USE. Chemistry. Full course A, B, C. Self-preparation for the exam. Lidin R.A.

M.: 2013. - 352 p.

The textbook contains material to prepare for the exam in chemistry. 43 topics of the USE program are presented, the tasks for which correspond to the basic (28), advanced (10) and high (5) levels of complexity. The whole theory is structured according to the topics and questions of the content of the control measuring materials. Each topic contains theoretical positions, questions and exercises, tests of all types (with a choice of one answer, to establish correspondence, with multiple choice or answer in the form of a number), tasks with a detailed answer. It is addressed to teachers and students of the senior classes of the complete secondary school, as well as university applicants, teachers and students of chemical faculties (schools) of pre-university training.

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CONTENT
FOREWORD 7
1. Theoretical sections of chemistry
1.1. Modern ideas about the structure of the atom 8
1.2. Periodic law and Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleeva 17
1.2.1. Patterns of changes in the chemical properties of elements and their compounds by periods and groups 17
1.2.2-1.2.3. General characteristics of metals of the main subgroups of groups I-III and transition elements (copper, zinc, chromium, iron) according to their position in the Periodic system and structural features of their atoms 23
1.2.4. General characteristics of non-metals of the main subgroups of IV-VII groups according to their position in the Periodic system and structural features of their atoms 29
1.3. Chemical bond and structure of matter 43
1.3.1. Covalent bond, its varieties and formation mechanisms. Polarity and energy of a covalent bond. Ionic bond. Metal connection. Hydrogen bond 43
1.3.2. Electronegativity and oxidation state of chemical elements. Atomic valency 51
1.3.3. Substances of molecular and non-molecular structure. Type of crystal lattice. Dependence of the properties of substances on their composition and structure 57
1.4. Chemical reaction 66
1.4.1-1.4.2. Classification of reactions in inorganic and organic chemistry. Thermal effect of the reaction. Thermochemical Equations 66
1.4.3. Reaction rate, its dependence on various factors 78
1.4.4. Reversible and irreversible reactions. chemical balance. Equilibrium shift under the influence of various factors 85
1.4.5. Dissociation of electrolytes in aqueous solutions. Strong and weak electrolytes 95
1.4.6. Ion exchange reactions 106
1.4.7. Salt hydrolysis. Environment of aqueous solutions: acidic, neutral, alkaline 112
1.4.8. Redox reactions. Corrosion of metals and methods of protection against it 125
1.4.9. Electrolysis of melts and solutions (salts, alkalis, acids) 141
2. Inorganic chemistry
2.1. Classification of inorganic substances. Nomenclature of inorganic substances (trivial and international) 146
2.2. Characteristic chemical properties of simple substances - metals: alkali, alkaline earth, aluminum, transition metals - copper, zinc, chromium, iron 166
2.3. Characteristic chemical properties of simple substances - non-metals: hydrogen, halogens, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, silicon 172
2.4. Characteristic chemical properties of oxides: basic, amphoteric, acidic 184
2.5-2.6. Characteristic chemical properties of bases, amphoteric hydroxides and acids 188
2.7. Characteristic chemical properties of salts: medium, acidic, basic, complex (on the example of aluminum and zinc compounds) 194
2.8. The relationship of different classes of inorganic substances 197
3. Organic chemistry
3.1-3.2. Theory of the structure of organic compounds: homology and isomerism (structural and spatial). Hybridization of carbon 200 atomic orbitals
3.3. Classification of organic compounds. Nomenclature of organic compounds (trivial and international). Radical. Functional group 207
3.4. Characteristic chemical properties of hydrocarbons: alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, dienes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene and toluene) 214
3.5. Characteristic chemical properties of saturated monohydric and polyhydric alcohols, phenol 233
3.6. Characteristic chemical properties of aldehydes, saturated carboxylic acids, esters 241
3.7. Characteristic chemical properties of nitrogen-containing organic compounds: amines, amino acids 249
3.8. Biologically important compounds: fats, proteins, carbohydrates (mono-, di- and polysaccharides) 253
3.9. The relationship of organic compounds 261
4. Methods of knowledge in chemistry. Chemistry and life
4.1. Experimental Foundations of Chemistry 266
4.1.1-4.1.2. Rules for working in the laboratory. Methods for separation of mixtures and purification of substances 266
4.1.3-4.1.5. Determination of the nature of the environment of aqueous solutions of substances. Indicators. Qualitative reactions to inorganic substances and ions. Identification of organic compounds 266
4.1.6. The main methods for obtaining (in the laboratory) specific substances belonging to the studied classes of inorganic compounds 278
4.1.7. The main methods for obtaining hydrocarbons (in the laboratory) 279
4.1.8. The main methods for obtaining oxygen-containing organic compounds (in the laboratory) 285
4.2. General ideas about industrial methods for obtaining the most important substances 291
4.2.1. The concept of metallurgy: general methods for obtaining metals 291
4.2.2. General scientific principles of chemical production (on the example of obtaining ammonia, sulfuric acid, methanol). Chemical pollution of the environment and its consequences 292
4.2.3. Natural sources of hydrocarbons, their processing 294
4.2.4. high molecular weight compounds. Reactions of polymerization and polycondensation. Polymers. Plastics, rubbers, fibers 295
4.3. Calculations by chemical formulas and reaction equations 303
4.3.1-4.3.2. Calculations of volume ratios of gases and heat effect in reactions 303
4.3.3. Calculation of the mass of a solute contained in a certain mass of a solution with a known mass fraction 307
4.3.4. Calculations of the mass of a substance or volume of gases from a known amount of a substance, mass or volume of one of the substances participating in the reaction 313
4.3.5-4.3.8. Calculations: mass (volume, amount of substance) of the reaction product, if one of the substances is given in excess (has impurities) or in the form of a solution with a certain mass fraction of the substance; practical yield of the product, mass fraction (mass) of the substance in the mixture 315
4.3.9. Calculations for finding the molecular formula of a substance 319
Standard exam paper
Work instructions 324
Answers to the standard version of the examination paper 332
Answers to tasks for independent work 334
APPS 350

