The reason for the first Russian revolution (1905-1907) was the aggravation of the internal political situation. Social tension was provoked by the remnants of serfdom, the preservation of landownership, the lack of freedoms, the agrarian overpopulation of the center, the national question, the rapid growth of capitalism, and the unresolved peasant and labor issues. Defeat in and the economic crisis of 1900-1908. aggravated the situation.

In 1904, the liberals proposed introducing a constitution in Russia, limiting the autocracy by convening a popular representation. made a public statement of disagreement with the introduction of the constitution. The impetus for the beginning of revolutionary events was the strike of the workers of the Putilov factory in St. Petersburg. The strikers put forward economic and political demands.

On January 9, 1905, a peaceful procession was scheduled to the Winter Palace in order to submit a petition addressed to the tsar, which contained demands for democratic changes in Russia. This date is associated with the first stage of the revolution. The demonstrators, led by priest G. Gapon, were met by troops, fire was opened on the participants in the peaceful procession. The cavalry took part in dispersing the procession. As a result, about 1 thousand people were killed and about 2 thousand were injured. This day is called The senseless and cruel massacre strengthened the revolutionary mood in the country.

In April 1905, the 3rd Congress of the left wing of the RSDLP was held in London. Questions were resolved about the nature of the revolution, the armed uprising, the Provisional Government, and the attitude towards the peasantry.

The right wing - the Mensheviks, who gathered at a separate conference - defined the revolution as bourgeois in character and driving forces. The task was set to transfer power into the hands of the bourgeoisie and create a parliamentary republic.

The strike (general strike of textile workers) in Ivano-Frankivsk, which began on May 12, 1905, lasted more than two months and gathered 70,000 participants. Both economic and political demands were put forward; The Council of Authorized Deputies was created.

The demands of the workers were partially satisfied. On October 6, 1905, a strike began in Moscow on the Kazan railway, which became all-Russian on October 15. Demands were put forward for democratic freedoms, an eight-hour working day.

On October 17, Nicholas II signed, which proclaimed political freedoms and promised freedom of elections to the State Duma. Thus began the second stage of the revolution - the period of the highest rise.

In June, an uprising began on the battleship of the Black Sea flotilla "Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky". It was held under the slogan "Down with autocracy!". However, this uprising was not supported by the crews of other ships of the squadron. "Potemkin" was forced to go into the waters of Romania and surrender there.

In July 1905, at the direction of Nicholas II, a legislative advisory body - the State Duma - was established and a regulation on elections was developed. Workers, women, military personnel, students and youth did not receive the right to participate in the elections.

On November 11-16, an uprising of sailors took place in Sevastopol and on the cruiser Ochakov, led by Lieutenant P.P. Schmidt. The uprising was suppressed, Schmidt and three sailors were shot, more than 300 people were convicted or exiled to hard labor and settlements.

Under the influence of the Social Revolutionaries and liberals, in August 1905, the All-Russian Peasant Union was organized, advocating peaceful methods of struggle. However, by autumn, the members of the union announced that they would join the Russian revolution of 1905-1907. The peasants demanded the division of the landowners' lands.

On December 7, 1905, the Moscow Soviet called for a political strike, which developed into an uprising led by . The government moved troops from St. Petersburg. The fighting took place on the barricades, the last pockets of resistance were crushed in the area of ​​Krasnaya Presnya on December 19th. The organizers and participants of the uprising were arrested and convicted. The same fate befell the uprisings in other regions of Russia.

The reasons for the decline of the revolution (the third stage) were the brutal suppression of the uprising in Moscow and the belief of the people that the Duma was able to solve their problems.

In April 1906, the first elections to the Duma were held, as a result of which two parties entered it: constitutional democrats and socialist revolutionaries, advocating the transfer of landowners' lands to peasants and the state. This Duma did not suit the tsar, and in July 1906 it ceased to exist.

In the summer of the same year, an uprising of sailors in Sveaborg and Kronstadt was suppressed. On November 9, 1906, with the participation of the Prime Minister, a decree was created on the abolition of redemption payments for land.

