extremist manifestations among students
in educational institutions
Extremism (as well as terrorism, separatism and xenophobia) at the beginning of the 21st century is one of the most dangerous and difficult to predict phenomena of our time.
Currently, extremism is acquiring more and more diverse forms and threatening proportions.
According to a number of experts, at the beginning of the 21st century, there were about 500 terrorist organizations and groups of various extremist orientations operating in the world. Over the past 10 years, they have committed more than 6,500 acts of international terrorism, from which more than 5 thousand people died and 11.5 thousand were injured.
The purpose of the largest actions is to strike blows, including psychological ones, against countries that are the original leaders of modern civilization; damage to democratic and progressive social transformations, property of organizations, institutions, individuals; intimidation of people, violence against them and physical destruction for the sake of reactionary views and ideologies of a fascist, racist, anarchist or chauvinistic nature, as well as receiving material or other benefits by accessible elements or organizations, groups, persons patronizing them; disorganization and damage to normal relations between states, between people.
Terrorist ties to the drug business and the illegal arms trade are expanding.
The intellectual and educational level of the leaders of terrorism has increased significantly. Against the background of the merger and cooperation of the leaders of legal and illegal extremist structures with the leading core of nationalist, religious-sectarian, fundamentalist and other communities. Political and criminal terrorism are merging on the basis of mutually beneficial personal interests.
Terrorist acts most often bring massive human casualties, entail the destruction of material and spiritual values that sometimes cannot be restored, sow enmity between states and peoples, provoke wars, distrust and hatred between states, between social and national groups, which sometimes cannot be overcome in a lifetime the whole generation.
The world has entered a unique era of terrorism, which can turn the entire modern society into its potential victim. Never before has terrorism been a global phenomenon. In recent years, it has been globalized and universalized.
In this regard, the need for a qualitative restructuring of the fight against it is determined.
There are more than 100 definitions of terrorism in modern literature. The word "terrorism" ("terror"), quite widespread, however, does not have a clearly fixed content. It comes from Latinterror-fear, horror) and is very close to such concepts as “terrorize”, “keep in obedience”, “intimidate”, “perpetrate reprisals”, etc. V.I. , threats of violence and physical destruction, cruel punitive measures and tortures, executions.
Terrorism - this is violence containing the threat of another, no less cruel violence, in order to cause panic, disrupt and even destroy the state and public order, inspire fear, force the enemy to make the desired decision, cause political and other changes.
According to a number of experts, the following extremist, terrorist groups and organizations require close attention from law enforcement agencies: Al-Gamaat al-Islamiya, Al-Jihad, Islamic Salvation Front, Armed Islamic Group, Abu Sayyaf, Jamaat al-Fukrah, Harakat al-Ansar, Hezbollah, Al-Qaeda, Islamic Jihad, Aum Sinreke, Real Irish Republican Army, Bak Homeland and Freedom, Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia and others. Al-Qaeda requires special close attention.
Recently, representatives of a number of sciences (jurisprudence, medicine, psychology, political science) began to devote considerable attention to the study of the personality (image, appearance, portrait) of a terrorist.
There are several reasons for this interest. This is an increase in the number of terrorist attacks and their scale. The need to develop a negative attitude in society and ways to counter terrorism and terrorists. And most importantly - the complexity of the nature and causes of terrorism, which causes ambiguous, sometimes opposite, judgments of scientists and experts in characterizing the personality of terrorists, motives and incentives for their individual and group behavior.
The well-known criminologist academician V. Kudryavtsev defines three types of terrorists: extremist politicians, religious fanatics who are recruited from among illiterate people, and psychopathic personalities. The latter just become suicide bombers.
In modern conditions, the danger of committing acts of "technological terrorism" is increasing, which means the use or threat of use of nuclear, chemical and bacteriological weapons, radioactive or highly toxic chemical, biological substances. Potentially very dangerous is information or electronic (computer) terrorism, since modern society, including defense, the activities of special services and law enforcement agencies, banking, and transport are largely dependent on electronic databases and transmitted information.
One of the main factors contributing to the involvement of large groups of the population in terrorist organizations include:
persecution of members of the movement for independence, cultural identity or religious freedom;
connivance and rejection of timely measures to extremist manifestations;
the absence of a targeted religious and national-cultural policy that takes into account the characteristics and specifics of a particular ethnic group;
artificially incited extremism by national and religious leaders, criminal elements, as well as foreign intelligence agencies in order to undermine the power of the state;
the absence in a number of social groups of their own public organizations, because of which they do not have the opportunity to participate sufficiently in the political life of society.
The events of recent days in the Moscow region (a severe beating by students of educational institutions, which resulted in the death of a 50-year-old citizen of Tajikistan in the Orekhovo-Zuevsky district; severe stab wounds of a schoolboy, a native of one of the republics of the North Caucasus in the city of Dolgoprudny, inflicted by students; detention by internal organs affairs of the city of Moscow of students of the state educational institution of secondary vocational education of the Moscow region "Balashikha College of Industry and Economics", participants in an unauthorized rally) testify to some destructive processes launched among the youth.
An effective system is needed to educate citizens, including students and their parents, about the dangers, the scale of extremism, terrorism and its ideology.
The ideology of extremism and terrorism is the core that not only unites people into an organization of like-minded people, but also justifies terrorist activities by creating and cultivating in a terrorist organization some kind of “ideological surrogate hodgepodge” in which value orientations recognized in society, the concepts of justice and honor are replaced .
The features of the terrorist ideology are: peremptory; increased aggressiveness; rigid division of people into "us" and "them", "bad" and "good"; representation of reality in black and white colors. The basis of terrorist ideology is nationalism, clericalism, separatism, religious fanaticism - as a manifestation of extremism.
