First Russian Revolution (1905-1907).

1. Reasons.

2. Periodization of the first Russian revolution.

3. Major events. General characteristics.

4. Outstanding political figures of the era of the first Russian revolution.

5. Results of the first Russian Revolution.

6. Consequences.

7. List of references.

1. The reasons:

The reasons should be sought in the socio-economic and socio-political development of Russia in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

1. The unresolved agrarian issue, it was very important, since at that time the majority of the population in the country were peasants. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the struggle of the peasantry for land has intensified significantly. Peasant uprisings increasingly began to develop into uprisings.

2. Unresolved national question.

3. Unresolved labor issue (low wages, lack of a social insurance system).

4. Unresolved political issue (lack of bourgeois-democratic rights and freedoms in society). (Prohibition on the creation of political parties and trade unions; freedom of speech and religion, demonstrations, rallies, marches; lack of a constitution, suffrage and representative bodies).

Conclusion: not solving socio-economic and political problems, imperial Russia accumulated anti-monarchist and anti-government potential. The catalyst for discontent was the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War. External danger, the class struggle pushed Russia onto the path of decisive change.

Russia remained the only one of the main capitalist powers in which there was neither a parliament, nor legal political parties, nor legal (comparable to the level of development of other states) freedoms of citizens. Creating conditions for a rule of law state was one of the most important tasks, on which the resolution of other contradictions in Russia largely depended.

2. Periodization:

The revolution began on January 9, 1905 (Bloody Sunday) and ended on June 3, 1907 with a coup d'état and the dissolution of the 2nd State Duma.

It is divided into 2 stages:

Stage 1 - January 9 - October 17, 1905 - a period of rapid development of the revolution. The main driving force is the working class, the intelligentsia, the petty bourgeoisie, the bourgeoisie.

Main events: January 9, 1905, the uprising on the battleship Potemkin, the All-Russian October political strike, the manifesto of October 17, 1905.

Stage 2 - October 17, 1905 - June 3, 1907 - the gradual extinction of the revolution. The main driving force is the peasantry.

Main events: the uprising in the Black Sea Fleet, the uprising at the bases of the Baltic Fleet, the December armed uprising in Moscow, the convocation and dissolution of the 1st and 2nd State Dumas, the Third June coup.

The nature of the revolution:

one). Bourgeois-democratic, whose goals were:

Limitation and liquidation of autocracy;

Proclamation of democratic rights and freedoms;

Creation of representative bodies and electoral system;

Complete or partial solution of agrarian, labor and national issues.

2). Popular in the form of rebellion, accompanied by senseless violence, pogroms and destruction.

3). It is this revolution that accounts for the peak of the development of revolutionary terror (radicalism).

The Revolution and the Russo-Japanese War are interconnected:

The defeat in the war hastened the beginning of the revolution. The beginning of the revolution forced the government to seek peace with the Japanese.

The key event of the revolution was the publication of the manifesto on October 17, 1905. This manifesto soon changed the political situation in the country. It represented the whole range of political freedoms.

3. Main events:

The democratic intelligentsia feared a possible reprisal against the demonstrators. The delegation headed by M. Gorky was not received by the Minister of the Interior Svyatopolk-Mirsky, and Witte declared: "The opinions of the ruling spheres are irreconcilably at odds with yours, gentlemen."

On the night of January 9, the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP decided to take part in the procession along with the workers. Peaceful demonstration, which was attended by 30 thousand Putilov workers (Kirov plant). They and their families went to the Winter Palace to give the tsar petitions (deal with security, wages), not knowing that the tsar had left the capital. The demonstration took place under martial law (the commandant of the garrison had the right to use emergency measures - weapons), but the workers were not informed about this. From the Narva outpost, Fontanka, the fence of the Summer Garden. The demonstration was led by the priest Gapon. The demonstration was attended by the Social Democrats, who tried to dissuade Gapon. The approach to the Winter Palace was blocked by troops, Cossacks and police, the emperor was told that the demonstration was anti-government.

The first volley - on the fence of the Summer Garden, many children were killed. The second volley - at the demonstrators. After that, the demonstrators were attacked by the Cossacks. As a result, according to official figures, 1.5 thousand people were killed and wounded, according to unofficial data - more than 3 thousand people.