In February 1907, the second elections to the Duma were held. Subsequently, its candidates, in the opinion of the tsar, turned out to be even more "revolutionary" than the previous ones, and he not only dissolved the Duma, but also created an electoral law that reduced the number of deputies from among the workers and peasants, thereby accomplishing a coup d'état that put an end to the revolution.

The reasons for the defeat of the revolution include the lack of unity of goals between the actions of workers and peasants in organizational moments, the absence of a single political leader of the revolution, as well as the lack of assistance to the people from the army.

The first Russian revolution 1905-1907 is defined as bourgeois-democratic, since the tasks of the revolution are the overthrow of the autocracy, the elimination of landownership, the destruction of the estate system, the establishment of a democratic republic.

First Russian Revolution (1905-1907).

1. Reasons.

2. Periodization of the first Russian revolution.

3. Major events. General characteristics.

4. Outstanding political figures of the era of the first Russian revolution.

5. Results of the first Russian Revolution.

6. Consequences.

7. List of references.

1. The reasons:

The reasons should be sought in the socio-economic and socio-political development of Russia in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

1. The unresolved agrarian issue, it was very important, since at that time the majority of the population in the country were peasants. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the struggle of the peasantry for land has intensified significantly. Peasant uprisings increasingly began to develop into uprisings.

2. Unresolved national question.

3. Unresolved labor issue (low wages, lack of a social insurance system).

4. Unresolved political issue (lack of bourgeois-democratic rights and freedoms in society). (Prohibition on the creation of political parties and trade unions; freedom of speech and religion, demonstrations, rallies, marches; lack of a constitution, suffrage and representative bodies).

Conclusion: not solving socio-economic and political problems, imperial Russia accumulated anti-monarchist and anti-government potential. The catalyst for discontent was the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War. External danger, the class struggle pushed Russia onto the path of decisive change.

Russia remained the only one of the main capitalist powers that had neither a parliament, nor legal political parties, nor legal (comparable to the level of development of other states) freedoms of citizens. Creating conditions for a rule of law state was one of the most important tasks, on which the resolution of other contradictions in Russia largely depended.

2. Periodization:

The revolution began on January 9, 1905 (Bloody Sunday) and ended on June 3, 1907 with a coup d'état and the dissolution of the 2nd State Duma.

It is divided into 2 stages:

Stage 1 - January 9 - October 17, 1905 - a period of rapid development of the revolution. The main driving force is the working class, the intelligentsia, the petty bourgeoisie, the bourgeoisie.

Main events: January 9, 1905, the uprising on the battleship Potemkin, the All-Russian October political strike, the manifesto of October 17, 1905.

Stage 2 - October 17, 1905 - June 3, 1907 - the gradual extinction of the revolution. The main driving force is the peasantry.

Main events: the uprising in the Black Sea Fleet, the uprising at the bases of the Baltic Fleet, the December armed uprising in Moscow, the convocation and dissolution of the 1st and 2nd State Dumas, the Third June coup.

The nature of the revolution:

one). Bourgeois-democratic, whose goals were:

Limitation and liquidation of autocracy;

Proclamation of democratic rights and freedoms;

Creation of representative bodies and electoral system;

Complete or partial solution of agrarian, labor and national issues.

2). Popular in the form of rebellion, accompanied by senseless violence, pogroms and destruction.

3). It is this revolution that accounts for the peak of the development of revolutionary terror (radicalism).

The Revolution and the Russo-Japanese War are interconnected:

The defeat in the war hastened the beginning of the revolution. The beginning of the revolution forced the government to seek peace with the Japanese.

The key event of the revolution was the publication of the manifesto on October 17, 1905. This manifesto soon changed the political situation in the country. It represented the whole range of political freedoms.

3. Main events:

The democratic intelligentsia feared a possible reprisal against the demonstrators. The delegation headed by M. Gorky was not accepted by the Minister of Internal Affairs Svyatopolk-Mirsky, and Witte declared: "The opinions of the ruling spheres are irreconcilably at odds with yours, gentlemen."

