“Blessed are you when you are reviled and persecuted
and it is unrighteous to speak evil of me in every possible way.
Rejoice and be glad, for great is your reward
in heaven: so they persecuted the prophets who were before you."
The 20th century is a time of special trials for Christians who lived in the USSR. The Soviet atheistic state elevated the task of destroying the church to the rank of state policy. The persecution of the church reached its greatest intensity in Stalin's time, when the Gulag arose. The word GULAG (Main Directorate of Camps) became a household word to refer to the system of Stalinist terror against its own people, and originally denoted the state structure that controlled the camps, which used the forced labor of millions of our former fellow citizens. Hundreds of thousands of Christians along with them experienced all the horrors of the Gulag.
The Bible says: “Remember your leaders who preached to you the word of God, and, considering the end of their lives, imitate their faith” (Heb. 13:7). And if we remember and honor the names of people who lived many thousands of years before us, the names of the heroes of the faith of the Old and New Testaments, then it would be wrong to forget the names of our grandfathers and fathers who lived quite recently, to forget their thorny path of suffering, confession of faith and martyrdom .
Whatever does evil against Christ and his saints, everything turns to the Glory of God. It is terrible to think about the circumstances of the murder of the Royal Family, about the torments that She endured. But death, where is your sting? These inhuman torments remained here, in this perishable and coming world, and the Royal Martyrs, having gone through these temporary torments, found eternal bliss at the Throne of all the Tsar. Throughout his life, the Tsar repeatedly faced a choice: personal human happiness and the duty of the Anointed One of God. And each time the King chose the latter. Emperor Nicholas II to the end remained not only a Russian patriot, not only a Russian Tsar, but also the last, in the truest sense of the word, a Christian monarch of a worldwide scale. Never before, as in the Ekaterinburg imprisonment, His fidelity to Christ the Savior was not so obvious. Going consciously along this path, Emperor Nicholas II set an example of the greatest humility and Christian forgiveness of one's neighbor. The Family of the Sovereign showed the same Christian humility. The Empress understood the approaching death, the Children also understood. Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna, in a book she read in Yekaterinburg, emphasized the following words: “Believers in the Lord Jesus Christ went to their death as if to a holiday, facing inevitable death, retaining the same wondrous peace of mind, which did not leave them for a moment. minute. They walked calmly towards death because they hoped to enter into a different, spiritual life, opening up for a person beyond the grave. “If they kill, then at least they don’t torture them,” these words of the 13-year-old Heir to the Tsesarevich are living evidence of the Family’s awareness of the approaching martyrdom. never once said a single bad word to anyone. In response to rudeness, malice and bullying, They sang spiritual chants, good Russian songs, read the Gospel, and prayed. The guard of the House of Special Purpose Yakimov testified: “They sometimes sang. I have heard spiritual chants. They sang the Cherubic Hymn. But they also sang some secular song. I did not understand her words, but her motive was sad. It was the motive of the song "The poor man died in a military hospital." does Russia mean without Christ? Nothing. Without Christ, there is no Russia. When Russia turned away from Christ and His anointed one, she disappeared from the geographical map. Together with the Royal Family, pre-revolutionary Russia perished, with its centuries-old way of life, its worldview, attitude. When you look at old photographs of pre-revolutionary Russia, you feel some kind of incomprehensible nostalgia. Photos can reflect different aspects of life: festive and sad, rich and poor, beautiful and ugly. But in all pre-revolutionary life, in Russian people, in their faces, clothes, in Russian nature, in Russian architecture, an irresistible craving for harmony is visible. Russian man strove for unity between him, nature and God. Temples were the tallest buildings in towns and villages, and the towns and villages themselves blended seamlessly and naturally with forests, fields, and rivers. It is impossible to imagine in any pre-revolutionary city something similar to Moscow City, or the planned St. Petersburg skyscraper of Gazprom. Harmony was also in the people's perception of the Tsar's power, the power given by God and sanctified by the Church. The Tsar was not just the head of state - he was the sacred Head of Holy Russia. Emperor Nikolai Alexandrovich was the living embodiment of this image. As Father Alexander Shargunov wrote well: “Our Tsar is the holy symbol of Russia. Each nation has its own historical vocation and its own characteristics. Now there is an increasing depersonalization of peoples precisely because in every nation, as in every person, only that which belongs to Christ is true and unique. The Russian Tsar is different from the European monarchs, and the Russian people corresponded to this form of government. The Russian people are simple-minded, and they needed a wise and simple-minded Tsar. In the last King all this was united.” The very appearance of Emperor Nicholas II and members of his family speaks for itself. Not only can these images not be found in the modern world, but they were an exception long before the 20th century. Let us again give words to Father Alexander Shargunov: “In the person of the Tsar is the grace of Divine tranquility. Looking at his photo, you can calm down. Yes, the King's face speaks for itself. It is beautiful, it is enlightened. It is filled with the highest nobility. The king retained his childishness and purity. The king remained shy, as if embarrassed that he was vested with power over people. This is a divine mark, which he retained to the end. No matter how one looks at the Tsar, it is impossible for anyone to deny that his face is always filled with genuine significance. This amazing naturalness of the Royal Family is reflected in the photographs. Nobody had anything acting. There is no slyness in the face, a direct look, - therefore, these faces are partly iconic, in themselves. Compare the portrait of the Tsar and any other statesmen. Not only our next, but all Western famous rulers like Churchill, Roosevelt or de Gaulle. There is a mark from above in the person of the Tsar. Show the face of the King to a child, and it will have a beneficial effect on his soul. Children feel with their hearts - you can't deceive them. And, no matter what happens, the childish soul of the Russian people is still alive. There is something childish in icons, and the face of the Tsar in this sense has something in common with the face of Christ. A person who is trusting towards God and people. It is very important to see that this is the Russian Tsar who was with us. This is the King who was killed."
The night from July 16 to July 17, 1918, became a terrible line that divided history and anti-history, life and death, existence and non-existence into two parts. While the Royal Family was alive, the Russian people had the opportunity through repentance to return to legitimate power and thereby prevent the bloody twentieth century. But from that terrible July night, from the bloody dawn of July 17, the progressive and successive period of Russian history ended, its redemptive, martyr stage began. Almost everything we did after the revolution was ultimately destructive. Throughout the 20th century, we destroyed temples, turned rivers, flooded villages and cities with the seas, in which the ashes of our ancestors rested. We brought unprecedented human sacrifices on the altar of a new false religion. We killed and let hundreds of thousands of our fellow citizens, declared "enemies of the people," be killed. Before the revolution, we lived according to God's commandments, and the state ideology was built on them. When the Tsars, especially Nicholas II, are accused of not executing enough, they do not understand that the Orthodox Tsar differs from the godless ruler in that he does not shed "blood like water." For each of his subjects, even the most recent and worthless, he gives an answer to God. The murder of the Royal Family opened the way for the most monstrous, most filthy crimes. And it is unnecessary to think that these crimes were caused only by the evil will of the authorities and rulers. The people, who rejected God, the King and their destiny in history, went down the wrong path, on which severe trials inevitably awaited them. False gods who replaced the people of the True God and false kings who replaced the true King could not make the people happy. The blind were leading the blind into an inevitable abyss. The ephemeral idea of building an ideal society in which there was no place for God was put at the forefront. But there was no place for a person, a specific simple person with his aspirations, experiences, worries. Instead of a person there was a "class", "collective", "party". In the name of the ephemeral idea of communism, entire generations were sacrificed, who died first from terror, overwork, then from drunkenness and idleness. The heroes of Russian history have been replaced by false heroes, murderers and rapists who have covered Russia with blood. Until now, our cities are full of names of executioners and fanatics absolutely alien to us - Robespierres, Marats, Liebknechts, Bebels, Zetkin. It is impossible to understand the horrors of the Civil War, the Solovki, the Gulag, the Great Patriotic War - without understanding what happened in Yekaterinburg on July 17, 1918. Optina elder Anthony (Potapov) said: “The fate of the Tsar is the fate of Russia. The Tsar will rejoice, Russia will also rejoice. The Tsar will cry, and Russia will cry, but ... there will be no Tsar, there will be no Russia either. As a man with a severed head is no longer a man, but a stinking corpse, so Russia without the Tsar will be a stinking corpse ... ". Investigator N. A. Sokolov wrote: "The suffering of the Tsar is the suffering of the people." The sovereign did a lot to support the Kreshens and Kazan Tatars who converted to Orthodoxy. The first 10 students of Christian-Tatar schools were kept at the expense of the Tsar. This was done without any affectation, without any outward missionary work. Moreover, Nicholas II defended the beliefs of all his subjects, whether they were Christians, Buddhists, Muslims, or Jews. At the beginning of the twentieth century, a real persecution of the Catholic Church unfolded in the French Republic. The regime of the radical Combe passed anti-clerical laws, very reminiscent of the Jacobin decrees against the church. The curates were mocked in newspapers and magazines, they were persecuted in performances and booths, there were cases of beating and even murder of priests. During these years, only the Russian Tsar supported the Vatican in counteracting anti-clerical revelry. Emperor Nicholas II officially declared to the French government that such an attitude towards the Christian church would greatly complicate the Russian-French military alliance and negatively affect relations between the two countries. The clear position of the Sovereign in protecting the Catholic Church from the godless regime of the Combe government, his correspondence with the Pope on this issue, of course, largely influenced the fact that Rome was very cool about the revolutionary forces in Russia and condemned both the revolution of 1905 and the revolution February 1917. Through the efforts and personal funds of the Sovereign, Orthodox churches were built in New York, Bari, Nice, Darmstadt. Thus, we can assert that Emperor Nicholas II was not only a great Sovereign, but also a true great missionary of Orthodoxy. The reign of Emperor Nicholas II and his Family was not caused by the interests of any one political party or group, nor was it the result of personal ambitions and emotions. Although the murder of the Royal Family took place during the reign of the Bolsheviks, it was conceived and planned even before their arrival and was prepared by all the previous post-February events. The historical feat of Emperor Nicholas II consisted in the fact that throughout his reign he waged an uncompromising war against world evil, against the ideology of evil, which from year to year more and more prevailed in the history of states and peoples. The forces of evil could not allow the real Master of the Russian Land to live in the country they had captured, for the Family to live, with all its being, denouncing these forces of evil. Russia and its Tsar stood in the way of world domination of a secret spiritual aggressor. It is no coincidence that the assassination of Emperor Nicholas II, the "White Tsar", caused a feeling of deep grief in many people of a different religion. Historian S. Ilyushin wrote that "the Russian Sovereign was perceived as the bearer of the traditional worldview, regardless of their confessional affiliation, as a Peacekeeper fully consistent with certain sacred concepts." That is why one Muslim Palestinian Arab said after the assassination of the Tsar: “Do not think that the Russian Tsar was only Russian. No, he was also Arabic. While he lived, millions of Arabs lived in peace and security." Also characteristic are the words of two Tatar mullahs of Tobolsk, spoken by them in March 1917, when it became known about the “abdication” of Emperor Nicholas II: “Rus perished. They pissed off God."
