South Atlantic Ocean. This includes areas adjacent to the eastern coast of South America and the southwestern coast of Africa, as well as the Antarctic regions, has a total area

more than 40 million km 2 , of which only about 3 million km 2 (7.5%)

occupied by depths of less than 1000 m, with the largest shallow water plateau (about 1.4 million km 2) called the Patagonian-Falkland shelf adjacent to the Atlantic coast of Uruguay and Argentina. A large latitudinal extent, which includes both warm subtropical and cold Antarctic zones, leaves its mark on the commercial fauna, represented here as warm water (tuna, marlin, swordfish, sciene, sardines, etc.) and cold water (blue whiting, merluea, notothenia, silverfish, toothfish, etc.) by the inhabitants. The intensity of fishing here is quite high only off the southwestern and southern coasts of Africa, where in some years (1968-1970) sardine (up to 1.7 million tons), anchovy (0.4-0.6 million tons) and hake (0.5-0.7 million tons), while on the Patagonian shelf, whose raw materials allow to catch at least 5-6 million tons of fish, the fishery is extremely poorly developed (only about 1.0 million tons). The total catch within the South Atlantic only in recent years has reached 4 million tons, while the possible one exceeds 10 million tons.

The Antarctic regions are of significant importance for fishing, where whales, seals, some fish, squids live in commercial quantities, and the resource of mass planktonic crustacean - Arctic krill - is of especially great potential commercial importance.

Summarizing the current assessment of the biological resources used in the Atlantic Ocean and possible prospects for the further development of fisheries, it should be considered that in this basin the catch of traditional fishery objects by all countries can be increased from 23 - 25 to 35 million tons

The Soviet Union produced 3.5 million tons in the Atlantic Ocean basin, i.e. a significant part (39%) of its marine fish catch, and in recent years Russia has considered this vast region

as the most important for the implementation of marine and oceanic fisheries,

Lecture No. 9 Topic: "Raw resources of the Pacific Ocean".

Pacific Ocean. The Pacific basin is half

(176.7 million km 2 - 49.8%) of the entire water area of ​​the World Ocean. The predominant part of its surface (80.8%) is located above the depths from

3000 to 6000 m and only 8.7% (15.5 million km 2) is occupied by relatively shallow depths (less than 1000 m) and in this respect it is significantly inferior to the Atlantic, where about 15% is in shallow water areas.

The greatest indentation of the coastline and the largest sections of the shelf are characteristic of the northern and western parts of the ocean (4.5 million km 2), where the Bering, Okhotsk, Japanese, Yellow, East and South China Seas, etc. are located, as well as areas adjacent to the Indonesian archipelago. In addition, the shelf zones of Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania are quite extensive (more than 2 million km 2). Along the North Pacific coast and is special. but the South American shelf is poorly developed. The oceanological regime of the Pacific Ocean is significantly affected by the system of currents that create several large-scale frontal zones and gyres in the northern and southern parts of the ocean.

Unlike the Atlantic, the northern part of the Pacific is connected to the basin of the Arctic Ocean by the narrow and shallow Bering Strait, and the Pacific waters cannot warm the seas of the corresponding sector of the Arctic (East Siberian, Chukchi, etc.), which are characterized as low-productive. Here, only polar cod (polar cod) can be considered as relatively numerous commercial fish.

The Pacific Ocean basin provides more than 53 million tons (6%) of the world's production of marine water bodies. However, the relatively weak development of shallow waters leads to the fact that the catches here are sharply dominated by pelagic (89^) rather than bottom objects, while in the Atlantic Ocean the proportion of the latter is much higher. Its modern fish productivity (300 kg/km) exceeded that of the Atlantic Ocean (250 kg/km) and many times

higher than the Indian one (60 kg/km), and there are still opportunities for further development of the fishery of traditional objects within it.

Oceanological conditions in large areas of the Atlantic Ocean are favorable for the development of life, therefore, of all the oceans, it is the most productive (260 kg / km 2). Until 1958, he was a leader in the extraction of fish and non-fish products. However, many years of intensive fishing had a negative impact on the resource base, which led to a slowdown in the growth of catches. At the same time, a sharp increase in the catch of the Peruvian anchovy began, and the Atlantic Ocean gave way to the Pacific in catches. In 2004, the Atlantic Ocean provided 43% of the world's catch. The volume of production of fish and non-fish objects fluctuates both over the years and over the areas of production.

Mining and fishing

Most of the catch comes from the Northeast Atlantic. This district is followed by the Northwestern, Central Eastern and Southeastern regions; The North Atlantic has been and continues to be the main fishing area, although in recent years the role of its central and southern zones has noticeably increased. In the ocean as a whole, catches in 2006 exceeded the annual average for 2001–2005. In 2009, production was lower than in 2006 by 1,985 thousand tons. Against the background of this general decrease in catches in two areas of the Atlantic, in the North-West and North-East, production decreased by 2198 thousand tons. Consequently, the main catch losses occurred in the North Atlantic.

