The psychological maturity of a personality is a multidimensional and multivalued construct that is being actively developed in modern psychology. Various approaches and authors focus on different aspects of this phenomenon, highlighting the leading properties in its psychological content. In the structure of psychological maturity, emotional, cognitive, social, and moral aspects are distinguished.

The problem of the psychological maturity of a person is being developed in existential humanistic psychology and psychotherapy (K. Rogers, A. Maslow, E. Fromm, F. Perls), in developmental psychology (E. Erickson, B. G. Ananiev, G. Craig, J. Lovinger, A. G. Portnova), in acmeology (A. A. Bodalev, A. L. Derkach, A. A. Rean), in Russian personality psychology (K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, L. I. Antsyferova, D. A. Leontiev, B. S. Bratus, A. G. Asmolov, A. L. Zhuravlev and others). To understand the psychological content of the construct "psychological maturity of the individual", let's consider the fundamental ideas in this area.

One of the most complete concepts of personal maturity belongs to G. Allport. Speaking about personal maturity, he noted that, firstly, it is not easy to describe the unity and specific diversity of an absolutely mature personality, since there are as many ways of development as there are developing ones, and in each case health, which is the end product, is unique. "In our search for universal criteria for the mature personality, we must never forget the wide variety of individual patterns." Secondly, he noted that one should talk more about the ideal, and not about the real person, since it is impossible to find all the signs of maturity in one person. Thirdly, personal maturity is not necessarily related to chronological age, but encountering difficulties and suffering with age gives greater maturity. Thus, Allport outlined a mechanism for the formation of maturity - coping with difficult life situations. G. Allport identifies six maturity criteria:

• 1) expanded sense of I;
• 2) warmth towards others;
• 3) emotional security and self-acceptance;
• 4) realistic perception;
• 5) self-objectification - self-understanding and humor;
• 6) a single philosophy of life.

In humanistic psychology, personal maturity is equated with the concept of psychological health. A. Maslow proceeded from the fact that the hierarchy of needs developed by him applies to all people, and the higher a person can rise in this hierarchy, the more individuality, human qualities, mental health and, as a result, personal maturity he will demonstrate. Thus, the concept of maturity is associated with the desire for self-actualization, as the top in this hierarchy. Among the main features that characterize mature, “self-actualizing people”, A. Maslow included: effective perception of reality (realism), spontaneity, focus on the problem (as opposed to preoccupation with oneself), detachment, independence from the environment (as autonomy and self-sufficiency), constant freshness of assessments (in terms of sensitivity to new experiences, openness to experience), social feeling, democratic character (as a respectful attitude towards others, compassion), the ability to form deep but selective relationships, moral conviction, a non-hostile sense of humor, creativity.

In the concept of K. Rogers, as a model of psychological health, people are described who are open to experiences, fully trust them and move freely in the direction of actualizing themselves. If a person is free and knows how to listen to himself, rely on himself, accurately and fully reflecting what is happening in himself, then the “trend to actualization” operates in full force and ensures the movement of a person (despite possible mistakes and difficulties) to a more fulfilling life, to greater personal maturity. S. L. Bratchenko and M. R. Mironova, based on the works of K. Rogers, compiled a list of criteria for personal maturity, which are made up of intrapersonal and interpersonal ones.

To iptrapersopalp criteria relate:

• acceptance and understanding of oneself;
• openness to inner experience;
• responsible freedom;
• integrity and congruence;
• dynamism (as flexibility and openness to change).

Interpersonal Criteria include:

• acceptance and understanding of others;
• socialized^ (as constructive social attitudes, competence in resolving interpersonal problems);
• creative adaptability (in terms of attitude to life problems).

In existential-oriented approaches, the concept of maturity also appears. So, the founder of the Gestalt run F. Perls considered the main criterion of personal maturity autonomy as the ability to find support in oneself. E. Fromm considered the most important feature of the human personality ability to love. In this regard, he singled out mature love, which is characterized by such features as giving, caring, responsibility, respect and knowledge. Thus, maturity in Fromm's interpretation is the maturity of interpersonal relationships, characterized by care, responsibility, respect and empathy for other people 1 . In G. Sullivan's theory of interpersonal relationships, psychological maturity (healthy mental development) is also associated with the maturity of interpersonal relationships as the ability to establish close relationships with other people. Sullivan believed that an indicator of healthy development is the ability of a person to experience friendly feelings and sexual interest in the same person.

