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The human need for self-actualization

Introduction

1. Definition of self-actualization according to A. Maslow

2. Characteristics of self-actualizing people

3. Development of the theory of self-actualization in domestic science

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Self-actualization (from lat. actualis - real, real) - a person's desire for the fullest possible identification and development of his personal capabilities. In some areas of modern Western psychology, self-actualization is put forward (as opposed to behaviorism and Freudianism, which believe that the behavior of a person is driven by biological forces, and its meaning is to discharge the tension they create and adapt to the environment) as the main motivational factor.

Genuine self-actualization presupposes the presence of favorable socio-historical conditions. Self-actualization is the continuous realization of potential capabilities, abilities and talents, as the fulfillment of one's mission, or calling, destiny, etc., as a more complete knowledge and, therefore, acceptance of one's own original nature, as a relentless desire for unity, integration, or internal synergy of personality.

The problem of self-actualization was actively developed by A. Maslow. He believed that self-actualization is the highest human need, in accordance with the "pyramid of needs". In accordance with his theoretical positions, a person is capable of satisfying higher (according to the pyramid) needs only after the lower ones are satisfied. Therefore, in order for a person to be able to self-actualize, he must first satisfy all other needs in accordance with the pyramid.

1. Definition of self-actualization according to A. Maslow

Abraham Maslow described self-actualization as the desire of a person to become what he can become. A person who has reached this level of development achieves the full use of his talents, abilities and potential of the individual. Self-actualization means becoming the person we can become, reaching the peak of our potential. In the words of Maslow: “Musicians must play music, artists must paint, poets must write poetry if they are to be at peace with themselves after all. People should be who they can be. They must be true to their nature." Maslow A. Self-actualization.// Psychology of personality. Texts. - M., 1982.

Self-actualization does not necessarily have to take the form of creative effort, expressed in the creation of a work of art. A parent, an athlete, a student, a teacher or a machine operator, all can actualize their potential by doing the best they can; specific forms of self-actualization are very diverse. It is at this highest level of the hierarchy of needs that people differ most from one another. Maslow suggested that most, if not all, people need and seek inner improvement.

His own research led to the conclusion that the urge to realize our potentials is natural and necessary. And yet only a few - usually gifted - people achieve it (less than 1% of the total population, according to Maslow). Part of the reason things are so unfortunate is that many people simply don't see their potential; they do not know about its existence, and do not understand the benefits of self-cultivation. Perhaps they tend to doubt and even be afraid of their abilities, thereby reducing the chances for self-actualization. Maslow called this phenomenon the Jonah complex. It is characterized by a fear of success that prevents a person from striving for greatness and self-improvement. In addition, the social and cultural environment often suppresses the tendency to actualize certain norms in relation to some part of the population.

An example of this is the cultural stereotype of masculinity. Human qualities such as empathy, kindness, gentleness, and tenderness often get in the way of men because there is a cultural tendency to view these characteristics as "unmasculine." Or consider the overwhelming influence of the traditional female role on the psychosocial development of women.

Based on this, the actualization of higher potentials in the general mass is possible only under “good conditions”. Or, more precisely, people need an "enabling" society in which to develop their human potential to the fullest. From this point of view, no society in human history has provided an optimal opportunity for self-actualization of all its members, although, it must be admitted, some are still much better than others in terms of providing conditions for self-improvement of the individual.

The last obstacle to self-actualization mentioned by Maslow is the strong negative influence exerted by security needs. The process of growth requires a constant willingness to take risks, to make mistakes, to give up old habits. It takes courage. Therefore, anything that increases a person's fear and anxiety also increases the tendency to return to seeking safety and protection.

It is also obvious that most people have a strong tendency to retain specific habits, that is, to adhere to the old style of behavior. The fulfillment of our need for self-actualization requires openness to new ideas and experiences. If a large number of people achieved self-actualization, then the needs of humanity as a whole could change, and there would be more opportunities to meet the needs of lower levels. Obviously, such a task will require a significant reorganization of many of our social institutions and political structures.

2. Characteristics of self-actualizing people

Achieving self-actualization means an ideal lifestyle. According to Maslow, these people represent the "color" of the human race, its best representatives. He also believed that these people have reached the level of personal development that is potentially inherent in each of us. Of course, as in the case of any abstract image of ideal mental development, self-actualization cannot be achieved simply by following the prescriptions.

On the contrary, it is a slow and painful process that is better viewed as a constant search rather than reaching a fixed point. Each person seeks to realize his inner potential in his own way. Therefore, any attempt to apply Maslow's criteria for self-actualization must be tempered by the understanding that each person must consciously choose their own path of self-improvement, striving to become who they can be in life.

Maslow concluded that self-actualizing people have the following characteristics.

More adequate perception of reality.

Self-actualizing people are able to perceive the world around them, including other people, correctly and impartially. They see reality as it is, not as they would like to see it. They are less emotional and more objective in their perception and do not allow hopes and fears to influence their assessment. Through this perception, self-actualizing people can easily detect falsehood and dishonesty in others. Maslow found that this ability extends to many areas of life, including art, music, science, politics, and philosophy.

Expectations, anxieties, stereotypes, false optimism or pessimism also have a lesser effect on the perception of a self-actualizing person. Maslow called this undistorted perception "Being or B-cognition." Related to highly objective perception is the fact that self-actualizing people are more tolerant of inconsistency and uncertainty than most people. They are not afraid of problems that do not have unambiguous right or wrong solutions. They welcome doubt, uncertainty, and untrodden paths.

Acceptance of self, others and nature.

Self-actualizing people can accept themselves for who they are. They are not overcritical of their shortcomings and weaknesses. They are not weighed down by excessive feelings of guilt, shame and anxiety - emotional states that are generally so inherent in people. Self-acceptance is also clearly expressed at the physiological level. Self-actualizing people accept their physiological nature with pleasure, feeling the joy of life. They have a good appetite, sleep, they enjoy their sex life without unnecessary inhibitions. Basic biological processes (eg, urination, menstruation, aging) are considered part of human nature and are favorably accepted. In a similar way, they accept other people and humanity in general. They do not have an overwhelming need to teach, inform, or control. They can bear the weaknesses of others and are not afraid of their strength. They realize that people suffer, grow old and eventually die.

Immediacy, simplicity and naturalness.

The behavior of self-actualizing people is marked by spontaneity and simplicity, lack of artificiality or desire to produce an effect. But this does not mean that they constantly behave contrary to tradition. Their inner life (thoughts and emotions) is unconventional, natural and spontaneous. But this unconventionality is not intended to impress, they may even suppress it so as not to upset others, and observe certain formalities and rituals. Hence, they can adapt to shield themselves and other people from pain or injustice. For this reason, for example, self-actualizing people may be tolerant of teaching practices in various educational institutions that they consider stupid, boring, or stupefying. However, when the situation calls for it, they can be uncompromising even under the threat of ostracism and condemnation. In short, they don't hesitate to reject social norms when they feel it's necessary.

Problem-centered.

Maslow believed that all the individuals he examined, without exception, were committed to some task, duty, vocation, or favorite work that they considered important. That is, they are not ego-centered, but rather oriented towards problems that are above their immediate needs, problems that they consider to be their life mission. In this sense, they live to work rather than work to live; work is subjectively experienced by them as their defining characteristic. Maslow compares the preoccupation of self-actualizing people with work with a love story: "work and man seem to be meant for each other... man and his work fit together and belong to each other like a key and a lock."

· Independence: the need for privacy.

Maslow writes that self-actualizing people are in great need of the inviolability of the inner life and solitude. Since they do not seek to establish dependency relationships with others, they can enjoy wealth and the fullness of friendship.