On the night of January 9, the St. Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP decided to take part in the procession along with the workers. Peaceful demonstration, which was attended by 30 thousand Putilov workers (Kirov plant). They went with their families to the Winter Palace to convey petitions to the tsar (deal with security, wages), not knowing that the tsar had left the capital. The demonstration took place under martial law (the commandant of the garrison had the right to use emergency measures - weapons), but the workers were not informed about this. From the Narva outpost, Fontanka, the fence of the Summer Garden. The demonstration was led by the priest Gapon. The demonstration was attended by the Social Democrats, who tried to dissuade Gapon. The approach to the Winter Palace was blocked by troops, Cossacks and police, the emperor was told that the demonstration was anti-government.

The first volley - on the fence of the Summer Garden, many children were killed. The second volley - at the demonstrators. After that, the demonstrators were attacked by the Cossacks. As a result, according to official figures, 1.5 thousand people were killed and wounded, according to unofficial data - more than 3 thousand people.

Gapon wrote an appeal to the Russian people calling for a general uprising. The Social Revolutionaries printed it in large numbers and distributed it throughout the country. After that, strikes began throughout Russia in January-March 1905.

On January 19, 1905, Nicholas II received a delegation from the workers, whom he “forgave for the rebellion,” and announced a donation of 50,000 rubles for distribution to the victims on January 9.

On February 18, at the insistence of Bulygin, the tsar published a decree allowing private individuals and organizations to submit proposals to the tsar for the improvement of state amenities. In the evening of the same day, the tsar signed a rescript on the creation of a legislative body for the development of legislative proposals - the Duma.

The socio-political forces of Russia have united in three camps:

The 1st camp consisted of supporters of the autocracy. They either did not recognize the changes at all, or agreed to the existence of a legislative advisory body under the autocrat. These are, first of all, the reactionary landowners, the highest ranks of state bodies, the army, the police, a part of the bourgeoisie directly connected with tsarism, and many zemstvo figures.

The 2nd camp consisted of representatives of the liberal bourgeoisie and the liberal intelligentsia, the advanced nobility, office workers, the petty bourgeoisie of the city, and part of the peasants. They advocated the preservation of the monarchy, but constitutional, parliamentary, in which the legislative power is in the hands of a popularly elected parliament. To achieve their goal, they offered peaceful, democratic methods of struggle.

The 3rd camp - revolutionary-democratic - included the proletariat, part of the peasantry, the poorest sections of the petty bourgeoisie. Their interests were expressed by the Social Democrats, Socialist-Revolutionaries, anarchists and other political forces. However, despite the common goals - a democratic republic (anarchists have anarchy), they differed in the means of fighting for them: from peaceful to armed, from legal to illegal. There was also no unity on the question of what the new government would be like. However, the common goals of breaking the autocratic order objectively made it possible to unite the efforts of the revolutionary-democratic camp.

Already in January 1905, about half a million people were on strike in 66 cities of Russia - more than in all previous decades. In total, from January to March 1905, about 1 million people went on strike. 85 districts of European Russia were covered by peasant unrest.

2). Uprising on the battleship Potemkin.

By the summer of 1905, the revolutionary parties were preparing an uprising in the Black Sea Fleet. It was assumed that it would begin in July - August 1905, but on June 14, an uprising on the battleship "Prince Potemkin Tauride" spontaneously began.

Reason: Sailors of the Russian fleet refused to eat borscht with wormy meat. The commander ordered the guards to surround the group of "refuseniks" and cover them with a tarpaulin, which meant execution. But the guard refused to shoot at their own. Sailor Grigory Vakulenchuk protested aloud. Senior officer Gilyarovsky shot Vakulenchuk. The sailors disarmed the officers and seized the ship. The organizers of the uprising are: Vakulenchuk and Matyushenko. From Sevastopol, the ship leaves for Odessa, where there were mass demonstrations. The ship has a minimum supply of water and provisions. On June 17, Odessa was blocked by the Black Sea Fleet, which remained loyal to the emperor (13 warships). The battleship went to meet the squadron. The gunners in the squadron refused to fire on their own. At this moment, the crew of the cruiser "George the Victorious" captured their ships. Arrested most of the officers. The battleship is passed through the squadron without firing, "George the Victorious" was grounded by one of the officers. "Potemkin" goes to Feodosia for food, where it was fired upon by coastal artillery, then to Romania, the port of Constanta. But Russia managed to warn them and they were denied refueling.