Prevention and neutralization of the ideology of extremism requires raising the moral bar regarding what is acceptable in society and what is not, when it comes to the ethnic or religious affiliation of citizens.
In connection with the foregoing, it is necessary to intensify educational, including preventive, activities in educational institutions in the following areas:
identification (if possible) together with law enforcement agencies of the facts of participation in the centers of ideological support and support of terrorist, extremist and separatist movements;
improving the quality of education, creating conditions for the development of traditional and original culture;
intensification of propaganda work, clarification of the essence of anti-terrorist ideas, strengthening in the minds of students and students of the understanding that the potential victims will not be individual individuals or groups, but the majority of citizens;
providing a system of measures aimed at condemning extremist ideology and practice, terrorism, violence in the media, strengthening counter-propaganda;
creation of an effective system of education in terms of cultural and confessional diversity, the historical unity of the country's inhabitants, the history of religious intolerance, genocide and other crimes generated by extremism and terrorism;
providing systems of measures aimed at strengthening the effectiveness of the functioning of protective mechanisms in the field of morality.
In modern conditions, extremist manifestations among young people have become a destabilizing factor in the development of society, a catalyst for the aggressiveness and harshness of criminal manifestations, which are affected by a number of powerful criminogenic factors. Every day we are witnessing an ever-increasing spread of norms of behavior alien to Russian spiritual ideals and unusual for us, moral and ethical guidelines in the environment in question - greed, money-grubbing and indifference, cruelty, etc. In addition, in adolescence, children are concerned about the problem of self-affirmation, which is solved in the process of interaction with other adolescents. The sense of social insecurity they experience contributes to their unification. Informal youth groups acquire more and more stable forms over time. The desire to increase one's authority among peers, the desire for material independence, age-related frivolity often contributes to the commission of crimes. The extremist activity of young people, as a rule, is also carried out in a group. It is group crime that serves as the main channel for involving adolescents and young people in committing extremist crimes. However, the identification and neutralization of such groups is inefficient.
Significant importance in the system of countering extremism, in this regard, is given to improving the organization and implementation of the prevention of extremism among adolescents and youth, which is based on its information support. Information support - This is an activity that includes a significant amount of information, the main of which should include information about extremist groups, places of their legal and illegal meetings, their views on the problems of extremist activity and, finally, about their organizers, leaders and direct participants. The array of this information should contribute to the proper organization of preventive measures by the subjects of countering extremist activity in accordance with their competence.
Of all the information that provides a solution to the problems of preventing extremism among minors and young people, information about persons plotting, preparing, committing and committing crimes of an extremist orientation is of exceptional importance - for the possible foresight of their subsequent actions and the adoption of adequate measures.
Thanks to the information support, an optimal program should be created for the implementation of operational and preventive measures by all subjects of countering extremist activity, which, having the appropriate information, should develop measures to eliminate or neutralize criminogenic factors that contribute to the commission of extremist crimes and their prevention. Information that ensures the implementation of preventive measures to counter extremism among adolescents and young people is a kind of social information. Its purpose is to ensure activities for the prevention of extremism among minors and youth, to promote the full and timely registration of persons from this category who are prone to committing crimes of an extremist orientation, and their correction; elimination of those criminogenic factors that negatively affect them. There are a number of features of the information used in the prevention of extremism among minors and young people.
First, the means of obtaining such information, as a rule, are the forces and tools used by law enforcement agencies and operational units. In some cases, sources of information include information published in the media, on Internet sites, received from public organizations, individual citizens, etc.
Secondly, information about extremist manifestations in most cases is checked with the involvement of a number of subjects of countering extremist activity (depending on the age of the object of prevention, his social ties, his place of study or work).
Thirdly, in terms of content, preventive information can be single-use and reusable.
One-time use information should include, for example, information about the preparation or commission of an extremist crime. In this case, immediate measures should be taken to suppress criminal acts and eliminate their causes and conditions, to provide a preventive effect on persons expressing appropriate intentions. Reusable preventive information is concentrated in various analytical documents, reports, summaries and contributes to the development of the right decisions on organizing the prevention of extremism among adolescents and young people in the future.
Various factors that push young people to commit extremist crimes are not static, they change over time. Therefore, those reasons and conditions that prompted to commit a crime yesterday may not become such today due to changed circumstances. In this regard, it is necessary to constantly improve the work to identify the causes and conditions that contribute to extremist activity. The most important component of the prevention of extremism among young people is the preventive activity of law enforcement officers and judges in educational institutions (schools, colleges, universities, institutes, etc.) as part of legal education and overcoming legal nihilism in the minds of the younger generation. Educational institutions act as a mirror of social relations, and therefore there is nothing surprising in the fact that initiation to extremism often occurs in them. Problems of intolerance, nationalism and xenophobia, lack of tolerance are the reality of modern school life.
Thus, the features of the object of extremism prevention under consideration require from its subjects special professional and pedagogical knowledge, skills and experience in their application, and the implementation of operational and service functions in this area requires special training in many branches of knowledge.
The general provisions for the prevention of extremism among young people are defined by the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of the System for the Prevention of Neglect and Juvenile Delinquency” dated June 24, 1999 No. 120-FZ, where the prevention of offenses and neglect should be understood as a system of social, legal, pedagogical and other measures aimed at to identify and eliminate the causes and conditions that contribute to neglect, homelessness, delinquency and antisocial actions of minors, carried out in conjunction with individual preventive work with minors and families in a socially dangerous situation. The main objectives of activities for the prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency are:
prevention of neglect, homelessness, offenses and antisocial actions of minors, identification and elimination of the causes and conditions that contribute to this;
ensuring the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of minors;
socio-pedagogical rehabilitation of minors who are in a socially dangerous situation;
identification and suppression of cases of involvement of minors in the commission of crimes and antisocial actions.