Gapon wrote an appeal to the Russian people calling for a general uprising. The Social Revolutionaries printed it in large numbers and distributed it throughout the country. After that, strikes began throughout Russia in January-March 1905.

On January 19, 1905, Nicholas II received a delegation from the workers, whom he “forgave for the rebellion,” and announced a donation of 50,000 rubles for distribution to the victims on January 9.

On February 18, at the insistence of Bulygin, the tsar published a decree allowing private individuals and organizations to submit proposals to the tsar for the improvement of state improvement. In the evening of the same day, the tsar signed a rescript on the creation of a legislative body for the development of legislative proposals - the Duma.

The socio-political forces of Russia have united in three camps:

The 1st camp consisted of supporters of the autocracy. They either did not recognize the changes at all, or agreed to the existence of a legislative advisory body under the autocrat. These are, first of all, the reactionary landowners, the highest ranks of state bodies, the army, the police, a part of the bourgeoisie directly connected with tsarism, and many zemstvo figures.

The 2nd camp consisted of representatives of the liberal bourgeoisie and the liberal intelligentsia, the advanced nobility, office workers, the petty bourgeoisie of the city, and part of the peasants. They advocated the preservation of the monarchy, but constitutional, parliamentary, in which the legislative power is in the hands of a popularly elected parliament. To achieve their goal, they offered peaceful, democratic methods of struggle.

The 3rd camp - revolutionary-democratic - included the proletariat, part of the peasantry, the poorest sections of the petty bourgeoisie. Their interests were expressed by the Social Democrats, Socialist-Revolutionaries, anarchists and other political forces. However, despite the common goals - a democratic republic (anarchists have anarchy), they differed in the means of fighting for them: from peaceful to armed, from legal to illegal. There was also no unity on the question of what the new government would be like. However, the common goals of breaking the autocratic order objectively made it possible to unite the efforts of the revolutionary-democratic camp.

Already in January 1905, about half a million people were on strike in 66 cities of Russia - more than in all previous decades. In total, from January to March 1905, about 1 million people went on strike. 85 districts of European Russia were covered by peasant unrest.

2). Uprising on the battleship Potemkin.

By the summer of 1905, the revolutionary parties were preparing an uprising in the Black Sea Fleet. It was assumed that it would begin in July - August 1905, but on June 14, an uprising on the battleship "Prince Potemkin Tauride" spontaneously began.

Reason: Sailors of the Russian fleet refused to eat borscht with wormy meat. The commander ordered the guards to surround the group of "refuseniks" and cover them with a tarpaulin, which meant execution. But the guard refused to shoot at their own. Sailor Grigory Vakulenchuk protested aloud. Senior officer Gilyarovsky shot Vakulenchuk. The sailors disarmed the officers and seized the ship. The organizers of the uprising are: Vakulenchuk and Matyushenko. From Sevastopol, the ship leaves for Odessa, where there were mass demonstrations. The ship has a minimum supply of water and provisions. On June 17, Odessa was blocked by the Black Sea Fleet, which remained loyal to the emperor (13 warships). The battleship went to meet the squadron. The gunners in the squadron refused to fire on their own. At this moment, the crew of the cruiser "George the Victorious" captured their ships. Arrested most of the officers. The battleship is passed through the squadron without firing, "George the Victorious" was grounded by one of the officers. "Potemkin" goes to Feodosia for food, where it was fired upon by coastal artillery, then to Romania, the port of Constanta. But Russia managed to warn them and they were denied refueling.

In Constanta, the crew leaves the ship. Punishments: from life hard labor to people's execution.

3). Creation of the First Council.

In May, there is a massive strike movement in the central industrial zone. (from 220 to 400 thousand people); driving forces are textile workers.

The strike lasted 72 days. Center - Ivanovo-Voznesensk.