In the photo: The Royal Family in Tsarskoye Selo
The head of the traditional sangha of Russia, Lama Damba Ayusheev, claims: “When Buddhist clergy were killed in the 30s - and 16 thousand Buddhist lamas were destroyed, they went to die peacefully because they had an example of the White Tsar Nicholas II. The Swiss Pierre Gilliard very accurately expressed this world significance of the sacrifice of the Royal Family: "The Sovereign and Empress believed that they were dying martyrs for their Motherland - they died martyrs for all of humanity." For the most part, Russian society resigned itself to the inevitability of the murder of not only its Sovereign, but also his Family. “Senseless hardening”, about which Count V.N. Kokovtsov wrote, swept Russia. The Royal Family, which loved the Russian people so much, and with real, effective love, was handed over by its people into the hands of fanatics for desecration and painful death. "The Abandoned Royal Family" - this is the title of the book by Markov's cornet, perfectly reflects the essence of the crime of all classes of the Russian people before it, the Family of Emperor Nicholas II. Like the Savior, during the entire time of their way of the Cross and ascent to Golgotha, the Royal Family was abandoned by almost everyone. Only a handful of the Faithful remained with Her to the end. The murder of the Royal Family, which took place on the night of July 17, 1918 in the Ipatiev House of Yekaterinburg, is not just a crime, not just a premeditated murder, but the greatest atrocity that had a huge impact on the fate of the world. On the path of their martyrdom, the Royal Family showed the greatest moral feat of self-sacrifice in the name of Truth, in the name of Russia. As the same Pierre Gilliard wrote: “Their true greatness did not stem from their royal dignity, but from the amazing moral heights to which they gradually rose. They have become the perfect force. And in their very destruction, they were a striking manifestation of that amazing clarity of the soul, against which all violence and all fury are powerless and which triumphs in death itself. The murder of the Royal Family passed somehow imperceptibly and routinely, in the words of the holy Patriarch Tikhon, as if it was the murder of some robber. And almost no one noticed how, with the murder of the Royal Family, she disappeared before the deadline, like the City of Kitezh, Holy Russia, and in its place was the deadly Soviet of Deputies. The fanatics who killed the Royal Family wanted it to go into oblivion along with hated Christianity and Orthodox Russia, which they perceived solely as fuel for the world revolution. Over the memory of the Royal Family mocked all the decades of Soviet power. They did everything so that the memory of the Tsar was etched from the hearts of the people. Everything that was created, built, designed by him was subjected to defamation, or issued by usurpers for their construction projects and projects. The city where the murder of the Royal Family took place was named after its main executioner, the Ipatiev House was demolished to the ground. But God, once again, put these plans to shame. With every year of Bolshevik despotism, with every year of lies and slander, the number of those who pity, love, and then honor the murdered Royal Family grew. And vice versa, the more the authorities glorified the criminal names of the regicides, the more they were given oblivion by history. Slowly but surely today their bloody names are disappearing from the map of Russia, from the streets of its cities and villages. The Royal Family is glorified by God, glorified by the entirety of the Russian Orthodox Church. The resurrection of Russia itself largely depends on the awareness of the full extent of the feat of the Royal Family by the Russian people. The late His Holiness Patriarch Alexy II spoke of the need for true nationwide repentance of the Russian people for the sin of regicide: “The sin of regicide,” said the Patriarch, “occurred with the indifference of the citizens of Russia, is unrepentant by our people. Being a crime of both Divine and human law, this sin lies with the heaviest burden on the soul of the people, on its moral consciousness. Several generations during this time managed to replace each other, but the memory of the perfect lawlessness, the feeling of guilt for its impenitence has not been erased from our people. The murder of the Royal Family is a heavy burden on the people's conscience, which keeps the consciousness that many of our ancestors, through direct participation, approval and silent connivance, are guilty of this sin. Repentance in it should become a sign of the unity of our people, not in form, but in spirit. And today we, on behalf of the entire Church, on behalf of all her children, deceased and living today, bring repentance before God and people for this sin. Forgive us, Lord! We call on all our people to repentance ... ". Today, on the mournful date of the Yekaterinburg atrocity and at the same time on the joyful feast of the Holy Royal Martyrs, we will remember the words of Emperor Nikolai Alexandrovich, addressed from the distant 1918 to all future generations, that "He has forgiven everyone and prays for everyone . That the evil that is now in the world will be even stronger, but not evil will defeat evil, but only Love.
Priest Pavel Florensky.
Classroom hour.
(For students in grades 10-11).
Target: expanding the horizons of students in the field of national history
Educational task: development of moral qualities on the example of the life of an outstanding figure of Russian culture: self-sacrifice.
Facilities: visual, poetry.
Plan:
1. General information about the Gulag
2. Information about the ELEPHANT
3. The fate of Pavel Florensky
This development is intended for students in grades 10 - 11 of secondary educational institutions. It is designed to help the children realize the cruelty of the Soviet regime, namely, its manifestations - the Gulag. Also, this work solves an educational problem, namely, it must develop moral qualities, such as: self-sacrifice, humanism, justice. The work will also make the children think about indifference and moral deafness, insensitivity.
This material can be used in the lessons of history and literature when studying the work of A. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago".
Before the lesson, it is necessary to distribute to the students the material that they will present in the lesson.
The lesson can be conducted as a dramatization. The emphasis should be on the story about the fate of Father Pavel Florensky.
move
Teacher: All of you guys are familiar with the concept of Gulag from the course of National History, but I will remind you what it is again. Camp Management OGPU(ULAG) was organized 25th of April. Since November the name GULAG (the Main Directorate of Correctional Labor Camps of the OGPU) began to appear. The Gulag was closed by order MIA No. 020 from The 25th of January. Often, the term "GULAG" means not the administration itself, but the corrective labor camps (ITL) subordinate to it. The most famous - Berlag in Magadan, Gorlag near Norilsk, Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp(ELEPHANT), and in Kazakhstan – Karlag, ALGERIA(Akmola camp of wives of traitors). That was a terrible time in the history of Russia in the 20th century. A lot of people got hurt. They did not want to change their Christian faith and their convictions. And the 20th century in Russia was the century of militant atheism. All dissidents were sent to camps where people died. The survivors testified about the dead. Among the dead was the priest Pavel Florensky.
I will tell you about the camp in which Father Pavel Florensky was kept, according to the recollections of the surviving prisoners.
Student 1:“And from other Solovki I learned and more terrible than my eyes saw. They told me a disastrous word - Sekirka. It means - Sekirnaya mountain. In the two-story cathedral there are punishment cells. They keep them in the punishment cell like this: from wall to wall, poles as thick as an arm are strengthened and they order the punished prisoners to sit on these poles all day. (They lie on the floor at night, but on top of each other, overflowing). The height of the pole is such that you cannot reach the ground with your feet. It is not so easy to maintain balance, all day long the prisoner struggles to keep himself. If he falls down, the guards jump up and beat him.”
Student 2: Or: they lead outside to a staircase of 365 steep steps (from the cathedral to the lake, the monks built it); they tie a person along his length to a balance (log) for gravity - and push him (not a single platform, and the steps are so steep that a log with a person does not linger on them).
Student 3: Well, yes, you don’t go to Sekirka for perches, they are also in the Kremlin, always crowded, punishment cell. And then they put it on a ribbed boulder, on which you can’t resist either. And in the summer - "on stumps", which means - naked under mosquitoes. But then the punished must be watched; and if they tie a naked man to a tree, then mosquitoes will take care of themselves. Also, they put entire companies in the snow for wrongdoing. Also, they drive a man up to his throat into the lakeside swamp and hold him like that. And here is another way: they harness the horse to empty shafts, tie the legs of the guilty person to the shafts, a guard sits on the horse and drives it through the forest clearing until the groans and screams from behind end.
About father Pavel Florensky remembered associate of his youth priest Sergiy Bulgakov: “He found for himself the promised land at the Trinity of Sergius, loving every corner and plant in it, its summer and winter, spring and autumn. Of course, he knew what he could expect, he could not help but know, the fate of the Motherland spoke too inexorably about this, from top to bottom, from the brutal murder of the royal family to the endless victims of the violence of the authorities. It can be said that life seemed to offer him a choice between Solovki and Paris, but he chose ... his homeland, he wanted to share his fate with his people to the end. Both he himself and his fate are the glory and greatness of Russia, although at the same time its greatest crime.
Father Pavel Florensky was subjected to harsh persecution after the publication in 1922 of the work "Imaginations in Geometry", in which, in particular, he "incorrectly" interprets the theory of relativity. And in 1928, in Sergiev Posad, he was arrested. Without bringing any charges, in 1928 Father Pavel was deported to Nizhny Novgorod. He is soon returned from exile. But in the early thirties, he was again arrested and sentenced to 10 years in labor camps under Article 58, 10 and 11 points - “Propaganda or agitation containing a call to overthrow, undermine or weaken Soviet power ... as well as the dissemination or production of literature of the same content.
He was sent to the Far East to the East Siberian camp "Svobodny" and assigned to work in the research department of the BAMLAG administration. Then, in 1934, he was sent to the city of Skovorodino to an experimental permafrost research station, where he carried out a number of important studies, which later formed the basis of the work of his employees N.I. Bykov and P.N. Kapterev "Permafrost and construction on it" (1940). In 1934, a proposal was received - a petition from the government of Czechoslovakia to release Florensky and move him and his family to Czechoslovakia, but this petition was rejected by the government of the USSR. Then, in the fall of 1934, he was transferred to the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp, where he continued to lead scientific work in the camp plant of the iodine industry, in whose laboratory he was engaged in the development of technology for the extraction and production of iodine and agar-agar from seaweed and made a number of scientific discoveries and inventions.
Student 4: Pavel Florensky has fully realized himself in all three dimensions of perfection: he is a brilliant scientist, he is a loving father of his five children and spiritual children, and he is a Christian martyr, a priest who was shot in the Solovetsky camp. In terms of the abundance of creative ideas, partly ruined, partly realized, he can only be compared with Leonardo da Vinci, with the difference that Leonardo completed his life in honor and glory, and we don’t even know the grave of Father Paul...
Teacher: Evil is rooted in an ineradicable thirst to have the image of the enemy before one's eyes. In those years, the image of the enemy was a man in a cassock, a priest... He reminded of faith in God and His good commandments. If Pavel Florensky had not been a priest, he would probably have managed to fit into the system without merging with it, continuing his scientific research.