In domestic psychology, the subjective characteristics of the personality are considered as criteria for personal maturity, reflecting its activity in building its own life path, the ability to organize life purposefully and according to its own plan (K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, L. I. Antsyferova, D. A. Leontiev, A. G. Asmolov), responsibility (P. Ya. Galperin, V. I. Slobodchikov, A. G. Asmolov), the ability to breed ideal and real goals (B. S. Bratus), the ability to behave independently from directly affecting circumstances - autonomy, independence (L. I. Bozhovich). S. K. Nartova-Bochaver, considering the phenomenon and category of maturity in psychology, speaks of psychological sovereignty, which is close to such concepts as a stable self-image and a system of personal behavior patterns, the ability to make decisions based on internal support, separation from others, responsibility and locus of control.

G. S. Sukhobskaya considers the indicators of the maturity of a person’s mental development and refers to them the following abilities:

• to independently predict their behavior in any life situations;
• to mobilize oneself to fulfill one's own decision to act, despite the circumstances and motivations (“tired”, “don't want”, “difficult”, etc.);
• to independently monitor the progress of their own actions and their results;
• to the manifestation of evaluative reflection on the basis of the formed self-consciousness;
• the ability to "learn lessons" from one's own behavior in various situations, while simultaneously developing the quality of forecasting, implementation and evaluation of the planned;
• to an emotionally adequate reaction to various situations of one's own behavior.

At the same time, Sukhobskaya also distinguishes social maturity, while noting that the maturity of mental development can be combined with the immaturity of social behavior. These are the cases when well-developed reflection and practical intellect can serve as a powerful cover for socially unseemly acts. However, a person who fully shares the values ​​of society and implements them in behavior cannot always be considered socially mature (a party or religious fan who goes to battle for the values ​​of the community of people he belongs to). The concept of social maturity is determined by the internal attitude of the individual only to those values ​​that have a positive orientation in relation to the development of mankind, its culture and civilization, i.e. on the humanistic values

From an acmeological point of view, the maturity of a person is considered mainly in the aspect moral development. This is a large-scale category, implying the predominant development of moral qualities, the humanistic orientation of the individual, the normative behavior and relationships. A. L. Zhuravlev considers the psychosocial maturity of a person, the main criteria of which are tolerance, a humanistic orientation towards the implementation of socially significant goals.

In the concept of L. Kohlberg, the presence of a high level of moral consciousness is one of the criteria for personal maturity.

Ideas about personal maturity also appear in developmental psychology (E. Erickson, J. Lovinger, G. Craig). Here, emphasis is placed on the continuity of its formation and the contribution of each age stage in the development of certain characteristics of maturity. E. Erickson considers the possibility of gaining maturity only in old age and its main quality is integrity. To reveal the characteristics of integrity, one should trace the path of personality development. Erickson focuses on feeling identity, the formation of which is a particularly acute problem of the adolescent-adolescent period. Genuine maturity cannot be achieved without a strong sense of identity (who am I?). Other qualities of a mature personality that are formed in adulthood are intimacy, combined with a certain amount of distance ™, autonomy and selectivity (early adulthood), productivity(as care and responsibility, the ability to focus on an objective task) and integrativity (integrity, the conquest of all previous stages). So, maturity involves the development to a sufficient extent of such qualities as independence, initiative, purposefulness, competence, responsibility, individuality, distance, the ability to be faithful, love and care, wisdom.

J. Lovinger, continuing the ideas about the continuity of development and development throughout life, links the development of the ego and cognitive development in his theory. She identifies seven main stages:

• 1) pre-social (complete dependence on adults);
• 2) impulsive (egocentricity, concreteness, dependence on the environment);
• 3) self-protective (fear of punishment, manipulation, use of favorable opportunities for personal purposes);
• 4) conformist (subordination to external norms and rules);
• 5) conscious (development of conscience, establishment of own norms, self-criticism);
• 6) autonomous (respect for the autonomy of others, tolerance for their views, coping with internal conflicts and needs);
• 7) integration (integration of self-understanding with understanding of other people).

Each subsequent stage is more difficult than the previous one, none of them can be skipped in the course of development. Only a very small number of people reach the final stages. Dependence of stages on chronological age is not mandatory. Lovinger estimates that less than 1% of adults reach stage 7 1 . Thus, maturity is determined by the development of the ego, which implies autonomy and independence of the individual, self-reliance, effective coping with internal conflicts congruence and integrity, tolerance and respect in relationships with others.

The problem of human maturity is multilateral, it can be considered in the context of such sciences as biology, philosophy, sociology, pedagogy and others. And in each of these sciences the phenomenon of maturity will have a different content.

In psychological science, the most important, but at the same time, the most complex and least studied of all aspects of maturity, according to a number of authors, is personal maturity. In modern psychological literature, despite a large number of studies, there is no clear definition of personal maturity.