During the strike, the workers seized power in the city. The workers create the first council (Council of Workers' Deputies) The Council is an elected body consisting of two parts:

1. Legislative power.

2. Executive power. (Executive Committee)

The council was divided into several commissions:

1. Financial.

2. Food.

3. For the protection of order.

4. Propaganda.

The Council published its own newspaper, Izvestiya. Subordinate to the Council were combat workers' squads. One of the founders of the first council was Mikhail Ivanovich Frunze (hereditary worker).

Lenin considered the creation of the First Soviet one of the main achievements of the revolution.

After the Revolution, the Council was dissolved.

Union of Unions. As early as October 1904, the left wing of the Union of Liberation began work to unite all streams of the liberation movement. On May 8-9, 1905, a congress was held at which all unions were united into a single "Union of Unions". P.N. Milyukov became its head. The Bolsheviks accused the congress of moderate liberalism and left it. The "Union of Unions" tried to unite all the forces opposing tsarism. He offered a peaceful, legal way of struggle.

Revolution 1905-1907

The character of the first Russian revolution is bourgeois-democratic. In terms of the composition of the participants, it was nationwide.

Goals of the revolution:

The overthrow of the autocracy

Establishment of a democratic republic

Introduction of democratic freedoms

The liquidation of landownership and the allotment of land to the peasants

Reducing the working day to 8 hours

Recognition of the rights of workers to strike and the formation of trade unions

Stages of the Revolution 1905-1907

The contradiction between the needs of the socio-economic development of the country and the remnants of serfdom

The contradiction between modern industry and semi-serf agriculture

The contradiction between the economic possibilities of the bourgeoisie and its political role in society

Socio-political crisis in the country

Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

reasons for the revolution: 1. The economic crisis. 2. Low authority of Nicholas2 and his entourage. 3. Labor issue (low wages, long working hours, prohibition of trade unions, etc.). 4. Peasant question (agrarian question - the best land for landlords, redemption payments). 5. Political issue (lawlessness, a ban on the creation of political parties or organizations, even those supporting the king). 6. National question (35% of Russians, bad attitude towards Jews). 7. Defeat in the Russian-Japanese war (self-confidence, inept command, war at sea). The war was due to the imperialist aspirations of Russia and Japan for spheres of influence. The first defeat of the Russian fleet. Events: 1. January 9 - October 1905 - the growth of the revolution: - "Bloody Sunday". The workers went to the Winter Palace, carried a petition, and the cavalry troops were already drawn up to the palace, the workers were shot. 1200 killed, 5000 wounded. - uprising on the battleship "Potemkin" (the uprising of the army is the worst indicator). If the army goes over to the side of the people, then the government will be overthrown. The officers were brutally killed, the sailors joined the people, the conclusion is that something needs to be changed. 2. October 1905 - summer 1906 - the peak of the revolution. All-Russian October political strike. December armed uprising in Moscow. October 17, 1905 - Nicholas 2 signed a manifesto - the creation of a parliament. 1906 - elections in the state. Duma, not universal (women did not vote), multi-stage, unfair. 3. autumn 1906 - June 3, 1907 - the subsidence of the revolution. The work of the first and second state. Duma. The significance of the revolution: 1) the main result of the revolution was the emergence of a legislative representative body of power - parliament; 2) the economic demands of the workers were satisfied; 3) redemption payments under the reform of 1861 were abolished; 4) freedom of the press, assembly; 5) the formation of a multi-party system in Russia (“Union of October 17”, Cadets, Progressives, Trudoviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, RSDLP); 6) the government began to develop an agrarian reform (Stolypin's reforms).

Stage I January-September 1905

The reaction of the supreme power; Promises and half measures:

August 6, 1905 Decree of Nicholas II on the establishment of the State Duma, a legislative body under the tsar ("Bulyginskaya Duma" after the name of the Minister of Internal Affairs)

January 9, 1905 – shooting of a peaceful demonstration in St. Petersburg

May-June 1905 strike of workers in Ivanovo-Voznesensk and the emergence of the first Councils of Workers' Commissioners - the creation of a workers' militia, fighting squads (summer - the emergence of the All-Russian Peasant Union - was under the influence of the Socialist-Revolutionaries)

June 1905 - uprising on the battleship "Potemkin"

May-June 1905 congresses of zemstvo representatives and the All-Russian Peasant Congress - demand for constitutional reforms

