The concept of geographical location features of geographical location. The geographical position of Russia, the size of the territory, state borders

The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world by area. The territory of Russia covers an area of about 17.1 million square kilometers. Russia is located on the Eurasian continent. It occupies both the eastern and western parts of the continent. Mostly the territory of our country is located in the northern and northeastern regions of the mainland. About 30% of the territory of the Russian Federation is located in Europe, and about 70% - in Asia. In the north, the extreme continental point of the country is Cape Chelyuskin, located on the Taimyr Peninsula. The extreme point of the island is Cape Fligely, located on Rudolf Island in the Franz Josef Archipelago. The southern boundary of the mainland is a point located on the crest of the main Caucasian ridge (41 ° 12` north latitude). This section is the border of Dagestan and Azerbaijan. The geographical position of Russia, the size of the territory, state borders. Features of the geographical position of Russia Physical and geographical position of Russia Economic and geographical position of Russia Dimensions of the territory of Russia Transport and geographical position of Russia in the world In the west, the boundary point is the extremity on the Sand Spit, located in the waters of the Baltic Sea, not far from Kaliningrad. In the east, the extreme point related to the mainland is Cape Dezhnev. This cape is located in Chukotka. The most extreme point related to the islands is located on Rotmanov Island. This island is located in the Bering Sea, not far from the border with America. The territory of Russia has a large extent from west to east. As a result, there is a large difference in time. There are 10 time zones in Russia. The division into time zones occurs in different ways depending on the population of the settlement. The boundaries of the time zones of the seas and areas with low population density are determined by the meridians. In areas with a high population density, these boundaries are determined by the administrative subjects of the federation.

The borders of the Russian Federation stretch for 60,000 km, of which 40,000 belong to maritime borders. The water border is located at a distance of 22.7 km from the land. In sea waters stretching for 370 km from the coast, there is a maritime economic zone of Russia. The presence of courts of all states is allowed here, but only our country has the right to extract various natural resources. The Russian Federation belongs to a number of world maritime powers. The maritime borders of our country pass through the water basins of three oceans. In the north, the maritime borders of the Russian Federation are located along the seas belonging to the Arctic Ocean. In total, there are five seas in the north: the Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi. The movement of ships across the expanses of these seas is difficult due to drifting ice that is present in the Arctic seas all year round. The territory from the northern coast of our country to the North Pole is our sector of the Arctic. Within this space, all islands (with the exception of a few islands of the Svalbard archipelago) belong to the Russian Federation. In the eastern part of Russia, the borders are located along the waters of the Pacific Ocean and the seas of the Pacific basin. Japan and the US are two states located very close to Russia's Far Eastern maritime border. The La Perouse Strait separates Russia from the territories of Japan. It is located in the Sea of Japan between Sakhalin Island and Hokkaido Island. In the west, the maritime border is located in the waters of the Baltic Sea. Through these expanses of water, Russia is connected with a number of European countries: Sweden, Poland, Germany and the Baltic states. The fact that maritime transport is well developed in the Baltic Sea contributes to the establishment of strong economic relations. The southwestern sea border of Russia is located in the waters of the Azov, Caspian and Black Seas. These water boundaries separate Russia from Ukraine, Georgia, Bulgaria, Turkey and Romania. Thanks to the Black Sea, Russia has access to the Mediterranean Sea. Along with long maritime borders, Russia has a fairly large land border. The land border separates Russia from 14 countries and stretches for 1605 km. 990 km of the border falls on the Baltic countries, and 615 km - on Azerbaijan and Georgia. Russia has land borders with China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Finland, Norway and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Outposts and customs are located along the border line. After the collapse of the USSR, the length of the border with Poland decreased. Currently, only the Kaliningrad region is connected with this Western European country. There have been changes in the border with China, it has halved. The borders with Norway and Finland are stipulated in an international agreement. Special customs make sure that these borders are not violated. Crossing the border here is carried out upon presentation of special documents. The borders with the countries of the CIS (Union of Independent States) are more or less conditional. Currently, there are no special treaties where these boundaries would be clearly stipulated. Russian border troops monitor the security of the borders of many countries of the former USSR. At present, a number of countries are expressing various claims regarding the change of Russian borders. Japan, Estonia, Latvia and Finland claim the lands of our country. Japan wants to annex several Kuril Islands (Kunashir, Shikotan, Khaboshan, and Iturup) to the territory of its country. Estonia lays claim to the Pechory region, Latvia - to the Pytalovsky region. Finland is interested in the lands of Karelia. The above countries express their claims both at the official and unofficial levels.