Thus, the consideration of the problem of personal maturity by the domestic psychological school is based on the understanding of personality as a social phenomenon. Under the maturity of the individual is understood, first of all, social maturity, expressed in how adequately a person understands his place in society, what worldview he has, what is his attitude to public institutions (moral norms, legal norms, laws, social values), to his duties and to your work.

L.S. Vygotsky believed that the formation of personality is the mastery of one's mental processes, and the development of personality and character is associated with various forms of activity, especially with speech. L.I. Bozhovich defines the main goal of personality development as a more complete self-expression and self-disclosure

Considering a mature personality as a humanistic ideal, an image of a new person, V.A. Ananiev highlights such characteristics as freedom and responsibility, integrity and harmony, actualization and realization of all possibilities. He also notes that the maturity of the individual is manifested in its emotional stability. Such a person has the ability to bring his thoughts, feelings and actions into perfect balance, "spontaneously", naturally decides what feelings to experience and how to express them. V.A. Ananiev writes that personal maturity is characterized mainly by the development of self-control and the assimilation of reactions that are adequate to various situations in a person’s life

P.Ya. Galperin believes that the determination of the degree of maturity of a person is established by assessing his actions in the system of relations existing in a given society, according to indicators of how successfully a person masters the activity intended for him. A.N.Leontiev primarily speaks of personal potential, which is an integral characteristic of the level of personal maturity. The main phenomenon of personal maturity and the form of manifestation of personal potential is the phenomenon of self-determination of the personality, that is, the implementation of activities in relative freedom from the given conditions of this activity - both external and internal conditions, which are understood as biological, in particular bodily prerequisites, as well as needs, character and other stable psychological structures

M.Yu. Semenov defines personal maturity as a type that is formed as a result of personal growth and has a formed stable unity of personality traits and value orientations, a developed moral consciousness, an established hierarchical motivational need sphere dominated by higher spiritual needs. A personally mature person is characterized by the need to go beyond the existing limits of his life and solve the problems of improvement and development, both of his society and of all mankind, actively owns his social environment.

DI. Feldstein believes that the development of personality is a progressively directed, socially conditioned process of the deployment of human essence, where the formation of maturity acts as an integral line of ontogenesis. Personal development involves

the formation of a hierarchical motivational need sphere dominated by higher spiritual needs. V.A. Petrovsky connects the maturity of the individual with personalization: the assumption of one's being in other people. A.A.Megrabyan connects the development of personality with the development of moral consciousness

According to I.S. Kon, a mature person is “a person who actively owns his environment, has a stable unity of personality traits and value orientations and is able to correctly perceive the world and himself”

Foreign psychologists raised the problem of personal maturity within the framework of psychoanalysis, humanistic and cognitive psychology. And most often the concept of personal maturity is not used, its synonyms are the concepts of "psychological maturity", "psychosocial maturity". In most works, a mature personality is understood as a kind of ideal person. This is a state of psychological health, development to the full extent of one's natural abilities, productivity and creativity.

Humanistic psychology considers the development of a person as a person in connection with the concept of "self-actualization". Self-actualization is a person's desire for the fullest possible identification and development of their personal capabilities. According to A. Maslow, self-actualization is the desire to become everything that is possible; the need for self-improvement, in realizing one's potential. In his opinion, a self-actualized person is a person who has reached an effective and healthy level of functioning. It is also the achievement of the highest level of natural personal growth, namely: personal maturity, the maximum severity of the psychological health of the individual, its high psychological culture, sufficient education and sociality.

According to K. Rogers, self-actualization is a designation of the force that makes a person develop at various levels - from mastering motor skills to higher creative ups. The scientist calls a self-actualizing person a "fully functioning personality." According to K. Rogers, the following personal characteristics determine the “full functioning” of a person: deep awareness of one’s thoughts and feelings, openness to the inner and outer world, striving for a holistic life, self-improvement, willingness to help those who need help, direct unity with nature and others

According to the provisions of the dispositional theory of personality, as an open and self-developing system, presented in the works of G.U. Allport, a mature personality is qualitatively different from an immature one, having functional autonomy from biological needs, striving for comprehension and social significance

Considering the formation of a person as a process that includes certain stages with their characteristic crises, E. Erikson shows that the development of a person is periodically brought to a choice between maturity, health and regression; personal growth, self-determination and neurosis.

Having successfully resolved one crisis, a person advances in his development and gets a chance for personal growth and expansion of his capabilities. E.

Erickson proposed to evaluate a person in terms of the formation of the characteristics of a mature personality in the previous stages of life. Erickson singled out such qualities of a mature personality as individuality, independence, originality, courage to be different from others.

Z. Freud defined personal maturity in terms of two indicators: a person's desire to work, creating something useful and valuable, and the desire to love another person for his own sake. For E.Fromm, this is a sense of harmony, unity with the world. K. Jung calls a person's movement towards maturity the process of "individuation", when a person approaches himself, realizes his original and complete essence.