An analysis of fisheries (including non-fish species) in the Atlantic Ocean in recent years has revealed the main causes of changes in catches in different fishing areas.

In the North-West region of the ocean, production has decreased due to the strict regulation of fishing in the 200-mile zones of the United States and Canada. At the same time, these states have begun to pursue a discriminatory policy against the socialist countries here, sharply limiting their catch quotas, although they themselves do not use the raw material base of the region to the full extent.

The increase in catches in the Southwest Atlantic is associated with an increase in catches in South America.

In the South-East Atlantic, the total catch of African countries has decreased, but at the same time, compared with 2006, the catches of almost all states conducting expeditionary fishing here, and transnational corporations, whose nationality is difficult to determine by FAO, have increased.

In the Antarctic part of the Atlantic Ocean in 2009, the total volume of production reached 452 thousand tons, of which 106.8 thousand tons were accounted for by crustaceans.

The data presented indicate that, in modern conditions, the extraction of biological resources in the Atlantic Ocean has largely become determined by legal and political factors.

To the question Describe the mineral and biological resources of the Atlantic Ocean. Please, help. given by the author hospitality the best answer is The distribution of the fauna of the Atlantic Ocean has a pronounced zonal character. In the subantarctic and antarctic waters, notothenia, blue whiting and others are of commercial importance from fish. Benthos and plankton in the Atlantic are poor in both species and biomass. In the subantarctic zone and in the adjacent zone of the temperate zone, the biomass reaches its maximum. In zooplankton, copepods and pteropods predominate; in nekton, whales (blue whales), pinnipeds, and their fish are nototheniids. In the tropical zone, zooplankton is represented by numerous species of foraminifera and pteropods, several species of radiolarians, copepods, larvae of molluscs and fish, as well as siphonophores, various jellyfish, large cephalopods (squids), and octopuses among benthal forms. Commercial fish are represented by mackerel, tuna, sardines, in areas of cold currents - anchovies. Corals are confined to tropical and subtropical zones. The temperate latitudes of the northern hemisphere are characterized by abundant life with a relatively small variety of species. Of the commercial fish, the most important are herring, cod, haddock, halibut, and sea bass. The most common zooplankton species are foraminifera and copepods. The greatest abundance of plankton is in the area of ​​the Newfoundland Bank and the Norwegian Sea. The deep-sea fauna is represented by crustaceans, echinoderms, specific fish species, sponges, and hydroids. Several species of endemic polychaetes, isopods, and holothurians have been found in the Puerto Rico Trench.
There are 4 biogeographic regions in the Atlantic Ocean: 1. Arctic; 2. North Atlantic; 3. Tropical-Atlantic; 4. Antarctic.
biological resources. The Atlantic Ocean provides 2/5 of the world catch and its share decreases over the years. In subantarctic and antarctic waters, notothenia, blue whiting and others are of commercial importance, in the tropical zone - mackerel, tuna, sardine, in areas of cold currents - anchovies, in temperate latitudes of the northern hemisphere - herring, cod, haddock, halibut, sea bass. In the 1970s, due to overfishing of some species of fish, the volume of fishing fell sharply, but after the introduction of strict limits, fish stocks are gradually restored. Several international fisheries conventions operate in the Atlantic Ocean basin, which aim at the efficient and rational use of biological resources, based on the application of scientifically based measures to regulate fishing.
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Climate and hydrological regime of the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Hydrological resources.

Diversity climatic conditions on the surface of the Atlantic Ocean is determined by its large meridional extent and the circulation of air masses under the influence of four main atmospheric centers: Greenland and Antarctic maximums, Icelandic and Antarctic minimums. In addition, two anticyclones constantly operate in the subtropics: Azores and South Atlantic. They are separated by an equatorial region of low pressure. This distribution of baric regions determines the system of prevailing winds in the Atlantic. The greatest influence on the temperature regime of the Atlantic Ocean is exerted not only by its large meridional extent, but also by water exchange with the Arctic Ocean, the seas of the Antarctic and the Mediterranean Sea. Tropical latitudes are characterized by tempera. - 20°C. To the north and south of the tropics are subtropical zones with more noticeable seasonal ones (from 10 ° C in winter to 20 ° C in summer). Tropical hurricanes are a frequent occurrence in the subtropical zone. In temperate latitudes, the average temperature of the warmest month is kept within 10-15 °C, and the coldest -10 °C. Precipitation is about 1000 mm.

surface currents. North Equatorial Current (t)> Antilles (t)> Mexico. Gulf>Florida(t)>Gulf Stream>North Atlantic(t)>Canary(x)>Northern Equatorial Current(t) – northern circle.

