Introduction
Psychology studies the patterns of emergence, development and functioning of mental processes, states, properties of a person engaged in a particular activity, patterns of development and functioning of the psyche as a special form of life.
Features of psychology:
psychology is the science of the most complex concept known to mankind so far. It deals with a property of highly organized matter called the psyche;
psychology is a relatively young science. Conventionally, its scientific design is associated with 1879, when the German psychologist W. Wundt at the University of Leipzig created the world's first laboratory of experimental psychology, organized the publication of a psychological journal, initiated international psychological congresses, and also formed an international school of professional psychologists. All this made it possible to form the structure of psychological science;
psychology has a unique practical significance for any person, as it allows you to better know yourself, your capabilities, strengths and weaknesses, and therefore change yourself, manage your mental functions, actions and your behavior, better understand other people and interact with them ; it is necessary for parents and teachers, as well as for every business person, in order to make responsible decisions, taking into account the psychological state of colleagues and partners.
Modern psychology is a widely developed field of knowledge, including a number of separate disciplines, scientific directions, branches, sections.
The purpose of this work: to study the main branches of psychology.
1. Subject, object, tasks of psychology. The place of psychology in the system of sciences
Psychology is the science of the patterns of origin, development and manifestation of the human psyche and consciousness.
The subject of psychology is: the psyche, its mechanisms and patterns as a specific form of reflection of reality, the formation of the psychological characteristics of a person's personality as a conscious subject of activity.
Figure 1 - The subject of study of psychology
The main object of psychology is social subjects, their vital connections and relationships, as well as subjective and objective factors that contribute to or hinder their achievement of peaks in life and creative activity.
The main tasks of psychology:
the study of mechanisms, patterns, qualitative features of the manifestation and development of mental phenomena;
the study of the nature and conditions for the formation of the mental characteristics of a person at different stages of its development and in various conditions;
use of acquired knowledge in various branches of practical activity.
Psychology as a field of humanitarian, anthropological knowledge is closely connected with many sciences. It occupies an intermediate position between the philosophical, natural, social and technical sciences.
Philosophy - for centuries, the phenomena that psychology is currently studying were designated by the general term "soul" and were considered the subject of one of the sections of philosophy, called psychology in the 16th century.
Pedagogy - together with psychology, they study the problems of education and training.
Medicine, physiology - supply psychology with scientific knowledge about the psyche, more precisely about its material substratum: the sense organs and higher nerve centers.
Neurophysiology and biology - led to the development of the scientific apparatus of psychology, which, thanks to the widely developed experimental work, began to separate itself from both philosophy and physiology, since the laws of the psyche established in the laboratories did not coincide with the anatomical and physiological ones. Thus, for example, it was shown that mental processes, being the product of the interaction of the individual with the external environment, are themselves an active causal factor in behavior.
Thus, modern psychology is closely connected with various fields of science and practice. It can be argued that wherever a person is involved, there is a place for psychological science. Therefore, the rapid development of psychology, its introduction into various fields of scientific and practical activity led to the emergence of various branches of psychology.
2. The main branches of psychology
Modern psychological science is a diversified field of knowledge and includes more than 40 relatively independent branches. Their occurrence is due to:
firstly, the widespread introduction of psychology in all areas of scientific and practical activity,
secondly, the emergence of new psychological knowledge.
Some branches of psychology differ from others, first of all, by the complex of problems and tasks that this or that scientific direction solves. At the same time, all branches of psychology can be conditionally divided into fundamental (general, or basic) and applied (special).
) The fundamental branches of psychological science are of general importance for understanding and explaining various mental phenomena. This is the basis that not only unites all branches of psychological science, but also serves as the basis for their development. Fundamental branches, as a rule, are united by the term "general psychology".
General psychology is a branch of psychological science that includes theoretical and experimental research that reveals the most general psychological patterns, theoretical principles and methods of psychology, its basic concepts and categories.
General psychology - studies the patterns of development of the psyche in the most generalized and abstract form. This is the psyche of an adult (middle-aged) normal (not sick) person (whether a man or a woman), in constant conditions of life and activity.
The main concepts of general psychology are:
mental processes;
mental properties;
mental states.
The emergence of general psychology as an independent and fundamental branch of psychological science is associated with the name of S.L. Rubinshtein, who prepared and published in 1942 the fundamental generalizing work "Fundamentals of General Psychology", which included advanced achievements of both domestic and world science.
) Applied are the branches of psychology, the achievements of which are used in practice. In most cases, with the help of applied branches of psychological science, they solve specific problems within a certain direction.