The need for solitude and self-confidence are also manifested in other aspects of the behavior of self-actualizing people. For example, they remain calm and equanimous when they are beset by personal misfortunes and failures. Maslow explains this by saying that self-actualizing people tend to have their own view of the situation, and not rely on the opinions or feelings that other people demonstrate about this issue. Indeed, they are themselves a driving force resisting society's attempts to force them to adhere to social conventions.

· Autonomy: independence from culture and environment.

Based on the characteristics discussed above, it can be assumed that self-actualizing people are free in their actions, regardless of the physical and social environment. This autonomy allows them to rely on their own potential and internal sources of growth and development. For example, a truly self-actualizing college student does not need the "correct" academic atmosphere of a college campus. He can study everywhere because he has himself. In this sense, it is a "self-sufficient" organism.

· Freshness of perception.

Self-actualizing people have the ability to appreciate even the most ordinary events in life, while feeling novelty, awe, pleasure, and even ecstasy. For example, the hundredth rainbow is as beautiful and majestic as the first; a walk in the woods is never boring; the sight of a child playing uplifts the mood. Unlike those who take happiness for granted, self-actualizing people value good fortune, health, friends, and political freedom. They rarely complain about a boring, uninteresting life.

Peak or mystical experiences

While studying the process of self-actualization, Maslow came to an unexpected discovery: many of his subjects had what he called summit experiences. These are moments of great excitement or high tension, as well as moments of relaxation, peace, bliss and tranquility. They are ecstatic states that are experienced at the climax of love and intimacy, in impulses of creativity, insight, discovery and merging with nature. Such people can "turn on" without artificial stimulants. They are already included in the fact that they are alive.

According to Maslow, apex or mystical experiences are not of a divine or supernatural nature, although they are essentially religious. He found that in the state of peak experience, people feel more in harmony with the world, lose the sense of their "I" or go beyond it. They feel both stronger and more helpless than before and lose their sense of time and place. According to Maslow, peak experiences that really change a person occur when they are deserved: “A person came to insight after a year of difficult treatment by a psychoanalyst; or a philosopher who has been working on a problem for 15 years has finally seen a solution to it.” Maslow A. Self-actualization.// Psychology of personality. Texts. - M., 1982.

· Public interest.

Even when self-actualizing people are troubled, saddened, and even angered by the shortcomings of the human race, they nevertheless share a deep sense of closeness with it. Hence, they have a sincere desire to help their "mortal" brethren improve themselves. This desire is expressed by a feeling of compassion, sympathy and love for all mankind. Often this is a special kind of brotherly love, similar to the relationship of an older brother or sister to younger brothers and sisters.

· Deep interpersonal relationships.

Self-actualizing people seek deeper and more intimate personal relationships than "ordinary" people. Most often, those with whom they are connected are healthier and closer to self-actualization than the average person. That is, self-actualizing people tend to form close relationships with those who have a similar character, talent and ability (“two boots of steam”), although due to their social interest they have a special sense of empathy for less healthy people. Usually, their circle of close friends is small, as self-actualizing friendships require a lot of time and effort. Self-actualizing people also have a special tenderness for children and easily communicate with them.

Democratic character.

Self-actualizing personalities, according to Maslow, are the most “democratic” people. They have no prejudice, and therefore they respect other people, regardless of what class, race, religion, gender they belong to, what their age, profession, and other indicators of status. Moreover, they readily learn from others without exhibiting superiority or authoritarian tendencies. A self-actualizing musician, for example, is full of reverence for a skilled mechanic, because he has knowledge and skills that a musician does not have.

Distinguish between means and ends.

In daily life, self-actualizing individuals are more definite, consistent and firm than ordinary people about what is right and what is wrong, good or bad. They adhere to certain moral and ethical standards, although very few of them are religious in the orthodox sense of the word. Maslow also noted in the surveyed self-actualizing personalities a heightened sense of distinguishing between goals and means to achieve them. At the same time, they often enjoyed the means proper (instrumental behavior leading to a goal) that less tolerant people did not like. They liked doing things more for the sake of the process (such as exercise) rather than because it was a means to an end (such as good health).

· Philosophical sense of humor.

Another notable characteristic of self-actualizing people is their clear preference for philosophical, benevolent humor. If the average person can enjoy jokes that make fun of someone's inferiority, humiliate someone or obscene, then a healthy person is more attracted to humor that ridicules the stupidity of humanity as a whole. The humor of Abraham Lincoln is an example. His jokes were not just funny. They often had something of an allegory or a parable. Maslow noticed that philosophical humor usually causes a smile, not laughter. Because of this attitude towards humor, self-actualizing people often appear rather reserved and serious.

· Creativity.

Maslow discovered that all self-actualizing people, without exception, have the ability to be creative. However, the creative potential of his subjects showed itself differently from outstanding talents in poetry, art, music or science. Maslow spoke, rather, of the same natural and spontaneous creativity that is inherent in unspoiled children. It is creativity that is present in everyday life as a natural way of expressing an observant, perceiving new and invigoratingly simple personality.

· Resistance to cultivation.

And finally, self-actualizing people are in harmony with their culture, while maintaining a certain internal independence from it. They have autonomy and self-confidence, and therefore their thinking and behavior is not subject to social and cultural influence. This resistance to culturalization does not mean that self-actualizing people are unconventional or anti-social in all areas of human behavior. For example, as far as dress, speech, food, and manners are concerned, if they do not explicitly object, they are no different from others. Likewise, they don't waste energy fighting existing customs and regulations. However, they can be extremely independent and unconventional if some of their core values ​​are affected. Therefore, those who do not take the trouble to understand and appreciate them sometimes consider self-actualizing people to be rebellious and eccentric. Self-actualizing people also don't demand immediate improvement from their environment. Knowing the imperfections of society, they accept the fact that social change may be slow and gradual, but easier to achieve by working within that system.

3. Development of the theory of self-actualization in the domesticscience

The theory of self-actualization is a key backbone element of the humanistic trend in psychology and pedagogy. Fundamental to the humanistic direction is the idea that a conscious desire to maximize the possible disclosure of one's human potential and its implementation in practical life for the benefit of society through self-actualization is a necessary factor in the full development of a person. An important contribution to the development of the theory of self-actualization belongs to domestic scientists. In the philosophical, methodological and cultural aspects, the theory of self-actualization is developed in the works of L.I. Antropova, L.G. Bryleva, I.A. Vitina, N.L. Kulik, K.Ch. Mukhametdzhanov.

I.A. Vitin (1999) considers the concept of "self-actualization" to be central in modern scientific humanitarian knowledge. In his opinion, the theory of self-actualization is one of the most successful attempts not only to pose, but also to solve (within certain limits) the problem of personality in the modern social situation. In Russia, the importance of developing this theory is growing due to the rejection of the understanding of the individual as part of a team and the search for more complex models of personality development, including ideas about its uniqueness, uniqueness, and uniqueness.

L.G. Bryleva (1998) examines the methodological problems of the self-realization paradigm in the humanistic movement of the second half of the 20th century from a cultural point of view. In her opinion, the self-realization of the individual is the optimal (best possible) and holistic way of its self-realization in the aggregate continuum Culture - Society. L.G. Bryleva suggests that in terms of culturological research, self-realization of a person is the process and result of “objectification”, “reification”, manifestation of Meanings in the Universe, their deployment and implementation, their transition-transfer from Non-Being to Being, which ensures the presence in the world of Good, Vitality, Negentropy. Self-actualization is the path of self-disclosure, leading to the existential depths to the Essence of a person, to his Inmost Core, where he meets with the Absolute.