After the death of Father Pavel, the family left without him - his wife, their five children, and later their grandchildren, considered it their main family duty and business to preserve the legacy of Pavel Florensky. Despite the fact that in 1933 the Bolsheviks seized and destroyed the entire library of Pavel Florensky, thanks to the efforts of his wife and children, all his personal manuscripts were preserved. Later, when more favorable circumstances came, his children and grandchildren prepared for publication and published the bulk of his works, which were never published during his lifetime.
The building that you see in the picture is located in Borisov on Revolution Avenue, 21, it seems unremarkable. But if it were my will, I would hang a memorial plaque on it with the inscription: "Here in 1937 the road to the Gulag began."
For many years, this building housed the city's state security service. The so-called enemies of the people were brought here on countless trumped-up cases and imprisoned in the basement. Some came on their own, according to the agenda, but did not return from here. At night, electricity was always on in this sinister house: there were interrogations and beatings. During the years of the fascist occupation of Borisov, the Gebists in this building were replaced by the Gestapo. Basically, they had the same job. But for a long time already at this address they have not been beaten or killed, but treated for skin and venereal diseases. The devilish times are in the past, but many still yearn for them. Moses' path has not yet been passed.
Natives and residents of Borisov and Borisovsky district(Jews)
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AVSEEV Boris Rafailovich (1882-1938), foreman of a plywood factory. Born in the village of Dedelovichi, now Borisovsky district. Lived in Borisov on the street. Postal, 29. Shot on trumped-up charges of espionage. |
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AGNIK Mikhail Ilyich (1890-1937), deputy manager of the Yaroslavles trust. A native of Borisov. Lived in Moscow. On trumped-up charges of participation in a terrorist organization, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on December 25, 1937 was sentenced to death. The sentence was carried out on the same day. |
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Aizenstadt Borukh Iosifovich (1890-1937), a native of Borisov. Doctor. He lived in Moscow, where he was engaged in scientific activities and worked at the Moscow School No. 51. He was charged with espionage in a fabricated case. Arrested on September 1, 1937 and soon shot. |
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ALEYNIKOV Grigory Ilyich (1891-1938), construction technician of the trust "Centrohimles" (Kuntsevo, Moscow region). Member of the Communist Party. Lived in Moscow. A native of the village of Chernevichi, now the Borisov region. On a fabricated charge of espionage, according to an extrajudicial decision, on August 10, 1938 he was shot. Rehabilitated on October 7, 1957. |
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AXEL Zusya Frolevich (1871-1938), worker at a neurological clinic in Minsk. Born in Zembin. Shot on trumped-up charges of espionage. |
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BARKAN Eyzer Evnovich (1893-1937), resident of Borisov. Worked as a store manager. Arrested on July 24, 1937 on charges of belonging to an anti-Soviet organization. On November 30 of the same year, the "special troika" sentenced him to death. |
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BARSKY Vulf Izrailevich (1887-?), doctor. Born in Mozyr. He worked as the head of the sanitary station in Borisov. On November 20, 1933, he was arrested and, on trumped-up charges of belonging to a subversive organization, was sentenced to 3 years in prison. Rehabilitated in 1956. |
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BARSHAI Isaak Markovich (1915-?), musician. A native of Borisov. On June 17, 1940, he was arrested on charges of anti-Soviet agitation. Sentenced to 5 years in prison. Rehabilitated in 2002. |
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BASKIND Maria Grigoryevna (1901-?), housewife. Born in Borisov. Lived in Saratov. On February 23, 1938, she was arrested and sentenced to 5 years in prison under the category of CHSIR (a family member of a traitor to the motherland). Fate is unknown. Rehabilitated in 1989. |
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BEINENSON Grigory Moiseevich (1901-?), born in Borisov. Lived in Kislovodsk. On September 23, 1938, he was arrested and sentenced to imprisonment. Fate is unknown. |
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BELENKAYA Yudif Solomonovna (1908-?), economist. Born in Borisov. She lived in Saratov and worked in the city planning commission. On April 25, 1938, she was arrested as a member of the family of an "enemy of the people" (her husband was shot) and sentenced to imprisonment. Rehabilitated in 1956. |
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BELENKY Boris Moiseevich (1889-?), an employee of the Borisov district military commissar. A native of the town of Senno, now the Vitebsk region. Arrested on July 9, 1919 and sentenced to 26 days in prison for counter-revolutionary activities. |
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BELOUSOVA-GIBALEVICH Mera Moiseevna (1897-?), cleaner. Born and permanently lived in Borisov. On trumped up charges of espionage, she was sentenced to 10 years in prison. The further fate is not clear. |
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BELKIND Max Borisovich (1906-1937), born in Borisov. On trumped-up charges of anti-Soviet activity on October 8, 1937 he was shot in Moscow. |
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BELYAVIN Berka Iosifovich (1894-1938), a native of Borisov. In the same place he worked as a foreman at the lumber mill. Molotov. In 1937 he was arrested and charged with anti-Soviet activities. Shot on February 3, 1938. |
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BENSON Aron Borisovich (1886-?), Procurer of agricultural products. On June 11, 1938, he was arrested for long-term and temporary participation in the BUND and was soon sentenced to 8 years in prison. Released due to illness on May 13, 1944. |
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BERMAN Yevsey Markovich (1893-1979), born in Borisov. There he also worked as Deputy Chairman of the Board of Cerabkoop. In 1937, he was arrested, accused of anti-Soviet activities and sentenced to 10 years in prison by a "special troika". After serving his full term, he was in exile for several more years. He died in 1979 in Mt. Frunze (now Bishkek). |
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BERMAN Solomon Leibovich (1898-1920), assistant photographer of the Minsk GubChK. A native of Borisov. For allegedly collaborating with the White Poles authorities, he was shot on August 28, 1920 by order of the Special Department of the Western Front. Rehabilitated in 1993. |
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BLATNER Yakov Yakovlevich (1904-1938), a resident of Borisov, where he worked as a sewer. A native of the Volga German Republic. December 17, 1937 arrested on charges of spying for Germany. Shot in Minsk on February 8, 1938. Rehabilitated in 1990. |
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BOBROV Shmuel-Ber (Boris Yakovlevich, 1894 - 1938), a native of Borisov. In the same place, he was in charge of the insurance fund of Promkooperatsia. Accused of belonging to the Polish intelligence and "special troika" sentenced to death. Shot on October 1, 1938. |
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BUCHACHER Mikhail Godelevich (1901-?), teacher of the 1st Borisov secondary school. A native of Warsaw. On July 6, 1940, he was arrested and out of court for anti-Soviet activities was sentenced to 5 years in prison, but soon after the start of the war, on September 7, 1941, he was released. No other information has been found. |
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VIGDORCHIK Mendl Vulfovich (1887-1938), a native of Novo-Borisov. Worked in a pharmacy kiosk. Charged with espionage. According to the decision of the "special troika", he was shot on October 1, 1938. |
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VINNITSKY Yankel Girshevich (1895-1975), resident of Borisov. Responsible employee of Promkooperatsiya. He worked in Borisov as the chairman of the board of Tserabkoop. In 1937, he was arrested on false charges of anti-Soviet activities and spent many years in the dungeons of the Gulag. Died in 1975. |
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GAZIN Yevsey Zelikovich (1872-?), pharmacist. A native of Borisov. Lived in Smolensk. On September 7, 1920, on charges of counter-revolutionary activities, he was arrested by the provincial Cheka. Further circumstances of the case require clarification. Rehabilitated 08/19/1994. |
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GERTSIKOV Grigory Moiseevich (1923), translator. A native of Borisov. Lived and worked in Talgar, Kazakh SSR. On August 13, 1943, he was arrested and charged with undermining the military power of the USSR. Sentenced to 10 years in labor camps. Rehabilitated 08/10/1956. |
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GERTSIKOV Zalman Aronovich (1892-1977), born in Borisov. There he worked as a planner in the system of industrial cooperation. In the early 1920s, he sympathized with the Jewish party Poalei Zion, for which he was arrested in 1938 and spent about 17 years in prisons, camps and exile. Died in 1977. |
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GINDIN Israel Evzerovich (1914-?), resident of Borisov. Head of the workshop of the Krasny Metallist plant. Arrested on October 19, 1940 and charged with anti-Soviet agitation, sentenced to 7 years in prison and 3 years of disqualification. Rehabilitated in 1993. |
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GITLINA Yudif Borisovna (1905 -?), a native of Borisov. She lived in Vladimir, where she worked as an accountant. February 20, 1951 arrested, accused of anti-Soviet activities and sentenced to deportation for 10 years. No other information has been found. |
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GODES Lazar Moiseevich (1882-?), Economist of the Luzsky timber processing plant of the Kirov region. A native of the village of Belino, now the Borisov region. On July 10, 1938, on a trumped-up charge of anti-Soviet activity, by a Special Meeting of the NKVD of the USSR, he was sentenced to 5 years in prison. Further fate is unknown. |
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GOLOMSHTOK Lev Mordukhovich (1896-?), born in Borisov. He lived in Minsk, where he taught at the Jewish Pedagogical School. On May 29, 1938, he was sentenced to 8 years in prison for his longtime membership in the BUND. Rehabilitated in 1989. |
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GOLDSTEIN Max Iosifovich (1898-1938), pharmacist. Born in Borisov. He worked as the head of pharmacy No. 126 in Sumy (Ukraine). On trumped-up charges of counter-revolutionary crimes, he was arrested on April 4, 1938, and on May 27 of the same year he was shot extrajudicially in Kharkov. Rehabilitated on January 17, 1958. |
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GOLDSTEIN Moses Berkovich (1916-?), resident of Borisov, where he worked as an electrician in a match factory. Born in Germany. On February 3, 1940, he was arrested on charges of illegally crossing the state border and counter-revolutionary sabotage. Sentenced to 5 years in prison. Rehabilitated in 1992.: Belarusian "Memorial", Case number: KGB RB - 33497-s |
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GORELIK Cecilia Borisovna (1898-1945), a native of Borisov. After the arrest of her husband as a member of the family of a traitor to the Motherland on September 9, 1938, by a Special Meeting of the NKVD of the USSR, she was sentenced to 8 years in prison. Released in 1943. |
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GUZOVATSKER Nadezhda Fedorovna (1906-?), wife of the executed "enemy of the people", railroad worker M. M. Guzovatsker. A native of Borisov. Lived in Moscow. In 1938 she was arrested and sentenced to 5 years in the camps. Released in 1943. There is no other information. |
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GUREVICH Leonid Naumovich (1907-?), electrician of the Nizhny Tagil metallurgy plant. A native of the village of Drazy, Borisov district. In 1943 he was sentenced to 5 years in prison. No other information found. |