In Constanta, the crew leaves the ship. Punishments: from life hard labor to people's execution.

3). Creation of the First Council.

In May, there is a massive strike movement in the central industrial area. (from 220 to 400 thousand people); driving forces are textile workers.

The strike lasted 72 days. Center - Ivanovo-Voznesensk.

During the strike, the workers seized power in the city. The workers create the first council (Council of Workers' Deputies) The Council is an elected body consisting of two parts:

1. Legislative power.

2. Executive power. (Executive Committee)

The council was divided into several commissions:

1. Financial.

2. Food.

3. For the protection of order.

4. Propaganda.

The Council published its own newspaper, Izvestia. Subordinate to the Council were combat workers' squads. One of the founders of the first council was Mikhail Ivanovich Frunze (hereditary worker).

Lenin considered the creation of the First Soviet one of the main achievements of the revolution.

After the Revolution, the Council was dissolved.

Union of Unions. As early as October 1904, the left wing of the Union of Liberation began work to unite all streams of the liberation movement. On May 8-9, 1905, a congress was held at which all unions were united into a single "Union of Unions". P.N. Milyukov became its head. The Bolsheviks accused the congress of moderate liberalism and left it. The "Union of Unions" tried to unite all the forces opposing tsarism. He offered a peaceful, legal way of struggle.

The first Russian revolution - time period January 22, 1905 to July 16, 1907 More than 2 million people took part, of which about 9,000 died. The result of the revolution was the reduction of the working day, the introduction of democratic freedoms and the resolution of moderate opposition.

The beginning of the 20th century turned out to be a series of severe trials for the Russian Empire, which determined its political appearance. Two key events played an important role in the strategy of historical development: the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 and the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907. V. Lenin and I. Stalin referred to the events of that time more than once in their writings.

The emergence of discontent among the educated inhabitants of Russia began to arise long before 1905. The intelligentsia gradually realized that in all spheres of society there are problems that the state does not want to solve.

Table of preconditions for revolution

Political	Economic	Social
Russia's tangible lag in political development. While the advanced Western countries had long ago moved to a system of parliamentarism, the Russian Empire only at the end of the 19th century began to think about such a reform.	The global economic crisis, which aggravated at the turn of the century, played its role in shaping the decadent mood of citizens. The quality of life of the population has deteriorated significantly due to the fall in prices for the main export product - bread.	Population growth and developing industrialization left a large percentage of the peasant population without a land share.
Foreign policy transformations carried out in the second half of the 19th century by Alexander III led to the strengthening of the status of liberal parties.	The rapid development of industry, aimed at getting the country out of the crisis, required huge financial outlays. The most numerous sections of the population - peasants and workers - suffered from this.	12-14-hour work shifts, lack of wages and a significant influx of people into the cities - all this had a negative impact on public sentiment.
The defeat of Russia in the war with Japan undermined its authority in the international arena and convinced the people of the failure of power.	Restriction of civil and economic freedoms of the population	The ever-growing level of corruption, bureaucracy, negligence of officials and inaction of state bodies

Causes of the first Russian revolution

The main reasons include:

• The low standard of living of the people;
• Social insecurity of citizens;
• Untimely implementation of reforms (as a rule, with a big delay) by the authorities;
• The rise of the labor movement, the activation of the radical intelligentsia in the early 1900s;
• The defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904, associated primarily with the mistakes of the commanding leadership and the technical superiority of the enemy.

The military defeat of Russia by the Japanese troops finally undermined the faith of the people in the strength of the army, the professionalism of the commanders-in-chief, and also significantly reduced the authority of state power.

Beginning of the 1905 revolution

The reason for the uprising was the mass execution of civilians who went to the sovereign to demand observance of their civil rights and freedoms. This day, January 22, went down in history under the name of Bloody Sunday. The reason for the demonstration was the dismissal of 4 workers of the Kirov plant for their disagreement with the policy of the state.

The main events of the first Russian revolution.