L.I. Antropova (1980), N.L. Kulik (1992) and K.Ch. Mukhametdzhanov (1992) considers in a philosophical aspect the self-realization of a person's personality as a source that encourages the search for the Meaning of Life and as a factor in spiritual growth. N.L. Kulik, tracing the philosophical roots of the problem of self-actualization in Russian culture, comes to the conclusion that in the philosophy of the New Age this problem was first posed by G. Skovoroda, who considered it possible to achieve truly human happiness only in labor according to one’s vocation, labor corresponding to the inner nature of a person. , his inclinations and talents. N.L. Kulik sees in self-realization the real process of transforming the activity characteristics of a person, his essential forces into a way of human existence, into the "world of man", into the objective world of human culture.

P.I. Pidkasisty, L.M. Fridman and M.G. Garunov (1999) write that the potential of a person can manifest itself and be realized only with the rational self-organization of educational activity, which is not directly related to the level of development of cognitive abilities. Effective self-organization of educational activity consists in the ability to rationally organize one's educational activity autonomously, without external systematic control, assistance and stimulation. This level of self-organization, based on the ability to self-regulate, was previously considered necessary for successful study at a university, but in recent years it has become necessary in high school, and a kind of “pedagogical inoculation” that stimulates this method of self-development and self-education is necessary already in adolescence. age. These authors see the essence of the process of self-actualization in the educational space in the transmission, transmission from educators to educators of ways, methods and ways through which a person can become what he can become.

In recent years, the number of practically oriented studies on the problems of spirituality, the meaning of human life and the peaks of his professional activity, acme, as the goal of the process of self-actualization, has been growing. The ideas of the theory of self-actualization are now widely developed and applied in humanistic and existential psychotherapy, acmeology, pedagogy, logopsychotherapy (A.A. Bodalev, B.S. Bratus, D. Byudzhental, N.L. Karpova, A.N. Leontiev, D. A. Leontiev, A. Maslow, Y. B. Nekrasova, V. A. Petrovsky, K. Rogers, V. Frankl, V. E. Chudnovsky and others).

Conclusion

The above may lead to the conclusion that self-actualizing people are a select group of "superstars" approaching perfection in the art of living and standing at a height unattainable for the rest of humanity. Maslow unequivocally refuted such conclusions. Being imperfect in their human nature, self-actualizing people are also subject to stupid, unconstructive and useless habits, just like we mortals. They can be stubborn, irritable, boring, quarrelsome, selfish, or depressed, and under no circumstances are they immune to unwarranted vanity, excessive pride, and predilection for their friends, family, and children. Temperamental outbursts are not so unusual for them. Maslow also found that his subjects were able to display a certain "surgical coldness" in interpersonal conflicts. For example, one woman, realizing that she no longer loved her husband, divorced him with determination bordering on ruthlessness. Others recovered from the deaths of those close to them so easily that they seemed heartless. Further, self-actualizing people are not free from guilt, anxiety, sadness, and self-doubt. Due to excessive concentration, they often cannot stand empty gossip and light conversation. In fact, they may speak or act in ways that overwhelm, shock, or offend others. Finally, their kindness to others can make them vulnerable to interactions that are useless to them (say, they are in danger of getting bogged down in association with annoying or unhappy people). Despite all these imperfections, self-actualizing people are great examples of mental health. At the very least, they remind us that the potential for human psychological growth is far greater than what we have achieved.

Bibliography

1. Abulkhanova K.A. Psychology and Consciousness of Personality (Problems of Methodology, Theory and Research of Real Personality): Selected Psychological Works. - M.: Moscow Psychological and Social Institute; Voronezh: NPO "MODEK" Publishing House, 1999. - 224 p.

2. Bodrov V.A. Psychology of professional activity. M. - 2001.

3. Vakhromov E.E. The concepts of "self-actualization" and "self-realization" in psychology // Personality potential: an integrated approach: Materials of the All-Russian Internet Conference / Ed. ed. E.A. Uvarov. - Tambov: Publishing House of TSU im. G.R. Derzhavin, 2002 - p. 129-133.

4. Vakhromov E.E. Self-actualization and the life path of a person // Modern problems of the meaning of life and acme: Materials of the VI-VII PIRAO syposia / Ed. A.A. Bodaleva, V.E. Chudnovsky, N.L. Karpova, G.A. Weiser. - Samara: Publishing house "NTC", 2002. - p.147-164.

5. Kalina N.F. Questionnaire of self-actualization of personality. - M.: Journal of practical psychologist, 2003, No. 1. - P.65-75.

6. Lisovskaya E.B. Self-actualizing personality. // Scientific and technical revolution and social psychology / Materials of the intercity conference. M.: Nauka, 1981. S. 76-84.

7. Maslow A. Self-actualization.// Psychology of personality. Texts. - M., 1982. Practical psychology: Textbook / Authors: M.K. Tutushkina and others - SPb.1998.

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Definition of the concept of self-actualization as a transition from the state of possibility to the state of reality in the concept of K. Rogers. Methods and trends in comparing the ideas of self-actualization of Rogers and other representatives of the humanistic school.

The concept of "self-actualization" belongs to the humanistic direction in psychological science. Humanistic psychology proceeds from the position that the desire to comprehend true values ​​and, on the basis of them, the implementation of practical activities is a necessary factor in the full development of a person. At the same time, the main direction of the transformation of society and its social institutions should be such that it will allow each person to develop his inclinations to the maximum throughout his life and realize them for the benefit of society and for his own benefit. In the center of her attention of the humanistic approach is the problem of education and development of a harmonious and competent person, who realizes his potential to the maximum in the interests of personal and social growth.

Humanistic psychology sees the main means of solving the problem of personality development in the organization and improvement of the process of self-actualization. This process implies a creative direction in human activity. At the same time, the prerequisites for a person's creative activity are created only in the process of successfully solving adaptive, situationally determined problems. A person who is able to act creatively develops throughout life from an adaptive person.

Self-actualization and self-realization are concepts that determine the processes of a person's movement towards the new in the world of reality. The tendency towards self-actualization, according to K. Rogers, is a manifestation of a deep tendency towards actualization. The scientist believes that self-actualization is characteristic of all processes and phenomena.

The content of the concept of "self-actualization" is revealed within the framework of two areas of humanistic psychology. The first, "clinical", is presented in the views of the American psychologist C. Rogers and is focused on finding methods and approaches to the therapeutic solution of the problem of self-actualization. The second direction, "motivational", developed by the American researcher A. Maslow, involves the determination of the process of self-actualization by the need-motivational sphere of a person.

Representatives of humanistic psychology consider innate tendencies towards self-actualization to be the main source of personality development. Personal development is the unfolding of these innate tendencies. According to K. Rogers, there are two innate tendencies in the human psyche. The first one, which he called the “self-actualizing tendency”, initially contains the future properties of a person in a collapsed form. The second - "organism tracking process" - is a mechanism for monitoring the development of personality. On the basis of these tendencies, a special personal structure of the “I” arises in a person in the process of development, which includes the “ideal I” and the “real I”. These substructures of the "I" structure are in complex relationships - from complete harmony (congruence) to complete disharmony.

In the context of the theory of K. Rogers, the tendency of self-actualization is the process of a person realizing his potential throughout his life in order to become a fully functioning personality. Trying to achieve this, a person lives a life filled with meaning, search and excitement. A self-actualizing person lives existentially, naturally enjoying every moment of life and fully participating in it. According to Rogers, there is no need for any special motivation for a person to be active. Each person is initially motivated simply by the fact that he lives. Motives and drives do not explain the goal-directed activity of the organism. Humanity is fundamentally active and self-actualizing by virtue of its own nature. Self-actualization as such is not a final state of perfection. K. Rogers believed that not a single person becomes self-actualized enough to discard all motives. He always has talents to develop, skills to improve, more efficient and enjoyable ways to satisfy biological needs. However, one can speak of people who have achieved greater self-actualization than others; they have moved further than others to such functioning, which can be called more complete, creative and autonomous.