concept "geographical position"(GP) is the key to the entire system of geographical sciences. Actually, geography originated as a science of methods for determining and fixing the location of objects on the earth's surface relative to each other or in a certain coordinate system. Later it turned out that determining the location of an object not only helps to find it (for example, to a navigator), but also to explain some of the properties of this object and even predict its development. The most important element of geographical research is the establishment and analysis of links between objects located in space, determined precisely by their location. The ability to characterize in all essential respects the position of the object under study is necessary for a geographer-researcher. GP is usually interpreted as the position of any point or area of the earth's surface in relation to territories or objects located outside this point or area. GP is considered as a kind of external condition for the existence, functioning and development of objects, a characteristic of a given object, expressing its relationship to any geographical objects outside it.

Often the term "position" is understood as the internal state of the object (by analogy with the international position, economic position, etc.). But HP is always an attitude to external circumstances. And this is a position in two-dimensional space, because it is determined on the basis of a geographical map. On it, all objects are represented either as points (as if having no dimension on a given scale), or linear, having only one dimension, or areal (areal) - with two dimensions. On a small-scale map, a city is a point object, a river or a railway is a linear object. Therefore, we can talk about the position of the object relative to points, lines and areas.

The concept of "geographical location" was used in the 19th century, its meaning was analyzed in general terms and on specific examples in the works of K. Marx and F. Engels, among geographers - by F. Ratzel. The GP category was proposed in the USSR at the turn of the 20-30s of the 20th century. I. Alkin and later developed in detail by N.N. Baransky, I.M. Maergoiz and a number of other authors. N.N. Baransky, highlighting the essence of the GP, emphasized that the position is the relationship of a given point or area to some geographical data taken outside this point or area. THEM. Maergois wrote that the question is not so much where there is an object (it goes without saying), how much in that, how it lies relative to what is beyond it. These ideas have enduring value many years after they were expressed.

Through the system of relations of a given object (areal) with other objects (areas), the GP substantively reveals the individual features and properties of any territory. It determines many of the most important features of countries, regions, cities, highlights the properties of their originality and individuality.

In its most formalized form, geographic location is the position of objects fixed on a map in two-dimensional space of the earth's surface. In physical geography, less often in economic geography, the third dimension is also estimated - absolute or relative height. On the map, all objects are depicted as point, linear (with off-scale conventional signs) or areal (contour, occupying a certain area). In fact, of course, both point and line objects on a small-scale map (settlement, multi-lane highway) occupy areas, but with an appropriate scale of study, this circumstance can be neglected. Then the following options for the mutual arrangement of these categories of objects are possible:

a) a point relative to another point: Moscow relative to St. Petersburg;
b) point relative to the line (and vice versa): Saratov on the Volga;
c) a point relative to the area - the capital in the state;
d) line relative to the line: BAM route relative to the Great Siberian Railway;
e) line within the range: the Yana River in the northeast of Yakutia;
f) area relative to another area: the Republic of Mordovia and Chuvashia.

Other position options are also possible:

1. Point on the line or outside it: Tver on the Moscow-St. Petersburg railway, Nvgorod - outside it.
2. A point within the range, on its border, outside it: Naryan-Mar is located in the tundra zone, Kudymkar is outside it; Brest is located on the border of Belarus and Poland, another Brest is on the French coast of the Atlantic Ocean.
3. The lines are located in isolation from each other, like the Pechora and the Northern Dvina, or intersect, like the BAM with the Lena River.
4. The line is completely within the range (like the Yana River) or partially (the Lena River) in Yakutia, or entirely outside the range (for example, the Dudinka-Norilsk railway has no connection with the country's railway network).
5. The ranges are adjacent (Mordovia and Chuvashia) or remote from each other (Mordovia and Tatarstan).