II stage of the revolution October-December 1905 (the highest rise of the revolution) - the center of events moves to Moscow

Formation of political parties: Cadets, Octobrists; black-hundred organizations

Revolutionary events:

The All-Russian political strike (September-October 1905) covered 2 mil. Pers. A purely working means of struggle - the strike - was taken up by other sections of the population

Formation of Soviets of Workers' Deputies in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities (November-December 1905)

December 1905 - an armed uprising in Moscow (at the initiative of the Bolsheviks, the Moscow Council announced the start of a new political strike)

Uprising in the fleet, about 90 performances (the largest in Sevastopol on the cruiser "Ochakov" under the leadership of Lieutenant Schmidt) - October - November 1905

Actions of the supreme power October 17, 1905 - the tsar's manifesto "On the improvement of the state order" under the leadership of S.Yu. Witte; publication of a new law on elections to the 1st State Duma (December 11, 1905); suppression of the uprising with the help of troops (December 15-18, 1905)

Stage III Decline of the Revolution January 1906 - June 1907

Revolutionary performances:

Mass peasant unrest - June 1906

The uprising of soldiers and sailors of the Baltic Fleet (Sveaborg, Kronstadt, Revel - July 1906)

Assassination attempt on P.A. Stolypin (08/12/1906)

Parliamentary struggle:

Elections to the 1st State Duma (03/26 and 04/20/1906) according to the law, the State Duma was convened for 5 years, had the right to discuss bills, the budget, make inquiries to the ministers appointed by the tsar; outside the control of the Duma - military affairs and foreign policy; irregular meetings (the duration of the Duma sessions and breaks between them was determined by the king)

Start of work of the 1st State Duma (04/27/1906) chairman Muromtsev (cadet)

Duma address to the Emperor demanding the introduction of constitutional government (05/05/1906)

Vyborg uprising of 128 deputies in protest against the dissolution of the 1st State Duma (07/10/1906)

Activity 2 Duma (20.02.1907) chairman Golovin (cadet)

Dissolution of the 2nd State Duma and the introduction of a new electoral law (06/03/1907) - the third of June monarchy - a coup d'état6 the tsar had no right to dissolve the Duma on his own, but did it

Actions of the Supreme Power:

Transformation of the State Council into the Supreme House of Parliament (26.02.1906)

Publication of the "Basic Laws of the Russian", defining the powers of the State Council and the State Duma (04/23/1906)

Publication of the Provisional Rules, which allowed the creation of trade unions (03/04/1906)

Creation of courts-martial (08/19/1906)

The beginning of Stolypin's agrarian reform. Issuance of a royal decree granting the peasant the right to withdraw from the community with his land allotment (11/09/1906)

The results of the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907.

The Beginning of Russia's Movement to a Constitutional Monarchy and a Legal State

Creation of the State Duma; Reform of the State Council - its transformation into the Supreme House of Parliament; approval of the "Basic Laws of the Russian Empire"

Declaration of freedom of speech. Permission to form trade unions. Partial political amnesty

Stolypin reforms (the essence is to solve the agrarian issue without affecting the lands of the landowners, decree 1905 - on the abolition of redemption payments, October 1906 - the poll tax and mutual responsibility were abolished, the power of zemstvo chiefs and county authorities was limited, the rights of peasants in zemstvo elections were increased, freedom of movement was expanded ; November 9, 1906 - the peasants were granted the right to freely exit from the community; individual plots of land could be reduced to cuts. Resettlement of peasants to the free lands of Siberia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan. A peasant bank was created - the sale to the peasants of part of the specific and state lands, bought up landowners' land for resale to the peasants, issued loans for the purchase of kr. lands. Bottom line: the reform lasted approx. 7 years old. 35% (3.4 million) expressed a desire to leave the community, 26% (2.5 million) left, moved to the Urals approx. 3.3 mil.) Cancellation of redemption payments for peasants

ANSWER:
1") The first Russian revolution.
Let's break it all down:
1) Date: January 9, 1905 - June 3, 1907 (Participants: workers, peasants, intelligentsia, separate parts of the army)
2) Reasons: Industrial decline, monetary disorder, crop failures and a huge public debt that has grown since the Russian-Turkish war , entailed an aggravation of the need to reform the activities and authorities. The end of the period of essential importance of subsistence farming, the intensive form of progress in industrial methods already for the 19th century required radical innovations in administration and law. Following the abolition of serfdom and the transformation of farms into industrial enterprises, a new institution of legislative power was required.