Preparation for the exam in chemistry is, as a rule, preparation for the exam in chemistry from scratch.

The curriculum in ordinary schools is built in such a way that the hours allotted for chemistry are categorically not enough to begin to understand something.

Pupils remember only a few template schemes from the school curriculum. For example: "The reaction goes to the end if a gas, precipitate or water is obtained." But what kind of reaction, what kind of sediment - none of the high school students know this! The school does not go into these details. And in the end, even behind the apparent success, behind the school fives, there is no understanding.

When preparing for the exam in chemistry from scratch, it is worth starting with the most ordinary school textbooks for the eighth and ninth grades. Yes, the textbook does not have the proper level of explanation that is needed to understand what is happening. Get ready that you will just have to memorize some of the information.

If you are preparing for the exam in chemistry from scratch and reading a school textbook, you are learning chemistry like a foreign language. Indeed, in a foreign language at the beginning of the study, there are also some incomprehensible words, incomprehensible letters. And you need to spend some amount of time and effort on studying the “alphabet” and the basic “dictionary”, otherwise nothing will work out further.

Chemistry is an empirical science, and this is its difference from mathematics. We are dealing with facts that we are trying to explain. First we get acquainted with a certain fact, and when it is not in doubt, we explain it. There are many facts in chemistry, and it is difficult to understand them if you are preparing for the exam in chemistry from scratch. Therefore, we start with an ordinary school textbook. For example, a textbook, the authors of which are G. E. Rudzitis and F. G. Feldman, or N. E. Kuzmenko, V. V. Lunin, V. V. Eremin.

And after that, you need to move on to serious books. Because if you are preparing for the exam in chemistry from scratch, an attempt to “jump” into a serious book right away may end in failure. At the same time, school textbooks alone will not be enough to prepare for the exam in chemistry!

I wrote a manual for preparing for the exam in chemistry. It's called Chemistry. The author's course of preparation for the exam. This book is for those who have already read school textbooks, who do not need to be told from scratch what valence is and which symbol denotes which element.