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GUREVICH Sheftel Moiseevich (1884-1939), a resident of Borisov, where he worked as a shoemaker in Voentorg. He was arrested on trumped-up charges of Trotskyism and counter-revolutionary agitation and on December 2, 1937 was sentenced to 10 years in prison. Died in custody. |
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DAVIDOVICH Lev Grigorievich (1889-1957), dental technician. Worked in Borisov. On September 11, 1937, he was arrested, charged with a criminal connection with the rector of the Borisov church, "spy" Adolf Kshevitsky, and sentenced to 10 years in prison. However, after 2.5 years he was released. |
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DVORKIND Girsh Abramovich (1903-1926), an employee of the 16th border regiment, who was stationed in Koydanovo (now the Dzerzhinsky district of the Minsk region). A native of Borisov. On September 25, 1925, he was arrested on trumped-up charges of espionage. The Collegium of the OGPU sentenced him to death. Executed on March 1, 1926 in Minsk. Rehabilitated in 1992. |
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DOGARD Ogan Yakovlevich (1907-1995), born in Borisov. Since 1920 he was brought up in an orphanage in Moscow. Carousel turner at the Perovsky Machine-Building Plant (Moscow). He was arrested on August 27, 1949 and sentenced to 8 years in prison for extrajudicial anti-Soviet agitation. He served his sentence in the Komi ASSR (Abez village). Released April 29, 1955 in connection with rehabilitation. He left "Memoirs and reflections of a Komsomol member since 1921" written in 1983. |
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DOKSHITSKY Berka Elevich (1904-1938), head of a store in the village of Mstizh. On a false accusation of belonging to a counter-revolutionary organization, he was arrested on August 25, 1937, and on January 27, 1938, by an extrajudicial sentence, he was shot in Orsha. Rehabilitated 10/16/1961. |
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DRAKOHRUST Abram Genrikhovich (1899-1937), head of the political department of the 5th mechanized brigade (stationed in Borisov), divisional commissar. On trumped-up charges of an anti-Soviet conspiracy, on June 17, 1937, he was arrested and a few months later, by the verdict of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, he was shot (Stalin and Molotov gave the sanction for the murder). |
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DREYZIN Solomon Zalmanovich (1900-?), Inspector of the Procurement Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the BSSR. On January 25, 1935, he was arrested and soon for participation in the Trotskyist group was sentenced to 5 years in prison. The further fate is not clear. Rehabilitated in 1989. |
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ZhITELZEYF Tevel Vulfovich (1904-1944), director of the Borisov sawmill named after. V. M. Molotov. On August 15, 1937, he was arrested and charged with setting fire to a factory. However, despite the heinous physical impact, he did not sign the confession. After 6 months of imprisonment, he was released. Member of the war. Awarded with the medal "For Courage". Died from a severe wound. |
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ZELTSER Israel Yankelevich (1889-1938), a native of Novo-Borisov. He worked as a mechanic at a lumber mill. Molotov. Charged with anti-Soviet agitation and shot on February 3, 1938. |
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ZLATKIN Leyba Iosifovich (1898-1951), born in Borisov. Shoemaker. Chairman of the shoe artel in his native city. Then, as a party nominee, he was appointed director of a department store. In 1937 he was arrested on charges of belonging to the BUND in the old days. He spent many years in prison. He died in Siberian exile (the village of Severnoye, Northern District, Novosibirsk Region). |
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ZORDIN Isaak Shlemovich (1904-1938), a resident of Borisov, where he worked as a doorman in a hairdresser's. A native of Latvia. On a trumped-up charge of espionage for the benefit of the Latvian intelligence, on the pre-holiday day of November 6, 1938, he was shot in Minsk. |
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ZORDINA Roza Shlemovna (? -1938), worker at the Borisov match factory. A native of Latvia. On February 24, 1938, she was spread out in Minsk as an agent of Latvian intelligence (six months later, her brother was shot for the same thing). Rehabilitated in 1989. |
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ISAEVA Anna Mikhailovna (1917-?), courier of the Minsk District House of Officers. A native of Zembin. December 26, 1944 was arrested on charges of treason. Sentenced to 10 years in prison. Rehabilitated in 1964. |
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KAGAN Israel Evgenievich (1899-?), researcher at the Minsk Medical Institute. Born in Borisov. Member of the battles with the invaders. November 27, 1933 was arrested and charged with subversive activities. Extrajudicially sentenced to 5 years in labor camps. Further fate is unknown. Rehabilitated in 1956. |
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KAGAN Olga Anatolyevna (1902-1988), a native of Borisov. She worked as the head of the science department of the Orenburg Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In 1937 she was accused of anti-Soviet activities and arrested. In 1938 she was sentenced to 8 years in prison. She died in Moscow in 1988. |
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KAMENETSKY Girsh Mordukhovich (1895-1957), a native of the village of Chernevka, Borisov district. Poet. Author of several poetry collections in Yiddish (translations available). In 1949 he was accused of anti-Soviet activities, arrested and exiled to Siberia, where he spent five years. He returned from exile seriously ill. |
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STONE Israel Leibovich (1898-1938), a native of Warsaw. He lived in Borisov, where he worked in a cobbler's artel. Arrested and charged with espionage. Shot on March 20, 1938. |
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KAPKIN Pavel Moiseevich (1889-?), Red Army soldier of the 21st reserve regiment. Born in Borisov. August 12, 1943 for anti-Soviet agitation sentenced to 10 years in prison, 5 years of disqualification and confiscation of property. Rehabilitated in 1956. |
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KARACHUNSKAYA Rakhil Alexandrovna (1898-1981), dressmaker. Born in Odessa, but lived and worked in Borisov. The wife of the repressed commander A. G. Drakokhrust. In August 1937 she was arrested and charged with anti-state activities and sentenced to imprisonment. Rehabilitated in 1957. |
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KISELEV Yevsey Moiseevich (1907-1937), a native of Borisov. Chemical Engineer Lived in Leningrad, where he worked at a research institute. On trumped-up charges of involvement in an anti-Soviet organization, he was arrested and extrajudicially sentenced to capital punishment. The sentence was carried out on October 20, 1937. |
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KLAZ Klara Leonovna (1897-1938), chairman of the local committee of Art. Gorky-passenger. A native of Borisov. February 21, 1938 on trumped-up charges of counter-revolutionary activities was sentenced to death. |
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KLEBANOV Vladimir Aleksandrovich (1932), born in Borisov. Dissident. He worked in the mines of Donbass. In the 1960s he organized the first free trade union of miners in the Soviet Union. In 1968 he was arrested and was imprisoned and under compulsory treatment in mental hospitals for 19 years. He was called "Russian Walesa". Thatcher, Reagan, Mitterand spoke in his defense. Rehabilitated. |
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KLEBANOV Max Abramovich (1905-1940), born in Borisov. Lived and worked in Moscow. Senior Inspector-Auditor of the All-Union Association "Exportles". On June 20, 1940, on trumped-up charges of a counter-revolutionary conspiracy, he was arrested and shot a few months later. |
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KLIBANOV Alexander Ilyich (1910-1994). A native of Borisov. Historian. Doctor of Historical Sciences. He worked at the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Leningrad). In 1936, he was accused of having links with "enemies of the people" and sentenced to five years in prison. Some time after his release, he was again arrested on the same charges. In total, he spent about 11 years in camps and exile. Died in Moscow. |
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Klionsky Girsh Elevich (1901-1937), salesman in a rural shop in his native village Mstizh. On August 25, 1937, he was arrested, and on December 14 of the same year he was shot on false charges of espionage. |
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KLIONSKY Iosif Grigoryevich (1898-?), deputy head of the Minsk City Health Department. Born in Borisov. On November 21, 1933, he was arrested and soon sentenced to 5 years in prison for subversive counter-revolutionary activities. Released ahead of schedule - January 20, 1936. Rehabilitated July 27, 1956. |
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Klionsky Semyon Pavlovich (1894-1938), director of the Khabarovsk cracking plant. A native of the town of Zembin, Borisov district. On a fabricated charge of counter-revolutionary crimes, according to the verdict of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR of May 25, 1938, he was shot on the same day. |
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Klionsky Yankel-Mordukh Shmuilovich (1896-?), chief accountant of one of the artels in Minsk. Born in Zembin. On July 12, 1950, he was arrested and soon sentenced to 10 years in prison for anti-Soviet agitation. Fate is not clear. |
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KOTLOVSKII Solomon Shmerlevich (1897-?), born in Mozyr. He worked as a typesetter in the Borisov printing house. May 27, 1936 on charges of anti-Soviet agitation sentenced to 4 years in prison. Rehabilitated in 1989. |
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RABBIT Klara Aronovna (1906-?), Jewish school teacher in the village of Chernevka. Born in Borisov. April 28, 1926 and soon for belonging to a Zionist organization was sentenced to 3 years of exile in Semipalatinsk. However, on September 3, 1926, this punishment was replaced by deportation to Palestine. |
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KUGEL Leib Gershevich (1914-1938), born in Borisov. It is only known that on trumped-up charges of anti-Soviet activities on March 10, 1938, he was shot in Moscow. |
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KUDMAN Samuil Davidovich (1898-?), secretary of the Smolevichi district committee of the CP(b). A native of Borisov. On trumped-up charges of counter-revolutionary activity, on October 19, 1938, by a special meeting, he was sentenced to 8 years in prison. Rehabilitated in 1966. |
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KUZNETSOV Zelik Solomonovich (1906-?), born in Borisov. He lived in Minsk, where he worked as a storekeeper at Belkommunstroytrest. He was married to a German woman and for communicating with foreigners on December 29, 1939 was sentenced to exile for 5 years (exiled to the Kustanai region). Rehabilitated in 1968. |
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KUZNETSOV Leib Shlyomovich (1907-1937), Chairman of the Committee for Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of People's Commissars of the BSSR. A native of Borisov. Arrested on November 24, 1937 on trumped-up charges of terrorist activities. Extrajudicially sentenced to death with confiscation of property. |
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LAPAN Motel Iosifovich (1897-?), resident of Borisov, where he worked as a school teacher. On June 21, 1938, he was arrested, and on September 11, 1939, by a special meeting for anti-Soviet agitation, he was sentenced to 5 years in prison. After leaving, he was exiled to a settlement in the Far East. Rehabilitated in 1956. |
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LAPIDUS Movsha Samoilovich (1916-1937). A native of Borisov. Lived in the mountains. Kolpashevo, Tomsk region, where he worked as a tailor in the artel of the disabled "Blossoming North". He was accused of anti-Soviet activities and shot. |
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LAUTIN Svmuil Mironovich (1903-1938), a native of the village of Nedal, now the Borisov region. Manager of the office "Belplodovoshch" in the city of Cherven, Minsk region. On September 27, 1938, on a trumped-up charge of extrajudicial espionage, he was sentenced to death by firing squad and executed 10 days later. Rehabilitated March 31, 1989. |