To this can also be attributed to land famine; numerous violations of workers' rights; dissatisfaction with the existing level of civil liberties; the activities of liberal and socialist parties; the autocracy of the emperor, the absence of a national representative body and constitution.
3) The main goal of the revolution: Improvement of working conditions; redistribution of land in favor of the peasants; liberalization of the country; expansion of civil liberties.
4) The result of the revolution: The revolutionaries achieved civil rights from the emperor (Nicholas 2) with the help of the Manifesto on October 17, where freedom and rights were granted to citizens. Also not unimportant were the establishment of a parliament; the Third of June coup, the reactionary policy of the authorities; carrying out reforms; partial liquidation of the problems of the land question, the preservation of the problems of labor and national issues.

2") Stalin's reforms:
1) agrarian reform(beginning 1906)
Goals: B A decree was adopted that made it easier for all peasants to leave the community. Leaving the peasant community, a former member of it could demand from it that a piece of land assigned to him be secured in personal ownership. Moreover, this land was given to the peasant not according to the principle of "strips", as before, but was tied to one place. By 1916, 2.5 million peasants left the community. Just as good was the policy of resettlement of peasants. Due to the resettlement, Peter Arkadievich hoped to reduce the land hunger in the central provinces, and to populate the deserted lands of Siberia.
2) Education reform(Start May 3, 1908)
Goals: In herIt was supposed to introduce compulsory primary free education for children from 8 to 12 years old. From 1908 to 1914, the public education budget was tripled, and 50,000 new schools were opened.
3) Industry reform(beginning 1906)
Goals: The main stage in resolving the working issue of the years of Stolypin's premiership was the work of the Special Meeting in 1906 and 1907, which prepared ten bills that affected the main aspects labor in industrial plants. These were questions about the rules for hiring workers, accident and illness insurance, hours of work, and so on. Unfortunately, the positions of industrialists and workers (as well as those who incited the latter to disobedience and rebellion) were too far apart and the compromises found did not suit either one or the other (which was readily used by all kinds of revolutionaries).
4) Working question
Goals: The Stolypin government made an attempt to solve, at least in part, the labor issue, and left a special commission, consisting of representatives of the government and entrepreneurs, to consider the draft labor legislation. The government proposal was very moderate - limiting the working day to 10.5 hours (at that time - 11.5), the abolition of mandatory overtime work, the right to create government-controlled trade union organizations, the introduction of workers' insurance, the creation of sickness funds on a joint account of workers and the owner.
5) Judicial reform
Goals: It is also worth mentioning briefly the transformations in the sphere of the judiciary. Their essence boiled down to the fact that, in accordance with Stolypin's plan, in the most general terms, the local court, distorted by the reactionary reforms of Emperor Alexander III, was to return to its original appearance.
6) Zemstvo
Goals: Being a supporter of zemstvo administration, Stolypin extended zemstvo institutions to some provinces where they did not exist before. It has not always been politically easy. For example, the implementation of the zemstvo reform in the western provinces, historically dependent on the gentry, was approved by the Duma, which supported the improvement of the situation of the Belarusian and Russian population, which constituted the majority in these territories, but met with a sharp rebuff in the State Council, which supported the gentry.
7) national question
Goals: Stolypin was well aware of the importance of this issue in such a multinational country as Russia. He suggested creating a special ministry of nationalities, which would study the characteristics of each nation: history, traditions, culture, social life, religion, etc. - so that they would flow into our huge state with the greatest mutual benefit. Stolypin believed that all peoples should have equal rights and duties and be loyal to Russia.