• January 9, 1905 - Bloody Sunday, the execution of peaceful demonstrators.
• June 14, 1905 - the uprising on the battleship Potemkin was suppressed.
• October 1905 - All-Russian October political strike, the signing of the "Manifesto of Freedoms" by the tsar.
• December 1905 - armed uprising in Moscow, climax.
• April 27, 1906 - the opening of a new authority - the State Duma, the birth of the parliament in Russia
• June 3, 1907 - the dissolution of the State Duma. The revolution ended in defeat.

Participants in the revolution

Radical actions were simultaneously prepared by participants in three socio-political camps:

• supporters of autocracy. These people knew the need for reform, but without overthrowing the current government. This included representatives of the highest social strata, landowners, military personnel, and policemen.
• Liberals who wanted to limit the royal power in a peaceful way, without destroying it. These were the liberal bourgeoisie and the intelligentsia, peasants and employees.
• Revolutionary Democrats. As the party hardest hit by the economic crisis, they actively advocated for indigenous changes in government. It was in their interests to overthrow the monarchy. This camp includes peasants, workers and the petty bourgeoisie.

Stages of the 1905 revolution

When analyzing these events, historians identify several stages in the development of the conflict. Each of them was accompanied by important points that determined the direction of further actions both on the part of the revolutionaries and on the part of the authorities.

• The first stage (January-September 1905) was distinguished by the scale of the strikes. Strikes took place throughout the country, which prompted the authorities to take immediate action. The result was also influenced by the mass actions of the army and navy in 1905.
• The culmination of the events of 1905 was the December armed uprising in Moscow - the most bloody and numerous during the entire conflict. This marked the second stage: October - December. The emperor created the first manifesto of the revolution - "On the establishment of a legislative body - the State Duma", which did not give the majority of the population the right to vote, therefore it was not approved by the revolutionaries. It was soon followed by a second manifesto, to the delight of political forces, "On the abolition of unlimited monarchy in Russia."
• At the third stage (January 1906 - June 1907) there was a decline and retreat of the protesters.

The nature of the revolution

The rebellion had a bourgeois-democratic character. Its participants advocated the establishment in Russia of those political, economic, social rights and freedoms that had long been established in Europe and hindered the development of the country.

The goals of the task and the requirements of the revolution:

• The overthrow of monarchism and the establishment of parliamentarism in Russia;
• Improving working conditions for workers;
• Return of land lost due to industrialization to the peasant population;
• Affirmation of equality among all segments of the population

Political parties in the first Russian revolution

The Social Revolutionaries and liberals became the driving forces of the revolt. The former belonged to the Socialist Revolutionary Party and advocated an aggressive and radical change in the existing system. This party was the largest. This included workers, peasants and the youngest representatives of the resistance to the authorities - students.

The Liberal Party and the Constitutional Democratic Party (the Cadets) differed in the level of education of their members. This included the most famous scientists and academicians, such as Vernandsky, Milyukov, Muromtsev and others. Liberals advocated a change in the constitutional order.

The views of the representatives of the RSDLP were divided into two opposing camps: the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. They were united by the desire to organize an armed uprising.

Timeline of revolutionary actions

• January 1905 - beginning
• June-October 1905 - uprisings and strikes throughout the country
• 1906 - the decline of the revolution
• June 3, 1907 - suppression by the authorities

Consequences of the first Russian revolution

The revolutionaries achieved the fulfillment of some of their demands. Working conditions were improved, the autocracy was undermined, democratic rights began to gradually take root in public life.

The meaning of the revolution

The bourgeois revolution in Russia was a shock to the world community. It generated a great resonance within the country. Peasants and workers realized what influence they could have on the power and political life of the country. There was a huge change in worldview - the people were shown life without autocracy.

Peculiarities

This is the first nationwide event in Russia directed against the established system. At the first stages, it was distinguished by cruelty - the authorities fought the protesters with particular zeal, shooting even peaceful demonstrations. The workers became the main driving force in the revolution.

The power, which was in the hands of one emperor, ceased to suit the multi-million dollar empire. The discontent generated by many problems, both in the political and social spheres, grew into a revolution. Unrest increased. The monarch could no longer handle the situation. He had to compromise, which was the beginning of the end of the empire.