According to the cognitive genetic approach, according to L. Kohlberg, a person's personal maturity is closely related to moral consciousness, which develops in the course of an active, creative interaction of an individual with the social environment through the adoption of various roles in social institutions. The characteristics of a mature person are: adherence to the universal principle of justice; solving improvement problems; going beyond the limits of one's life and development, both of one's society and of all mankind

In conclusion, it can be noted that this problem is still very poorly studied, a clear definition and understanding of the phenomenon has not been found. We can only say that personal maturity helps a person to solve life problems more effectively. It characterizes the personality of an adult as an integral, dynamic, fundamentally incomplete system that develops unevenly and heterochronously.

22 Feb 2013

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Psychological maturity of the individual underlies the global process of personality integration, around which, one way or another, our whole life is built, and personality maturity directly expressed in its integration. And we can directly say that an integrated personality is a personality that has reached psychological maturity. And it will not be an exaggeration if we say what exactly psychological maturity underlies personal charisma. But what does it consist of personality maturity?

Personal maturity: key indicators

It is customary to distinguish several indicators of the maturity of a person:

• Chronological maturity- reaching the age when a person is considered to be mature and accomplished;

• Physiological maturity- physiological maturation, reaching the stage of formation of an adult;

• social maturity– development of social skills;

• intellectual maturity- the development of intelligence and the ability to make informed, thoughtful decisions;

• emotional maturity- the ability to both control their emotions and be in a comfortable emotional state.

It is the emotional maturity of the individual that is the basis of personal integration. But what is it made up of? First, let's look at the main symptoms of emotional immaturity.

Symptoms of psychological immaturity:

1. Explosive behavior;
2. Outbursts of emotions;
3. Low frustration tolerance;
4. Inappropriate emotional response;
5. Excessive sensitivity;
6. Inability to accept criticism;
7. causeless jealousy;
8. Inability to forgive;
9. Capricious change of mood;
10. Increased addiction;
11. Fear of changing the situation;
12. Demanding instant attention and constant empathy;
13. Increased competitiveness and inability to lose;
14. Inability to take responsibility for one's mistakes.

Psychological maturity: main criteria

• The ability to give and receive love, which is possible only with a developed sense of security, which allows you to have vulnerability. This is the only way to truly love someone.

• Ability to be realistic about life- the ability to face reality and not turn away from it. The formula “mature people work with their problems, immature people avoid them” works well here.

• Willingness to give and receive. Giving is not calculated, but to improve the quality of life of other people. And the ability to accept, which is sometimes even more difficult.

• The ability to positively accept life experiences. This is a state when there is confidence that “no matter what happens to me, I will survive it and become stronger”; giving up the habit of explaining your successes and failures by coincidence.

• Ability to withstand frustration– the ability to solve problems and remain operational for the required time, and, if necessary, find a more effective approach.

• Ability to constructively handle hostility- the ability to look for a problem behind the enmity that can be solved, and its solution. The attitude that "the best way to get rid of an enemy is to make him a friend."

• Relative freedom from symptoms of tension- relaxed confidence that "I will get everything I have in any case."

How to Develop Personal Maturity: Key Steps

William Glasser, Founder "reality therapy" gives a number of American-style simple, but at the same time intelligible and functional tips:

• Constant work on understanding and improving yourself;

• Seek and accept feedback from people;

• Practice unselfish behavior;

• Settle all broken contacts with society: say everything that has not been said, forgive everyone and ask everyone for forgiveness, return all debts or finally hand over books to the library;

• Complete all the things that have been postponed;

• Tidy up your house, and get rid of everything that you do not use - give away unnecessary things to those who need them more;

• Restore balance in your personal accounting, pay all bills and taxes;

• Find something in your life; that will be more important than yourself.

And most importantly, the psychological maturity of a person is based on the completeness of life choices, integrity and readiness to cope with emerging obstacles. It can be said even more briefly: the maturity of a person is a readiness for the future.

How to activate the deep potential of the psyche?

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PERSONAL MATURITY: APPROACHES TO THE DEFINITION

A.G. Portnova (Kemerovo)

Resume: Approaches to the definition of the concept of "personal maturity" are analyzed. A review of studies on various aspects of personal maturity is given. The parameters that characterize a mature personality are highlighted. The definition of personal maturity within the framework of a systematic approach is proposed. The ways and prospects for the study of this phenomenon in the age and differential aspects are outlined.

Key words: maturity, personality, personal maturity, development, ontogeny, personal growth.