Based on this, we can conclude that the prevention of extremism among adolescents and youth should be understood as a system of social, legal, pedagogical and other measures aimed at identifying and eliminating the causes and conditions that contribute to the implementation of extremist crimes and offenses committed by this category of persons. The main tasks of such preventive work will be:
prevention of offenses and anti-social actions of an extremist nature committed by students of schools, other educational institutions, identification and elimination of the causes and conditions conducive to such actions;
detection and suppression of cases of involvement of minors in extremist activities.
As part of the prevention of extremism, two levels of prevention should be distinguished: general social and special. The first level - general social - includes a set of preventive measures that are not specifically aimed at the causes and conditions of the crime. These are measures to improve the social climate in the educational institution as a whole.
The formation of the foundations of a tolerant worldview of students and schoolchildren is the main task of general social prevention. Due to the fact that we are talking about the development of the worldview of the younger generation, the process of forming tolerance can be quite lengthy. Refusal of any forms of intolerance, national, ethnic, linguistic, racial, social hatred or enmity should be the platform of the whole conscious life of a young person.
Due to these circumstances, law enforcement officers are not fully able to solve this problem. Its subjects should also be family members, teaching staff of preschool and school institutions, the teaching staff of universities.
The second level - special - is focused directly on the elimination of the causes and conditions of extremist manifestations. It is at this level that we are already talking about a system of measures aimed at solving a specific problem - the prevention of crimes and offenses of an extremist orientation. It is at this level that the role of law enforcement officers becomes one of the leading ones. The elements of a special warning are criminological prevention, criminal law warning, victimological prevention. Criminological prevention is divided into early, immediate prevention and prevention of relapse of crime in adolescents and young people. The object of early prevention is the factors of unfavorable formation of the personality of minors and young people, such forms of their antisocial activities that indicate the possibility of committing extremist crimes. Direct prevention is aimed at persons who are on the verge of committing a crime. Based on its focus on the object, it can be identified with the suppression of crimes. Recidivism prevention is about preventing young people from reoffending.
Operational-search prevention is a system carried out using both overt and covert forces, means, methods of operational-search measures aimed at identifying and positively influencing the determinants of extremism, persons preparing and attempting to commit extremist crimes, as well as potential victims of extremist attacks.
Two types of special prophylaxis should be mentioned - general and individual. General prevention is not personalized, it is mainly aimed at the microenvironment of criminal behavior. General prevention covers the direction of studying and positively influencing the causes of crime, the conditions that contribute to it, or the circumstances that make it objectively possible to commit crimes. The object of individual prevention is the personality of a person who can be expected to commit a crime. It includes both activities for the timely identification of persons who, judging by the reliably established facts of their illegal behavior, can be expected to commit crimes, and the impact on these persons in order to prevent crimes on their part.
Thus, the prevention of extremism among young people is a complex system of activities carried out both at the general (formation of the foundations of a tolerant worldview) and at the special (actually the prevention of extremist crimes and offenses) levels.
Senior Assistant Prosecutor A.V. Elk
Federal Law No. 114-FZ of July 25, 2002 “On Counteracting Extremist Activity” defines extremist activity (extremism) as: violent change in the foundations of the constitutional system and violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation; public justification of terrorism and other terrorist activities; incitement of social, racial, national or religious hatred; propaganda of the exclusivity, superiority or inferiority of a person on the basis of his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion; violation of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a person and a citizen, depending on his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion; preventing citizens from exercising their electoral rights and the right to participate in a referendum or violating the secrecy of voting, combined with violence or the threat of its use;
In the Federal Law of July 25, 2002 N 114-FZ "On countering extremist activity", extremist activity (extremism) is defined as: obstruction of the lawful activities of state bodies, local governments, election commissions, public and religious associations or other organizations, combined with violence or the threat of its use; commission of crimes for the motives specified in paragraph "e" of the first part of Article 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; propaganda and public demonstration of Nazi paraphernalia or symbols or paraphernalia or symbols confusingly similar to Nazi paraphernalia or symbols; public calls for the implementation of these acts or the mass distribution of obviously extremist materials, as well as their production or storage for the purpose of mass distribution;
In the Federal Law of July 25, 2002 N 114-FZ "On countering extremist activity", extremist activity (extremism) is defined as: a public knowingly false accusation of a person holding a public position of the Russian Federation or a public position of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, of committing by him during the period the performance of their official duties of the acts specified in this article and which are a crime; organization and preparation of these acts, as well as incitement to their implementation; financing of these acts or other assistance in their organization, preparation and implementation, including through the provision of educational, printing and material and technical base, telephone and other types of communication or the provision of information services.
At present, informal youth groups can be conditionally divided into several groups: Fans of sports teams Nationalist groups (including skinheads) Pro-Western fans of various musical trends (punks, rappers, etc.) Fans of various cults (Satanists, Krishnaites, etc.) Left radical groups (AKM, NBP, SCM).
Administrative responsibility for committing an offense of an extremist nature. article 20.3 - "propaganda and public demonstration of Nazi paraphernalia or symbols" article - "production and distribution of extremist materials."
Criminal liability for crimes of an extremist nature Article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for criminal liability (from the age of 16) for actions aimed at inciting hatred or enmity, as well as degrading the dignity of a person or group of persons on the grounds of gender, race, nationality, language, origin , attitudes towards religion, as well as belonging to any social group.