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LEVIN Aron Faivovich (1897-1938), head of production at the Borisov forestry and chemical farm. A native of Poland. He was arrested on trumped-up charges of espionage on July 27, 1937, and on January 4, 1938 he was shot in the Borisov prison. Rehabilitated in 1989. |
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LEVIN Naum Abramovich (1890-1937), born in Borisov. Lived and worked in Moscow. Responsible employee (team leader) of the People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR. Falsely accused of treason and espionage, he was arrested and shot. |
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LEVIN Chaim Shmuilovich (1901-1937), a native of Borisov. Before his arrest in 1937, he worked as the director of the sanatorium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Bolsheviks in Staro-Borisov. Charged with sabotage and espionage and shot on December 27, 1937. |
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LIBENZON Sigismund Moiseevich (1892-1942), head of supply at the Central Welding Office "Nefteprovodstroy" (Moscow). A native of Borisov, from where, after graduating from the gymnasium, he left for Poland, where his labor activity began. Subsequently, he worked in different cities and countries (Persia, Afghanistan, Turkey, Austria). Changed many positions, mainly in the oil supply system. He was a member of the Bund and the Communist Party of Austria. Member of the Communist Party of the Bolsheviks since 1920. Member of the First World War. On March 6, 1938 he was arrested, and on June 10 of the same year he was sentenced to 10 years in prison on charges of espionage, sabotage and extrajudicial preparation of terrorist attacks. Died in custody. Rehabilitated March 17, 1958. |
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LIVSHITZ Zelik Samuilovich (1893-?), a native and resident of Borisov, where he worked as a salesman. June 24, 1937 arrested on false charges of counter-revolutionary activities and soon sentenced to 10 years in prison. Rehabilitated in 1962. |
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LIVSHITZ Zusya Shevelevich (1906-1938), a fitter at the Borisov match factory. Accused of espionage and shot. Rehabilitated in 1989. |
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LIFSHITS Yakov Abramovich (1915-1952), born in Borisov. Engineer. He worked at the Balkhash copper smelter. In 1951, he was charged with anti-Soviet activities and arrested on a fabricated case. Shot in Moscow. |
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LULOV Movsha Yankelevich (1874-?), freight forwarder of the state farm "Mstizh". Born in Zembin. ? January 1933 was arrested and soon sentenced for espionage to 5 years in prison. The further fate is not clear. Rehabilitated in 1956. |
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MAZO Leizer Shmuilovich (1893-1937), born in Borisov. He worked as the head of the supply department of the Borisov bakery. Accused of anti-Soviet activities and on the basis of the decision of the "special troika" he was shot on December 27, 1937. |
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MAZO Samuil Nikolaevich (1897-1938), agronomist. A native of Borisov. Graduated from the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy in Moscow. Worked in Dnepropetrovsk. He served as deputy director of the colony of Jewish farmers Agro-Joint. On March 15, 1938, he was arrested on trumped-up charges of Zionist propaganda, sabotage and espionage, and on April 11 of the same year he was sentenced to death with confiscation of property. Executed April 29, 1938. Rehabilitated in 1959. |
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MAZO Shaya Yakovlevich (1885-1938), accountant of the Borisov City Pishchetorg. A native of Borisov. On July 24, 1938, he was arrested on trumped-up charges of Zionist activity and counter-revolutionary agitation. Sentenced to 10 years in prison. Died in custody. |
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MATLIN Leiba Girshevich (1905-?). A native of Borisov. There he worked as a storekeeper at the Proletarian Molot foundry. Arrested in 1937 on charges of anti-Soviet agitation. Fate is unknown. |
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MATUSEVICH Mark Moiseevich (1895-1937), Deputy People's Commissar for Finance of the BSSR. A native of Borisov. Member of the Communist Party since 1918. Accused of participating in a counter-revolutionary organization and, according to the order of December 7, 1937, sanctioned by Stalin, Molotov and Zhdanov, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on December 19, 1937, sentenced to death. Executed in Minsk the next day. Rehabilitated in 1966. |
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MERZON Abram Davidovich (1899-1938), head of the personnel department, Art. Dnepropetrovsk of the Stalin railway D. A native of Borisov. On January 11, 1938, he was arrested on charges of anti-Soviet activity and the next day he was shot without trial. Rehabilitated. |
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MINKOV Mordukh Borukhovich (1903-?), chief accountant of Belkoopsoyuz. A native of Zembin. He lived in Minsk, where on April 27, 1938 he was arrested and soon for counter-revolutionary activities was sentenced to 5 years in prison. Rehabilitated in 1989. |
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MIRKIN Lev Nisonovich (1904-1938), doctor of the Borisov dermatological dispensary. A native of the Korma village of the Velyatichsky village council of the Borisov district. On September 21, 1938, he was sentenced to death for spying for Poland and executed in Minsk 10 days later. Rehabilitated in 1989. |
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MOISEEV Lev Abramovich (1897-1937), a native of the mountains. Velizh (now Smolensk region). Party functionary. While working as the first secretary of the Borisov Regional Committee of the Communist Party, he was arrested and charged with terrorist activities. On October 28, 1937, by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, he was sentenced to capital punishment and shot on the same day. |
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MOISEEVA Maria Grigorievna (1903-?), member of the Communist Party since 1925. The wife of Lev Moiseev (cm). In 1937 she was arrested and charged with anti-Soviet activities. She spent almost ten years in prison and the same amount in exile. After her release and rehabilitation, she lived in Chelyabinsk, where she died. |
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MUROVANCHIK Samuil Aronovich (1908-?), accountant at the Borisov glass factory. Born in Borisov. Arrested on September 1, 1931 and sentenced to 3 years in prison for anti-Soviet agitation. He served his sentence in Ukhtpechlage. Further fate is unknown. Rehabilitated in 1989. |
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NAYDES Lev Isaakovich (1886-?), painter of the Borisov factory "Red Metalworker". A native of Dnepropetrovsk. On trumped-up charges of counter-revolutionary agitation and belonging to a Trotskyist organization, he was arrested on July 19, 1937 and extrajudicially sentenced to 10 years in prison, but for unclear reasons he was released ahead of schedule on June 21, 1939. Further fate is unknown. Rehabilitated in 1960. |
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NORMAN Nokhim Aronovich (1905-1937), musician, foreman of the music platoon of the 37th cavalry regiment. A native of Borisov (according to other sources, he was born in the Vilna province). Served in Minsk. On November 21, 1937, he was shot as an agent of Polish intelligence. Rehabilitated in 1989. |
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ONIKUL Chesna Abramovna (1881-1961), a resident of Gorky. A native of the village of Mlekhovo, Borisov District, her maiden name is Klebanova. For a long time, she lived in China with her husband Hirsch and four children. Housewife. In 1937, as the wife of an executed traitor, she was exiled to Kazakhstan for 5 years. Character in M. Mustafina's book "Secrets and Spies", Sydney, 2002. |
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PEYSAHOVICH Iosif Pavlovich (1906-1980), violinist. A native of Saratov. During the war he commanded such a unit, captain. Was in captivity. He pretended to be a Tatar, since he knew the Tatar language from childhood. He lived in the occupied Borisov, played in the orchestra of the local theater. On December 18, 1944, he was arrested on charges of treason, and on July 21, 1945, by a special meeting, he was sentenced to 5 years in prison. Rehabilitated in 1996. |
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PLAVNIK Yevsey Grigoryevich (1908-1938), heat engineer of the design bureau of the Kremenchug tannery (Poltava region, Ukraine). Born in Borisov. On December 30, 1937, he was arrested and charged with anti-Soviet activities. Extrajudicial body sentenced to death with confiscation of property. Shot on June 3, 1938. Rehabilitated June 29, 1959. |
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POLYAKOV Iosif Zalmanovich (1868-?), watchman of the Mstizhsky general store. A native of the village of Mstizh. On August 24, 1937, he was arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison for anti-Soviet agitation. Rehabilitated in 1989. |
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RAIKHELSON Vladimir Leontievich (1903-?), Red Army soldier. Born in Borisov. He served in the Far East in Khabarovsk (4th Volochaevsky Rifle Regiment). On October 2, 1928, he was arrested on charges of participating in a counter-revolutionary organization. Further fate is unknown. Rehabilitated on August 9, 1999. |
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REIKHELSON Meer Senderovich (1908-?), Zionist. A native and resident of Borisov. On August 27, 1926, he was sentenced to deportation to Kazakhstan and disqualification for three years for his active work in the Gelahuts organization. Rehabilitated 04/22/1992. |
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REIKHELSON Sender Chaimovich (1875-1943), watchmaker. Born in the village of Gaina, Lepel district, Vitebsk region, lived in Borisov. November 30, 1937 out of court for counter-revolutionary activities sentenced to 10 years in prison. Died in custody. Rehabilitated in 1962. |
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RAINES Samuil Markovich (1881-1937), a native of the town of Zembin, Borisov district. Advocate. Lived and worked in Leningrad. On a trumped-up charge of espionage, on December 3, 1937, he was arrested and shot exactly a week later. |
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RIER Movsha Berkovich (1888-?), a native of Borisov, lived in Minsk, where he worked as a carpenter in the House of the Red Army. On January 8, 1938, as an agent of Polish intelligence, he was sentenced out of court to 10 years in prison. Rehabilitated in 1967. |
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ROZANOVICH Aron Moiseevich (1918-?), a refugee from Poland, where he was born in Pultusk. Lived in Borisov. On June 20, 1940, he was arrested and two months later by a Special Meeting under Art. 75 of the Criminal Code of the BSSR (sabotage) was sentenced to 3 years in prison. Released early - September 1, 1941. Details unknown. |
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ROZENBLUM Boris (Berka) Izrailevich (1895-?), a native of the village of Adamovo, Sedlec Voivodeship (Poland). He lived in the village of Drazy, Borisov district. Shoemaker. In 1937 he was arrested, charged with counter-revolutionary agitation and sentenced to 10 years in prison. Further fate is unknown. |
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ROSENBLUM Leiba Khaimovich (1904-1936), a native of Borisov. He was in charge of the department of the republican newspaper Zvyazda. On January 5, 1936, he was arrested on charges of anti-Soviet activities, and on October 2 of the same year he was sentenced to death. The sentence was carried out the next day in Moscow. He was buried in the cemetery of the Donskoy Monastery. |
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ROZENBLUM Mikhail Alexandrovich (1875-1937), an accountant with a higher education. A native of Borisov. Lived and worked in Kustanai. On a fabricated charge of anti-Soviet propaganda, according to the decision of the "troika" at the NKVD Directorate for the Kustanai region of December 4, 1937, he was shot. |