The processes and patterns of growing up as a stage of ontogenesis are not deprived of the attention of researchers. In psychology, pedagogy, physiology and psychophysiology, at the intersection of these sciences, many works are devoted to both separate and interconnected forecasting of the development of individuality. However, despite the widespread declaration of a humanistic individual approach, attempts to build a system for determining personal changes that can comprehensively describe the trajectory of the individual and personal development of an adult are rare and are characterized, as a rule, by internal inconsistency.

“Now the time is coming when the scientific study of the patterns of human mental development, the psychological properties of his personality becomes a necessary condition for the further improvement of all forms, methods and means of working with people ...” .

The most important of the consequences of such a discovery by B.G. Ananiev considered the creation of a scientific basis for the design of personality and its strategies, its formation.

Successful formation of a harmoniously and comprehensively developed personality is possible only if the laws of its development are taken into account.

Researchers dealing with the problems of the psychology of personality development traditionally try to answer the questions why and how it develops, i.e. establish the causes of mental development and its mechanisms. However, if development itself is an irreversible, natural and directed process, then it is appropriate to ask questions: “Where is this process directed? What is development for? .

In our opinion, the modern approach to the analysis of development requires turning to such concepts that will provide an answer to the question of the purpose of development, an idea of ​​the variability of goals.

The humanistic direction is considered the "psychology of standards", ideal images of a mature, healthy personality are created here. Unlike adaptation theories of personality, many of which focus on adjustment disorders, it is focused on the study of mature and creative people, on understanding the constructive, creative manifestations of human nature.

An explanation of development in terms of this strategy is possible with a clear understanding of the final determination at each age stage, i.e. with a good understanding of the state of the developed system at a given stage, the approach to which gives importance to the processes of achieving it.

However, focusing only on the description of the characteristics of the most developed, mature personalities, the researcher will lose the ability to predict the development, formation of personality, if he does not take into account the actual warehouse of the personality, evaluate current states, including maladaptive ones, that can become a source of personal growth, movement towards maturity.

A more traditional strategy for studying personality development is the description of the initial psychological status of the individual, the source or material basis of all further development (the laws of self-regulation and adaptation of the initial functional structures of the body).

The initial and most developed stage of mental development, at which maturity is reached, forms the basis for the analysis of intermediate stages, forms.

An attempt to integrate the above strategies was made in the works of E. Erickson and E. Fromm. Considering the formation of a person as a process that includes certain stages with their characteristic crises, E. Erickson shows that by the very logic of development, a person is periodically brought to a choice between maturity, health and regression; personal growth, self-determination and neurosis.

A person, accepting the challenge during each psychosocial crisis, gets a chance for personal growth and empowerment. Having successfully resolved one crisis, it advances in its development to the next. Human nature requires personal growth and response to the challenges inherent in each stage of development. E. Erickson proposed to evaluate a person from the point of view of the formation of the characteristics of a mature personality and to look for the origins of the organization of a mature personality at the previous stages of life.

Thus, the maturity of the individual can be considered in the context of the psychological effects of development as its goal. Erickson identifies such qualities

properties of a mature personality, as individuality, independence, originality, courage to be different from others; through education, the norms of society are transmitted, values ​​that are determined by specific economic and cultural conditions. Human development is presented as a process of formation of new qualities, which implies the presence of actual properties and potential properties that affect other personality properties. These potential qualities of the individual determine its susceptibility to the influence of the social environment, through a number of mechanisms determine the degree of inclusion in the system of social relations.

At present, the scientific substantiation of the optimum development of various functions, the identification of actual and potential human capabilities, and the scientific forecasting of development from the point of view of an integral approach are relevant.

The integral approach in psychology is expressed in the fact that the individual phases of the development of a person’s mental characteristics are combined into a single life cycle, taking into account the data obtained in various psychological sciences, where the object of study is the individual phases of a person’s life, as well as other sciences about a person, social and biological. cycles, where age aspects, problems of genesis and development are considered.

Maturity is an integral quality of a personality, therefore it is studied by many sciences: philosophy, sociology, jurisprudence, ethics, pedagogy, psychology, etc.

The current state of the problem actualizes interdisciplinary and intersectoral approaches to the analysis of personality maturity. Their implementation will allow, in our opinion, a comprehensive and targeted search for markers, criteria, signs of personality maturity for the purpose of their subsequent practical assessment.

The sciences of the social and biological cycle contain information about their specific characteristics of a healthy, mature, fully functioning person (physiology, biology, sociology, law, pedagogy, philosophy, ethics).

In the branches of psychology, certain aspects of psychological knowledge about the signs of personality maturity are presented (differential psychology, social psychology, personality psychology and developmental psychology).