A. Maslow emphasized the role of needs in human self-actualization and identified two types of needs that underlie personality development:

• "deficit", which cease after their satisfaction:
• · "growth", which, on the contrary, only increase after their implementation.

In total, according to A. Maslow, there are five levels of motivation:

• 1. Physiological (needs for food, sleep);
• 2. Security needs (need for housing, protection);
• 3. Needs for belonging and love (reflect the needs of one person in another person, for example, in creating a family);
• 4. The need for recognition (positive assessment of others, status);
• 5. The need for self-actualization (self-embodiment, the desire for identity).

The most important for a person is the needs of the fifth level, but they come to the fore when the above needs are sufficiently satisfied.

A. Maslow characterized self-actualization as a person's desire to become what he can become. A person who has reached this highest level achieves the full use of his talents, abilities and potential of the individual. Self-actualization means reaching the top of our potential, following our nature, realizing ourselves in those activities that allow us to develop our abilities to the maximum. A. Maslow made the assumption that most people, if not all, need internal improvement and are looking for it, the motivation to realize our potentials is natural and necessary. And yet only a few - usually gifted - people achieve it. The biggest problem is that many people simply don't see their potential; they do not know about its existence and do not understand the benefits of self-cultivation. A. Maslow called this phenomenon the “Jonah complex”. It is characterized by a fear of success that prevents a person from striving for greatness and self-improvement.

At the same time, the social and cultural environment of a person often suppresses the tendency to actualization. An example of such blockers can be cultural stereotypes, public opinion, social attitudes, prejudices. Therefore, the actualization of higher potentials in most cases is possible only under favorable conditions. It is necessary to create an atmosphere of security, acceptance and stimulation for self-realization and development. From this point of view, no society in human history has provided an optimal opportunity for self-actualization of all its members, although some are still much better than others in terms of providing conditions for the self-improvement of the individual.

The last obstacle to self-actualization, mentioned by A. Maslow, is a strong negative influence exerted by security needs. The process of growth requires a constant willingness to take risks, to make mistakes, to give up old habits. It takes courage. Therefore, anything that increases a person's fear and anxiety also increases the tendency to return to seeking safety and protection. Most people have a strong tendency to form patterns of behavior and stick with them for a long time. After all, there is nothing more reliable than the old tried and tested ways of interacting with the world. The fulfillment of our need for self-actualization requires openness to new ideas and experiences. A. Maslow argued that children raised in a safe, friendly, caring atmosphere are more likely to acquire a healthy understanding of the growth process. In conditions where nothing threatens the satisfaction of basic human needs, growth brings pleasure, and a person strives to become as good as his abilities allow. Conversely, people who fail to develop their true potential - to become what they could become - experience deprivation of their basic needs.

Thus, an unstable position, anxiety, blocking of human needs entails a violation, and sometimes makes the process of self-actualization impossible. If he still succeeds, then a self-actualizing personality, according to A. Maslow, acquires the following characteristics:

• 1. More effective perception of reality. Self-actualizing people are able to perceive the world around them, including other people, correctly and impartially. They see reality as it is, not as they would like to see it. They are less emotional and more objective in their perception and do not allow hopes and fears to influence their assessment.
• 2. Acceptance of self, others and nature. Self-actualizing people can accept themselves for who they are. They are not overcritical of their shortcomings and weaknesses. They are not weighed down by excessive feelings of guilt, shame and anxiety. Self-acceptance is also clearly expressed at the physiological level. Self-actualizing people accept their physiological nature with pleasure, feeling the joy of life. They have a good appetite, sleep, they enjoy their sex life without unnecessary inhibitions. Basic biological processes are considered part of human nature and are favorably accepted. In a similar way, they accept other people and humanity in general. They do not have an overwhelming need to teach, inform, or control. They can bear the weaknesses of others and are not afraid of their strength.
• 3. Immediacy, simplicity and naturalness. The behavior of self-actualizing people is marked by spontaneity and simplicity, lack of artificiality or desire to produce an effect. Their inner life (thoughts and emotions) is unconventional, natural and spontaneous. They know how to adapt so as to protect themselves and other people from pain or injustice. At the same time, they do not hesitate to reject social norms when they feel it is necessary.
• 4. Focused on the problem. All self-actualizing personalities are committed to some task, duty, calling, or favorite job that they consider important. They are not ego-centered, but rather problem-oriented above their immediate needs. In this sense, they live to work rather than work to live; work is subjectively experienced by them as their defining characteristic.
• 5. Independence, the need for privacy. Self-actualizing people really need the inviolability of the inner life and loneliness. Since they do not seek to establish dependency relationships with others, they can enjoy wealth and the fullness of friendship. Self-actualizing people can be alone without feeling lonely.
• 6. Autonomy: independence from culture and environment. Self-actualizing people are free in their actions, regardless of the physical and social environment. This autonomy allows them to rely on their own potential and internal sources of growth and development. They see themselves as self-determined, active, responsible, and self-disciplined masters of their own destiny. They are strong enough to ignore the opinions and influences of others, so they do not seek honors, high status, prestige and popularity. They consider such external satisfaction less significant than self-development and internal growth.
• 7. Freshness of perception. Self-actualizing people have the ability to appreciate even the most ordinary events in life, while feeling novelty, awe, pleasure. Unlike those who take happiness for granted, self-actualizing people value good fortune, health, friends, and political freedom. They rarely complain about a boring, uninteresting life.
• 8. Summit or mystical experiences. In the process of self-actualization, many people have peak experiences. These are moments of great excitement or high tension, as well as moments of relaxation, peace, bliss and tranquility. They are ecstatic states that are experienced at the climax of love and intimacy, in impulses of creativity, insight, openness and merging with nature.
• 9. Public interest. Even when self-actualizing people are troubled, saddened, and even angered by the shortcomings of the human race, they nevertheless share a deep sense of closeness with it. Hence, they have a sincere desire to help their "mortal" brethren improve themselves. This desire is expressed by a feeling of compassion, sympathy and love for all mankind. Often this is a special kind of brotherly love, similar to the relationship of an older brother or sister to younger brothers and sisters.
• 10. Deep interpersonal relationships. Self-actualizing people seek deeper and more intimate personal relationships than "ordinary" people. Self-actualizing people tend to form close relationships with those who have similar personalities, talents, and abilities. Usually the circle of their close friends is small, because. Self-actualizing friendships require a lot of time and effort.
• 11. Democratic character. Self-actualizing individuals are free from prejudice, and therefore they respect other people, regardless of what class, race, religion, gender they belong to, what their age, profession, and other indicators of status. Moreover, they readily learn from others without exhibiting superiority or authoritarian tendencies.
• 12. Separation of means and ends. In daily life, self-actualizing individuals are more determined, consistent, and firm than ordinary people about what is right and what is wrong, good or bad. They adhere to certain moral and ethical standards. They liked to do something for the sake of the process itself, and not because it is a means to an end.
• 13. Philosophical sense of humor. Another notable characteristic of self-actualizing people is their clear preference for philosophical, benevolent humor. If the average person can enjoy jokes that make fun of someone's inferiority, humiliate someone or obscene, then a healthy person is more attracted to humor that ridicules the stupidity of humanity as a whole.
• 14. Creativity. Self-actualizing people have the ability to be creative. However, the creative potential of his subjects did not manifest itself in the same way as that of outstanding talents in poetry, art, music or science. It is creativity that is present in everyday life as a natural way of expressing an observant, perceiving new and invigoratingly simple way of personality.
• 15. Resistance to cultivation. Self-actualizing people are in harmony with their culture, while maintaining a certain internal independence from it. They have autonomy and self-confidence, and therefore their thinking and behavior is not subject to social and cultural influence.

