As in any science, chemistry has its own system of symbols, its own language. The lesson is devoted to acquaintance with the language of chemical science, the study of the symbols of chemical elements. You will find out when and by whom the modern symbols of chemical elements were invented.
Topic: Initial chemical ideas
Lesson: Symbols of chemical elements
Back in the Middle Ages, during the days of alchemy, various signs were used to designate substances, mainly metals. After all, the main goal of alchemists was to obtain gold from various metals. Therefore, each of them used their own notation.
In the 19th century there was a need to use symbolism understandable to all scientists. And one of the first such symbols was proposed by John Dalton. But his notation was inconvenient to use.
Rice. 1. John Dalton and his system of notation of chemical elements
The modern system of chemical signs was proposed at the beginning of the 19th century. Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius. The scientist proposed to designate chemical elements the first letter of their Latin name. In those days, all scientific articles were printed in Latin, it was generally accepted and understood by all scientists.
For example, the chemical element oxygen (in Latin Oxygenium) received the designation O.
And the chemical element hydrogen (Hydrogenium) is H. If the names of several elements began with the same letter, then the second or one of the subsequent letters of the name was indicated in the element symbol. For example, mercury (Hydrargyrum) is designated Hg.
Please note that the first letter of the sign of a chemical element is always capitalized, if there is a second letter, then it is lowercase. It is necessary to memorize not only the names of the elements and their symbols, but also the pronunciation, i.e. how these characters are read.
There are no specific rules for pronouncing the signs of chemical elements. They must be learned by heart. The signs of some chemical elements are pronounced in the same way as the corresponding letter: oxygen - "o", sulfur - "es", phosphorus - "pe", nitrogen - "en", carbon - "ce".
The signs of other elements are pronounced in the same way as the elements themselves are called: “sodium”, “potassium”, “chlorine”, “fluorine”.
The pronunciation of some signs corresponds to their Latin name: silicon - "silicium", mercury - "hydrargyrum", copper - "cuprum", iron - "ferrum".
Rice. 2. Symbols and names of some chemical elements
The sign of a chemical element has several meanings. First, it refers to all the atoms of a given element. Secondly, the sign of a chemical element can designate one or more atoms of a given element. For example, the notation O can mean: "the chemical element oxygen" or "one oxygen atom".
To designate several atoms of a given chemical element, you need to put a number in front of its sign corresponding to the number of atoms. For example, the notation 3N means "three nitrogen atoms".
The number in front of the sign of a chemical element is called the coefficient.
1. Collection of tasks and exercises in chemistry: 8th grade: to the textbook by P.A. Orzhekovsky and others. "Chemistry, Grade 8" / P.A. Orzhekovsky, N.A. Titov, F.F. Hegel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2006.
2. Ushakova O.V. Chemistry workbook: 8th grade: to the textbook by P.A. Orzhekovsky and others. “Chemistry. Grade 8” / O.V. Ushakova, P.I. Bespalov, P.A. Orzhekovsky; under. ed. prof. P.A. Orzhekovsky - M .: AST: Astrel: Profizdat, 2006. (p. 19-21)
3. Chemistry: 8th grade: textbook. for general institutions / P.A. Orzhekovsky, L.M. Meshcheryakova, L.S. Pontak. M.: AST: Astrel, 2005.(§8)
4. Chemistry: inorg. chemistry: textbook. for 8 cells. general institutions / G.E. Rudzitis, FuGyu Feldman. - M.: Enlightenment, JSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2009. (§6)
5. Encyclopedia for children. Volume 17. Chemistry / Chapter. edited by V.A. Volodin, leading. scientific ed. I. Leenson. - M.: Avanta +, 2003.
Additional web resources
1. A single collection of digital educational resources ().
2. Electronic version of the journal "Chemistry and Life" ().
Homework
p.19-21 Nos. 1-5 from the Workbook in Chemistry: 8th grade: to the textbook by P.A. Orzhekovsky and others. “Chemistry. Grade 8” / O.V. Ushakova, P.I. Bespalov, P.A. Orzhekovsky; under. ed. prof. P.A. Orzhekovsky - M.: AST: Astrel: Profizdat, 2006.
Mercury corresponded to the planet Mercury, which moves the fastest in the sky. Yes, a large number of people feed on the “protection of the environment”! Mercury is a chemical element, a transition metal. You, of course, guessed that we are talking about mercury. How much mercury is in fluorescent lamps? What to do? The danger of mercury is extremely exaggerated!