To determine the relative position of objects, indicate the distance between them and the direction (north, southeast). To determine the position of a point, line, smaller

range as part of a larger one, the following terms are used: central, deep, peripheral, marginal, border position. The position of the capital of Brazil was chosen as close to the central one in the country; the position of the city of Rio Grande (in the south) is close to the border; The city of Fortaleza (in the northeast) has a peripheral position, and the city of Manaus (in the Amazon) has a deep position. Some territories, even states, in their names carry an indication of a marginal position (Ukraine, Krayna in the former Yugoslavia).

Investigating the GP, it is necessary to determine the main thing both in its essence and in its impact on the most important aspects of the development of the territory.

And first of all, it is necessary to identify and understand its most characteristic features.

First, GP - it is a complex system of concepts, including:

a) mathematical and geographical location(position in the system of geographical coordinates);
b) physical and geographical location(position relative to natural objects that affect the nature of a given place - seas, rivers, forests, natural zones, etc.; while the object itself can be both within the range and outside it);
in) economic and geographical position(EGP) - provision: 1) regarding the elements of social production;
2) in relation to the district, region, country; EGP is one of the most important factors determining the location, nature, and dynamics of the development of productive forces;
G) political and geographical position(position on the political map - relative to the centers and areas of concentration of social, class and political forces);
e) military geographical position(the position of any point or any area relative to the centers and countries of military power or creating the danger of military conflicts, as well as in relation to the territories of various military blocs);
e) geopolitical position: closely related to the two above-mentioned types of GP, it reflects the position regarding the "centers of power", centers of economic and military power, various political, economic and military alliances, religious associations;
g) ecological and geographical position(the position of a particular territory in relation to regions of ecologically unfavorable or even ecological disasters, in relation to the movement of air masses and other flows that carry massive amounts of pollution;
h) cultural and geographic location- regarding the most important centers and regions for the development of spiritual culture, cultural and geographical formations of different territorial rank and significance.

Each of the named types of HP is a multifaceted, synthetic phenomenon, and therefore it is necessary to analyze not only these types “individually”, but especially their combinations in complex interaction and “interweaving” of various sides of HP. So, in the EGP system, the transport-geographical, industrial-geographical, demogeographical, market (or marketing-geographical) position and its other components are distinguished, and each of them, in turn, also has a certain structure.

A particularly important role is played by the transport and geographical position, the quality of which is determined by the following circumstances: 1) the economic potential of neighboring territories; 2) the density of economic development of the environment;

3) the presence (quantity and quality) of direct transport access to neighbors, their frequency.

Second, GP - historical category. It should be borne in mind that if the physical and geographical position changes relatively slowly, with the development of the geographical environment, as well as as a result of human activity, then all other types of HP are very dynamic, changeable and their significance (and the consequences of influence) in various historical conditions ambiguously.

N.N. Baransky gives an example of characterizing the historical variability of the US GP. Their germ was the English colonies located on the east coast of North America between the Atlantic Ocean and the Appalachian Mountains. Everything that lay to the west of these colonies was not known to the Europeans, and when the English kings gave some lord or some joint-stock company a piece of the coast, they called only the southern and northern borders along the parallels, and to the west it became possible to go , anywhere. Thus, these colonies were "at the end of the world." Subsequently, the areas lying to the west of the Appalachians were explored, settled and generally mastered, and from the position "at the end of the world" the position "between two oceans" was created. That's how dramatically the situation in the US has changed. Ya.G. Mashbitz, considering the example of the Ancient

Russia, emphasizes that the Tatar-Mongol yoke, feudal disunity and the shift of the center of gravity of world development to Western Europe largely negated the exceptional favorable geographical position of Ancient Russia. Medieval Russia found itself on the periphery of European socio-economic development.