Thus, the process of self-actualization is, on the one hand, the result of a person's harmony with the world. In other words, this is the process of personality development, in which the content of the “I-concept” is adequate to the surrounding world and reflects harmony with oneself both in cognitive, evaluative and behavioral components. On the other hand, the mismatch with the outside world of the "I-concept", and, as a result. the presence of anxiety, inadequate overestimated or underestimated self-esteem, vagueness of attitudes and beliefs, entails blocking the process of self-realization, a person’s disclosure of his potential, deprives him of the opportunity to self-actualize. The process of self-actualization and the content of the "I-concept" depends on the conditions that develop in a certain period of a person's life. If this process from birth to the beginning of youth accompanies and is interdependent with the process of mental formation and development of a person, then in the period of middle age it is largely determined by environmental factors, the social environment. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the features of the formation of the "I-concept" and self-actualization in this age period.

GOALS, SPO-

OWNERSHIP,

DEVELOPMENT

PERSONAL

AESTHETIC NEEDS

HARMONY, SYMMETRY,

ORDER, BEAUTY

COGNITIVE NEEDS

KNOW, KNOW, UNDERSTAND,

RESEARCH

NEED FOR RESPECT (HONORED):

COMPETENCE, SUCCESS ACHIEVEMENT

NEEDS FOR BELONGING AND LOVE

TO BELONG TO A COMMUNITY, TO BE NEARBY

WITH PEOPLE TO BE RECOGNIZED AND ACCEPTED BY THEM

THE NEED FOR SECURITY

FEEL PROTECTED, GET RID OF

FROM FEAR AND FAILURE, FROM AGGRESSION

PHYSIOLOGICAL (ORGANIC) NEEDS:

HUNGER, THIRST, SEXUAL DESIRE AND OTHERS

________________________________________________________________________________

The emotional states of people can be expressed in words, actions, involuntary physiological reactions of a person, such as, for example, trembling of hands, lips, a person's posture. However, the action may contradict the words: a person says that he is glad, but he himself smirks. The ability to express your feelings in words is not given to every person. This must be done consistently, coordinating words with actions and the internal state that causes external physiological and behavioral manifestations that are noticeable to others.

A sincere expression of one's feelings almost always resonates with a partner.

It is especially important to be frank, without embellishing, to be aware of your negative feelings. Negative emotion always indicates some trouble in relations with a partner. It is best not to hush up and not hide the emotion from yourself, because involuntarily you still, as a rule, express this emotion to your partner, but seek to clarify the relationship with your partner. If you discuss together how everyone is experiencing the situation and what prevents you from having a constructive conversation, you will find that negative emotions were caused by a mismatch in the assessment of the situation and each other's motives. Emotions can change. Your partner may find that their actions trigger emotions in you that they didn't expect. It is very likely that the situation will clear up.

However, in no case should the description of your feelings be intended to make the other behave in a way that makes you feel good. Too bad that's what they do most of the time..

Consider the following examples of misbehavior. Imagine yourself in the place of a person to whom feelings are expressed in this way. Will your inner tension increase or decrease?

If you want to check whether you correctly perceive the emotional state of another, you can do the following. Describe the person's behavior and tell how you perceive the condition and mood of your partner. You can start saying things like: “I see that…”, “I would like to understand your feelings…”, “Did I understand correctly what you feel…”.

But don't say; “Why are you angry with me” is already mind reading, but not a test of your perception. One could say: “I see that you have turned away. I would like to know how you feel. Maybe you're mad at me?"

Don't say, "Your head hurts, is it depression again?" - in your words there is no concern, but a mockery, refined aggression. It might be better to say this: “I see you lowered your shoulders and are silent. Are you disappointed that no one responded to your proposal?

Don't say, "Don't be so sensitive." Thus, manipulate the feelings of another. And if you say this: “you got up so unexpectedly when I spoke. I want to tell you why, you seem to be offended by my comment."

Keep in mind, such a test of your perception, describing the emotions of a partner, means for him only: “I perceive your feelings this way, is it true?”. You do not express approval or disapproval in any way.

THIRTEEN TECHNIQUES TO GET AND RETAIN ATTENTION

Surprise

use unexpected and unknown information to the audience in your speech, as well as convex formulations with a “revitalizing effect”.

"Provocation"

for a short time cause the listeners to react with disagreement with the information presented, using this period to prepare the listeners for constructive conclusions, to clarify thoughts and more clearly define their own position.

Hyperbola

use exaggeration to sharpen the audience's attention to the subject. Do not forget, however, to clearly state your position on the problem raised later, without exaggeration.

Forecasting

based on real facts, make forecasts of expected events to emphasize the necessary values ​​of orientation, interests, requirements, wishes.

Comparison of all the pros and cons

as an analysis, familiarize the audience with all the arguments “for” and “against” any opinion, event, etc. After comparing all the arguments, find the correct solution to the problem, using the contrasting argument: "however, actually ...".

Delegate decision-making by asking appropriate questions involve partners in the thinking process; refrain from using your own arguments.

Empathy

Describe the events that connect you with the listeners with enthusiasm, without missing details that are important for the audience and the topic, making the listeners empathize.

Introducing an element of informality

Considering the subject of the speech, tell the audience about your own misconceptions, mistakes and their consequences, and show how you managed to find a solution to the problem. This will allow you to overcome the restraint and bias of the listeners and change their opinion in your favor.

Dramatization

visually and captivatingly, consciously dramatizing, depict events generalizing the topic of the speech so that listeners can identify themselves with the characters and the life situation. Prepare the necessary abstractions in this way.

Direct connection

refrain from introductions or digressions if your partners are familiar with the problem. Start with the main one.

give listeners a chance to relax. Create a shared emotional platform.

Expression

consciously choose language that is markedly different from the usual style. Use techniques to gradually increase the effect: accompany stylistically neutral statements with expressive language

POSITION OF PARENT, ADULT AND CHILD IN COMMUNICATION

Turning to another person, we usually unconsciously choose for ourselves and the interlocutor one of the three states of our “I”, the position of the Parent, Adult or Child. Despite the fact that this choice is made involuntarily, communication in each of the three positions occurs according to its own rules.

R - Parent - teaches, directs, evaluates, condemns, knows everything, understands everything, does not doubt, is responsible for everything, demands from everyone

B - Adult - soberly argues, carefully weighs, analyzes logically, is free from prejudices, does not give in to moods.

D- Child - unrestrained, emotional, unpredictable, protesting, creative, illogical, free from dogma, impulsive.

It is proposed that all three states of "I" are present in each person, differing only in proportions. The names are conditional and are not directly related to age.

In some situations, one position gives advantages, in others - another: punishment works better from the parental position, entertainment - from the child's position. A person who has entered into communication involuntarily chooses an advantageous position for himself and offers a position advantageous for business to a partner. The interlocutor either accepts or does not accept the proposed state - also unconsciously. Acceptance of the proposed position puts a person in a certain psychological dependence on another. The ability to analyze transactions with three positions allows you to more accurately capture the hidden meaning of what was said, quickly determine the true initiator, better see tactics and strategy.

LEARN TO CHOOSE CORRECTLY, RECOGNIZE QUICKLY, FLEXIBLY CHANGE THE POSITIONS OF A PARENT, ADULT AND CHILD!

The technique of conversation is punishment. This is the technique of any conversation that contains any negative information.

The most difficult thing is to desire the transition from + to - 1st positive phase d.b. pretty lengthy.

Transition options

But in the last time (it is better not to say the “but” particle)

What happened to you…

In phase 1, take the blame.

After a long part of the conversation, when there is an assessment of positive qualities and you say the phrase: “Here I am talking to you now and I know, as it were, two Ivan Petrovichs: one is a professional, and the other disrupts deliveries.”