"Chemical element aluminum" - What are the physical properties of aluminum. Stranger. Aluminum. What are the properties of aluminum based on its use. Chains of transformations. Application. Aluminum utensils. Compound. Chemical properties. Dark spots. physical properties. Aluminum cookware.
"Signs of the Elements" - Myths of the Ancient Greeks. astronomical beginnings. Signs of chemical elements. The concept of the signs of chemical elements. Period. Names of great scientists. Metals. Element properties. geographical beginnings. Coordinates. Fluorine. Lithium. small periods. Hydrogen. Jens Jacob Berzelius. Chemical element. Subgroups. Cera.
"Nickel" - Shiny silvery-white metal. Element of the earth's depths. Nickel alloys. Swedish mineralogist A. Kronstedt. German chemist Jeremy Richter. It is used in many sectors of the national economy. Nickel burns only in powder form. It is the main component of meteorites. Silver-like metal. Stainless steel.
"Copper, silver, gold" - Complex compounds. Features of the chemistry of copper. simple substances. Receiving copper. Silver. Acquisition and destruction. Blackening of silver objects. oxygen compounds. simple substances. Elements of the IB group. Copper smelting. redox properties. Minerals. Degrees of oxidation. Chemistry of elements.
"Chemical element hydrogen" - Word to the keepers of knowledge. Amateurs. The best sportsman. The townsfolk. Frontal conversation. properties of hydrogen. Leading. Speed track. Hydrogen. Numbers of practically possible reactions. Project or lesson materials. The main application of hydrogen. Let's do a knowledge test. Reaction equations. Characters.
There are 46 presentations in total in the topic
Subject: The language of chemistry. Signs of chemical elements. Relative atomic mass of chemical elements.
Lesson Objectives:
1) Introduce students to the symbols and names of some chemical elements.
2) Form the concept of relative atomic mass.
3) Show the difference between the concepts of "atomic mass" and "relative atomic mass".
4) Learn to find the value of the relative atomic mass.
Basic concepts: chemical sign, atomic mass unit, relative atomic mass.
Equipment:Presentation, student's report on Y.Ya. Berzelius, individual cards.
During the classes
I. Organizing moment
II. Announcement of the topic and objectives of the lesson
III. Repetition of previously studied material
1) a frontal survey of students on teacher questions;
2) individual cards.
IV. Learning new material
slide 1 .
slide 2 .
Epigraph to the word lesson of Stepan Shchipachev:
There is nothing else in nature
Neither here nor there, in the depths of space:
Everything - from small grains of sand to planets
It consists of single elements.
slide 3 .
Who is the founder of Slavic writing?
Representation of the analogy table.
slide 4 .
The ancient Greek sages were the first to say the word "element", and this happened five centuries before our era.
The "elements" of the ancient Greeks were earth, water, air and fire.
slide 5 .
The concept of a chemical element was introduced into science by the famous English scientist Robert Boyle, and the definition was given by John Dalton.
slide 6 .
The father of chemical writing is the Swedish scientist J.Ya. Berzelius, he proposed to use the initial letters of their Latin names as symbols (“letters”) of chemical elements, and if the first letters coincide, use the second letter as well.
Slide 7 .
For example:
Hydrogen (in Latin "hydrogenium", Hhydrogenium) – H;
- oxygen (in Latin "oxygenium", Oxygenium) - O;
- carbon (in Latin "carboneum", Carboneum) – C;
- fluorine (in Latin "fluorum", Fluorum) – F;
- iron (in Latin "ferrum", F e
rrum)– Fe;
- gold (in Latin "aurum", Aurum) – Au.
The student presents a report on Y.Ya. Berzelius
Slide 8 .
Currently, 110 chemical elements are known, and the existence of 89 elements has been established on earth, the rest of the elements were obtained artificially. These elements form the whole diversity of the world around us, all substances known to mankind. The number of chemical elements is limited, and their combinations are practically unlimited.
Slide 9 .
An element is a specific type of atom. All known chemical elements are in the table of elements by D.I. Mendeleev.
Slide 10 .
Introduction to the Periodic System
The teacher draws attention to the fact that each element has its own symbol, understandable to scientists of any country. These symbols are the same all over the world. There is no need to memorize the chemical signs of all existing elements, for this there is a periodic table of chemical elements in the chemistry room.
slide 11 .