The main signs that a teenager is beginning to fall under the influence of extremist ideology: -his behavior becomes much more harsh and rude, profanity or jargon is progressing; - the style of clothing and appearance changes dramatically, corresponding to the rules of a certain subculture; - on the computer there are many saved links or files with texts, videos or images of extremist-political or social-extreme content;
The main signs that a teenager is beginning to fall under the influence of extremist ideology: - incomprehensible and atypical symbols or paraphernalia appear in the house (as an option - Nazi symbols), objects that can be used as weapons; - spends a lot of time at the computer or self-education on issues not related to schooling, fiction, films, computer games; - increased addiction to bad habits; - a sharp increase in the number of conversations on political and social topics, during which extreme judgments are expressed with signs of intolerance; - Internet aliases, passwords, etc. are of an extreme political nature.
If you suspect that your child has fallen under the influence of an extremist organization, do not panic, but act quickly and decisively: 1. Do not categorically condemn the teenager's hobby 2. Start "counter-propaganda". 3. Limit the teenager's communication with acquaintances that have a negative influence on him, 4. Seek psychological support.
Lesson Objectives:
Cognitive:
To intensify the mental activity of students in mastering the role of extremism and terrorism in the modern life of society and determine the degree of danger of these phenomena for human life;
Expand children's understanding of youth subculture;
Developing:
To promote the development of logical thinking, attention and independence;
To promote the development of a critical attitude to the perception of various kinds of information;
Educational:
Contribute to the formation of an uncompromising attitude towards manifestations of extremism and terrorism;
To form a critical attitude towards fashionable youth movements that have an extremist orientation;
Contribute to the formation of socio-cultural and civic identity of students.
Lesson objectives:
identify the causes and goals of extremism and terrorism;
to instill a sense of responsibility of students for the fate of mankind.
student workbooks;
the text of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On countering terrorism", the text of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation;
global problems of our time, terror, terrorism, extremism, youth subculture.
Lesson plan
Organizing time.
Exploring a new lesson topic.
Group work with the text of documents.
Summarizing.
Mini-lecture of the teacher:
Mass media tell us about terrorist acts. Terrorism has long turned from an abstract concept into a real nightmare that threatens all of humanity. Today, terrorism is a factor of global importance that any government has to reckon with both in its domestic and foreign policy. Terrorism as a socio-political phenomenon is far from young. Its history spans at least a century and a half.
In recent decades, the entire Russian society has faced a challenge from the ideology and practice of extremism. Of particular danger is the fact that the extremist ideology actively uses the most accessible channels for delivering information to young people and easily penetrates the youth subculture, offering fairly simple and “radical” solutions to achieve goals through extreme measures to destroy or neutralize everything “foreign”. Unfortunately, there are more and more facts of crimes committed by young people that are qualified as extremist.
We will try to understand the causes and origins of extremism and try to find a solution to this global problem of mankind.
Brainstorm:
Why do you think extremist sentiments are actively developing among young people today?
Stage 1. Notebooks record the reasons for which, in the opinion of students, Are extremist sentiments actively developing among young people? You have 5 minutes to complete this task.
Stage 2 work lies in the fact that all the reasons that students have identified are written on the board (without repetition and criticism, see "Rules for Brainstorming").
Stage 3 work, a hierarchy of reasons is built from the most important to the least in the opinion of students (Appendix 1.).
Summing up total teacher about the importance of preventing extremist sentiments among young people. It is young people who represent a risk group prone to aggressive extremist actions. Due to their age, young people are characterized by such psychological characteristics as: maximalism and nihilism, radicalism and intolerance, recklessness and intransigence, a tendency to groupism, worldview instability and failures in the search for self-identity, which, under certain living conditions and the presence of a nutrient medium, can act as a trigger mechanism of their antisocial activity.
Formation of basic concepts.
All students on the eve of the lesson are given an advanced task to find in the reference literature the definition of the concepts of "extremism", "terrorism", "terror". In the lesson, these definitions need to be heard and compared, to highlight the essential features. It is advisable to write down some concepts in notebooks. Based on the analysis, select several working concepts for further study of the problem.
Extremism(from Latin ехtremus - extreme) is translated as a commitment to extreme views and radical measures.
Extremist moods of the young- this is a reflection of the need to take risky actions, to fight for justice in their understanding, as well as for the "purity" of their nation.
Terrorism is considered as the use of violence or the threat of its use against individuals, groups of individuals or various objects in order to achieve political, economic, ideological and other results beneficial to terrorists.
Terrorism This is the ultimate form of extremism.
Terrorism – it is violence carried out by opposition groups.
Terror ( from lat. "terror" - fear, horror) - this is a policy of repression by the state, relying on the power of its power institutions .
Terrorism – there is motivated violence with political aims (B. Crozier, director of the London Institute for the Study of Conflict).
Terrorism– it is the use of non-state violence or the threat of violence with the aim of causing public panic, weakening and even overthrowing officials and causing political changes in society” (Walter Lacker, foreign expert).
Terrorism – this is a tactic of political struggle, characterized by the systematic use of violence, expressed in murders, sabotage, sabotage, kidnappings and other actions that pose a threat to the life and safety of people” (EP Kozhushko).
Students do findings that extremism as a complex and heterogeneous socio-cultural phenomenon, is defined as a commitment to extreme measures and views that reject existing social norms or aim at their radical transformation, which is a weapon of terror repression, weapons of terrorism terrorist act. In order to achieve certain political, religious, socio-economic goals, terrorists use violent methods.
Discussion: The youth subculture is a springboard for the development of extremism.
For discussion, students are invited to take one of the following positions.
Yes, I agree
Agree, but with reservations
Disagree
I don't know, undecided
After the participants have determined their position, each group is invited to defend their thesis using different facts and arguments in defense of their thesis.
When summing up the discussion, use approaches to the definition of youth subculture (Appendix 2.).
Group work with the text of documents
At this stage of the lesson, group work of students with the text of the Federal Law "On Combating Terrorism" (dated March 6, 2006) and the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is organized. The texts of the documents are prepared in advance for the participants of each working group. Working with the text, students make the necessary notes in notebooks. Students may be asked to:
Task for the first group. Working with the text of the Federal Law, define the concepts, legal framework and basic principles of countering terrorism in the Russian Federation. Based on the articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, name the crimes of a terrorist nature.