People do not always think about how perfect their verbal form of communication is. Not everyone has the gift of "burning people's hearts with the verb", but no one can be indifferent to how the word should be handled. People benefit from dialogue, get more knowledge. A business conversation (in the future we will talk about it, and not about a corridor conversation on everyday topics) is one of the forms of obtaining information, activating the intellectual capabilities of its participants. Dialogue as a form of communication is present in all types of human relations; it is one of the most effective and ancient forms of education and upbringing.

There are five stages in the "technology" of the dialogue: the beginning, the transfer of information, argumentation, refutation of the interlocutor's arguments, decision-making. In several conversations, we will consider each of them in detail.

ConversationI START.

Often, at the level of common sense, I believe that the beginning of a dialogue is the beginning of a speech message. In reality, this is not so. Most often, the first stage is carried out partially or completely omitted. To start a dialogue means to establish a kind of bridge between the parties participating in it. At this stage, the interlocutors solve the following tasks:

Draw attention to yourself

Establish rapport and an atmosphere of trust

Arouse interest in the topic of conversation.

Sometimes, if necessary, "seize the initiative."

Oddly enough, many dialogues end before they even begin, especially given the different social status of the interlocutors, differences in their levels of education and readiness for social contacts. The reason is that the first phrases are too insignificant. The interlocutors listen more attentively to the beginning of the conversation, and the first few sentences form their decision to listen to each other further or not. It is at this stage that an internal attitude to the subject of the dialogue is created and an impression is formed about us (the effect of the “first impression”, which is often erroneous). With an unsuccessful start, the probability of unattainability of the goal is very high.

There are many ways to start a conversation. Each person in his arsenal has several proven methods that correspond to his life role. The practice of business communication has developed a number of "debuts", which can be reduced to four methods.

I. STRESS RELIEF METHOD.

It allows you to reduce the distance of alienation. Say a few kind words to the interlocutor, make him an indirect compliment (a direct compliment can be regarded as flattery). Bring on the joke. If possible, show off your wit. It is necessary to avoid any manifestations of disrespect, disregard for the interlocutor, such as: “I ran past and dropped in to you ...”, “I don’t have much time, let’s quickly consider ...”, “I accidentally heard your conversation ...”. From the very first phrases, one should not force the interlocutor to take a defensive position. And although this is a completely natural reaction when asked a question, from the point of view of the psychology of communication, this is a clear blunder.

Imagine such a situation. Dialogue initiator: “I was sent to check the work of your department. I think it has a special meaning now.” Interlocutor: “Our department has more important tasks. All necessary documentation will be provided to you by our employee. He can also provide comprehensive information on all issues of interest to you. Thus, the interlocutor is in a defensive position. The initiator of the dialogue has created a barrier that will not be easy to remove in the future.

II. HITCH METHOD.

Allows you to briefly state the situation or problem, linking it to the content of the conversation, and using this "hook" as a starting point for a planned conversation. For this purpose, one can successfully use some small event, comparison, personal impressions, an anecdotal incident or an unusual question.

III. IMAGINATION STIMULATION METHOD.

It has limitations in the field of application and gives positive results only when talking with an interlocutor who has imagination, a broad outlook and an optimistic view of the current situation. It involves posing at the very beginning of the conversation a number of questions with non-traditional options for their solution.

IV. DIRECT APPROACH METHOD.

Sometimes called the frontal attack method. The reason for the visit is briefly stated, then a quick transition is made from general questions to specific ones. This coldly rational approach is justified in short-term business contacts in resolving issues that brook no delay.

When using any method for the success of the dialogue, one should be guided by the following provisions:

Try to put yourself in the place of the interlocutor, i.e. use the "you-approach". Ask yourself what would interest you, how would you react if you were in the place of the interlocutor? To do this, try to avoid the wording of the thought: “I have come to the conclusion ...”, “I would like to ...”, “Although you do not know ...”, “I find it interesting that ...”, and replace them accordingly: “You will be interested to know that…”, “Wouldn’t you like…”, “You should be well aware…”, “Perhaps you will find it interesting…”.

Show attention to the opinion and interests of the interlocutor. To do this, there is a large arsenal of facial expressions and gestures. Any person is more willing to talk about his own problems than trying to penetrate others. People are more likely to choose interlocutors based on their ability to listen rather than their ability to speak.

It is better to start a dialogue with an appeal for advice, and not with a statement of your request.

The initial phrases should be clear, concise, meaningful.

It's better to address people by their first names. It invisibly shortens the distance.

One should avoid preconceived notions about the interlocutor, which can be formed by rumors about him, statements of third parties, by his appearance, which reminds us of an unpleasant person.

THE ART OF LISTENING

The stage of transferring information in a dialogue contains not only the technique of asking questions, but also the tactics of listening to the interlocutor. Many mistakes and misses in business are made due to the fact that employees inattentively listen to mutual instructions and requests. If we do not understand the intentions and desires of the interlocutor, then we can unbalance him, which will complicate the development of further relations. Listening involves the obligatory fulfillment of conditions that the reader in the most general terms is probably already aware of. (Can you listen? - For teaching staff, 1982, April 28)

Try to choose a convenient time for listening to the interlocutor, when both participants in the dialogue have not yet had time to get tired. It is impossible to choose a worse time than the last working minutes on the eve of Sunday, when both parties are already living with thoughts about the upcoming vacation.

Although many issues are discussed in the corridors, yet business information is filled with much more meaning in those places where people's attention is not scattered. To do this, it is better to choose a calm, quiet place where there are few extraneous stimuli.

When listening, there should be no extraneous thoughts. since the speed of thought is about four times the speed of speech, digression (removal from the subject) can occur, which is characteristic of intelligent listeners who use the advanced speed of thought to raise questions and counterarguments. This is a mistake, as a result of which you can lose the thread of the presentation.

Try to concentrate on the essence of the dialogue, brushing aside everything secondary in the interlocutor's speech. Pay attention not to how the person says, but to what he wants to say. It is especially necessary to closely monitor the train of thought of speakers who do not own rhetoric. The unsystematic nature of their presentation, confusion in terms and concepts, a large number of insignificant facts cited by them in conversation make it difficult to understand the essence of the subject.

Do not try to prematurely evaluate your interlocutor. listen to it to the end. Bad listeners tend to react too quickly to statements and this eliminates the speaker's desire to speak out to the end.

You can not be influenced by prejudice to the topic of conversation and the interlocutor. When someone tries to express an opinion opposite to ours, we stop listening and start planning a counterattack in advance. The same thing happens when the first few sentences seem boring to us.

Avoid making many notes in the dialogue. By doing this, you alert the interlocutor, erecting a barrier of alienation between him and yourself, completely destroying the fragile structure of frankness.

You should not attach special importance to the emotionally colored words of the interlocutor. Each person has words in his lexicon that have a special meaning for him, different from the commonly used meaning, to which he is not indifferent and pronounces them with “pressure”. The frequent use of such words may characterize the state of the speaker, but not determine the key points of the dialogue.

Watch the interlocutor's expression. Facial expressions and gestures carry more information than it seems at first glance. Try to establish visual contact with the interlocutor, reinforce his statements with a nod of the head, a smile, a look.

Use humor wisely, because it may not always be clear to the interlocutor. For a complete understanding of it, it is necessary that the participants in the dialogue have a perfect command of the language, have the same intellectual level of development and social status. In the absence of one of these components, humor can be assessed as an insult to human dignity and honor.

TRANSFER OF INFORMATION

The objectives of this part of the dialogue are:

In identifying the motives of the opposite side;

In the transmission of planned information;

In the formation of arguments and counterarguments used in the next stage of the dialogue;

Checking the positions of the interlocutor;

Preliminary forecasting of its further actions, if possible.