The atoms of one element are the same, but the atoms of different elements differ from each other, primarily in their mass. Atoms, like all particles of matter, have a mass, but very small. The teacher gives examples: the mass of the lightest atom - the hydrogen atom is 1.67 × 10−23 g, the C atom is 1.995 × 10−23 g, the O atom is 2.66 × 10−23 g.
Here is an example: the number of hydrogen atoms in 1 cm3 at a temperature of 0 ° C and a pressure of 1 atm is so large that if we count them at a rate of two atoms per second, then it will take about 900 billion years to count everything.
The masses of atoms, expressed in grams, are so small that it is inconvenient to use them, and therefore it became necessary to introduce a new unit for measuring the mass of an atom - atomic mass unit (a.u.m.), which is equal to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon atom, i.e. 1.66 10–24 g
The teacher shows how to calculate the mass of several chemical elements in atomic mass units.
slide 12 .
The teacher talks about the work of J. Dalton, who compiled the first table of the relative atomic masses of the elements on October 21, 1803 at the Manchester Philosophical Society.
J. Dalton presented the first table of the atomic masses of the elements. It was called "The First Table of the Relative Weights of the Finite Particles of Bodies."
“All previously existing theories of corpuscles agree that these are small, identical balls. I believe that the atoms (the smallest indivisible particles) of one element are the same among themselves, but differ from the atoms of other elements. If at the moment nothing definite can be said about their size, then we can talk about their main physical property: atoms have weight. In confirmation of this, let me read out my second work: "The first table of relative weights of the final particles of bodies."
The teacher shows a table of rounded atomic masses in the class and reports that in practice they use the relative atomic mass of elements - a dimensionless value, rounded to whole numbers (the exception is chlorine; A r(Cl) = 35.5).
Work on the formation of students' ability to find the value of the relative atomic masses of elements in the periodic table of chemical elements.
Slides 13-18 .
Did you know?
The heaviest of natural elements - UranusU .
FluorineF - the most furious in the realm of non-metals, nothing can resist his "onslaught".
The name of the rarest element on Earth - astatineAt . In the thickness of the earth's crust it contains only 69 mg.
It is believed that the most unfortunate element name has nitrogen N . in Greek " a-zoos" means "lifeless". But this gas, which is part of the air, is not poisonous at all, it is simply unsuitable for breathing.
The following elements are named after countries:
mg (№ 12)
- magnesium - peninsula of Magnesia;
sc (№ 21) –
scandium - Scandinavia;
Cu (№ 29)
- copper - the island of Cyprus;
Ge (№ 3)
– germanium – Germany;
Ru (№ 44)
– ruthenium – Russia;
Fr (№ 87)
- French - France.
Elements named after scientists:
md (№ 101)
- mendelevium - D.I. Mendeleev;
no (№ 102)
–
nobelium - A. Nobel;
Cm (No. 96)- curium - Pierre and Marie Curie;
Es (No. 99)- einsteinium - A. Einstein;
Fm (No. 100)- fermium - E. Fermi;
Lr (No. 103)- lawrencium - E. Lawrence;
RF (No. 104)- rutherfordium - E. Rutherford;
Bh (No. 107)- Borium - N. Bor;
Mt (No. 109)- meitnerium - L. Meitner.
There are names of elements that owe themselves to the color of simple substances and compounds:
sulfur S(from Indian " sira"- light yellow color);
chlorine Cl(from Greek " chloros" - green);
iodineI(from Greek " iodes" - Violet);
Chrome Cr derived from the Greek chrome"- colored, due to the various colors of the compounds of this element.
Titles bromine Br and osmium Os come from the Greek words bromos" and " osme”, meaning “stench”, “smell”; it is clear what exactly was the strongest impression of the chemists who discovered these elements.
Elements named after the gods and heroes of ancient Greece:
titanium Ti;
niobium Nb;
tantalum T;
promethium Pm;
vanadium v.
Slides 19-23 .
Let's play!
joke questions
Which element is always happy? (Radon)
- what gas claims that it is not it? (Neon)
- what element can "give birth" to water? (Hydrogen)
- what element consists of 2 animals? (Arsenic)
What element revolves around the sun? (Uranus)
What is the "giant" element? (Titanium)
LOGORIFH is a game in which letters in a word are not replaced by others, but are discarded or new ones are added.