Another tip for those who are preparing for the exam in chemistry from scratch.
In this situation, it makes no sense to “scatter” on the Olympiads, because there will be almost no chance to solve something there. If a person you started to prepare in advance, and by the beginning of the 11th grade he writes trial exams in chemistry for 70 points, then it makes sense to participate. It is worth studying the individual sections of physical chemistry that are needed for the Olympiad and trying your hand.

But what to do if a high school student wants to prepare for the exam in chemistry from scratch and at the same time does not understand the school textbook? Can't understand! He wants to become a doctor, but he does not understand the school textbook. What then? Go to a tutor?

You can try to take another school textbook. All of them are written in a different language, they have somewhat different approaches. But if a high school student decided to prepare for the Unified State Examination in chemistry from scratch and cannot master a single school chemistry textbook for the 8th grade ... Maybe then you should think about a specialty that is easier to deal with? Such an applicant will spend a lot of energy on admission, but if he passes, then, most likely, on a paid one, and then he will also fly out! After all, studying in the medical field is much harder than preparing for the exam for admission to the medical one. If preparation for the exam in chemistry causes insoluble difficulties, absolutely insoluble, then studying in medicine will be much harder! Keep this in mind when preparing for the exam in chemistry from scratch.

Today we will talk about how to prepare for the exam in chemistry. First of all, you need to study the codifiers and specifications posted on the FIPI official website, understand the structure of the work, then systematize your knowledge. It is worth noting that if you are preparing for the exam from scratch, then you need to start at least a year in advance.

USE in chemistry

The final work contains 40 tasks, of which 35 require a choice of answer (part 1), and 5 require a detailed answer (part 2). The level of difficulty is also different: 26 are basic, 9 are medium, 5 are advanced. Solving the most complex problems, graduates are required to use their existing skills in a non-standard situation, to systematize and generalize knowledge. Questions that require a complete answer require finding cause-and-effect relationships, formulating and arguing the answer, characterizing the properties of substances and solving chemical problems, and making calculations.

The USE tasks in chemistry cover four main content modules: the theoretical foundations of chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, methods of knowledge in chemistry, chemistry and life.

180 minutes are allotted for work.

Unified State Examination in Chemistry 2015In the new academic year, innovations appeared in the structure of the work:

• number of tasks reduced to 40
• only 26 basic level questions left (single choice)
• for questions 1-26, only one number is required
• you can get 64 points for passing the test
• tasks for finding the molecular formula of substances are now estimated at 4 points.

As before, it is allowed to have the periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev, in addition, graduates are given tables of solubility and stresses of metals.

Getting ready for the exam in chemistry

To be ready for certification in chemistry, it is important to systematize the acquired knowledge. The best way to do this is with the following tutorials:

• A guide for preparing for the exam in chemistry. A. A. Drozdov, V. V. Eremin
• USE. Chemistry. Express preparation. O. V. Meshkova
• Electronic resource: himege.ru/teoriya-ege-himiya/

An obligatory part of preparation is solving tests. Demo options, as well as tasks from the open bank of tasks can be found here: www.fipi.ru/content/otkrytyy-bank-zadaniy-ege

You can use the collections of tests:

• Chemistry. The most complete edition of standard options for tasks to prepare for the exam. O. G. Savinkina
• USE 2015, chemistry. Typical test tasks. Yu. N. Medvedev
• Chemistry. Preparation for the Unified State Exam - 2015. V. N. Doronkin, A. G. Berezhnaya

Video

Greetings students who have moved into the 11th grade! The last academic year is the most memorable and important in a student's life. After all, it is required to finally decide on the choice of a future specialty and subjects for passing exams. This time I have selected useful material for you on how to prepare for the exam in chemistry.

Theory for preparation

Preparation for the exam always begins with the study of the theoretical part. Therefore, if your knowledge of chemistry is at an average level, pump over the theory, but reinforce it with practical exercises.

In 2018, the USE in chemistry consisted of 35 tasks: the first 29 questions involve choosing an answer from those offered, or writing a digital answer after calculation, the remaining 6 tasks require a full, detailed answer. For the first 29 answers, you can score a maximum of 40 points, and for the second part of the exam - 20 points. Perhaps in 2019 the structure of the exam in chemistry will remain unchanged.