South trade winds> Guiana temp. (North) and the Brazilian Warm. (south)>tech. Western winds (x)> Benguela (x)> South trade winds - southern circle.

There are several levels in the Atlantic Ocean deep currents. A powerful countercurrent passes under the Gulf Stream, the main core of which lies at a depth of up to 3500 m, with a speed of 20 cm/s. The powerful deep Louisiana current is observed in the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean, formed by the bottom runoff of saltier and warmer Mediterranean waters through the Strait of Gibraltar.

The highest tide values ​​are confined to the Atlantic Ocean, which are noted in the fjord bays of Canada (in Ungava Bay - 12.4 m, in Frobisher Bay - 16.6 m) and Great Britain (up to 14.4 m in Bristol Bay). The highest tide in the world is recorded in the Bay of Fundy, on the east coast of Canada, where the maximum tide reaches 15.6-18 m.

Salinity. The highest salinity of surface waters in the open ocean is observed in the subtropical zone (up to 37.25 ‰), and the maximum in the Mediterranean Sea is 39 ‰. In the equatorial zone, where the maximum amount of precipitation is noted, salinity decreases to 34 ‰. A sharp desalination of water occurs in the estuarine areas (for example, at the mouth of La Plata 18-19 ‰).

Ice formation. Ice formation in the Atlantic Ocean occurs in the Greenland and Baffin Seas and Antarctic waters. The main source of icebergs in the South Atlantic is the Filchner Ice Shelf in the Weddell Sea. Floating ice in the northern hemisphere reaches 40°N in July.

Upwelling. A particularly powerful upwelling zone stretches along the entire western coast of Africa, due to the wind<связан. с пассатной циркуляцией. Также это зоны у Зелёного мыса, у берегов Анголы и Конго. Эти области наиболее благоприятны для развития орг. мира.

The bottom flora of the northern part of the Atlantic is represented by brown (mainly fucoids, and in the subditoral zone by kelp and alaria) and red algae. In the tropical zone, green (caulerpa), red (calcareous lithotamnia) and brown algae (sargasso) predominate. In the southern hemisphere, bottom vegetation is mainly represented by kelp. Phytoplankton of the Atlantic Ocean has 245 species: peridine, coccolithophorids, diatoms. The latter have a clearly defined zonal distribution; the maximum number of them lives in temperate latitudes of the northern and southern hemispheres. The population of diatoms is most dense in the strip of the Current of the Western Winds.

The distribution of the fauna of the Atlantic Ocean has a pronounced zonal character. In the subantarctic and antarctic In the waters of fish, notothenia, blue whiting and others are of commercial importance. Benthos and plankton in the Atlantic are poor in both species and biomass. In the subantarctic zone and in the adjacent zone of the temperate zone, the biomass reaches its maximum. In zooplankton, copepods and pteropods predominate; in nekton, whales (blue whales), pinnipeds, and their fish are nototheniids. In the tropical zone, zooplankton is represented by numerous species of foraminifera and pteropods, several species of radiolarians, copepods, larvae of molluscs and fish, as well as siphonophores, various jellyfish, large cephalopods (squids), and octopuses among benthal forms. Commercial fish are represented by mackerel, tuna, sardines, in areas of cold currents - anchovies. To tropical and subtropical corals are confined to zones. temperate latitudes northern hemisphere are characterized by abundant life with a relatively small diversity of species. Of the commercial fish, the most important are herring, cod, haddock, halibut, and sea bass. The most common zooplankton species are foraminifera and copepods. The greatest abundance of plankton is in the area of ​​the Newfoundland Bank and the Norwegian Sea. The deep-sea fauna is represented by crustaceans, echinoderms, specific fish species, sponges, and hydroids. Several species of endemic polychaetes, isopods, and holothurians have been found in the Puerto Rico Trench.

There are 4 biogeographic regions in the Atlantic Ocean: 1. Arctic; 2. North Atlantic; 3. Tropical-Atlantic; 4. Antarctic.

biological resources. The Atlantic Ocean provides 2/5 of the world catch and its share decreases over the years. In subantarctic and antarctic waters, notothenia, blue whiting and others are of commercial importance, in the tropical zone - mackerel, tuna, sardine, in areas of cold currents - anchovies, in temperate latitudes of the northern hemisphere - herring, cod, haddock, halibut, sea bass. In the 1970s, due to overfishing of some species of fish, the volume of fishing fell sharply, but after the introduction of strict limits, fish stocks are gradually restored. Several international fisheries conventions operate in the Atlantic Ocean basin, which aim at the efficient and rational use of biological resources, based on the application of scientifically based measures to regulate fishing.