From the name of which chemical element, throwing out the first two letters, you can get the name of one of the common games? (Gold is lotto.)
From the name of which chemical element, throwing out the last letter, can you get a word-cry with which soldiers go on the attack, and civilians go to the parade? (Uranus - cheers.)
Which chemical element can have two letters added at the end to get the name of a ship that sank after colliding with an iceberg? (Titan - Titanic.)
To the name of which chemical element can three letters be added at the end to get the name of the hero of the ancient Greek myth who went to Colchis for the Golden Fleece? (Argon - Argonaut.)
METOGRAM - a task in which, by replacing one of the letters of the word, a new one is obtained.
From the name of which chemical element, replacing the first letter with another, you can get a word denoting the name:
Strait between Europe and Asia; (Phosphorus - Bosphorus)
- an area where there is a lot of water in the soil; (Gold is swamp)
- the name of the instrument; (Gold - chisel)
- from the name of which chemical element, replacing the last letter with another, you can get a word denoting the name of the mountain system, which is the border between Europe and Asia? (Uranus - Ural)
ANAGRAM - a task in which completely new words can be obtained from the same word, rearranging syllables and letters, as well as when reading backwards.
From the name of which chemical element, replacing the last letter and reading from the end, you can get a word denoting the name of an animal that can be both domestic and wild? (nitrogen - goat)
From the name of which chemical element, rearranging the first letter to the end, you can get the name:
Mineral; (Fluorine - peat)
- one of the types of four squares. (Bromine - rhombus)
slide 24 .
5. Homework
§7, ex. 16, 17 (p. 25), §8, exercises 18, 19 (p. 25).
Learn the signs of chemical elements.
As in any science, chemistry has its own system of symbols, its own language. The lesson is devoted to acquaintance with the language of chemical science, the study of the symbols of chemical elements. You will find out when and by whom the modern symbols of chemical elements were invented.
Topic: Initial chemical ideas
Lesson: Symbols of chemical elements
1. History of the development of the language of chemistry
Back in the Middle Ages, during the days of alchemy, various signs were used to designate substances, mainly metals. After all, the main goal of alchemists was to obtain gold from various metals. Therefore, each of them used their own notation.
In the 19th century there was a need to use symbolism understandable to all scientists. And one of the first such symbols was proposed by John Dalton. But his notation was inconvenient to use.
Rice. 1. John Dalton and his system of notation of chemical elements
2. The system of designation of chemical elements by J. Ya. Berzelius
The modern system of chemical signs was proposed at the beginning of the 19th century. Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius. The scientist proposed to designate chemical elements the first letter of their Latin name. In those days, all scientific articles were printed in Latin, it was generally accepted and understood by all scientists.
For example, the chemical element oxygen (in Latin Oxygenium) received the designation O.
And the chemical element hydrogen (Hydrogenium) is H. If the names of several elements began with the same letter, then the second or one of the subsequent letters of the name was indicated in the element symbol. For example, mercury (Hydrargyrum) is designated Hg.
Please note that the first letter of the sign of a chemical element is always capitalized, if there is a second letter, then it is lowercase. It is necessary to memorize not only the names of the elements and their symbols, but also the pronunciation, that is, how these symbols are read.
There are no specific rules for pronouncing the signs of chemical elements. They must be learned by heart. The signs of some chemical elements are pronounced in the same way as the corresponding letter: oxygen - "o", sulfur - "es", phosphorus - "pe", nitrogen - "en", carbon - "ce".
The signs of other elements are pronounced in the same way as the elements themselves are called: “sodium”, “potassium”, “chlorine”, “fluorine”.
The pronunciation of some signs corresponds to their Latin name: silicon - "silicium", mercury - "hydrargyrum", copper - "cuprum", iron - "ferrum".
Rice. 2. Symbols and names of some chemical elements
3. The meaning of the signs of chemical elements
The sign of a chemical element has several meanings. First, it refers to all the atoms of a given element. Secondly, the sign of a chemical element can designate one or more atoms of a given element. For example, the notation O can mean: "the chemical element oxygen" or "one oxygen atom".
To designate several atoms of a given chemical element, you need to put a number in front of its sign corresponding to the number of atoms. For example, the notation 3N means "three nitrogen atoms".
The number in front of the sign of a chemical element is called the coefficient.