Task for the second group. Determine the organizational foundations for countering terrorism, goals, entities that carry out this activity, their competence and functions.
Task for the third group. Show how the counter-terrorist operation is carried out, who manages it, what forces and means are involved for this, how the legal regime is carried out in the zone of the operation, and how negotiations with terrorists are carried out.
Task for the fourth group. Determine how the compensation for harm caused as a result of a terrorist act is carried out, the social rehabilitation of victims, their legal and social protection, and the responsibility of organizations for involvement in terrorism.
At the end of the discussion, the groups are offered whatman paper and markers for a graphic presentation of the results of the work.
At the end of the work, the participants announce the results, exchange the information received, and draw conclusions.
Development and protection of projects
At the final stage of the second lesson, each group is invited to develop projects "The role and opportunities of youth subcultures in the formation of anti-extremist ideology of young people."
Group "Theorists" presents a research project, the end product of which may be the reference books “Main youth subcultures of the southern region”, etc.
Group "Press Center" presents a creative project in the form of a special edition of the school computer ha h eta dedicated to the problem of prevention of extremism and terrorism in the modern world.
Group "Politicians" carries out the presentation of applied projects in the form of rules of conduct for schoolchildren, the Program of the youth organization "Youth against terrorism".
Group "Psychologists" carries out a presentation of applied projects in the form of a program of psychological and pedagogical support for young people, protection of the main areas of support.
Project Development Materials: Internet resources, applications 1-3.
This stage of the lesson is devoted to the presentation of group projects of students. In advance (1-2 weeks in advance), the formed groups choose the topic and type of projects, think over the sources of information collection, options for designing work, and the form of presentation of the project.
After defending the projects, the teacher completes the lesson and gives homework.
Appendix 1.
Reasons for the development of extremism among young people
Age characteristics of young people and features of the conditions for their development. Uncertainty of social status, marginality of social positions, psychophysiological changes that accompany the growing up of a young person, the processes of personality formation make young people vulnerable to various forms of discrimination. First of all, we are talking about age discrimination, when boys and girls feel that their rights are limited in various areas.
Instability of desires, fuzziness of goals, intolerance of dissent and the impulsiveness inherent in young people are the specifics of adolescence. Such features alienate a young person from his parents and other adults, make him take steps towards finding his own kind. Young people are united in groups that are homogeneous in age and social class, in which their typical needs for leisure, communication, and grouping are satisfied.
In the associations of young people, their own cultural norms and attitudes naturally develop, peculiar values are cultivated, generational factors operate that can become basis of the psychological opposition between "we" and "they"».
First of all, Terrorism and extremism manifest themselves in societies that have embarked on the path of transformations, dramatic social changes, or in modern postmodern societies with a pronounced polarization of the population along ethno-social characteristics. Marginal and immobile groups of the population become participants in terrorist actions.
Secondly, social contrasts, a sharp stratification of society into the poor and the rich, and not just poverty or a low level of socio-economic status, provoke aggression and create grounds for terrorism.
Thirdly, manifestations of extremism are growing in the initial periods of social modernization. In the final stages of successful change, manifestations of extremism and terrorism decline sharply.
Fourth, incomplete urbanization, specific forms of industrialization, changes in the ethno-demographic structure of society, especially unregulated migration, give rise to extremism and intolerance in society.
Fifth, an important role in the spread of ethnic and religious extremism and terrorism in the Islamic world is played by the predominance of authoritarian political regimes. They provoke violence as a form of resolving political contradictions and give it the character of a cultural norm.
Appendix 2
youth subculture- this is the culture of a certain young generation that has a common style of life, behavior, group norms, values and stereotypes. Youth subcultures can be defined as a system of meanings, means of expression, lifestyles. Created by youth groups, subcultures reflect attempts to resolve conflicts associated with a broader social context. Subcultures are not some kind of foreign formation, on the contrary, they are deeply accelerated, in a general socio-cultural context.
Under subculture small cultural worlds are understood - a system of values, attitudes, ways of behavior and lifestyle, which is inherent in a smaller social community, spatially and socially to a greater or lesser extent isolated. At the same time, subcultural attributes, values, rituals and other stable patterns of behavior, as a rule, differ from the values and patterns of behavior in the dominant culture, although they are closely related to them.
One side, youth subculture is an active desire of young people for self-realization, self-affirmation, on the other side- this is a kind of spontaneous protest against the values and stereotypes of behavior that dominate in society, as well as the lifestyle, from a third party- for most young people, the subculture becomes a psychological defense against numerous problems, incomprehensible transformations for them. The definition of a youth subculture given by S.I. Levikova.
Appendix 3
The most important life plans of young people are associated with meaningful life orientations. Meaningful orientations are influenced by the system of values that dominates in the immediate environment. And the closest environment of a young person is those young people who are the bearers of a special culture, the subculture of modern youth. The degree to which the issues of social and existential meanings of the youth subculture, the structural features of the value-semantic sphere of youth, as well as possible deformations of meaningful life orientations will be studied, determines the success of building a psychological and pedagogical impact and psychological and pedagogical support for young people.
Young people in the conditions of Russian modernization are forced to "try on" the existing standards of behavior, the proclaimed spiritual values. The formation of meaningful life orientations and moral preferences is quite difficult, it cannot be limited to declarations and volitional decisions, this process takes place against the backdrop of existing traditions and against the backdrop of innovations.
Modern youth has different value orientations and we can talk about their mobility, the dependence of the dynamics of the value orientations of boys and girls on the level of their socialization, on a number of external factors. In such ambiguity, diverse life positions are realized. Some young people manage to successfully adapt, while others find it very difficult to self-determine and choose their own path.