Acmeology, ontopsychology, cultural anthropology, social pedagogy, new synthetic disciplines formed at the "junction" of the sciences of social and biological cycles and branches of psychology are characterized primarily by constructiveness and practical orientation. Integrating and generalizing knowledge about the progressive development of a person, about the process of reaching maturity, they

became conceptual links in the system of human sciences, human knowledge. It is here, in our opinion, that the most capacious, systemic criteria for the maturity of a person can be found.

The concept of "maturity" is often used in the sciences of the social, humanitarian cycle. “The social maturity of the individual is a concept that captures one of the main achievements of the processes of education and upbringing carried out by the family, school, social environment, and society as a whole. Social maturity is considered as a stable state of the individual, characterized by integrity, predictability, social orientation of behavior in all spheres of life. A mature person is a person who actively owns his environment, has a stable unity of personality traits and value orientations, and is able to perceive people and himself correctly.

"Social maturity, a generalized characteristic of the development of the individual, implies ... the transformation of the individual into a full-fledged subject of social activity and the achievement of a certain minimum of development."

IN AND. Mathis gives the following definition of a socially mature personality: "... this is a stable system of socially significant features, including professional, ideological, moral maturity, characterizing the social type of personality of a particular society or community" .

Insufficient maturity of mental development at the stage of formation of self-consciousness and reflection cannot serve, according to G.S. Sukhobskaya, a reliable basis for the development of socially mature behavior of the individual.

The maturity of a person's mental development as the basis of his social maturity is assessed through social manifestation. The maturity of mental development creates only an opportunity for self-realization of a person as a member of society and individuality. This possibility is realized when assessing human behavior through the prism of social values. With the concept of social maturity, one should associate the internal attitude of the individual only to values ​​that have a positive orientation in relation to the development of mankind, its culture and civilization, to humanistic values.

A new interpretation of the concept of "maturity" is given in acmeology. It fixes the understanding of such a stage in the development of a person when he reaches the heights of the development of abilities, talent, creativity (B.G. Ananiev, A.A. Derkach, N.V. Kuzmina, V.N. Maksimova, etc.).

In socio-psychological and general psychological research, the concept of "maturity" is interpreted in different ways; a large number of studies, both scientific and practical, are devoted to the consideration

understanding of this concept, which is due to the current social situation of human development. Modern society imposes special requirements on the individual, among which personal maturity occupies an important place. Society needs citizens who are the subjects of their lives, which is possible only with the formation of personal maturity. The characteristic of a person as a subject reveals the way a person organizes his life.

Man as a subject, according to A.V. Brushlinsky, initiates and develops its specific activity at the highest level of systemicity. This level is characterized by the utmost integrity, the integrality of all contradictory and diverse components and sublevels. This level of subjectivity can be considered as the highest degree of development of the maturity of the individual, which in turn is one of the components of human maturity.

B.G. Ananiev laid the foundation for the development of the idea of ​​integrating knowledge about a person and the understanding that personality traits develop throughout a person's life path in society, creating his biography.

In domestic psychology, there are serious developments on this issue (B.G. Ananiev, I.V. Dubrovina, K. Muzdybaev, V.I. Slobodchikov,

A.A. Rean, D.I. Feldstein and others). However, the problem of the formation of personal maturity, the factors of its formation has not yet been fully explored, the differences in the formation of personal maturity in men and women in different spheres of life have not been sufficiently revealed. Many questions remain in determining the formal structure of personal maturity and its systemic characteristics.

B.G. wrote about the complexity of determining objective criteria for a person’s maturity. Ananiev, noting that in the psychological literature there was a replacement of the concept of "maturity" with the concept of "adulthood". Even at the individual level, the concepts of "maturity" and "adulthood" are not completely synonymous, they diverge even more when it comes to adulthood and subject-activity (professional) maturity. These concepts are not identical and describe a different psychological reality when it comes to the personal level of consideration of a person.

The use of the concept of personal maturity in modern psychological publications involves the allocation of two main aspects - maturity as a stage of life and maturity as a level of development.

In the work of V.M. Rusalov distinguishes definitive and acmeological types of maturity. The first type depends on the biological properties of a person, the second characterizes the achievement by mental formations of their highest, acmeological value.

knowledge that provides a person with personal growth, the highest levels of his development.