To be successful, it is necessary to master the technique of posing questions and developed listening methods. Rarely do you meet people who are able to clearly and clearly state their thoughts from beginning to end. Therefore, it is impossible to avoid asking questions. The centuries-old history of communication and rhetoric have developed their own methods. There are five main groups of questions.

CLOSED QUESTIONS are questions that are expected to be answered with a "yes" or "no". They sharply narrow the room for maneuver for the interlocutor and direct the dialogue along a narrow, purposeful channel. The purpose of questions of this type is to get from the interlocutor a reasonable argument for the expected answer from him. it is recommended to apply in cases of obtaining consent or denying the fact or action of the recipient. In posing questions of this kind there is a danger that the dialogue may appear as an interrogation. In this case, the information received by the initiator of the conversation is minimal.

OPEN QUESTIONS - questions that cannot be answered "yes" or "no", they require a detailed explanation. These are the questions “what”, “who”, “how”, “how much”, “why”, “where”, “for what purpose”. With their help, the dialogue takes on the character of a monologue for the interlocutor, and he is given a wider opportunity to express his views. It becomes a source of ideas and suggestions for us. Open questions are recommended to be used to obtain additional information, to find out the real motives of the interlocutor's behavior and his positions in the conversation. The basis can only be his willingness to give us information in other cases they will not achieve the goal. The disadvantages of developing a dialogue with such techniques are the loss of the initiative of the questioner, the sequence of the development of the topic, and the loss of control over the course of the conversation.

RHETORICAL QUESTIONS - are designed to ensure support for our position on the part of the participants in the dialogue through tacit approval or to sharpen the thesis under consideration. It is important that questions of this nature are understandable not only to the auditor, but also to the recipient, otherwise it is easy to slip into ordinary demagogy or get into a ridiculous position. for example, at a general meeting of the student construction team, held a week before the end of the work, the speaker sharply criticized the management for poor organization of work, untimely delivery of materials and asked the rhetorical question: “How long will we tolerate this situation?”. Until construction is completed

followed by a general laugh.