Thirdly, GP has a potential character. Certain favorable aspects of the GP are far from being realized in all cases. Only with a combination of relevant factors of the historical and socio-economic development of a given territory (country), these favorable aspects are realized. Thus, it is known that many features of the development of Japan are due to its oceanic position. But this GP could be realized only thanks to the buildup of Japan's industrial and financial potential.

Fourth, as a geographic category, GP has a certain mechanism of influence, the study of which requires a transition from “simple”, qualitative, subjective characteristics to quantitative assessments. Noting the need for a theoretical deepening of understanding of the EGP, I.M. Maergois emphasized that the EGP is always concrete and to some extent contradictory, that it is necessary to analyze the probabilistic nature of the GP, the distance factor (the study of the distance, or distance, between geographical objects as one of the properties of space), as well as the interaction of objects, their specific subordination.

In this regard, it is important to distinguish between macro-, meso- and micropositions. The first of these corresponds to a more or less extensive territory; mesoposition - a line that cuts it in important directions, and microposition - a point on this line. These types of GPs interact with each other, but their reflection on the development of certain objects can be very different. In rare cases, they are all equally favorable. It is believed that cities with outstanding macro- and meso-locations, located in foci of connections that hold together large territories, in the centers of rapidly developing industrial and agricultural areas... at the points of contact of various zones, differences in economic potentials, in support nodes areas of new development.

For St. Petersburg, for example, the macro location is described as being in the North-West of the European part of the Russian

Federation, near the border with Finland, on the coast of the Gulf of Finland; mesolocation - approximately in the center of the Leningrad region, at the mouth of the Neva; microlocation - on the islands of the Neva delta and adjacent territories. By analogy, it is possible to determine the rank of the position of an object within an urban area by detailing it. Red Square is located in Moscow near the walls of the Kremlin (microlocation), in the city center - within the Garden Ring (mesolocation).

For some objects, the most important is the micro-, for others, the meso- or macro-position. For example, the size of the differential rent in agriculture is very sensitive to the micro- and meso-location of the site. The same can be said about the position of the store, consumer service point in the city in relation to public transport stops and transfer points. When deciding on the development of fuel and energy and metallurgical bases, an assessment of the macro situation comes to the fore.

Fifth, the GP has close links with the configuration of the territory and its boundaries. which has a great influence on many aspects of the development of a given territory (country) as a whole and its individual parts. Thus, the configuration of the territory of Russia had a great impact on its historical and geographical development. The latitudinal extent of the vast territory of Russia in Eastern Europe and Asia is combined with its continentality and depth. This is the reason for the remoteness of most of the territories from sea coasts and borders. These factors hampered the economic development of the territories east of the Urals, the external economic relations of most regions of Russia.

Plays a big role border position regions of the country, the relationship between their configuration and the borders of the country. So, in modern Russia, this often creates complex problems for them (border regions) (for example, ethnic conflicts, an influx of refugees, the impact of socio-political tensions in neighboring states, etc.).

Geographical position

the position of any point or area of the earth's surface in relation to territories or objects located outside this point or area. In mathematical geography, geographic positions are understood as the latitude and longitude of given points or localities; in physical geography, their position in relation to physical geographical objects (continents, mountains, oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, etc.). In economic and political geography, geographical location is understood as the position of a country, region, settlement, and other objects in relation to other economic-geographical (including communication routes, markets, economic centers, etc.) and physical-geographical objects. as well as the position of the country relative to other states and their groups. Urban settlement is one of the conditions for the development of countries, regions, cities, and other settlements. The practical significance of G. p. changes in various socio-economic formations.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Geographical position" is in other dictionaries:

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geographical position- Characteristics of the location of an object on the earth's surface relative to other geographical objects and countries of the world ... Geography Dictionary