Various aspects of personal maturity were considered in connection with the study of self-actualization (A. Maslow, K. Goldstein, X. Heiligen, M. Daniel,

IN AND. Slobodchikov, E.I. Isaev, N.P. Patturina, E.E. Vakhromov); personal growth (A. Agel, K. Rogers, S.L. Bratchenko); personal mastery (M. Horener, P. Senge); self-realization (K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, E.V. Galazhinsky, I.B. Dermanova,

V.E. Klochko, L.A. Korostyleva, O.M. Krasnoryadtsev, B.D. Parygin, F. Perls, E. Fromm); self-transcendence (V. Frankl, A.A. Rean); self-assertion (R.A. Zobov, V.N. Kelasev); personal self-realization (L.A. Antsyferova, B.S. Bratus, S. Buhler, E.P. Varlamova, E.A. Lukina); self-consciousness (V.V. Stolin, S.R. Pantileev, N.I. Sardzhveladze); capacity development (B.G. Ananiev, A.A. Bodalev, B.F. Lomov, V.N. Myasishchev, etc.); achievements of acme (A.A. Derkach, M.I. Dyachenko, N.V. Kuzmina, etc.); psychology of the life path of the individual (K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, E.I. Golovakha, E.Yu. Korzhova); subjective activity (V.N. Panferov); life relations and meaningful life orientations (D.A. Leontiev); life orientations (A.A. Grachev); style and meaning of life (LN Kogan); life world (V. Shuts).

It is known that personal maturity is one of the structural components of human maturity. B.G. Ananiev emphasized that the stages of a person's maturity as an individual, as a person, as a subject of activity, cognition, communication do not coincide in time.

Creation of one's own environment favorable for "development and self-realization", according to E.F. Rybalko, is a characteristic sign of a mature personality.

M.Yu. Semenov defines a mature personality as a type that is formed as a result of personal growth and has a formed stable unity of personality traits and value orientations, a developed moral consciousness, an established hierarchical motivational-need sphere dominated by higher spiritual needs. A personally mature person is characterized by the need to go beyond the existing limits of his life and solve the problems of improving and developing both his society and all of humanity, actively owns his social environment.

Researchers identify the following characteristics of a mature personality: a developed sense of responsibility; the need to care for other people; the ability to actively participate in the life of society and to effectively use knowledge and abilities, to constructively solve various problems; emotional maturity.

Research by R.M. Shamionov, conducted under the direction of L.A. Golovey, showed that the personality

real maturity is a complex structural formation that includes the characteristics of responsibility in various areas of activity, emotional maturity, self-control of behavior, independence, adequacy of self-reflection, a high level of realization of life events, adequacy of goal setting.

Personal maturity is included in the general structure of the personality and is interconnected with a number of personal characteristics, such as sociability, adherence to social requirements, gentleness, gullibility, radicalism, self-confidence, naturalness.

Personal maturity is subject to the general laws of ontogenetic development and is characterized by heterochrony. The formation of the parameters of personal maturity goes through a number of stages, in its development sensitive, critical periods and periods of stabilization alternate. The formation of personal maturity is determined by both internal (subjective, objective) and external factors.

At the methodological level, a systematic approach has been developed in psychology, it is implemented in relation to the personality. However, at the level of specific studies, as the analysis of literature data shows, individual facts are presented regarding age, gender, and differential psychological manifestations of personality maturity. These facts are scattered and not considered in a single system of knowledge related to various branches of psychology. Integrity is needed in the study of components, signs, markers, criteria of maturity - cognitive, emotional, regulatory (volitional, motivational), and dynamic, productive (competence) in their interconnections. These problems are waiting to be solved.

Despite the availability of works and the variety of possible approaches to the study of maturity, the issues of analyzing maturity as a systemic quality of a person remain unresolved.

In addition, the content of personal maturity, its structural and functional characteristics should be determined by the task of development of each age period.

Until now, the problem of personal maturity has been considered in psychology in terms of studying its structural components, but a differential approach to the study of a person involves an analysis of the components of the problem in the context of his individuality, including at different stages of age development.

This approach will help to solve a number of topical problems related to the ontogeny of maturity, sex-role variations in the manifestation of maturity in behavior.

The concept of the systemic nature of personal maturity suggests that it is an integral characteristic, a mechanism for organizing a person’s life, which largely determines the success of his life, life path, professional activity, self-realization, this should be reflected in the degree of different severity of its main features, markers, criteria on at different stages of ontogeny, in sex-role specificity, various prerequisites for individual aspects.

Three types of theoretical analysis - functional, structural and dynamic - lead to a holistic (systemic) analysis of the phenomenon of personality development in the process of reaching maturity.

In our opinion, maturity is a multi-dimensional, multi-level quality of a personality that has structural, dynamic properties. Level, structural characteristics of maturity are specific at each age stage. In general, the function of personal maturity is the transformation (regulation) of the process of ontogenetic development into a purposeful, systemic, personally conditioned process that acquires individual features both in terms of means, conditions, and for the purposes of this development.

Maturity is a personality quality that determines the ways of implementation and self-realization, organizes the life path of the individual, its direction, strategies for passing, regulates the complex system of relations of the individual with the outside world and himself (to the results of his own activity) and the hierarchization of this system.