Indicators	visual	Auditory	kinesthetic
Basic posture	Chin down, body stiff, sitting straight	Shakes head and body, moves arms	Constant erratic movements, dramatic voice
Leg position, feet	Toes turned inward, legs crossed	Socks are apart, legs are not crossed, do not touch each other	Legs and feet are clearly directed away from the body
	At the top of the chest	In the middle of the chest
Motion	motionless	From side to side	erratic movements
Speech rate	Very fast	Like a metronome	slow speech
Process localization	around the eyes, eg. wink, squinting eyes, raising eyebrows	Around the ears, mouth and sounds, e.g. "ah", "um", etc.	Movement below the neck
eye movements	Eyes looking up	Look around	Down and right
Finger movements	Index - large	clenched fist	Nameless big
Professional
body movements	Step back! Stay still! Draw us a picture	Step forward! mark the time! I hear you	Stay back. Touch! I understand!
Speech rate	speak fast	Speak in rhythm	Slowly!
Use Predicates	Focus Look Observe Fog notice Appears introduce	Sounds like chat Speak Clean as a bell Loud and clear	Grab Feel I didn't understand Manage grab hold Touch Self-actualization- this is the absolute disclosure by the individual of personal potential, inclinations and inclinations. It is expressed in a personal desire for the most complete identification of personal capabilities and their further education. True self-actualization depends on the presence of favorable social and historical conditions, but it cannot be set by society or culture from the outside. Self-actualization does not contain an external goal. It comes from within the individual, expressing his positive nature. Self-actualization is considered a key concept in the humanistic concept in psychology. Its main values ​​are: personal freedom, striving for development, realization of the potential and desires of the subject. Personal self-actualization The problem of self-actualization of personality was most clearly represented by two leading psychologists, the founders of the humanistic approach to psychological science - K. Rogers and A. Maslow. Therefore, the theory of self-actualization is rooted in the humanistic direction of psychology. It was first introduced in the mid-20th century in the United States and became a core component of humanistic psychology, which declared itself the third germ of psychology along with behaviorism and psychoanalysis. Humanistic psychology got its name due to the recognition of the dominant aspect of personality as a single unique system, which is not something provided in advance, but an open opportunity for self-actualization. It is based on the belief that everyone is likely to flourish if they are given the opportunity to independently choose their own destiny and give it the right direction. The emergence of the concept of self-actualization of the personality and the allocation of its main positions are associated with the name of A. Maslow. Its key point is the concept of personality formation, the doctrine of the need for ultimate creative self-realization, which leads to true mental health. According to the study of self-actualization conducted by A. Maslow, different definitions are given, but all scientists agree on the main thing: - in the need to reconcile the individual with the inner "I" as the "core" of the personality and its expression, in other words, "ideal functioning", the development by the subject of all personal and species characteristics; - in minimizing diseases, neuroses, which reduce the fundamental personal and general inclinations of the individual. Some researchers believe that it is self-actualization and the subject that is the strongest of the needs of the individual, which can overshadow even the need for food or sleep. In accordance with the concept of K. Rogers, two directions can be distinguished in the psyche of the individual, provided from birth. The first is a self-actualizing direction, which includes inclinations, future personality traits. And the second direction is a mechanism of control over the formation of personality or an organismic tracking process. It is on these two tendencies that the formation of a unique personality is based, including the “I” real and ideal, between which a completely different relationship can be observed - from disharmony to maximum harmony. In this concept, self-actualization and self-realization of the subject are closely related. Self-actualization of a person is presented as a process of discovering individual potential, which allows one to become a person who uses absolutely all possibilities. In the course of achieving the goals, the individual lives a fantastically rich, exciting life filled with self-improvement and amazing results. Such a person lives, enjoying every moment of existence “here and now”. It is possible to single out the typical features of self-actualization of personality. An individual who is engaged in self-actualization and has achieved great success in it can be characterized as follows: doing what you love; not subject to foreign influence; strives for development; loves to read; he can be called a creative person; applies a positive way of thinking; self-assured; open emotionally; forgives himself for the periodic incontinence, irritability inherent in all. Such individuals are in complete harmony with themselves, as a result of which it can be said with conviction that personal growth contributes to a happier life. Unfortunately today, the problem of self-actualization is considered one of the most undeveloped aspects in psychology. Maslow's self-actualization Maslow is considered the founder of the humanistic approach to psychology. The American psychologist, in contrast to his scientific comrades, studied mentally healthy individuals, creatively developed individuals, in other words, such subjects who had achieved self-actualization. And directly under the term self-actualization, he meant the full use of abilities, potential, inclinations by individuals. Maslow's theory of self-actualization is an experience that is perfect, selfless, alive, with full concentration, absorption and absorption, in other words, an experience without the shyness inherent in adolescence. He also developed the characteristics of self-actualizing personalities: - a more effective perception of reality and more favorable relations with it; - acceptance of oneself, others, nature; - spontaneity, artlessness, immediacy; - focus on the goal; - a non-hostile sense of humor; - the need for isolation and solitude; – independence from cultural and environment, autonomy; – constant novelty of the assessment; – experience of higher states; - deeper and more perfect interpersonal relationships; - separation of means and tasks, the concept of good from evil; - a sense of belonging, union with others; - self-actualizing creativity. Maslow's theory of self-actualization is that in order to achieve the goal of avoiding disappointments in human nature, individuals must first give up illusions about it. Maslow proposed eight principles of self-actualization. The first principle is based on total selfless living experience with absolute concentration and absorption. Often individuals are not aware of what is happening in themselves and around them. The second principle lies in choosing a solution in the direction of growth in any situation. Choosing to grow means opening yourself up to new, unforeseen experiences that run the risk of being left in the unknown. The third principle teaches individuals to actually exist, not potentially. This principle means that you need to decide on things that give pleasure and which do not, regardless of the opinions and positions of others. Principle four embraces taking responsibility and honesty, which are moments of self-actualization. The fifth principle is trusting one's own instincts, views and following them, and not trusting what is accepted in society. Only in this case, the individual will be able to make the right choice of profession, diet, life partner, creativity, etc. The sixth principle advocates the regular development of their inclinations, talents, inclinations, their use in order to do excellently what they want to do. The seventh principle covers the transitional stage in self-actualization, which Maslow referred to as the "peak experience." In the moments of "peaks" people think, act and feel as clearly and clearly as possible. They love and accept others more, are freer from personal conflict and unrest, and can use their energy more constructively. Principle eight symbolizes the next step of self-actualization, aimed at finding "protection" and destroying it. Maslow's concept of "protection" implies projection, rationalization, repression, identification, etc., in other words, everything that is used in psychoanalytic practices. Maslow identified several levels of fundamental needs, presented below. At the lowest level, he placed physiological needs, such as the need for food or intimacy. They are followed by the need for security. It is in order to satisfy this need that the subject will acquire an apartment, clothes, observe a certain regime, etc. At the third level, there is a need for belonging and love, i.e. the individual acquires a family, friends. The next level covers the need for respect, i.e. the subject moves up the career ladder, is involved in politics, etc. The fifth level contains the need for self-actualization. It is the highest level in the presented hierarchy of needs model. Maslow identified common features for higher needs. He argued that higher needs later manifest themselves. The specificity of higher needs lies in their uselessness for survival, i.e. the higher the level of the hierarchy the need is, the less it will be necessary for survival, the longer its satisfaction will be postponed. Higher biological efficiency depends on the level of satisfaction of needs, i.e. the higher the level, the greater the efficiency, life expectancy, fewer diseases, etc. All higher needs are perceived by individuals as less relevant. After all, a person is not up to reading books when there is nothing to eat or nowhere to live. Satisfaction of higher needs often leads to personal development, a happier life and enrichment of the inner world. Only after satisfying the need for self-actualization does the subject become actually complete. The need for self-actualization One of the internal manifestations of the desire for personal development is the need for self-actualization. According to the concept of K. Rogers, human nature contains a quality or phenomenon that encourages him to move in the direction of progress, to maturity, i.e. to greater adequacy of one's own self, potential and inclinations, to the integrity of the individual. Rogers was convinced that personal growth is inherent in every individual. He argued that even if the desire for self-actualization is tightly locked under layers of rusty psychological defenses, hidden behind sophisticated aspects that reject the very fact of its reality, it still exists in every individual and only waits for the moment when favorable conditions arise in order to manifest itself. Rogers' theory of self-actualization is based on his belief in the inherent desire to become a whole person, capable and competent as far as the potential allows. According to Maslow, the need for self-actualization represents the need for self-development, the need for self-expression, the need for self-fulfillment, the desire for identity. He was convinced that the process of self-actualization is a full-fledged development of the personality, which corresponds to the biological predetermination of the individual. K. Goldstein argued that it is the abilities of the individual that determine his needs. In developing the doctrine of self-actualization, Maslow argued that the abilities of the individual stubbornly demand their use and stop putting forward their demands only on condition that they are fully used. In accordance with Maslow's theory, the main motivating force that predetermines the behavior of an individual is the strength of a person's feelings in his personal experience. The process of self-actualization is also reflected in hedonism - the enjoyment of the highest benefits inherent in human nature. It is embodied in a feeling of deep satisfaction with life, expressed in a sense of wholeness and enlightenment. Maslow called these experiences peak experiences. The value and intensity of experiences that are associated with the satisfaction of lower needs, for example, in food or sleep, has a predisposition to decrease with each subsequent action to satisfy this need. Along with this, the peak experiences experienced by a person in the course of self-actualization are the most intense in strength, stable and have a greater value for the subject, in comparison with the experiences arising from the satisfaction of lower needs. This is the basis of Maslow's entire concept of the hierarchy of needs. The main postulate of his concept can be considered the assertion that the desire for self-actualization will always prevail in the ranking of motives. Goldstein also argued that a healthy subject may temporarily delay the satisfaction of such needs as food, sex, for the sake of satisfying curiosity or other motives. Maslow believed that in order to satisfy higher needs, the subject can endure hardships, hardships, and will make sacrifices. Often, for the sake of views and principles, an individual agrees to lead an ascetic lifestyle. At the same time, Maslow emphasized the fundamental difference between scarce and existential motivation. A subject who has not satisfied his basic needs, feels a shortage, for example, in security or food, will perceive the world as a hostile reality, which requires him to mobilize all efforts for survival. In such a world, he gets used to being defeated, as a result of which his entire moral and value system is subordinated only to lower needs. At the same time, the self-actualizing individual no longer cares about the problems of survival, he is striving for development and is controlled by internal potentialities that were originally laid in him by nature and require their implementation and development. According to Maslow, self-actualization of a person means moving upward from the need to eliminate the deficit. He emphasized that self-actualization of a person cannot be considered as a state of nirvana, in which there are no problems at all. On the contrary, in the process of self-actualization, a person faces real problems of being, which can bring disappointment and pain. Going beyond the boundaries of their own capabilities in the process of creative being, a self-actualizing individual has to fight with himself in order to force himself to make efforts for the next step in his own being. Along with this, Maslow was convinced that self-actualization cannot be an end in itself. He said that the process of self-actualization is a hard and painstaking work leading to a gradual increase in achievements. Maslow also pointed to the possibility of "pseudo-development" due to evading an unmet need. This happens when a person convinces himself that the unsatisfied higher need for self-actualization is actually satisfied or does not exist at all. However, this need is necessarily present as an unconscious force that calls on the individual to develop his own potential, to fulfill his life destiny, becoming himself. Self-actualization as the goal of the personality, will simultaneously be an intermediate and final goal. Maslow was sure that self-actualization is not precisely the final state, it is directly the process of translating the potential inherent in the individual into reality. Development of self-actualization Today, in an era of rapid social transformations that force a person to constantly transform their own established and established life relationships, rebuild themselves, the problem of applying and developing personal potential is becoming more acute and qualitatively new. Therefore, the question of the importance of creating conditions for personal self-actualization, the need for incentives for personal growth and the development of the creative potential of those individuals whose professional and labor activities include training, education and assistance is of particular relevance. For individuals whose profession is closely related to communicative interaction with people, a high degree of personal maturity, mental health and the degree of self-actualization are not only professionally significant characteristics, but also key factors that determine work efficiency. Self-actualization is a mental neoplasm that is directly related to the formation of the highest possible abilities, the need to achieve success, overcome obstacles and strive for unknown heights of growth, both personal and professional. The development of self-actualization is an eternal value for any modern subject. Contributing to the process of mastering the external elements of a positive attitude towards the implementation of activities, as a result of which a positive attitude towards one's own personality is formed, the perception of oneself as a subject of such activity, self-actualization plays the role of a driving factor in the development of personality. It contributes to the maximum manifestation of personal potential, the disclosure of the most hidden possibilities of the individual, and leads to self-organization and personal. Also, self-actualization is a key factor in the formation of internal integrity, the inseparability of all aspects of the personality. So, for example, self-actualization determines the purposeful nature of the subject's activity, gives promises for further professional and personal growth, promotes interactive processes of personal formation at the same time, being such a moment organizing the personality that leads to the natural state of self-organization. A necessary condition and foundation for the development of self-actualization will be the harmony of the psychological organization of the individual. The harmony of the psychological organization of personal self-actualization is determined by the formation of the spheres of the personality's life (behavioral, intellectual and emotionality), the balance of development of these spheres and their integration. RELATED ARTICLES Feedback site `s map About the site