Traditionally, social, pedagogical, developmental, engineering psychology, labor psychology, clinical psychology and psychophysiology, and differential psychology are distinguished as branches of psychology.
Social Psychologystudies the socio-psychological manifestations of a person's personality, his relationship with people, with a group, the psychological compatibility of people, socio-psychological manifestations in large groups (the effect of radio, the press, fashion, rumors on various communities of people).
Pedagogical psychologystudies psychological problems, patterns of development of the psyche and personality in the process of training and education.
Age-related psychologystudies the ontogenesis of the psyche, that is, its development from the conception of a person to his death; patterns of development of a normal healthy person, psychological characteristics and patterns inherent in each age period: from infancy to old age, and in this regard is divided into child psychology, the psychology of youth and adulthood, gerontopsychology (the psychology of old age).
There are a number of branches of psychology that study the psychological problems of specific types of human activity.
Labor psychologyexamines the psyche in the conditions of human labor activity, the patterns of development of labor skills.
Engineering psychologystudies the regularities of the processes of interaction between man and modern technology in order to use them in the practice of designing, creating and operating automated control systems, new types of technology.
medical psychologystudies the psychological characteristics of the doctor's activity and the patient's behavior, the manifestations and causes of various disorders in the psyche and human behavior, mental changes occurring during illness, develops psychological methods of treatment and psychotherapy.
Framed clinical psychologywhich studies the manifestations and causes of various disorders in the psyche and behavior of a person, as well as the mental changes that occur during various illnesses, as a more frequent part of pathopsychology, which studies deviations in the development of the psyche, the disintegration of the psyche in various forms of brain pathology.
Psychophysiologystudies the physiological foundations of mental activity, and differential psychology - individual differences in the psyche of people.
legal psychologystudies the psychological characteristics of legal activity (for example, the behavior of participants in the criminal process, the mental problems of the formation of the personality of the offender, the characteristics of his behavior, and so on).
differential psychologystudies the differences between individuals, between groups of individuals, as well as the causes and consequences of these differences.
Political psychologystudies the psychological components of the political life and activities of people, their moods, opinions, feelings, value orientations, etc.
Psychology of artstudies the properties and states of an individual or a group of individuals that determine the creation and perception of artistic values, as well as the influence of these values on the life of both an individual and society as a whole.
In addition to those named, there are other branches of psychology that are no less interesting for scientific research and no less significant for practical human activity, including: military psychology, advertising psychology, environmental psychology, animal psychology, sports psychology, space psychology, etc.
Military psychologystudies the psychology of the personality of a soldier, the psychology of a military collective and the psychological characteristics of their professional activities in its various forms and types.
pathopsychologyfocuses on the features of mental disorders due to certain deficiencies in the structure and functions of the body, in particular in children.
Parapsychologyexplores anomalous individual and socio-psychological phenomena.
Psychology of religionstudies the psychological factors of religious consciousness.
Environmental psychologystudies the psychological aspects of the interaction between man and the environment.
Zoopsychology(or comparative psychology) reveals the features and patterns of the psyche of animals at different stages of time development of the animal world.
Psychodiagnosticsis aimed at developing methods for identifying and measuring individual psychological characteristics of a person.
Sports Psychologyengaged in the study of the psychological characteristics of sports activities.
space psychologyincludes in the range of its problems the study of the peculiarities of mental processes occurring in the human body during space flights, including the influence on his psyche of large physical overloads, unusual environmental conditions, and the state of weightlessness. In addition, this branch of psychology elucidates the features of working capacity during a flight, in particular, if it is necessary to act in conditions of extreme lack of time, etc.
In recent years, an accelerating impulse has been virtual psychology, which studies psychological virtual realities and is built on a specific philosophical basis.
Each of these areas uses the theoretical and methodological heritage of general psychology, but is rich in its own methods, approaches and techniques.
Note that applied industries are not isolated from each other. Most often, in one branch of psychology, knowledge or methods of its other branches are used. For example, space psychology, dealing with the problems of psychological support for human activity in space, is closely related to engineering psychology, medical psychology, etc.
All branches of psychological science arose and developed as a result of the expansion of the spheres of human activity, its rationalization and improvement. However, it is impossible to consider various branches of psychology as a simple practical application of psychological laws (obtained as a result of research, for example, in general psychology or social psychology) to certain cases of life. Only in the process of solving specific practical problems put forward by people's life and practice can the theoretical problems of psychology be correctly posed and understood, and general and particular psychological laws revealed.