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ROSENBLUM Samuil Itskovich (1887-1937), born in Borisov. Watch master. He lived in Smolensk, where he worked in the artel "United Labor". On September 30, 1937, he was arrested, accused of espionage on a fabricated case, and out of court sentenced to death. The sentence was carried out on December 12 of the same year. |
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ROZENGAUZ Boris Samuilovich (1904-?), accountant. Born in Borisov, lived in Petropavlovsk (Kazakhstan), where he worked in Sovkolkhozstroy. On December 18, 1930, he was sentenced to 5 years in prison for anti-Soviet agitation. Rehabilitated in 1989. |
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ROZENGAUZ David Aronovich (1896-?), a native of Borisov, lived in Minsk, where he worked as a consultant in the Belkoopsoyuz. On February 26, 1931, he was arrested, and on July 23 of the same year, the Collegium of the OGPU sentenced him to 3 years of exile for participating in a counter-revolutionary organization. The further fate is not clear. Rehabilitated 1957. |
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ROZENTAL Yakov Grigorievich (1898-?), mechanical engineer. Born in Borisov, Educated in Czechoslovakia. Lived and worked in Leningrad. On March 15, 1938, he was arrested and six months later, on a trumped-up charge of extrajudicial espionage, he was sentenced to death, which, surprisingly, was replaced by 5 years in a forced labor camp. After serving his sentence, he worked for a short time in the city of Kirzhach, Vladimir Region, but in 1951 he was again arrested and exiled to the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Rehabilitated in 1957. |
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ROSENTSWEIG Beniamin Davydovich (1868-1937), a native of Borisov. Lived in Leningrad and worked as a cashier in a store. He was arrested on November 23, 1937, accused of espionage, and shot on December 20 of the same year out of court. |
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ROZET Berta Anatolyevna (1896-1976), a native of Borisov. Radiologist at the Tomsk Medical Institute. She was accused of anti-Soviet activities, but attempts to obtain any evidence were in vain. She was under arrest from May to December 1938 and, surprisingly, was released, since the lack of evidence did not matter - they were invented. Participant in the war. Awarded with military order. |
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ROZOVSKAYA Nata Borisovna (1904-1938), a native of Borisov, lived in Chelyabinsk, where she worked as deputy head of the city department of public education. January 4, 1938 for anti-Soviet activities sentenced to death (before the trial, her execution was a foregone conclusion by the signatures of Stalin, Molotov, Kaganovich and Voroshilov). Rehabilitated. |
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ROZOVSKY Samuil Borisovich (1903-?), head of the mechanical engineering sector of the State Planning Committee of the USSR. Born in Borisov, lived in Moscow. For anti-Soviet activities he was sentenced to 5 years, and later, in a forced labor camp, to 10 years in prison. Details require clarification. |
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ROKHKIND Aron Zalmanovich (1909-?), tailor. Born in Zembin. He lived in Mnsk, where he worked at the Oktyabr factory. On January 20, 1937, he was arrested on trumped-up charges of anti-Soviet agitation. Sentenced to 5 years in prison. Information about the further fate is not available. |
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RUBENCHIK David Itskovich (1902-?), merchandiser. A native of the village of Mstikh. Lived and worked in Minsk. On June 25, 1936, he was arrested and charged with anti-Soviet agitation. Sentenced to imprisonment for three years. Rehabilitated in 1956. |
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RUBINSTEIN Lazar Mikhailovich (1903-1938), born in Borisov, journalist, editor of the Volzhskaya Kommuna newspaper (Kuibyshev). In 1920-21 he was the first secretary of the regional committee of the Komsomol in Tatarstan. Then, after studying in Moscow, he worked in Kazan in the regional committee of the party, after which he was transferred to Samara (Kuibyshev). Delegate of the XVII Congress of the CPSU (b). June 10, 1937 was arrested on trumped-up charges of sabotage, counter-revolutionary organizational activities and the preparation of an armed uprising. On May 11, 1938, he was sentenced to capital punishment by the Supreme Court of the USSR and shot on the same day in Kuibyshev. |
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RUBINSTEIN Chernya Khananovna (1904-1988), a member of the Zionist labor commune in the Crimea, which was defeated by the Chekists. In 1926, she was arrested and extrajudicially sentenced under the notorious Article 58 to a three-year exile in Ashgabat. Subsequently, thanks to the intercession of Maxim Gorky's wife Ekaterina Peshkova, the exile was replaced by deportation from the Soviet Union. Rehabilitated in 1996. Died in Israel. |
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RUDELSON Zalman Borisovich (1897-1951), head of the planning department of the Shcherbakovsky (now Rybinsk) electrical repair plant. Born in Borisov. He was arrested for the second time on November 29, 1948, and on May 18, 1949, on charges of anti-Soviet activities, he was sentenced to 5 years in prison. Prior to that, for belonging to the BUND in ancient times, he served a 10-year term, from 1937 to 1947, in a forced labor camp. Died in custody. Rehabilitated January 5, 1955. |
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RUDOVA Sofya Yulyevna (1903-?), secretary-typist. Born in Borisov. She lived in Minsk and worked in Santekhstroy. The wife of the repressed prosecutor of the BSSR B. M. Glezerov. On February 15, 1938, she was arrested and soon, as a member of the family of a traitor to the Motherland, she was sentenced to 8 years. |
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RYVKIN Borukh Movshevich (1864-?), peasant. A native of the village of Budenitskaya Rudnya. On August 24, 1937, he was arrested on charges of anti-Soviet agitation. Sentenced to 10 years in prison. Rehabilitated in 1989. |
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RYVKIND Solomon Borukhovich (1893-1957), foreman of the rafting section. Born in the village of Budenitskaya Rudnya. On January 7, 1933, he was arrested and soon sentenced to three years in prison for anti-Soviet propaganda. Rehabilitated on August 21, 1956. Buried in Ufa. |
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Sapozhnikov Girsh-Mordukh Leibovich (1892-?), Accountant of the Borisov base "Glavlikervodka". On June 17, 1938, he was arrested and charged with espionage. Sentenced to 10 years in prison. Didn't return home. Fate is unknown. |
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SINELNIKOV Genrikh Semenovich (1891-1938), a native of Mariupol (Ukraine). He lived and worked in Borisov, where he was in charge of a canteen for the military. November 19, 1937 was arrested and charged with espionage. Shot on February 6, 1938. |
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SOSKIND Mikhail Markovich (in some sources - Makarovich, 1878 - 1938), a prominent phthisiatrician. Born in Borisov, lived in Kuibyshev (Samara). On December 22, 1937, he was arrested on trumped-up charges of terrorism, counter-revolutionary activities and propaganda, and on December 31, the "troika" of the NKVD Directorate for the Kuibyshev region was sentenced to capital punishment. Shot on February 15, 1938. |
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TAVGER Aron Yakovlevich (1898-1980), a native of the village of Brodovka, Borisov district, Minsk region. Member of the war. Awarded with state awards. After demobilization, he returned to the city of Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod), where he settled in his youth, and got a job as a director of a grocery store. During the reign of Khrushchev, he was arrested and accused of embezzlement of socialist property. He pleaded not guilty, but was sentenced to 20 years in prison. But a year later he was released, as the prosecution fell apart during the review of the case. He died and was buried in Jerusalem. |
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TAVGER Bentsion Aronovich (1930-1983), born in Borisov. Associate Professor, Department of Theoretical Physics, Gorky State University. From April 5, 1968 to September 15, 1970, he was under arrest on trumped-up charges of distributing anti-Soviet literature. |
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TEPLITS Boris Isaakovich (1895-1952), teacher. Born in Borisov, lived and worked in Minsk. On December 31, 1948, he was arrested, and on April 27, 1949, for belonging in the past to the Jewish party Poalei Zion, he was sentenced by the Special Council to 10 years in prison. Died in custody. Rehabilitated in 1963. |
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UPART Boris Aronovich (1880-1938), economist. Born in the village of Tartak, now the Borisov region. He lived in Minsk and worked in the Soyuzbumsbyt system. On May 25, 1938, he was sentenced to death on a trumped-up charge of extrajudicial espionage. Executed July 7, 1938, rehabilitated April 28, 1981. |
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FINE Lipa Leibovich (1884-?), mechanic of the hydroshop of the Gorky Fat Plant. A native of the village of Zamoshye, now the Borisov region. Lived in Gorky, now Nizhny Novgorod. On August 23, 1938, on charges of counter-revolutionary activities, he was sentenced to 8 years in labor camps. Other information has not been clarified. |
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FAINBERG Boris Isaakovich (1898-?), surgeon. Born in Borisov, lived in Minsk, where he worked in the 1st Soviet hospital. On November 27, 1933, he was arrested and soon for belonging to a counter-revolutionary organization was sentenced to 3 years of probation. Rehabilitated in 1956. Fate unknown. |
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FINGAUZ Yakov Davidovich (1891-1941), a native of Borisov. Lived in Moscow. Headed the sector of the State Bank of the USSR. Accused of creating a terrorist group. Shot. |
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FELD Mikhail Naumovich (1900-1938), military commissar of the 27th cavalry division, which was stationed in Borisov (military town of Pech). A native of the village of Levkovichi, now Volodarka, Kyiv region. Member of the Communist Party since 1919. On December 5, 1937, he was arrested and, on trumped-up charges of anti-Soviet activity, was shot by the military collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on June 30, 1938. He was rehabilitated on July 11, 1961 due to the lack of corpus delicti. |
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FILZENSTEIN Yankel Khilevich (1908-?), unemployed. Born in Borisov, lived in Grodno. On July 2, 1940, he was arrested, and on September 13 of the same year, by a Special Meeting, as a socially dangerous element, he was sentenced to 3 years in prison. Rehabilitated in 1993. |
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FREIDLIN Iosif Naumovich (1889-?), a resident of Borisov, who worked as a supply agent in a pottery artel. ! On July 6, 1937, he was arrested and on December 2 of the same year, extrajudicially for belonging to a counter-revolutionary organization, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison. Rehabilitated in 1950. |
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FRIEDMAN Isaac Natanovich (1897-1984), born in Borisov. Lawyer. In 1937, while working in the apparatus of the government of Belarus, he was arrested on charges of anti-state activities and spent about 17 years in the dungeons of the Gulag and exile. After his release and rehabilitation he lived in Minsk. |
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FRIDMAN Yakov Abramovich (1877-?), a native of the town of Chernevka, now the Borisov district of the Minsk region. He lived in Orel, where he worked as a salesman in the Artel. Stakhanov. In 1937 he was arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison for anti-Soviet activities. The details have not been clarified. |
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FURMAN Abram-Yankel Girshevich (1895-?), a native of Borisov, where he worked as a mechanic at a mill. May 26, 1927 arrested and soon for cooperation with a Polish agent sentenced to 5 years in prison. He served his sentence in the Solovetsky camps. Further fate is unknown. Rehabilitated in 1992. |
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KHARIK Zalman Berkovich (1886-1930), peasant. On May 13, 1929, he was arrested and soon shot on charges of having links with Polish agents. Rehabilitated in 1966. |