The need to provide psychological and pedagogical influence and psychological and pedagogical support for young people is relevant for a number of reasons. First of all, it should be said that young people are the most important demographic group on which the future of Russian society depends. And the development of the personality of a young person takes place against the backdrop of increasingly complex social, economic, political conditions that cannot but leave an imprint on the system of values, on moral norms. The most important life plans of young people are connected with their meaningful life orientations.
The representation in the mind of a young person of the need to spend the energy and abilities of young people in the areas of activity needed by society and the subsequent changes in the style of behavior are the more real, the more the conditions for providing psychological and pedagogical influence and psychological and pedagogical support are thought out.
In particular, in our opinion, the creation of formal (official) youth associations will contribute to adequate psychological and pedagogical education of young people, which will be expressed in the formation of an adequate value-semantic sphere and directing the potential of young people in the right direction for society.
Unfortunately, it should be noted that today there are almost no or there are, but in very small numbers, organizations that would be able to purposefully, systematically and optimally solve the problems of spiritual and moral education of young people. The ideal of success and prosperity appears in society more and more brightly, the ways of behavior of young people that do not fit into stereotypes, the peculiarities of their youth culture irritate the adult generation. But if instead of irritation, indignation, psychologists, teachers, parents and all those representatives of the older generation who directly have a conscious or unconscious influence on young people, show patience, love, join their efforts, then it is possible to organize complex psychological and pedagogical work with young men and women. . It is necessary to create a model of pedagogical interaction between teachers and parents at the stage of schooling in order to mutually influence the educational institution and the family on each other.
All work on psychological and pedagogical support, of course, should be based on a systematic approach, in the logic of which the process of accompanying young people can be carried out at various levels of interaction between the state, society and specific organizations and institutions.
Psychological and pedagogical influence should be aimed at: forming among young people such a system of values that would allow them to develop promising life positions, a strategy in their professional, cognitive, social activities;
the formation of a culture of thinking - a spiritual education that characterizes the measure of social development and a sense of responsibility;
integrative values, the penetration of which will form a way of life that will provide guaranteed reliability in various fields of activity and will benefit the society of which the young person is a member.
It would be possible to single out a number of areas in terms of psychological and pedagogical influence and psychological and pedagogical support for young people:
socio-pedagogical direction, involving the implementation of a system of educational and pedagogical activities addressed to various strata of today's youth;
program-structural direction, including the organization of joint activities of young people;
economic direction, which would include the definition of objects and sources of material incentives and funding for youth organizations, sports clubs, etc.;
an innovative direction, which instead of the usual pedagogical education in an instructive form, moves to a model for the development of active moral consciousness, the formation of value and meaningful life orientations.
Bashkatov I.P. Psychology of informal adolescent and youth groups. M., 2000.
The concept of countering terrorism in the Russian Federation.
Levikova S.I. Place in the value system of youth culture // Social sciences and modernity. 2001. No. 4.
Sergeev S.A. Youth subcultures in the republic // Sociological research. 1998. No. 11.
Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On countering terrorism"
Khrienko T.V. Dynamics of spiritual values of modern youth // Sotsial.-Humanitarian. knowledge. 2005. No. 1.
Chuprov V.I., Zubok Yu.A., Williams K. Youth in a risk society. M., 2001.
Section 7 Propaganda Sample"Plan-development of a lesson on life safety (Grade 11)"-2
Lesson topic: The role of the media in the formation of anti-extremist attitudes among high school students.
Lesson Objectives:
Show the possibilities and role of the media in countering the ideology of extremism and terrorism.
Lesson objectives:
to deepen students' knowledge of the global problems of our time;
determine the role of the media in the life of modern man;
identify the opportunities and dangers of the media in shaping attitudes and worldviews of young people;
to search for ways to solve this problem;
to promote the development of a critical attitude to the perception of various kinds of information;
improve the skills of working with reference, political, legal literature, develop critical thinking of students;
to continue the formation of skills to work in groups, to present and defend one's own position, to present the project;
instill a sense of responsibility in students for their future.
student workbooks;
a computer and a multimedia projector for demonstrating student presentation projects;
texts describing the forms of media activity;
specially designed blackboard.
Media, ideology of extremism and terrorism, anti-extremist attitudes, critical thinking.
Lesson plan
Organizing time.
Motivation of students for learning activities. Goal setting.
Actualization of students' ideas about the problem.
Generalization and systematization of basic knowledge.
Exploring a new lesson topic
Formation of basic concepts.
Group work with texts.
Presentation of student projects.
Summarizing.
An hour of communication is devoted to the topic of extremism, terrorism. About the relevance
which are spoken by the increasing clashes on racial and national
soil. At the same time, representatives of practically
all social groups, as well as youth subcultures.
According to the leaders of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, extremism threatens the national
security of Russia and no anti-extremist, as well as
anti-terrorist measures cannot be superfluous or redundant. AT
in the course of communication, students receive information on this topic, learn
critically evaluate what was said during the discussion.
Goals : Education in children and adolescents of peacefulness, acceptance and
understanding other people, the ability to interact positively with them;
form a negative assessment of such phenomena as extremism, terrorism;
instill a sense of national dignity, respect for representatives
other nationalities; encourage self-knowledge, self-development,
self-realization, to the manifestation of an active life position.
Tasks:
Educational: find out the causes of extremism and
terrorism and who is behind it.
Developing: to develop the skill of oratory through speeches,
prepared by students; to instill independent work skills;
learn to analyze events, draw conclusions, be able to convincingly and
justify your point of view.
Educational: to form patriotism; develop a sense of dislike
violence, terrorism and extremism.