Today, it is not customary to talk much about the causes of the first Russian revolution, its course and the consequences that it entailed. Even in school history textbooks, rather modest attention is paid to these events. The two subsequent coups d'état that took place in February and October 1917 have been studied in much more detail. However, the significance that the revolution of 1905-1907 had on the emergence and development of parliamentarism in Russia, and on the further historical fate of the country as a whole, is difficult to overestimate. Especially if we consider these revolutionary events impartially and taking into account the current political realities that have developed today in the Russian state. In this section, one can find many curious analogies and allusions with the events of 110 years ago.

Causes of the first Russian revolution

Of course, revolutionary events almost never arise spontaneously, on unprepared ground and without certain conditions. The prerequisites that caused the revolution of 1905-1907 in Russia were the following reasons:

Political background:
1. The emergence of parliamentarism in Russia began much later than in most of the leading countries of the world of that period. If in England the parliamentary system began to take shape after 1265, and in France the date of the birth of parliamentary reforms is considered to be 1302, then in the Russian Empire, even at the beginning of the 20th century, parliamentarism was still in its infancy. This caused sharp dissatisfaction with the so-called "progressive minds" of Russian society, who paid more and more attention to the experience of Western countries.
2. The relatively liberal policy pursued by the tsarist government of Russia in the second half of the 19th century led to the strengthening of the influence of circles professing leftist views, the emergence of various parties and movements that demanded greater democratic freedoms. Moreover, along with legal organizations, various associations that carried out their activities from the underground began to play a significant role. Including - and enough radical organizations that did not shy away from terror, outright provocations and agitation in favor of overthrowing the autocracy.
3. Failures in the Russo-Japanese War, which eventually led to the defeat of Russia, dealt a significant blow to the national self-consciousness of the country's population and a tangible drop in Russia's prestige in the international arena.

All this could not but cause revolutionary sentiments and demands for political reforms, both in the field of foreign policy and in the sphere of internal government of the country.

Economic background:

1. The global financial crisis that erupted at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries hit the Russian Empire quite painfully. Russia's external debt, which was formed during the Russian-Turkish war, has increased many times over. The fall in bread prices and the appearance on the market of American grain at dumping prices significantly reduced export cash receipts to the treasury.
2. With all this, the reorientation of agrarian Russia on an industrial footing required more and more costs. Of course, the most vulnerable segments of the population suffered the most from this, they are also the most numerous. We are talking about such categories of citizens as peasants, workers, civil servants, petty bourgeois.
3. The so-called "tightening the screws", undertaken by the tsarist government at the turn of the century, took away from the common population and raznochintsy most of the already few freedoms granted by the autocracy in previous years. The reactionary government took a fairly tough course of suppressing free thought and persecuting those who disagreed with the current regime. The dissatisfaction of the free-thinking population was actively supported, among other things, by foreign special forces, intelligence agencies of bourgeois countries and financial circles that were not interested in the development of Russia as one of the leading players in the world financial and commodity markets.

Thus, the revolution of 1905-1907 was not only the result of purely internal political problems of the Russian state, but was also caused by a whole range of economic turmoil.

Social background

The social contradictions that had developed in Russia by the beginning of 1905 should not be underestimated.

1. The rapid growth of the population and the rapid industrialization of the country led to a sharp reduction in free land plots and to a very noticeable drop in the welfare of the peasants, who at that time accounted for over 75% of the country's population.
2. In large cities, the development of industrial production caused a rapid influx of people from agricultural areas. People were ready to work 12 hours a day, practically seven days a week, and even endure a permanent reduction in wages.
3. Pervasive corruption, unjustified bloat of the bureaucratic apparatus, the slowness of the state system, the indifference of officials caused natural irritation and the understanding that many things needed to be changed in the most radical way.
Of course, the above list of reasons is far from complete, although it reflects the main prerequisites due to which the Russian revolution of 1905-1907 broke out.

Revolution of 1905-1907: the course of events

The revolution of 1905 began in the very first days of 1905 with a strike that broke out in the then capital - in St. Petersburg - and instantly engulfed all the large industrial enterprises of the city. The reason for the unrest was the seemingly insignificant fact of the dismissal of four workers of the Kirov plant for their political views. By January 7, the strike had become widespread, and one of the ideological inspirers, a priest named Gapon, called on ordinary people to organize a procession to the Winter Palace in order to hand over the compiled “Petition for Rights” into the hands of the Sovereign himself. The procession, which, according to some estimates, was attended by about 150,000 people, was dispersed by force, as a result of which over 100 demonstrators were killed and about 500 were injured.