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KHARIK Isaak Davidovich (1896, according to other sources 1898 - 1937), a native of the town of Zembin, Borisov district. He began his career in Borisov, where he worked in a pharmacy. Subsequently, he became widely known as a poet and public figure. On September 11, 1937, he was arrested and charged with sabotage and terrorist activities. Shot on October 29, 1937. Rehabilitated. A street in Zembin is named after him. |
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KHOLODENKO Abram Moiseevich (1909-1990), loader of the Borisov chemical forestry enterprise. A native of the city of Balta. On October 31, 1951, by a special meeting for belonging to a counter-revolutionary organization, he was sentenced to 5 years of exile. He served his sentence in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Released in 1953, rehabilitated in 1956. |
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TSEITLIN Matvey Borisovich (1903-?), accountant of Daltorga. A native of Borisov. Lived and worked in Khabarovsk. On a trumped-up charge of anti-Soviet activity, on December 31, 1937, he was arrested. Sentence - 10 years in labor camps. The further fate is not clear. |
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SHAPIRO Alter Yankelevich (1901-1937), a native of the village of Dedelovichi (now Borisovsky district). He lived there and worked as an accountant of the collective farm. Vorovsky and an accountant of a nearby starch factory. On August 24, 1937, he was arrested on charges of espionage, and on December 21 of the same year he was shot. |
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SHAPIRO Isaak Ilyich (1895-1940), born in Borisov. He lived in Moscow in the famous "House on the Embankment" (Serafimovich St., 2, apt. 453). He worked as the head of the 1st special department of the NKVD of the USSR. Falsely accused of terrorist activities, he was shot on February 4, 1940. |
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SHAPIRO Max Ilyich (1891-1941), born in Borisov. Head of the sanitary department of the Moscow military district. He was charged with anti-Soviet activity in a fabricated case and shot. |
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SHAPIRO Roman Matveyevich (1888-1937), a native of the village of Kostyuki, Borisov district. He lived in Leningrad (Ekateringofsky pr., 1, apt. 9) and worked as a commodity manager at Lenpromtorg. On September 15, 1937, he was arrested on a slandered charge of treason, and on November 10 of the same year, on an extrajudicial verdict, he was shot. |
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Shimanovich Abram Moiseevich (1899-1965), a native of Zembin. Since 1930 he lived at the station. Kuskovo, Ukhtomsky district, Moscow region. He worked at a chemical plant. In 1937 he was arrested and extrajudicially sentenced to 10 years in prison on trumped-up charges of spying for Poland. He served his sentence in the salt mines in Solikamsk. In 1948 he was released, but soon arrested again and sentenced to indefinite exile in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Released in 1954 and rehabilitated. |
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STEINBOK Zelik Isaakovich (1911-1941), military man, military technician of the 2nd rank. Born in Simferopol, lived in Borisov. From the workers, a member of the CPSU (b), not married. On July 15, 1938 he was arrested and on February 7, 1939 and for counter-revolutionary activities by the military tribunal of the Belarusian Military District was sentenced to 3 years in prison. However, on March 3, 1939, a higher court reviewed the case of the convict, and he was acquitted. Killed in the war. |
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STEINGHARDT Shevel Movshevich (1887-1038). Born in the town of Dolginovo, Vileika district, Vilna province. He lived in Borisov, where he worked as a supply manager of the Forestry and Chemical Union. On September 16, 1937, he was arrested, accused of espionage, and on January 3, 1838, he was shot by an extrajudicial sentence. Rehabilitated March 20, 1989. |
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SHUB Solomon Mendelevich (1895-1938), a native of the mountains. Lepel (now Vitebsk region). On August 18, 1937, during the period of his work in Borisov as director of the 1st city hospital, he was arrested on a vague charge of espionage. Shot on March 20, 1938. |
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ELKIN Ilya Isaakovich (1888-?), an employee of Belradio, where he was in charge of the Esperanto broadcasting sector. A native of the village of Ratutichi. On January 26, 1936, he was arrested and soon, on charges of anti-Soviet agitation, was sentenced to three years in prison. Information about the further fate is not available. Rehabilitated in 1990. |
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ELKIN Miron Aronovich (1900-1946), secretary of the party committee of the Borisov glass factory. August 8, 1937 was arrested on charges of belonging to Trotskyism. By the decision of the Special Meeting of October 10, 1938, he was sentenced to imprisonment in a forced labor camp for 5 years, but after the expiration of the term he was not released. Died in custody. |
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ELKIND Boris Isaakovich (1891-?), collective farmer from the Chyrvony Uskhod collective farm, Smolevichi district, Minsk region. Born in Priyamino, near Borisov. On December 22, 1932, he was arrested on charges of sabotage and soon sentenced to 5 years in prison. Rehabilitated in 1989. |
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Elkind Boris Mikhailovich (1899-1936), born in Borisov. Advocate. Lived and worked in Moscow. Member of the regional board of defenders. Arrested on November 24, 1935 and shot on trumped-up charges of espionage on May 11, 1936. |
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ELKIND Yuda Abramovich (1893-?), a native and resident of Borisov. He worked as a roofer in construction. August 26, 1938 was arrested on suspicion of espionage. However, on December 11, 1939, surprisingly, he was released. Rehabilitated in 1989. |
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Elkind Julius Grigoryevich (1902-1938), born in Borisov. Lived and worked in Moscow. Deputy On August 26, 1938, the Chief Transport Prosecutor of the USSR was sentenced to death by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on trumped-up charges and shot on the same day. |
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EPSTEIN Moses Meerovich (1905-?), shoemaker. Born in Tolochin, lived in Borisov, where he worked in the Koopremont shoe artel. July 10, 1938 arrested and charged with anti-Soviet agitation. By a special meeting, he was sentenced to 8 years in prison. He served his sentence in Kolyma. Rehabilitated in 1989. |
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ELSHTEIN Teodor Markovich (1894-?), a native of the Pinsk district of the Minsk province. He lived in Borisov, where he worked as a tailor. On May 12, 1949, he was arrested on charges of anti-Soviet agitation and on August 31 of the same year, by a special meeting, he was sentenced to exile without specifying a period. Rehabilitated in 1990. |
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EPSTEIN Solomon Markovich (1906-?), born in Borisov. There he worked in a department store, where he was in charge of the department. On charges of anti-Soviet activities, he was arrested and by the decision of the "special troika" of June 10, 1939, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison. Further fate is unknown. |
This mournful martyrology was the result of many years of searching, but is not exhaustive. Therefore, the compiler will be grateful to anyone who sends any additions or comments.
Many residents of Borisov of various nationalities and ranks perished in the Gulag, and the issue of erecting a monument to these innocent victims of Stalin's terror was once discussed. I was present at the meeting led by the then deputy chairman of the city executive committee, a strong supporter of such a monument, Larisa Fyodorovna Belaya. I remember the speech of one party member: "The monument cannot be erected. What will they think of us, the Communists, if we killed, and then perpetuate the memory of those killed?"
This speech was supported by the majority, which decided to abandon the harmful idea.
Executed in Borisov
All were accused of espionage, all were shot without a court verdict, all were rehabilitated.
DANCHIK Abram Khaimovich (1889, Malyye Nestalovichi, now Logoisk district, Minsk region - 01/04/1938), a seller of salvage materials in Pleschenitsy.
DVORKIN Abram Isarovich (1914, Yanushkovichi, now the Logoisk district of the Minsk region - 04/20/1938), blacksmith of the Logoisk timber industry enterprise.
DVORKIN Samuil Isarovich (1904, Savdenevichi, now Logoisk district, Minsk region - 03/10/1938), head of transport of the Logoisk timber industry enterprise.
DOKTOROVA Polina Ilyinichna (1912, Bobruisk - 01/03/1938), barmaid of a restaurant in Starye Dorogi, Minsk region.
KAZINETS Leiba Meerovich (1896, Tsna, Logoisk district, Minsk region - 01/03/1938), worker of the Zagotskot organization in Pleschenitsy.
LEVIN Aron Faivovich (1897, Markovo, now the Molodechno district of the Minsk region - 01/04/1938), head of production of the Borisov Lesdrevhimsoyuz.
RUDERMAN Leta (?) Isarovich (1902, Kraisk, now Logoysk district, Minsk region - 01/04/1938), purveyor of the regional general store.
Legalized lie
TOP SECRET
TO CHAIRMANS OF THE STATE SECURITY COMMITTEES UNDER THE COUNCILS OF MINISTERS OF THE UNION AND AUTONOMOUS REPUBLICS, HEADS OF THE DEPARTMENTS OF THE STATE SECURITY COMMITTEES UNDER THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF THE USSR ON THE TERRITORIES AND REGIONS
The following procedure is established for considering applications from citizens with inquiries about the fate of persons sentenced to VMN ex. The Collegium of the OGPU, the troikas of the PGPU and the NKVD-UNKVD, the Special Meeting of the NKVD of the USSR, and the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on cases investigated by the state security agencies:
1. In response to citizens' inquiries about the fate of those convicted for counter-revolutionary activities to the VMN (...), the KGB authorities verbally report that the convicts were sentenced to 10 years in labor camps and died in places of detention.
Such answers, as a rule, are given only to the family members of the convict: parents, wife-husband, children, brothers-sisters. Citizens living outside the regional, regional and republican centers are given oral answers through the district KGB offices, and where there are none, through the district police offices, according to a written notification from the KGB body in each case.
2. In necessary cases, when relatives of convicts resolve property and legal issues and in other cases, at the request of relatives, the death of convicts sentenced to CMN is registered in the registry offices at their place of residence before arrest, after which the relatives are issued a death certificate of the convict in the established form.
In the same manner, the death of those convicted to CMN is recorded if they were subsequently rehabilitated.
4. Instructions to registry offices on registering the death of convicts are given by the KGB through police departments. They report: surname, name, patronymic, year of birth and date of death of the convict (determined within ten years from the date of his arrest), cause of death (approximate) and place of residence of the convict before arrest.
5. Registration in the registry offices of the death of convicts by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR is carried out according to the instructions of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. (...)
Chairman of the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR General of the Army I. SEROV
Only since 1963, in certificates for relatives, they began to indicate the execution as the actual cause of death. But previously issued false certificates were not subject to correction, which was eliminated only in 1989.
Required note.
A number of persons from the above list were convicted by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. But do not be mistaken and believe that it was a court in the generally accepted sense. It was a trinity of loyal hangers-on, called upon to stamp a predetermined punishment according to a prepared template. So, for example, the death penalty for Lev Moiseev and Izi Kharik before the trial was ordered by visas of Stalin, Molotov, Kaganovich, Voroshilov, Mikoyan (Archive of the President of the Russian Federation, inventory 24, file 412, page 19).