Maturity characterizes a personality as a holistic, continuously developing, complex systemic formation, not reducible to the properties, characteristics of its structural components and its individual aspects; defines personality as a complex systemic formation, which can be described in terms of "harmony", "proportionality", "hierarchy", "subordination of its properties".

The development of the psychological concept of personal maturity as a systemic personality trait based on the analysis of age-sex and differential aspects will allow solving a number of topical problems related to issues of ontogenesis and development, gender-role variations in the manifestations of personal maturity.

Literature

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PERSONAL MATURITY: THE APPROACHES TO DEFINITION A.G. Portnova (Kemerovo)

summary. The article is about different approaches to the definition of the concept of "personal maturity". It includes a review of various aspects of personal maturity. The author presents different characteristics of mature personality. The personal maturity is defined in the context of the system approach paradigm. The article describes ways and perspectives of scientific research of named phenomenon in age and differential aspects.

Key words: maturity, personality, personal maturity, development, ontogenesis, personal improvement.

You can look at your life through the eyes of an outside observer, take a neutral position in order to evaluate actions, thoughts, emotions. This approach allows you to better understand your strengths and weaknesses and decide in which direction to move on.

2. Self-control

You first think, and then you do, you can calculate the expediency and consequences of actions. An infantile person lives with emotions and momentary desires. Mature - does not break down on loved ones, knows how to remain silent if a stupid conflict is brewing.

3. Gratitude

You have learned from what happened to you and what you managed to avoid. You appreciate the people who make you happy and don't take them for granted.

4. Open-mindedness

You stopped judging a book by its cover, and people - by formal signs and stereotypes, not in words, but in deeds. Teenage maximalism no longer prevents you from realizing that the world is not black and white, those around you can be different from you and remain good, and sometimes there are several correct opinions.

5. Building boundaries

You understand what is acceptable for you in a relationship - love, friendship, work - and how far you are willing to go, what to sacrifice to keep them. And if someone violates, you will act, discuss, and not pretend that nothing happened and everyone lives like that.

6. Sustainable moral standards

You view your actions not through the prism of "what people think" or "but if someone sees." A mature person has defined moral boundaries. It is not the inevitability of punishment or possible condemnation that warns him against wrong deeds, but a clear realization that this is unacceptable. Therefore, he does not do things that are dubious for himself, even if no one sees and does not know.

7. Responsibility

You are responsible for words and actions, do not promise the impossible, do not shift decisions to another. A mature person realizes that the quality of his life is completely his. External circumstances can make their own adjustments. But if you continue to complain that everything is bad, but do nothing to change the situation, then you are more of an infantile person, and not a victim of circumstances.

8. Self acceptance

You have learned the way you are, with all the advantages and disadvantages. This does not mean that you need to stop improving and correcting shortcomings. But it’s worth learning to be satisfied with yourself now, at any stage of the path to the ideal, because this road has no end and it’s a shame to spend your whole life hating and reproaching yourself.

9. Patience

You stopped relying only on instant results and learned to wait for the fruits of your labor. For some things to happen, it is not enough to want them - you need to work hard. And even this does not guarantee that you will achieve your goal.

10. Self-reliance

You understand that no one should solve your problems. A mature person does not act at random in the hope that someone will help swim out of the abyss. To spend money on a trinket and leave the family without food, thinking that parents or friends will throw some money, is infantilism. Correcting behavior so that in the event of a problem situation there is an opportunity to solve everything on your own is an act of a mature person.

11. Ability to learn lessons

Learn from mistakes, but not everyone. A mature person learns from failures, recognizes similar situations and does not allow repeated failures.

12. Constructive engagement with reality

You don’t run away from problems, you don’t close your eyes to them, you don’t think that they will somehow resolve themselves. A mature person recognizes difficulties and looks for ways to cope with them.

13. Honesty

In most cases, you don't feel the need to lie. On the way to maturity, you have surrounded yourself with people with whom this is not required: you do not need to wear masks and embellish reality. If it is nevertheless necessary, a mature person is aware of why he does it. Trying to secure a person's feelings with lies and wanting to manipulate them are not the same thing.

14. Ability to build relationships

A mature person realizes that he is not the center of the Universe, therefore he knows how to build equal partnerships in which he not only takes, but also gives. He is able to be compassionate, supportive, attentive and genuinely interested, and accept help without feeling vulnerable.

15. Realistic-optimistic view of the world

You really assess the situation, but do not lose faith in the best and presence of mind. A mature person understands that good things cannot happen continuously, there are failures. But the black stripes end, especially if you do not give up. However, pessimism and defeatist moods can lead to the fact that the forces will not rejoice even on truly bright days.

Can you add to this list? Share in the comments.