The brutal suppression of a peaceful demonstration in St. Petersburg has already caused a real storm of protests throughout the country. In May, in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, far from St. Petersburg, for example, the first workers' council in the history of Russia was formed. Closer to summer, the country was shaken by a series of peasant uprisings, riots and acts of disobedience. Separate units and divisions of the army and navy began to join the rebels (the uprising on the battleship Potemkin, for example), and the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907 reached its peak by the fall, when the All-Russian political strike was held. At the same time, the terrorist activities of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and other radicals were repeatedly activated. All these events were fraught with such a real threat to the very existence of Russian statehood that on October 17 Nicholas II was forced to sign a special Manifesto, providing certain categories of the lower strata of society with a number of indulgences, freedoms and privileges.

Despite the fact that after the signing of the Manifesto, the most organized participants in the events - liberal-minded circles - preferred to enter into a dialogue with the authorities, the authorities had to suppress peasant and worker unrest already in 1906. June 3, 1907 is considered to be the official date for the end of the First Russian Revolution. Thus, unrest in the country took place for 2.5 years - an unprecedented time for Russia!

Outcomes and results of the First Russian Revolution

Despite the fact that the revolution of 1905-1907 did not achieve one of its main goals - the overthrow of the autocracy in Russia - it had a decisive influence on the further historical fate of the state. The old Russia no longer existed!
The reorganization of the State Duma, which previously performed mainly formal, and sometimes simply decorative functions, allowed this body to become, in fact, the first parliament in the history of the country.
Tsarist manifestos and decrees granted many categories of citizens (excluding women, military personnel, students, landless peasants and some other groups) not only the right to choose state or local government bodies, but also freedom of speech, conscience and assembly.
The social position of the peasantry and the working conditions of employees of industrial enterprises have significantly improved.
From now on, the vast majority of published laws had to receive the approval of the State Duma.
Although the revolution of 1905-1907 did not lead to such radical changes as happened in 1917, it became a forerunner and a kind of “trial balloon” before those grandiose events that happened in the next decade!

The first Russian revolution. The reasons: the existence of an absolute monarchy, the unresolved peasant question, failures in the Russo-Japanese war, the difficult economic situation of the population.

Occasion: shooting of a peaceful demonstration in St. Petersburg January 9, 1905- "Bloody Sunday" (organizer - pop Gapon).

Tasks (goals) of the revolution- the overthrow of the autocracy, the convening of the Constituent Assembly to establish a democratic system; elimination of class inequality; introduction of freedom of speech, assembly, parties and associations; the abolition of landownership and the allocation of land to the peasants; reduction of the working day to 8 hours, recognition of the right of workers to strike and the creation of trade unions; achievement of equality of the peoples of Russia.

The first Russian revolution (1905-1907). Reasons and goals.

The revolution was attended by: workers and peasants, soldiers and sailors, most of the middle and petty bourgeoisie, the intelligentsia and employees. Therefore, in terms of goals and composition of participants, it was nationwide and had bourgeois-democratic character .

The course of the revolution:

1st stage. The development of the revolution on the rise(January - October 1905):

• January-February - the growth of popular indignation under the slogan "Down with the autocracy!";
• May - the general strike of the Ivanovo-Voznesensk weavers, the creation of the Council of Workers' Deputies;
• June 14-25 - uprising on the battleship "Prince Potemkin - Tauride";
• August 6 - Manifesto on the establishment of the State Duma.

2nd stage. The peak of the revolution(October-December 1905):

• the all-Russian October political strike;
• October 17 - Manifesto "On the improvement of the state order" - the beginning of parliamentarism in Russia;
• November - uprising on the cruiser "Ochakov";
• December armed uprising in Moscow.