Therefore, in each of these branches of psychology, a large place is given to theoretical research.
Scientific psychological research can be successful only when it is built not in the abstract, but taking into account practical problems. Studying the laws of the human psyche, psychology does this not in isolation from certain types of human activity, but in connection with them and with a special goal: to use the results of research to improve these types of activity.
The Appendix presents some branches of modern psychology, at present there are over 40 of them.
From all of the above, one can imagine how wide the range of practical applications of psychology is. Psychology is one of the fundamental, backbone scientific disciplines, the future of which lies at the intersection of sciences that at first glance seem far from it.
Conclusion
Thus, psychology is a scientific discipline that studies the patterns of functioning and development of the psyche. Psychologists are a branched science, numerous sections of which are united by one subject - the psyche. At present, psychology is a complex, branched system of scientific and practical knowledge. It distinguishes many industries that are relatively independent areas of scientific and applied research. Psychological sciences can be divided into two large groups: fundamental and applied. These sections are distinguished depending on whose psyche is being studied, what aspect of it, under what conditions.
Fundamental sciences represent the main system of phenomena, methods of their study and laws. The knowledge contained in the fundamental sciences is of general importance for understanding and explaining the psychology of people, regardless of who these people are and what specific activities they are engaged in. The fundamental sciences primarily include general psychology. In addition to it, social psychology, differential psychology, developmental psychology, as well as a number of areas of scientific research that occupy a border position between psychology and other sciences, including psychophysics, psychogenetics and psychophysiology, can be included among the fundamental sciences.
Applied sciences are branches of science in which the psyche and human behavior in various activities are studied and the achievements of which can be used in practice (the results of fundamental research are not designed for their direct practical use). The fundamental branches of science pose and solve questions that are equally important for all sciences without exception, and applied ones are questions that are of interest mainly for the knowledge and understanding of human psychology in special types of human activity.
The most famous branches of psychology: Social, Pedagogical, Age, Labor, Engineering, Management, Legal, Political, Medical, Art, Sports, Abnormal Phenomena, Religion, Family and Marriage, Psychodiagnostics, Ecological, Psycholinguistics, Virtual, etc.
Bibliography
psychology consciousness science
1. Gippenreiter Yu.B. Introduction to General Psychology: A Course of Lectures / Yu.B. Gippenreiter. - M.: AST, 2010. - 352 p.
2. Gorbunova M.Yu. Psychology cheat sheet / M.Yu. Gorbunova, T.V. Nozhkin. - M: Allel, 2011. - 64 p.
Lukovtseva A.L. Psychology and pedagogy. Course of lectures / A.L. Lukovtsev. - M.: KDU, 2008. - 192 p.
Nemov S.R. General psychology. Short course / S.R. Nemov. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007. - 304 p.
General psychology. Textbook for universities / Ed. R.H. Tugushev. - M.: Eksmo, 2006. - 560 p.
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Age-related psychology
The object for the study of this psychology is an ordinary person developing in ontogenesis.
Such a psychology contains the age stages of the manifestation of people's characters and seeks to clarify these periods, to discover patterns in the acquisition of experience by people in difficult situations.
Developmental psychology sets the main task of conducting research on the integrity of psychological formation "on the entire life space of people from the moment of birth until death", and the study of "a changing, developing person in a transforming world" is the most important task.
The psychology of age-related development studies the stages of growth, the prerequisites and nuances of the transitions of the human personality from one stage to another, as well as the basic laws and trends in human maturation, the pace and direction of psychological development.
There are several subsections of developmental psychology:
- infancy;
- preschoolers;
- primary school age;
- teenage years;
- the youth;
- middle age group;
- elderly people (gerontopsychology).
The most important tasks of the psychology of age development
- understanding the shaping forces, causes and ways of the uniqueness of the upbringing of a person throughout his life; knowledge of the stages of development of the human psyche;
- determination of the features of the formation of a person in the process of his development;
- finding age potentials, uniqueness in the implementation of various types of activities;
- analysis of the age maturation of a person, including in problem situations.
The value of developmental psychology
Developmental psychology is of the greatest importance in all mental processes. Recall that almost all famous scientists who had weight in science periodically studied issues related to developmental psychology. "Understanding the psychology of children is the key to understanding the psychology of middle-aged and old people."
L.S. Vygotsky called child psychology fundamental in the formation of a "new" psychology, while emphasizing that "an exceptionally accurate way is to move in the process of studying the psyche from understanding the child to understanding adults."