Preparatory work:
Divide participants into 2 groups;
Invite the participants of the event to prepare a computer
presentation about extremism, terrorism.
Conduct a survey among high school students on the topic
"Tolerance".
Equipment: computer (for demonstrating presentations, video).
Registration: write the theme of the event “Everything is in our hands” on the board.
Event plan
I. Introductory talk with video viewing.
II. Work in groups with the concepts of "extremism", "terrorism".
III. Discussion on the topic "Fashion or stupidity?"
IV. Training - the game "We are all alike in some way ...".
V. Watch video
VI. Reflection.
VII. Summing up (reflection).
Class hour progress
1. Organizational stage
2. Motivational stage (Viewing the video clip "Russia is my Motherland")
To the music of the video, the teacher reads poetry:
Dear Russia!
Our own mother!
What a lofty word
Should I name your feat?
What great glory
Crown your affairs?
What measure to measure
What have you been through?
You've endured everything
I knew everything,
Lift such a weight
Only you could!
What do you think we are going to talk about today?
We live in Russia, in the Russian Federation. Russia is a great country. This
country that defeated fascism. 70 years ago the battles of the Great
Patriotic war. Squeezing the Nazis, our fathers and grandfathers dreamed and
firmly believed that after the victory on the planet there would be no more wars and
wonderful time of universal brotherhood. The victory was won, but
world peace never came. Over the past five thousand years, recorded
about 15,000 large and small wars, in which several people died
billion people.
Local wars, military conflicts related to
religious, territorial and national disputes. into ours,
it would seem that peaceful life is increasingly invading our lexicon
such terrible words as "terrorism" and "extremism" were densely included.
So what lies behind "extremism" and what are its causes?
occurrence.
Performance of the 1st group. Extremism is a complex and heterogeneous form
expressions of hatred and enmity. There are the followingtypes of extremism:
· political
· National
· religious
National extremism acts under the slogans of protecting "one's own
people", its economic interests, cultural values, as a rule, in
damage to representatives of other nationalities living on the same
territory.
Underreligious extremism understand intolerance towards
dissenters of the same or other religions. In recent
The problem of Islamic extremism has escalated over the years.
Political extremism are movements or currents against
the existing constitutional order.
The causes of extremism include the following:
This large property stratification of the population leads to the fact that
society ceases to function as an integral organism,
United by common goals, ideas, values.
This is an increase in social tension.
This is a decrease in the ideological component in the educational process,
which led to the loss of moral values.
This lack of spirituality, the lack of clear ideas about history and
prospects for the development of the country, the loss of a sense of ownership and
responsibility for the fate of the motherland.)
The social base of extremist groups is made up of people who have not been able to
adapt to new living conditions. Youth unable to
critically approach the content of publications in the media
information, due to the lack of life experience turned out to be the most
subject to this influence. This is a very good environment for extremist
groups. Most youth extremist groups wear
formal character. A number of their members have a vague idea of
ideological background of extremist movements. loud phraseology,
external paraphernalia and other accessories, the opportunity to feel
a member of a kind of "secret society" that has the right to impunity
to do reprisals against persons objectionable to the group, all this attracts
the youth.)
From the one who wins the "battle for the minds and hearts" of the younger generation,
Much depends on the future of the country. Only the efforts of the whole society can create
reliable barrier to the spread of extremism.
Teacher: Today, extremism is a real threat.
national security of the Russian Federation. Observed
increase in informal extremist youth movements
orientation. Currently, members of informal youth
organizations (groups) of extremist-nationalist
focus are young people aged 14 to 30 years, often -
minors aged 14-18.
One of the most impressive myths with which the mass
consciousness - "Terrorism". I repeat, I will say that terrorism is a conscious
the use of illegitimate violence (most often with a deliberate orientation
to a spectacular, dramatic effect) from some group,
striving thereby to achieve certain goals knowingly
unattainable in a legitimate way. Let's try to figure out what is
terrorism and determine who is behind it!
Group 2 performance . Terrorism (from the Latin TERROR - fear, horror) -
violent actions of criminals in order to undermine the existing
power, complications of international relations, political and
economic extortion from states and corporations. Terrorism is
extreme manifestation of extremism a phenomenon associated with violence,
threatening the life and health of citizens.
Ideological terrorism . The presence of two camps (authorities and dissatisfied
her revolutionaries are terrorists). For example: Russian populists,
French anarchists, German conservatives, Bolsheviks, fascists,
neo-fascist terrorist attacks in Italy in the late 70s, the Red Brigades and the Red
Army in Germany, etc.
Ethnic terrorism. Ethnic minorities are considering
terrorism as the only way to state one's demands in conditions
when full-fledged political participation in determining one's own destiny
way is impossible. Ethnoterrorism can be racial in nature. Most
notable examples: Sicilian separatists, Irish, Kurds, Karabakh
Armenians and Chechens.
Religious terrorism . Religious minorities speak out or
an active vanguard, aware of the hostile influence of the authorities. The basis
humiliation of "infidels", representatives of a different religion. The most extreme
the words "chosen", "saved", "damned". Classic
examples of such terrorism are Zionist terrorism in Palestine and
contemporary Islamic terrorism.
Criminal terrorism. Most often, such terrorism is accompanied by
semi-political demand. For example: providing
means of transportation in order to leave a certain area,
release of prisoners and so on. Examples: Bolshevik and
anarchist raiders, and robbers, ethnic mafias USA (Jewish,
Sicilian and Chinese), the seizure of banks by extremists, etc.
individual terror. This is not a loner - a revolutionary, not a loner -
nationalist, not a loner - a religious fanatic, not a loner - a criminal,
but a person in the independence of his ideological orientation, causing harm
society.
Terrorism has become one of the most dangerous in its scale,
unpredictability and the consequences of social and political problems.