• April 23, 1906 - adoption of the "Basic State Laws" - the prototype of the Constitution;
• April 26 - July 9, 1906 - work of the First State Duma (Bulygin Duma), chairman - Cadet S.A. Muromtsev;
• summer 1906 - mass uprisings of peasants;
• February 20 - June 3, 1907 - work of the II State Duma, chairman - cadet F.A. Golovin;
• June 3, 1907 - Manifesto on the dissolution of the State Duma and the adoption of a new electoral law. Defeat of the revolution.

The dissolution of the Second Revolutionary State Duma and the introduction of an undemocratic electoral law June 3, 1907 occurred in violation of the basic state laws, which did not allow without the consent of the Duma to change the electoral legislation. These events went down in history as "Third June coup d'état" , and the reactionary conservative regime that was established after him, which existed for 10 years until 1917, was the “third June monarchy”.

First State Duma

I State Duma(April - June 1906). Among its deputies were 34% of the Cadets, 14% of the Octobrists, 23% of the Trudoviks (a faction close to the Social Revolutionaries and expressing the interests of the peasantry). The Social Democrats were represented by the Mensheviks (about 4% of the seats). The Black Hundreds did not enter the Duma. The Bolsheviks boycotted the elections.

Contemporaries called the First State Duma "The Duma of people's hopes for a peaceful path." However, its legislative rights were curtailed even before the convocation, which contradicted the promises of the October 17 Manifesto. Nevertheless, some limitation of autocracy was achieved, since the State Duma received the right to legislative initiative, new laws could not be adopted without its participation. The Duma had the right to send requests to the government, to express its distrust of it, and to approve the state budget.

The Duma proposed a program for the democratization of Russia. The main issue in the Duma was the agrarian question. 72 days after the opening of the Duma, the tsar dissolved it, declaring that it did not calm the people, but kindled passions. Repressions were intensified: courts-martial and punitive detachments operated. In April 1906, he was appointed Minister of the Interior, who became Chairman of the Council of Ministers in July of the same year (created in October 1905).

Second State Duma

II State Duma(February - June 1907). During the elections of the new Duma, the right of workers and peasants to participate in them was curtailed. Agitation of radical parties was forbidden, their rallies were dispersed. The tsar wanted to get an obedient Duma, but he miscalculated.

The Second State Duma turned out to be even more left-wing than the first. The Cadet Center "melted" (19% of seats). The right flank strengthened - 10% of the Black Hundreds, 15% of the Octobrists and bourgeois-nationalist deputies entered the Duma. The Trudoviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries and Social Democrats formed a left bloc with 222 seats (43%).

As before, the agrarian question was central. The Black Hundreds demanded that the landowner's property be kept intact, and that allotment peasant lands be withdrawn from the community and the cuts should be divided among the peasants. This project coincided with the government's agrarian reform program. The Cadets abandoned the idea of ​​creating a state fund. They offered to buy part of the land from the landowners and transfer it to the peasants, dividing the costs equally between them and the state. The Trudoviks again put forward their project of alienating all privately owned lands free of charge and distributing them according to the "labor norm". The Social Democrats demanded the complete confiscation of landlords' land and the creation of local committees to distribute it among the peasants.

Projects for the expropriation of landed estates frightened the government. It was decided to disperse the Duma. She lasted 102 days. The pretext for the dissolution was the accusation of the deputies of the Social Democratic faction of preparing a coup d'état.

June 3, 1907 Simultaneously with the Manifesto on the dissolution of the Second State Duma, a new electoral law was published. June 3 is considered the last day of the revolution of 1905-1907.

First Russian Revolution: RESULTS

One of the main results of the revolution of 1905-1907. was the creation of the State Duma and the limitation of autocratic power. The people gained experience in the struggle for freedom and democracy. Redemption payments were abolished, the rent and sale price of land decreased, the peasants were equated with other classes in the right to move and choose their place of residence, enter universities and civil service. However, the main agrarian issue was not resolved: the peasants did not receive land. Part of the workers received voting rights. The proletariat was given the opportunity to form trade unions. The working day was reduced to 9-10 hours, and sometimes even up to 8 hours. Tsarism had to moderate its Russification policy, and the national outskirts received representation in the Duma. However, the contradictions that caused the revolution were only softened, they were not completely resolved.