The path of transformation of developmental psychology is as follows: “from descriptive and theoretical, defining psychology into a scientifically explanatory system of knowledge about the manifestation of mental processes in people, about various options for their movement and maturation, about managing the processes of their development and formation.”
Practical application of developmental psychology
perhaps with a detailed study of the issues of development of people of all age groups, about the unique complexities of age stages, the probabilities and options for solving problems, as well as the periods of maturation of adults, individuals, professionals, parents.
Developmental psychology sets itself practical tasks:
- finding the age standards of mental processes, the discovery of psychological resources and potentials in a person;
- foundation of services for regular monitoring of the movement of the vector of mental development of adults and children, support for people in difficult life situations;
- age diagnostics and psychological therapy;
- psychological assistance to people during crisis moments of life;
- the best combination of educational and educational processes with constant self-improvement.
Any psychological research involves certain stages.
First stage- preparatory. In the course of it, they study the material by various means, collect preliminary information, draw up a logical and chronological scheme of the study, select a contingent of subjects, draw up a plan for mathematical processing and a description of the entire study.
Second phase- the experiment itself, carried out according to a specific research methodology and consisting of sequentially included links - experimental series.
Third stage- quantitative processing of research data, which involves the use of various statistical techniques to judge the reliability of the findings.
Fourth stage- interpretation of the data obtained, their interpretation on the basis of psychological theory, the final clarification of the correctness or fallacy of the hypothesis.
The scientific solution of psychological problems presupposes the ability to apply the appropriate psychological technique in each specific case.
Literature
Ananiev BG On the problems of modern human knowledge. M.: Nauka, 1977.
Lomov BF: Methodological and theoretical problems of psychology. M.: Nauka, 1984.
Methods of psychological research // Course of general, age and pedagogical psychology. M.; Enlightenment, 1982.
Test: Psychology. The subject of psychology as a science, its tasks and methods.
1. Socio-psychological manifestations of personality, its relationship with people studies ...
a) psychology.
b) differential
in) social
d) pedagogical
2. A purposeful, systematically carried out perception of objects in the knowledge of which a person is interested is ...
a) an experiment
b) content analysis
in) observation
d) method of analysis of products of activity
3. Psychological techniques designed on educational material and designed to assess the level of mastery of educational knowledge and skills are known as tests ...
a) achievements
b) intelligence
c) personality
d) projective
4. A method of studying the structure and nature of interpersonal relationships of people based on measuring their interpersonal choice is called ...
a) content analysis
b) comparison method
c) the method of social units
G) sociometry
5. The ability of the researcher to cause some kind of mental process or property is the main advantage ...
e) observations
e) experiment
g) content analysis
h) analysis of products of activity
6. The presence of the soul explained all the incomprehensible phenomena in human life from the point of view:
a) soul psychology
b) psychology of consciousness
c) behavioral psychology
d) psychology as a reflective activity of the brain
7. Features of the ontogenetic development of the psyche are studied by ... psychology.
a) medical
b) social
in) age
8. A distinctive feature of domestic psychology is the use of the category ...
a) activities
b) unconscious
c) reinforcements
d) introspection
9. B.G. Ananiev refers the longitudinal research method to ...
a) organizational methods
b) empirical methods
c) data processing methods
d) interpretation methods
10. A brief, standardized psychological test, as a result of which an attempt is made to evaluate a particular psychological process or personality as a whole is ...
1. observation
2. experiment
Testing
4. self-observation
11. Psychology as an independent science took shape in ...
a) 40s. 19th century
b) 80s 19th century
c) 90s 19th century
d) the beginning of the 20th century.
12. The active intervention of the researcher in the activities of the subject in order to create conditions for the establishment of a psychological fact is called ...
a) content analysis
b) analysis of products of activity
c) conversation
G) experiment
13. The influence of the experimenter on the results of the experiment and their interpretation is most significant in research ...
a) psychophysiological
b) "global" individual processes (intelligence, motivation, decision making, etc.)
in) psychology of personality and social psychology
d) psychogenetic
14. A direction in psychology that studies the problems of personality development, its activity, self-actualization and self-improvement, freedom of choice and the pursuit of higher values, which is manifested in the pursuit of justice, beauty and truth, is known as ...
a) cognitive psychology
b) behaviorism
c) Freudianism
G) humanistic psychology
15. The principle requiring the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships in the process of occurrence of mental phenomena is the principle ...