Internal prerequisites for revolution

The inhabitants of the vast state were dissatisfied with the conditions of their residence and work on many issues. Revolution 1905-1907 embraced all classes of Russia. What exactly could unite people from different social groups and ages?

1. The peasants had almost no rights. Despite the fact that this group of the population made up the majority of the inhabitants of the Russian Empire (70%), they were begging and starving. This situation brought the agrarian question to the fore.
2. The supreme power did not seek to limit its powers and carry out a number of liberal reforms. At that time, ministers Svyatopolk-Mirskaya and Witte put forward their projects for consideration.
3. The issue of labor was also acute. Representatives of the working class complained that there was no one to take care of their interests. The state did not interfere in the relationship between the subordinate and the employer. Entrepreneurs often took advantage of this and created favorable working and payment conditions only for themselves. As a result, the revolution in Russia set itself the goal of solving this.
4. The dissatisfaction of the inhabitants of the empire, on whose territory there were 57% of non-Russian citizens, intensified due to the unresolved. Forced Russification did not take place as calmly as the authorities imagined.

As a result, a small spark instantly turned into a flame that engulfed the most remote corners of the empire. The betrayal by some high military officials also played a significant role. It was they who provided the revolutionaries with weapons and tactical recommendations and determined the outcome of the case, even before the start of popular unrest.

External Causes of the Revolution

The main external reason was the defeat of the empire in the Russo-Japanese War in 1904. Failures at the front gave rise to dissatisfaction with that part of the population that hoped for a successful outcome of hostilities - the soldiers and their relatives.

According to the unofficial version, Germany was very afraid of the growing power of Russia, so it sent spies who taunted the local population and spread rumors that the West would help everyone.

Bloody Sunday

The main event that shook the social foundations is considered to be a peaceful demonstration on Sunday, January 9, 1905. Later this Sunday will be called "bloody".

A peaceful demonstration of peasants and workers was led by a priest and active public figure Georgy Gapon. The protesters planned to arrange a personal meeting with Nicholas II. They were heading for the Winter. In total, about 150,000 people gathered in the center of the then capital. No one imagined that a revolution would begin in Russia.

Officers came out to meet the workers. They began to demand that the protesters stop. But the demonstrators did not listen. The officers began to fire their weapons to disperse the crowd. The military, who did not have guns, beat people with sabers and whips. That day, 130 people were killed and 299 wounded.

The king during all these events was not even in the city. He prudently left the palace with his family.

Society could not forgive the tsarist authorities for such a number of innocently killed citizens. Together with whom they managed to survive that Sunday, plans began to be prepared to overthrow the monarchy.

The words "Down with autocracy!" were heard everywhere. Revolution 1905-1907 became a reality. Skirmishes broke out in Russian cities and villages.

Uprising on the Potemkin

One of the turning points of the revolution was the mutiny on the largest Russian battleship, the Prince Potemkin Tauride. The uprising took place on June 14, 1905. The crew of the battleship consisted of 731 people. Among them were 26 officers. Crew members were in close contact with workers at shipyards. From them they adopted the idea of ​​strikes. But the team took decisive action only after they were served rotten meat for dinner.

This became the main starting point. During the strike, 6 officers were killed and the rest were taken into custody. The Potemkin team ate bread and water, standing under the red flag for 11 days on the high seas, after which they surrendered to the Romanian authorities. Their example was adopted on the George the Victorious, and later on the cruiser Ochakov.

climax

Of course, it was impossible to predict the outcome of the revolution of 1905-1907 at that time. But when a large-scale All-Russian strike took place in the fall of 1905, the emperor was forced to listen to the people. It was started by printers and supported by workers from other trade unions. The authorities issued a decree that from now on certain political freedoms were granted. The emperor also gave the green light to the creation of the State Duma.

The freedoms granted suited the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, who took part in the strikes. For them, the revolution was over at that time.

RSDLP

The revolution was just beginning for the radicals. In December of the same year, members of the RSDLP organize an uprising with weapons on the streets of Moscow. At this stage, the results of the revolution of 1905-1907. are supplemented by the published law on elections to the first State Duma.