The main theoretical questions in the exam in chemistry cover the following topics:

• The structure of the atom in the modern sense.
• Periodic table.
• Inorganic chemistry (chemical properties of metals and non-metals).
• Organic chemistry (fats, proteins and carbohydrates).
• Experimental chemistry in theory (rules of work and safety in the laboratory, methods for obtaining a certain substance).
• Ideas about the methods of obtaining the required substances and elements in the industrial version (metallurgy and methods for obtaining metals in production, the chemical industry).
• Calculations by formulas and chemical equations.

Plan training

one). Make an annual plan with the calculation by the hour and the choice of days of preparation. For example, do chemistry for 2 hours a day on Mondays, Wednesdays and Saturdays.

2). It is best to involve a close person (parents or sister / brother) in the preparation. If this is not possible, then team up with another student who plans to take the exam in chemistry. So you will feel the support of each other and at the same time adjust if one of you is lagging behind. This is a kind of motivation, and classes will be more interesting.

3). Calculate the time to complete each test task. So you will know in advance how much time to spend on the question, and if you “hover” over something, you can move on to another task, and return to the unfulfilled one later.

4). As you approach your exam, try to eat and sleep as much as possible. The examinee should feel rested.

Advice! On the exam itself, you need to decide on the tasks by complexity. The tasks that are easiest for you to understand are best left for the last 30 minutes of the exam. The tasks of the second part will bring you a high score, so it is recommended to start with them, but it is advisable to keep the scheduled time for each task. Answers to simple questions can be given at the end of the exam.

Books for preparation

You can prepare for the chemistry exam on your own by studying textbooks and teaching aids. This method is the most difficult, since the student will need maximum concentration of attention, the ability to independently understand the material, perseverance and self-discipline.

Among the popular textbooks for preparing for the exam in chemistry are:

• "Unified State Examination. Chemistry. Big reference book "(authors - Doronkin, Sazhneva, Berezhnaya). The book describes in detail the main sections of organic and inorganic chemistry, as well as general chemistry. The manual has tasks for the practical part. The book contains 560 pages. The approximate cost is about 300 rubles.
• « Chemistry Tutor"(Author - Egorov). The book was created for an in-depth study of chemistry in preparation for the exam. "Tutor" consists of theoretical questions and answers to them (thematic testing), as well as practical tasks by difficulty levels with a detailed explanation of the solution algorithm. The book contains 762 pages. The approximate cost is about 600 rubles.

Courses in chemistry

The most popular and easiest way to prepare for the exam in chemistry is to attend group courses or an individual tutor. It does not require self-discipline and independent analysis of materials. The chemistry teacher will schedule a visit and help you understand simple and complex problems within the approved program.

The material provided in chemistry courses is usually based on questions and topics from last year's USE. The teacher takes into account the most common mistakes of students and gives a complete analysis of such problems.

Sites for preparation

Distance learning is now popular, so you can take advantage of the opportunity to prepare for the exam in chemistry with the help of online lessons. Some of them are free, some are completely paid, and there are online lessons with partial payment, i.e. you can watch the first lesson for free, and then decide to continue training on a paid basis.

For example, I see a lot of positive feedback about these online tutorials on sites:

• https://novisse.ru/course/podgotovka-k-ege-po-himii- with the opportunity to get acquainted with part of the lessons for free.
• https://www.ctege.info/videouroki-ege-po-himii/- Free video tutorials.

In my experience, most of the students who choose the Unified State Examination in Chemistry go on to medical university to become a doctor or a pharmacist. However, someone chooses a specialty as their future profession: a chemist-technologist, a biochemist or a biotechnologist, an environmental chemist or a teacher of chemistry at an educational institution.

Sincerely, Ekaterina!

She released her own video course CopyKASTA, which teaches copywriting from scratch. The course was created for students, mothers on maternity leave and just lovers of texts!

If you have a desire to master such a profession as a copywriter, then you can contact me through social networks: Vkontakte and Instagram.

I'm fond of culinary arts, gardening, poker, board games, as well as topics of education, choosing a specialty and raising children.