e) management
f) development
g) determinism
h) consistency
16. The philosophical basis of humanistic psychology is ..
a) positivism
b) existentialism
c) pragmatism
d) rationalism
17. The principle that requires considering mental phenomena in constant change, movement, is called the principle ...
e) determinism
e) development
g) the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones
h) objectivity
18. Obtaining data on one's own mental processes and states at the time of their occurrence or after it is ...
a) observation
b) experiment
c) testing
G) introspection
19. The recognition of psychology as an independent science was associated with ...
a) creation of special research institutions
b) the development of the method of introspection
c) the development of the method of observation
d) the publication of Aristotle's treatise "On the Soul"
1. Psychology occupies a central place according to the classification of sciences:
b) B.M. Kedrov;
2. To build psychology on the model of developed sciences (physics and chemistry) as "statics and dynamics of ideas" suggested:
a) I. Herbart
3. Psychology as an independent science took shape:
b) in the 80s. 19th century;
4. The idea of the inseparability of the soul and the living body and the consideration of psychology as an integral system of knowledge was first proposed by:
c) Aristotle;
5. The recognition of psychology as an independent science was due to:
a) with the creation of special research institutions;
6. The term "psychology" was introduced into scientific circulation by:
c) X. Wolf;
7. Psychology as a science of consciousness arose:
in) in XVII century;
8. Psychology as a science of behavior arose:
d) in XX in.
9. The definition of psychology as the science of the soul was given by:
b) more than two thousand years ago;
10. The first ideas about the psyche were associated with:
c) with animism;
11. The definition of empirical psychology belongs to:
c) X. Wolf;
12. The term "empirical psychology" was introduced:
c) in the 18th century;
13. The view of psychology as a science independent of philosophy was one of the first to propose:
b) J.St. Mill;
14. The study of the relationship of the psyche to its bodily substrate reflects the essence of such a problem in psychology as:
a) psychophysiological;
15. Psychic Reflection:
b) is selective;
16. According to idealistic ideas, the psyche is:
d) the image of an incorporeal essence.
17. The psyche in relation to its carrier does not perform the function:
d) regulation of vegetative changes.
18. The most radical attempt to put psychology on a natural scientific basis is:
c) behaviorism;
19. The presence of the soul explained all the incomprehensible phenomena in human life from the point of view:
a) psychology of the soul;
20. Psychology is the science of the functions of consciousness according to:
a) functionalism;
21. According to K. Jung, that part of the human psyche that reflects the reality external to his body is called:
a) exopsychic;
22. According to K. Jung, needs and emotions include:
b) to endopsychics;
23. Mental phenomenon is:
c) interest;
24. The reflection of individual properties of objects and phenomena of the material world is:
a) sensation
25. Mental processes as an orienting activity of the subject in problem situations were considered by:
c) P.Ya. Galperin;
26. The mental process of creating something new in the form of an image, representation or idea is called:
d) imagination.
27. Among the most ancient concepts of psychology is the concept of:
c) temperament;
28. Features of the ontogenetic development of the psyche are studied by psychology:
c) age;
29. Socio-psychological manifestations of the personality, its relationship with people is studied by psychology:
b) social; 30. The scientific trend that arose at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, due to the penetration of evolutionary ideas into pedagogy, psychology and the development of applied branches of psychology, experimental pedagogy, is called:
b) pedology;
31. The founder of Russian pedology is:
a) A.P. Nechaev;
32. Pedology arose:
d) at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries.
33. The founder of foreign pedology is:
a) S. Hall;
34. Pedology was declared a pseudoscience and ceased to exist in our country:
c) in 1936;
35. V. Frankl is known as the founder of:
a) I. Moreno;
Methodology of psychology
1. Methodology:
b) defines ways to achieve and build knowledge;
2. The criterion of scientific theory in psychology is not (are):
d) the material purposeful activity of people to transform natural and social objects.
3. For scientific psychological and spontaneous-empirical research, the general(s) are (are):
d) setting goals and objectives of the study.
4. In the pre-paradigm period of the development of psychology, the principle was formed as an explanatory one:
d) systematic.
5. The mental process depends on the factors that produce it according to the principle:
c) determinism;
6. From an idealistic point of view, the properties of the human psyche were not considered:
d) Aristotle.
