had been an atheist all his life.

Young PhD

The first unsuccessful suicide of Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov

A short biography of the scientist continues in Odessa. He is 22 years old, he is a professor at the department of zoology, his eyesight is damaged from working with a microscope, radical students annoy him, political conversations of teachers are alarming. The first wife, Lyudmila Fedorovich (1873), dies of tuberculosis, he is gloomy and depressed. Ilya Ilyich drinks morphine, but the dose turns out to be too large, and he did not die. During the illness, a student Olga Belokopytova looked after the scientist. He married her in 1875, when she was a fifteen-year-old student of his. Years of work at the Novorossiysk University (1870-1882) brought the discovery of the concept of multicellular organisms. During this period, Mechnikov was the first to apply biological methods of protecting plants from pests. But the situation at the university was heating up, and he resigns. With his wife, they leave for Messina (the island of Sicily, Italy).

Major discovery

It was in Messina, watching starfish, that Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov made a discovery, whose contribution to science turned all the views of that time on immunity upside down. He observed how amoeba-like cells accumulate around a splinter in the body of a starfish, which either absorb a foreign object or create a protective capsule around it. He called these cells phagocytes, and the phenomenon - phagocytosis. These experiments glorified Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. Contribution to science briefly this - the discovery of cellular immunity.

Homecoming

A brief biography of Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov since 1886 is associated with his native estate. He organized a private bacteriological laboratory, where he gathered like-minded people who became prominent microbiologists (D. Zabolotny, L. Tarasevich, N. Gamaley). They vaccinated livestock against anthrax and rabies. The mistakes made by the disciples, when more than half of the flock of vaccinated sheep died, led to a trial. The rebellion of the peasants in the family estate and the unstable political situation forced the scientist to leave Russia. He and his wife left for Germany, and in 1888 Mechnikov accepted the proposal of Louis Pasteur and headed the department at the Pasteur Institute (Paris, France).

Work in Paris

At the Pasteur Institute, he will work for 28 years, become a recognized microbiologist, write many works on infectious diseases, receive the Nobel Prize for work on immunity (1908) and develop the theory of orthobiosis (correct lifestyle). But it is here that he will survive the death of his beloved wife from typhoid fever and a second suicide attempt, injecting himself with a vaccine with the causative agents of this disease. But he didn't die again. Having survived several serious crises, the scientist recovers. With the departure of the disease, the pessimism of Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov also leaves. Biology played a strange joke on him - after an illness, vision and general condition improve. He continues to work hard and develop his theory of phagocytosis.

Gotta live right

Since 1903, a brief biography of Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov has been associated with the problems of aging and death of the human body. He considers toxins that poison our body with intestinal microflora to be the causes of aging. More dairy products and less meat - this is Mechnikov's recipe for longevity. His theory of orthobiosis provided for a person to go through a full cycle of life, which will end with a calm and natural biological death of the organism. But he did not exclude the human factor - the influence of life's contradictions. He read that each age has its own tasks and characteristics. And death would not be perceived by us tragically if we lived to the age of its natural acceptance. And although these views of Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov did not contribute to science, even today there are trademarks of lactic acid products using the name of the scientist.

Life and death for the benefit of science

Briefly, the contribution to science of Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov cannot be described. He lived in science since childhood, his discoveries expanded the knowledge of microbiology, opened the way for practical application in medicine and disease prevention. Having suffered several heart attacks, Mechnikov died on July 15, 1916. But he also gave his death to science - according to his will, the body was given for medical research, and then cremated. The urn with the ashes of the great Russian biologist, pathologist and evolutionist Ilya Mechnikov is stored in the library of the Pasteur Institute in Paris. Many streets, avenues, medical and educational institutions of Russia named after this outstanding microbiologist are a tribute to the memory of a scientist in his homeland.