The position of any point or other object on the earth's surface in relation to other territories or objects; relative to the Earth's surface, the geographical position is determined using coordinates. Distinguish geographic location by ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

The position of a geographic object on the surface of the Earth within a given coordinate system and in relation to any outside data that has a direct or indirect effect on this object. With a specific study ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia

Position to. l. point or other object on the earth's surface in relation to other territories. or objects; relative to the earth's surface, the geographic distance is determined by means of coordinates. Distinguish G. of the item in relation to natural objects and to ekon. geographic… … Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

- ... Wikipedia

- (EGP) is the ratio of the object of the city, region, country to the objects lying outside it, having one or another economic value, it does not matter whether these objects are of a natural order or created in the process of history (according to N.N. Baransky). In other words, ... ... Wikipedia

The position of a region or country relative to other objects of economic importance to it. E. g. p. category is historical, may change in connection with the construction of the railway. or power plants, the beginning of the development of a useful deposit ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia

The position of a deposit, enterprise, city, district, country or other economic and geographical object in relation to other economic and geographical objects of economic importance to it. EGP assessment of an object depends on its position... Financial vocabulary

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German. Germany. Geographic location, population, politics. Tutorial. Level B 2, Yakovleva T.A.
Geographic location and territorial structures. In memory of I. M. Maergoiz,. The collection is dedicated to the memory of the outstanding Soviet economic geographer Isaac Moiseevich Maergoiz. The collection received its name - GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND TERRITORIAL STRUCTURES - from two ...

geographical position

the position of any point or other object on the earth's surface in relation to other territories or objects; relative to the Earth's surface, the geographical position is determined using coordinates. Distinguish geographical location in relation to natural objects and to economic-geographical objects. Geographical position in economic geography is a historical category.

Geographical position

Wikipedia

Geographical position

Geographical position- "the position of a geographical object relative to the surface of the Earth, as well as in relation to other objects with which it is in interaction ...". It characterizes "the place of a given object in the system of spatial connections and flows (material, energy, information) and determines its relationship with the external environment." Usually reflects the geospatial relationship of a particular object to the environment, the elements of which have or may have a significant impact on it. In public geography, position is usually defined in two-dimensional space. In physical geography, the third change is certainly taken into account - the absolute or relative height of the location of objects.

concept geographical position is the key to the entire system of geographical sciences. Actually, geography originated as a science of methods for determining and fixing the location of objects on the earth's surface relative to each other or in a certain coordinate system. Later it turned out that determining the location of an object not only helps to find it ... but also explains some of the properties of this object and even predicts its development. The most important element of geographical research is the establishment and analysis of links between objects located in space, determined precisely by their location. Thus the geographical position:

is an individualizing factor, since it determines many properties of a geographical object;
is historical in nature, as it changes over time;
has a potential character, since the position alone is not a sufficient condition for the corresponding development of the object;
has close ties with the configuration of the territory and its boundaries.

Within the framework of theoretical geography, B. B. Rodoman formulated "positional principle", which means the dependence of the properties of the object on its location, and "positional pressure principle", meaning the force that causes an object to move if it is in a position that is not optimal for its functioning. American geographer W. Bunge suggested "shift rule", which means a change in the geographical position of the flows when they are overvoltage in the existing channel. For example: riverbeds, volcano vents, highways, seaports. Yu. K. Efremov even proposed a special type of maps - maps of geographical location. However, L. V. Smirnyagin believes that in the modern world, as in geography, the characteristics of the place itself play an increasingly important role in comparison with its location.

There are the following types of geographic location:

mathematical-geographical
physical and geographical;
economic and geographical;
political and geographical;
geopolitical;
military geographical;
ecological and geographical;
cultural and geographical;

other.

By scale they distinguish:

macro position
mesolocation
microposition

According to the coordinate system, they distinguish:

absolute;
relative;
- math ("3 miles north of Seattle");
- functional.