7. From a materialistic point of view, mental phenomena were considered
c) T. Hobbes;
8. The principle that requires considering mental phenomena in constant change, movement, is called the principle:
b) development; \
9. The philosophical current, which emphasizes the role of the mind in the acquisition of knowledge, is called:
c) rationalism;
10. The idea of the psyche as a function necessary for human survival was established due to determinism:
b) biological;
11. An approach to the study of the psyche, which determines the possibilities of mental analysis as a complex multi-level system that performs certain functions, is called:
c) structural and functional;
12. Structural-functional approach refers to the level of:
b) general scientific methodology;
13. Analysis of the general forms of scientific thinking refers to the level of:
a) philosophical methodology;
14. A distinctive feature of domestic psychology is the use of the category:
a) activities;
15. The need to identify contradictions as a source of development and self-development of the psyche means the principle:
c) unity and struggle of opposites;
16. The activity approach in psychology does not include the requirements of the principle:
d) reproduction in the ontogenesis of the psyche of the main stages of the cultural and historical development of man.
17. When defining activity as an object of psychological research, such an “aspect of the study of the psyche” was singled out as:
a) procedural;
18. The mental process depends on the factors that produce it according to the principle:
c) determinism;
19. The position on the unity of consciousness and activity was first put forward by:
a) S.L. Rubinstein;
20. The conditionality of mental phenomena by the action of the factors that produce them is the essence of the principle:
a) determinism;
21. As an explanatory principle in behaviorism, the principle was explicitly used:
a) determinism;
22. The methodological basis of behaviorism is:
b) positivism;
23. The methodology of behaviorism is closely related:
b) with a mechanistic understanding of behavior;
24. Psychoanalysis in its developed form was aimed at the study of personality and was formed in accordance with the principle:
b) development;
25. A specific study of personality in psychoanalysis is not due to such an ideological orientation as:
d) rationalism.
26. The philosophical basis of humanistic psychology is:
b) existentialism;
Research methods.
12. Purposeful, systematically carried out perception of objects, in the knowledge of which the person is interested, is:
c) observation;
13. Long-term and systematic observation, the study of the same people, which makes it possible to analyze mental development at various stages of the life path and, on the basis of this, draw certain conclusions, is commonly called research:
b) longitudinal;
14. The concept of "self-observation" is synonymous with the term:
c) introspection;
15. The systematic application of modeling is most characteristic of:
b) for Gestalt psychology;
16. A brief, standardized psychological test, as a result of which an attempt is made to evaluate a particular mental process or personality as a whole, is:
c) testing;
17. Obtaining by the subject of data about his own mental processes and states at the time of their occurrence or after it is:
d) self-observation.
18. The active intervention of the researcher in the activities of the subject in order to create conditions for the establishment of a psychological fact is called:
d) an experiment.
19. The main method for modern psychogenetic research is not:
d) introspection.
22. For the first time, an experimental psychological laboratory was opened:
a) W. James;
b) G. Ebbinghaus;
c) W. Wundt;
d) X. Wolf.
23. The world's first experimental laboratory began its work:
c) in 1879;
24. The first experimental psychological laboratory in Russia is known for:
c) since 1885;
25. The first pedological laboratory was created:
b) S. Hall in 1889;
26. In Russia, the first experimental psychological laboratory was opened by:
c) V.M. Bekhterev;
27. The ability of the researcher to cause some kind of mental process or property is the main advantage:
b) experiment;
42. The placebo effect was discovered:
c) doctors;
43. The factor of the presence of any external observer in the experiment is called the effect:
c) social facilitation;
44. The influence of the experimenter on the results is most significant in studies:
c) personality psychology and social psychology;
Section 1. Psychology
1. The creator of the first psychological system, set forth in the treatise "On the Soul", is ...
a) Aristotle
2. Psychology is a science...
a) about the phenomena, regularities, mechanisms of the human and animal psyche
3. A sign of the method of introspection is ...
a) direct, direct observation of experiences
4. A standardized psychological measurement procedure is provided…
a) testing
5. When conducting a _____ experiment, subjects do not know that they are participants in it
a) natural
6. The psychological system for the analysis of mental life, proposed by Z Freud, - ...
a) depth psychology (psychoanalysis)
7. From the point of view of representatives of psychoanalysis, the basis of human culture is ...
a) the process of transforming the human sexual instinct into socially acceptable forms of activity
8. The domestic psychological theory of activity received the greatest development in the works of ...
a) Aristotle
10. The reasons for the formation of the main psychological schools were ...
a) transition to the study of the organism-environment system, social crisis, discoveries in other sciences
11. Understanding the driving force of mental development as an unconscious desire for the sublimation of drives is characteristic of works ...