Today, terrorism is not only lone saboteurs, hijackers
aircraft and suicide bombers. Modern terrorism is powerful
branched and well-organized structures. Currently in
There are about 500 illegal terrorist organizations in the world.
Teacher: Thus, we can conclude that terrorism in Russia
caused by social conflicts. They have a negative
influence on all aspects of public life of the country. the most important
a prerequisite for an effective fight against terrorism, along with measures
law enforcement special services, is the ability of citizens
to resist terrorist attacks, to behave correctly in the face of this danger.
IV. Discussion on the topic "Fashion or stupidity?"
Classroom teacher. 80% of Russian extremists are high school students,
vocational school students and the unemployed. What do you think led them to this?
Sample answers:
The desire to be cool, the pursuit of fashion.
Economic crisis, unemployment, lack of prospects.
Herd instinct - the desire to be in a herd, in a team.
Psychological problems, complexes, self-doubt, feeling
loneliness.
The dominance of foreigners in Russia.
Demonstrative humiliation of indigenous people by foreigners.
The destruction of the youth education system (pioneers, Komsomol, circles,
sections, stadiums, sports grounds, etc.).
Teacher: Indeed, experts conclude that the main
reasons for the popularity of extremism among young people - the economic crisis
and the collapse of the education system. But where are the origins of the hatred that is
main driving force? Here is one researcher's opinion:
A two-tier society has developed in Russia. On the first level
a small and prosperous layer of government and business, on the second level
the rest of the population, deprived of prospects. in the minds of the majority
of the population, false and greedy goals are introduced, illusions of easy achievement
personal success, but the reality is that most will have to
the end of his days to drag out a miserable existence. Here lie the roots of that
hatred that is increasingly engulfing society. It is this youth
before which the road to a worthy future is closed, becomes the spokesman
this hate...
Do you agree with this point of view and what methods of dealing with
extremism, in your opinion would be effective?
(students work in groups and answer) (Sample answers: you need to increase
people's standard of living, intellectual level, improve the quality of education,
organize educational work, etc.)
Classroom teacher. Renowned American Explorer
expressed the idea that youth is a social bulldozer clearing
path for social change. Do you agree with this?
(Students' statements)
Classroom teacher. The desire for the good of Russia is what drives
patriots. But the benefit can be understood in different ways, they are friends or enemies
Russia? Voice your point of view.
(Students' statements)
Training game "We are all alike in some way ..."
the originality of each person, as well as common features that unite with others
group members. Have each group make a list of things they have in common.
all members. In this list, you can write, for example: “Each of us
there is a grandmother or ...”, “A favorite dish of each of us”, “Each of us
there is ...”, “We all love outdoor games or football”, “On vacation
we like to relax .... " etc. You have 7-8 minutes. That group will win
which will find and record the largest number of common features.
Exercise analysis:
- Did you learn anything interesting about any of the other participants
lessons?
- Is there anything that unites all of you in the group?
- Is there anything that sets you apart from everyone else in the group?
- How did you work in your team?
- Do you like to be like others or do you prefer from everyone
differ?
- What should your friends be - similar to you or completely
others?
V. Watching the video "Victims of Beslan!" .
Swift and brilliant, cruel and indifferent twenty-first century. His
can safely be called a monster with an iron heart, he does not want to hear
groans, does not notice tears, often mistaking them for transparent dew on the face
person. The events in Beslan in 2004 are full of extremism. Hatred,
malice, cruelty, extreme measures, extreme views, extreme actions. This is
all the words that characterize these events. Look and try
analyze, and express your opinion about what you see on the screen!
(watch video)
Guys, today we remembered the history of the Beslan tragedy. What kind
Did it evoke emotions in you?
I suggest you complete the following thesis: “The tragedy of Beslan is…”
If someone has questions - ask. If you want to say something -
speak.
This video cannot leave us indifferent. But maybe it's time
Stop and stop these outrages! Everything is in your hands, hands
young generation!
Reflection.
Groups of students are given cards.
“Complete the sentences, text” For example:
Card No. 1 “In case of terrorist acts, it can ...”
There was shooting, you were on the street, your actions ……………
Card number 2 “If you were taken hostage…”
Remember:……………..
Card number 3 “If you received threats by phone”
You should:…………………………………..
Card #4 “You found a suspicious item”
Your actions: …………………………..
Card #5 “If you heard gunshots while at home”
You need:
Teacher. What conclusion can be drawn from the conversation that took place? How are you
treat terrorism and extremism?
(Student answers)
- What forms and methods of combating terrorism can you offer.
VI. Conclusion.
Once again we were convinced that extremism and terrorism are indeed
cruelty based on hatred and malice, and sometimes stupidity,
subject to blind faith.
And in conclusion, I will read a poem by Zinaida Yurchikova "Having passed
through hell, remain a man. "Let it be a good parting word for
each of you.
After going through hell, stay human
And don't lose your kindness.
Do not hide behind time and age
And do not ruin the bright dreams.
All endure loss and separation,
Find lost faith
Overcome the pain of the body, the heart of flour.
You must not crawl through life!
When suddenly tears wash the soul,
Don't be ashamed of your momentary weakness.
There are different fates in the world:
Yours is difficult. Win! Fight!
Carry proudly the name of a man!
Don't forget to hope and love.
Live the dream of the next century
And believe, then you can win!
I wish you well and peace. Thank you for your work!
Sources.
1. Site materials:
http://stihidl.ru/poem/1077/
http://vginekolog.ru/debate/zhestokie-podrostki
http://tipslife.ru/40290-podrostkovaya-zhestokost.html
2 . Video from You Tube:
1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFKOFhzM27Q
2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0skw2nf7b8
3. Regulatory documents
Federal Law No. 114-FZ of July 25, 2002 "On countering extremist
activities"__