The wives of the repressed were also, as a rule, arrested and sentenced to long-term imprisonment under the stigma of CHSIR (a family member of a traitor). Minor children were placed in orphanages. But their traces were often lost there and completely disappeared. The wives of the aforementioned Moiseyev and Kharik did not find their children upon their return from prison.
The wife of Max Shapiro, a native of Borisov, was not arrested. Read her unanswered letter.
"Deputy of the Supreme Council Comrade. Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin.
From the voter Sofya Pavlovna Shapiro, who lives in Leningrad, in the Petrogradsky district, along Permskaya st. d.6, kv.6.
Comrade Deputy, you are the last resort to which I turn with the hope that my application will not go unanswered. For 10 long months now I have been writing to various state authorities, seeking the restoration of my rights, and at least from somewhere there was some kind of response. 10 months Back, on October 29, they arrested my husband, Max Ilyich Shapiro, the head of San. Dep. MVO. At that time I was in a maternity hospital, where I lay for 3 months with a severe postpartum illness, as a result of which I remained semi-invalid. Since there was no one in the apartment at the time of my husband's arrest, they sealed all the property, and bonds and 750 r. money was taken from the apartment. Coming out of the genus At home on January 4, I found myself without any means and completely strangers brought me food. My repeated statements to the NKVD about the seal of the apartment were followed by an order on January 27 “to seize the property that PERSONALLY belonged to my husband” (as was indicated in the order of the NKVD workers) and give me mine. When printing out, they gave me the most minimal and sealed everything again. The same things as a sideboard, chairs, a piano, which I learned as a child, were received by me from my parents and BELONG EXCLUSIVELY TO ME. In addition, I worked all my life myself, signed up for loans myself and purchased them with my free money, and I was deprived of my savings.
On top of all my sorrows, I was evicted from the room I occupied literally into the street, not counting either the fact that I could barely walk after my serious illness, or the fact that I had a 5-month-old child. From Moscow I had to go to my brother.
Due to difficult financial conditions, I still have not been able to recover from my illness and I am still a disabled person.
I have two children, one of which is 10 months old. I have absolutely no resources. The horror of hunger for my children makes me turn to you and ask for your assistance in restoring my rights to my property and bonds.
Only the certainty that the investigation will sort out my husband's case and rehabilitate him keeps me alive. I have known my husband for 20 years. This is an honest, decent, dedicated person - the cause of strengthening the power of the Red Army. I am convinced that he could only become a victim of slander. And the more terrible from the consciousness that during the terrible 10 months. I can't achieve anything. The man has disappeared, and at least someone answered my statements. Obviously, they are not read.
Where do you get the words that would reach the ears of those to whom you are addressing? Show me the path that I must follow.
S. Shapiro
27/VIII-1939"
Israeli journalist Eduard Beltov (1939-2010), the son of Borisov woman Pesia Weinstein, spent 25 years collecting information about Jews whose fate was affected by the damned Gulag. And in 2007, his work was published in two weighty volumes (more than 500 pages each), which covered about 150 thousand names. However, the author assures that the Martyrology of the Martyrs is not yet complete and, perhaps, more than one volume will be required.
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 Leonid Moryakov |
Even more significant work on identifying victims of political repression and exposing state banditry was done by the Belarusian writer Leonid Moryakov (1958-2016). He is the author of a number of documentary books, in which, with sufficient personal information, the names of those who were repressed in Belarus are presented, and even the numbers of their criminal cases are indicated.
2004-2016 Alexander Rosenblum
On February 5, the Russian Orthodox Church celebrates the Synod of New Martyrs and Confessors of Russia, commemorating all the dead who suffered during the years of persecution. At the Council of Bishops in 2000, more than a thousand new saints were canonized. The director of the Butovo Memorial Center, a member of the Church and Public Council under the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia to perpetuate the memory of the New Martyrs and Confessors of the Russian Church Igor Garkavy. Interviewed by Alexei Mikheev.
Igor Vladimirovich, the theme of the New Martyrs and Confessors of the 20th century is one of the most important for the current Russian Church. Patriarch Kirill urged to reflect their feat in art, work to glorify those who suffered for their faith in the Soviet years is still being done. But still there is a feeling of some understatement. How do you feel the New Martyrs are perceived in the Church now?
Martyr in Greek means witness. In the Church Slavonic version, the emphasis is on suffering, and in the ancient Greek version, on the fact that a person, risking his life and even sacrificing himself, testifies to the truth. In the ancient Church, martyrs and confessors were distinguished by only one criterion - they considered martyrs those who suffered to death, died testifying to God, and confessors - those who suffered, but remained alive. Few people know that Saint Nicholas, according to his ancient life, was also a confessor of the faith, because he ended up in a Roman dungeon and waited for execution there for many years. The ancient martyrs and confessors form the basis of our calendar, our saints - the Church remembers that Christianity triumphed precisely thanks to the feat of the martyrs.
In the 20th century, an unprecedented persecution was erected on the Church in our country, surpassing in its cruelty the ancient persecution, which began in 1917 and ended only in 1991 - because there is no reason not to consider as martyrs for the faith those who suffered from oppression in the Khrushchev or even Brezhnev times. In the Russian Church, 1,760 new martyrs and confessors have been glorified as saints, and the number of new saints has actually surpassed the number of old ones.
But there must have been some problems...
Yes, we have encountered a number of problems that were not known to the Church in antiquity. In the Roman Empire, the execution of martyrs for their faith took place in public, it was attended by other Christians, who later testified about the feat of the martyr before the community. Then, on the next Sunday, the bishop proclaimed the martyr a saint, and that was it - in principle, there was no canonization procedure.
But in the 20th century, the persecutors of the Church took into account the experience of their predecessors. Well aware of the importance for the Christian tradition of the veneration of martyrs, the leaders of the NKVD instructed to maintain the strictest secrecy in the execution of sentences and the burial of the bodies of the dead, so that, according to one of them, "clergymen and other White Guard bastards would not find burial places and turn them into places of pilgrimage."
The trial also took place in secret - the Bolsheviks took into account the costs that were associated for them with the public trials of the times of the Red Terror and the Civil War, such as the trial of Metropolitan Veniamin of Petrograd. They realized that they did not frighten, but, on the contrary, strengthened the Church, and even led many to Orthodoxy with their cruelty. As a result, the death of confessors of the faith who died in the 1930s, their relatives learned only in the nineties.
Therefore, objective problems arose in the way of the glorification of the new martyrs - it was necessary to find out how they ended their lives. Often this information could only be obtained from such an ambiguous source as investigation files. True, the memories of their comrades in camps and prisons have been preserved about many. But these witnesses themselves had practically disappeared by the time their testimonies began to be collected. The Church has done an enormous amount of work, its volume can be compared with what the state and public structures did, studying the personal files of soldiers who participated in the Great Patriotic War.
Another problem is that people learn about new martyrs from official documents and church publications. The martyrs of antiquity were, for those who began to venerate them, quite specific people - they were known during their lifetime, loved, and therefore the memory of them was carefully kept. And those who knew the New Martyrs during their feat, for the most part, by the time the Church gained freedom, had already died - literally a few survived until the nineties.
Here is a specific example: there is a village, there is a temple in it, the temple was closed, maybe destroyed, the priest was taken somewhere and shot, one old woman already remembers him in this village, and even that one is barely - it is clear that the person is now glorified by the Church , his feat became obvious, the name is listed in the calendar, but in the place where he lived, there is no one to respond to this memory, and the village is also, most likely, gone.
Therefore, we have the problem of recognizing the new martyrs - they are returning to us, and we, I mean all those who now identify themselves with the Orthodox tradition in our country - we are surprised at this meeting, and sometimes it takes years and decades to develop their veneration.
At one time, there were disputes that not everyone behaved heroically and there was nothing to indiscriminately consider everyone to be saints. Another point of view is that many more victims should be canonized. But there is no public veneration even for those who are still glorified. Why?
– The special significance of the feat of the martyrs in the ancient Church was obvious to everyone. In church hymns, in the ancient rite of the funeral service, prayers to the martyrs are sure to sound. One of the troparions of the wedding rite begins with the words "holy martyr, who suffered well and was married." In the ancient church tradition, this was such a main assembly point for the entire church self-awareness. This height was clearly marked for themselves.
But one of the problems of our time is that a person is not ready for such a testimony. He got used to a certain comfort, consumerism has become a unifying culture, and people who even relate themselves to the church tradition, although they try to become different, in reality still belong to this world. On a subjective level, this hinders the development of the veneration of the new martyrs - it is inconvenient for them to pray for earthly prosperity or success, it is embarrassing to make such a request to a person who has left all this to serve God and the Church.
Now in the public space they talk less about the Gulag - more about the Victory, the emphasis is not on repression, but on achievements in industry, the economy, and international relations. There are calls to "reconcile with history" and not to divide it into black and white. How can this discourse be reconciled with the glorification of victims of persecution, if at all?
- Archpriest Gleb Kaleda, an outstanding representative of our clergy, a secret priest for many years, talking about his experience, said that the 20th century is a heroic era in the history of Orthodoxy. When we talk about the past, we are talking about the bright past. It may be tragic, dramatic, may be associated with suffering, but, nevertheless, for us in this past there is an important positive moment - a huge number of people turned out to be completely faithful to God and the Church, gained a unique spiritual experience, which is now, can to be really not fully understood, not fully disclosed wealth. But when Catholics and Protestants from different countries come to us at the Butovo training ground, they say with light envy that the Russian Church, in the person of the new martyrs, has some kind of justification for everything that happened in history before and, in many respects, after their era.
And the sounding words about reconciliation must be understood depending on the context. We are not ready for reconciliation with people who demand that we forget about what happened in the past century with our country, with our Church, forget about the destroyed churches, the executed priests, the millions of people who suffered. But we are ready for constructive interaction with opponents, no matter what political camp they belong to - this must be done, because we all live in the same country, and we need to learn how to somehow coexist together.
We are talking about those who suffered hardships for testifying to their faith. But since in the Soviet Union they were almost always persecuted for such testimony, can it be said that all the believers who happened to live in it in those years were confessors? Or just some?
— Almost every person professed his faith — in the family circle, at work, in the army. When I served, we were forced to take off our crosses in front of the formation. But not everyone can be called a confessor and glorified by the Church, there are different levels and stages of achievement. Someone could not join a party due to religious beliefs and not get a prestigious job - after all, this is also confession work, but it has not become the main business of life. And there were those who ended up in prisons, camps and psychiatric hospitals for missionary work.
Everyone had to make their own choice, and this choice itself is a step towards confession. To say that you are an Orthodox Christian and suffer, or not to say, but at the same time to do something so that the Church is established and preserved? God alone, I think, knows all the confessors of the faith in our country. I am convinced that there are millions, maybe tens of millions. Not those whom the Church glorifies in an appropriate manner and order, but those who, each in his own measure, have joined this great feat.