a) Z. Freud, A. Adler, K. Jung
a) A. N. Leontiev
13. The scientist who developed the physiological basis of the doctrine of the types of temperament is ...
a) I. P. Pavlov
14. The most important role in the central nervous system is played by ...
a) cerebral hemispheres
15. Psychophysiology as a branch of physiology and psychology studies
a) physiological mechanisms that ensure the implementation of mental processes and phenomena
16. From the standpoint of the theory of activity and the theory of internalization, Leontiev explains the origin of the mental as follows:
a) in any action, even external, there is already a mental component, and the mental itself arises during the period of prenatal development
a) S L Rubinshtein and A N Leontiev
18. For the successful socialization of a teenager, it is necessary to include him in such an activity as ...
19. Action in the internal plan, which is carried out without relying on any external means, is called _______ action
a) mental
20. The mental activity of animals differs from the mental activity of a person in that it:
a) due to biological patterns
21. Purposeful activity associated with the achievement of private goals in the implementation of broader activities is called
a) action
22. One of the principles of domestic psychology is the principle ...
a) unity of consciousness and activity
23. The cognitive component of self-consciousness includes ...
a) knowledge of the individual about himself
24. The relationship between consciousness and the unconscious has been studied quite fully ...
a) K. Jung
25. The highest level of mental reflection and self-regulation, inherent only to a person, is called ...
a) consciousness
26. Wundt defined psychology as the science of…
a) structures of consciousness
27. Psychology occupies a central place according to the classification of sciences:
a) B. M. Kedrova
28. To build psychology on the model of developed sciences (physics and chemistry) as “statics and dynamics of ideas” suggested:
a) I. Herbart
29. Psychology as an independent science took shape:
a) in the 80s of the XIX century.
30. The idea of the inseparability of the soul and the living body and the consideration of psychology as an integral system of knowledge was first proposed by:
a) Aristotle
31. The recognition of psychology as an independent science was due to:
a) with the creation of special research institutions
32. The term "psychology" was introduced into scientific circulation by:
a) H. Wolf
33. Psychology as a science of consciousness arose:
34. Psychology as a science of behavior arose:
35. The definition of psychology as the science of the soul was given by:
a) more than two thousand years ago
36. The first ideas about the psyche were associated with:
a) with animism
37. The definition of empirical psychology belongs to:
a) H. Wolf
38. The term "empirical psychology" was introduced:
39. The view of psychology as a science independent of philosophy was one of the first to propose:
a) J. St. Mill
40. The study of the relationship of the psyche to its bodily substrate reflects the essence of such a problem in psychology as:
a) psychophysiological
41. Psychic Reflection:
a) is selective
42. According to idealistic ideas, the psyche is:
a) the image of an incorporeal essence
43. The psyche in relation to its carrier does not perform the function:
a) regulation of vegetative changes
44. The most radical attempt to put psychology on a natural scientific basis is:
a) behaviorism
45. The presence of the soul explained all the incomprehensible phenomena in human life from the point of view:
a) psychology of the soul
46. Psychology is the science of the functions of consciousness according to:
a) functionalism
47. According to K. Jung, that part of the human psyche that reflects the reality external to his body is called:
a) exopsychic
48. According to K. Jung, needs and emotions include:
a) to endopsyche
49. Mental phenomenon is:
a) interest
50. Reflection of individual properties of objects and phenomena of the material world is:
a) feeling
51. Mental processes as an orienting activity of the subject in problem situations were considered by:
a) P. Ya. Galperin
52. The mental process of creating something new in the form of an image, representation or idea is called:
a) imagination
53. Among the most ancient concepts of psychology is the concept:
a) temperament
54. Features of the ontogenetic development of the psyche are studied by psychology:
a) age
55. Socio-psychological manifestations of the personality, its relationship with people is studied by psychology:
a) social
56. The scientific trend that arose at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, due to the penetration of evolutionary ideas into pedagogy, psychology and the development of applied branches of psychology, experimental pedagogy, is called:
a) pedology
57. Pedology arose:
a) at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries.