In an extended interpretation, the geographic location may also include the relationship of the areal object as a whole to the data underlying inside him. Such a geographical location may be referred to, for example, as "introspective" (from, intro- inside + spicere- look). For example, when assessing the role of internal border regions in the priority of foreign policy directions, when assessing the geocriminogenic position of the territory, when analyzing the transport and geographical position, when studying the changing area in relation to stations of experience, the linguistic area in relation to the dialect center, etc. Such the approach allows to resolve the collision with the determination of the mutual geographical position of intersecting objects.

Geographical position of Russia. Russia is the largest country in the world by area. Its area is 17.075 million sq. km. It is completely located in the Northern Hemisphere, in the northern part of the Eurasian continent, located in two parts of the world at once. It occupies the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia.

The extreme northern and eastern points of the Eurasian continent are at the same time the extreme points of Russia.

From the north, the country is washed by the Arctic Ocean, from the east - by the Pacific. In the west and southwest there is access to the seas of the Atlantic Ocean.

The border between Europe and Asia within Russia is drawn along the Urals and along the Kuma-Manych depression. About 1/5 of the country's area belongs to Europe (about 22%). Tuva is the center of Asia. The 180th meridian passes through Wrangel Island and Chukotka, therefore, the eastern outskirts of Russia lies in the Western Hemisphere.

In terms of territory, Russia is comparable to entire continents. The area of Russia is larger than the area of Australia and Antarctica and is only slightly inferior to South America. Russia is 1.6-1.8 times larger than the largest states in the world - Canada, the USA and China, and 29 times larger than the largest state in Europe - Ukraine.

Due to its vast territory, Russia has a wide variety of natural conditions and resources, but at the same time, it experiences difficulties with the transport accessibility of certain parts of the country.

Extreme points of Russia

Extreme northern the point of the country (island) - Cape Fligely, is located on Rudolf Island (in the Franz Josef Land archipelago) in the Arctic Ocean. The extreme northern point (mainland) is Cape Chelyuskin.

Extreme southern point - Mount Bazarduzu, in Dagestan on the border with Azerbaijan.

Extreme western point - a spit in the Gulf of Gdansk, in the Kaliningrad region, on the Curonian Spit in the Baltic Sea.

Extreme eastern point (island) - about. Ratmanov in the Bering Strait. The extreme eastern point (mainland) is Cape Dezhnev.

Distance between north and south points - over 4 thousand km. Between western and eastern about 10 thousand km.

Economic and geographical position of Russia

Economic and geographical position (EGP) - the position of the country in relation to objects located outside its borders, but affecting its economy. Such objects are:
1) the main centers of the world economy (USA, Western Europe, Japan);
2) neighboring countries (neighborhood with a developed country with which there are good neighborly mutually beneficial relations is always favorable);
3) transport routes connecting the country with other countries and regions of the world.

Thus, the neighborhood in the west with European countries, the CIS countries, with which relations are still important for Russia, the presence of seaports, land transport routes, and pipelines in the western part of the country are favorable features of the EGP of Russia. In the east, the neighborhood with Japan and other countries of the Asia-Pacific Region (APR) is also favorable for the economy of the country, especially its eastern regions.

Located in the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia, the territory of Russia is a natural bridge between the Asia-Pacific countries and Western Europe. Cargo transportation between these two centers of the world economy through the territory of Russia can be carried out much faster and at lower cost than the traditional sea route around the entire continent. The implementation of such transportation would contribute to the inflow of additional funds into the country and the creation of new jobs. But the insufficient development of transport, especially in the eastern part of the country, prevents the use of this advantageous feature of the EGP.

Russia is a country with a huge territory, so the EGP of its different regions varies greatly.

A country's GWP can change rapidly. So, after the collapse of the USSR, the economic and geographical position of Russia worsened. Many ports were lost - outlets to the World Ocean in the West. The Baltic states and Ukraine have "fenced off" Russia from the states of Europe and take a significant part of the profits for the transportation of Russian goods through their territory. The accession to NATO of the countries of Eastern Europe - the former allies of the USSR - complicated the military-strategic position of the country.

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