1. Collection of tasks and exercises in chemistry: 8th grade: to the textbook by P. A. Orzhekovsky and others “Chemistry, grade 8” / P. A. Orzhekovsky, N. A. Titov, F. F. Hegele. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2006.
2. Ushakova O. V. Chemistry workbook: 8th grade: to the textbook by P. A. Orzhekovsky and others “Chemistry. Grade 8» / O. V. Ushakova, P. I. Bespalov, P. A. Orzhekovsky; under. ed. prof. P. A. Orzhekovsky - M .: AST: Astrel: Profizdat, 2006. (p. 19-21)
3. Chemistry: 8th grade: textbook. for general institutions / P. A. Orzhekovsky, L. M. Meshcheryakova, L. S. Pontak. M.: AST: Astrel, 2005.(§8)
4. Chemistry: inorg. chemistry: textbook. for 8 cells. general institutions / G. E. Rudzitis, FuGyu Feldman. - M.: Enlightenment, JSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2009. (§6)
5. Encyclopedia for children. Volume 17. Chemistry / Chapter. ed. V.A. Volodin, leading. scientific ed. I. Leenson. - M.: Avanta +, 2003.
Additional web resources
1. Unified collection of digital educational resources.
2. Electronic version of the journal "Chemistry and Life".
3. Chemistry tests (online).
Homework
p.19-21 Nos. 1-5 from the Workbook in Chemistry: 8th grade: to the textbook by P. A. Orzhekovsky and others “Chemistry. Grade 8» / O. V. Ushakova, P. I. Bespalov, P. A. Orzhekovsky; under. ed. prof. P. A. Orzhekovsky - M .: AST: Astrel: Profizdat, 2006.
J. Ya. Berzelius 
Designation of chemical elements by D. Dalton 
Table of names and symbols of some chemical elements 
Alchemical signs of chemical elements and substances 
Mass fractions of chemical elements in the earth's crust
Part I
1. Horizontally, the table of D. I. Mendeleev is divided into periods, which are divided into:
a) small, these are periods - 1, 2, 3;
b) large, these are periods - 4, 5, 6, 7.
2. Vertically, the table of D. I. Mendeleev is divided into groups, each of which is divided into:
a) the main, or A group;
b) side, or B group.
Group IA is a group of alkali metals.
Group IIA is a group of alkaline earth metals.
Group VIIA is a group of halogens.
Group VIIIA is a group of noble or inert gases.
4. Analogies of the language of chemistry with the Russian language.
5. Complete the table "Names and signs of chemical elements."
6. Examples of the names of chemical elements (indicate the chemical sign in brackets) in accordance with etymological sources.
1) Properties of simple substances
Hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), fluorine (F)
2) Astronomy
Selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), uranium (U)
3) Geography
Germanium (Ge), Gallium (Ga), Polonium (Po)
4) Ancient Greek myths
Tantalum (Ta), promethium (Pm), lutetium (Lu)
5) Great scientists
Mendelevium (Md), Rutherfordium (Rt), Einsteinium (Es)
Part II
1. Establish a correspondence between the position of the chemical element in the Periodic Table of D. I. Mendeleev and the chemical sign. 
A - 5; B - 1; IN 2; G - 4
2. Select symbols or names of chemical elements of one large period. From the letters corresponding to the correct answers, you will make up the name of the metal used to make sparklers: magnesium.
1) potassium M
2) Br A
5) manganese G
6) Cu H
8) Ca I
9) Zn
3. Write in the appropriate columns the names of the following chemical elements:
Cl, He, Br, Ne, Li, I, K, Ba, Ca, Na, Xe, Sr.
4. Fill in the gaps in the logic diagram.
Chemical element (H, O) → chemical reaction (H₂O) → chemical production (2 H₂O \u003d 2 H₂ + O₂).
5. Make a summary:
chemical elements - carbon, silicon, tin, lead - belong to group IVA.
6. In the left column of the table, write down on what basis the chemical elements are divided into two groups.
7. Set the correspondence between the pronunciation and the chemical sign (symbol).
A - 3; B - 6; IN 2; G - 7; D - 5; E - 1.
8. Cross out the "extra":
Curium, mendelevium, bromine, einsteinium.
9. Common etymological source of names of chemical elements:
U, Te, Se is a planetarium.
10. In honor of various states or parts of the world, elements are named:
Germanium, gallium, francium, dubnium.