58. Pedology was declared a pseudoscience and ceased to exist in our country:
59. V. Frankl is known as the founder of:
a) I. Moreno
61. Methodology:
a) defines ways to achieve and build knowledge
62. The criterion of scientific theory in psychology is not (are):
a) material purposeful activity of people to transform natural and social objects
63. For scientific psychological and spontaneous-empirical research, the general(s) are (are):
a) setting goals and objectives of the study
64. In the pre-paradigm period of the development of psychology, the principle was formed as an explanatory one:
a) consistency
65. The mental process depends on the factors that produce it according to the principle:
a) determinism
66. The sideist point of view of the properties of the human psyche was not considered by:
a) Aristotle
67. The principle that requires considering mental phenomena in constant change, movement, is called the principle:
a) development
68. The philosophical current, emphasizing the role of reason in the acquisition of knowledge, is called:
a) rationalism
69. The idea of the psyche as a function necessary for human survival was established due to determinism:
a) biological
70. An approach to the study of the psyche, which determines the possibilities of mental analysis as a complex multi-level system that performs certain functions, is called:
a) structural and functional
71. Structural-functional approach refers to the level of:
a) general scientific methodology
72. Analysis of the general forms of scientific thinking refers to the level of:
a) philosophical methodology
73. A distinctive feature of domestic psychology is the use of the category:
a) activities
74. The need to identify contradictions as a source of development and self-development of the psyche means the principle:
a) unity and struggle of opposites
75. The activity approach in psychology does not include the requirements of the principle:
a) reproduction in the ontogeny of the psyche of the main stages of the cultural and historical development of a person
76. When defining activity as an object of psychological research, such an aspect of the study of the psyche was singled out as:
a) evolutionary
77. The mental process depends on the factors that produce it according to the principle:
a) determinism
78. The conditionality of mental phenomena by the action of the factors that produce them is the essence of the principle:
a) determinism
79. As an explanatory principle in behaviorism, the principle was explicitly used:
a) determinism
80. The methodological basis of behaviorism is:
a) positivism
81. The methodology of behaviorism is closely related:
a) with a mechanistic understanding of behavior
82. Psychoanalysis in its developed form was aimed at the study of personality and was formed in accordance with the principle:
a) development
83. A specific study of personality in psychoanalysis is not due to such a worldview orientation as:
a) rationalism
84. The philosophical basis of humanistic psychology is:
a) existentialism
85. Data on the real behavior of a person obtained during external observation are called:
a) L - data
86. The type of results recorded using questionnaires and other self-assessment methods is called:
a) Q-data
87. Such an assignment of numbers to objects, in which equal differences in numbers correspond to equal differences in the measured attribute or property of the object, implies the existence of a scale:
a) intervals
88. The order scale corresponds to the measurement at the level of:
a) ordinal
89. Ranking of objects according to the severity of a certain feature is the essence of measurements at the level of:
a) ordinal
90. It is extremely rare in psychology to use a scale:
a) relationships
91. The postulates to which the transformations of ordinal scales are subject do not include the following postulates:
a) dichotomies
92. In the most general form, measurement scales are represented by a scale:
a) items
93. You can not perform any arithmetic operations on the scale:
a) items
94. Establishing equality of relationships between individual values is permissible at the scale level:
a) relationships
95. B. G. Ananiev refers to the longitudinal method of research:
a) to organizational methods
96. Purposeful, systematically carried out perception of objects, in the knowledge of which a person is interested, is:
a) observation
97. Long-term and systematic observation, the study of the same people, which makes it possible to analyze mental development at various stages of the life path and, on the basis of this, draw certain conclusions, is commonly called research:
a) longitudinal
98. The concept of "self-observation" is synonymous with the term:
a) introspection
99. The systematic application of modeling is most characteristic of:
a) for Gestalt psychology
100. A short, standardized psychological test, as a result of which an attempt is made to evaluate a particular mental process or a person as a whole, is:
a) testing
101. Obtaining by the subject of data on his own mental processes and states at the time of their occurrence or after it is:
a) self-observation
102. The active intervention of a researcher in the activities of the subject in order to create conditions for establishing a psychological fact is called:
a) experiment
103. The main method for modern psychogenetic research is not:
a) introspection
104. Depending on the situation, an observation can be distinguished:
a) field
105. A method of studying the structure and nature of interpersonal relations of people based on measuring their interpersonal choice is called:
a) sociometry
106. For the first time, an experimental psychological laboratory was opened:
a) W. Wundt
107. The ability of the researcher to cause some kind of mental process or property is the main advantage:
a) experiment
108. Using the experimental method, hypotheses about the presence of:
a) causality between phenomena
109. To establish the most general mathematical and statistical patterns allows:
a) A. F. Lazursky
111. The concept of "full compliance experiment" was introduced into scientific circulation by:
a) R. Gottsdanker
112. Intermediate between natural research methods and methods where strict control of variables is applied is:
a) quasi-experiment
113. A characteristic that is actively changed in a psychological experiment is called a variable:
a) independent
114. According to D. Campbell, potentially controlled variables are experimental variables:
a) independent
115. As a criterion for the reliability of the results, the validity achieved in the course of a real experiment compared to an ideal one is called.