Having achieved active actions from the authorities, referring them to the results of the revolution of 1905-1907, the representatives no longer wanted to stop. They were waiting for the results of the work of the State Duma.

Decline in activity

The period from 1906 to the first half of 1907 is characterized by relative calm. The State Duma, which mainly included the Cadets, set to work, becoming the main legislative body. In February 1907, a new one was created, consisting almost entirely of leftists. They were dissatisfied with it, and after only three months of work the Duma was dissolved.

Strikes also continued regionally, but the power of the monarch by that time had become much stronger.

The results of the revolution of 1905-1907

The first revolution ended with not so radical changes, which were sought by representatives of radical workers. The monarch remained in power.

Nevertheless, the main results of the Russian revolution of 1905-1907 can be called significant and fateful. They not only drew the line of the absolute power of the emperor, but also forced millions to pay attention to the appalling state of the economy, belated technological progress and the underdevelopment of the army of the Russian Empire compared to other states.

The results of the revolution of 1905-1907 can be briefly characterized by several points. Each of them has become a symbol of victory over the power of the empire. Nicholas II managed to keep power in his hands, actually losing control of the army and navy.

Summary results of the revolution 1905-1907: table

Requirements:	Government actions
Limit absolute monarchy	Creation of the State Duma, the first in the history of the Russian Empire; political parties began to form.
Protect workers' rights	Workers were allowed to form trade unions, cooperatives, insurance companies that protect their rights
Cancel the forced Russification of the population	In relation to the peoples living in the Russian Empire, softened
Give workers and peasants more freedom	Nicholas II signed a document on freedom of assembly, speech and conscience
Allow publication of alternative newspapers and magazines
Help the peasants	The peasants received certain freedoms, and it was forbidden to fine or inflict them; land rent has been reduced several times.
Improve working conditions	The working day was reduced to 8 hours

This is how you can briefly characterize the events of 1905-1907. and their consequences.

The events that took place in Russia in 1905-1907 are usually called the Russian bourgeois-democratic revolution. Relatively speaking, this revolution is the initial stage of preparation for a larger event in the history of the Russian people - the 1917 revolution. The events of these years opened the wounds that were ripening under the auspices of the absolute monarchy, outlined the paths for the development of events in history, and marked the socio-historical conflict that was brewing among the people.

The events of this era are preceded by several unresolved conflicts of the social structure of the empire. Let us understand what was the task of the first Russian revolution. The most important reasons can be which were the catalyst for unrest in society:

• Most of the country's population did not have political freedoms.
• The abolition of serfdom in 1861 essentially remained on paper. The peasant class did not feel any special privileges.
• The difficult work of workers in factories and factories.
• The war with the Japanese, which weakened the Russian Empire. The war will be discussed separately, since many historians believe that it was she who contributed to the reactionary unrest.
• The oppression of national minorities in a multinational country. Any multinational country sooner or later comes to the Civil War to defend their rights and freedoms.

At the initial stages, the revolution did not pursue the goals of armed confrontations. Its main goal is to limit the power of the king. Even the overthrow of the monarchy was out of the question. The people politically and mentally could not exist without a king. Historians unanimously call all the events of this period preparations for larger historical events - the February and October revolutions.

Any war, any unrest, must have a clear financial footprint at its core. It cannot be said that the priest Gapon took and raised the masses to the battle with the autocracy, without having huge money, which poured like oil into the fire to kindle modernization sentiments. And here it is appropriate to say that there was a Russo-Japanese war. It would seem, what is the connection between these events? However, this is where this financial catalyst should be sought. The enemy is interested in weakening the enemy from within. And what, if not a revolution, can quickly ignite enemy forces, and then just as quickly extinguish them. Do I need to add that with the end of this war, revolutionary unrest also subsided.

In Russian history, it is customary to divide the movements of this period into three stages:

• Beginning (01.1905 - 09.1905);
• Takeoff (10.1905 - 12.1905);
• The extinction of unrest (10.1906 - 06.1907).

Let us consider the events of these periods in more detail. This is important for understanding the course of the revolutionary movement.

Start

In January 1905, several people were fired at the Putilov factory in St. Petersburg. This angered the workers. On January 3, under the leadership of the previously mentioned priest Gapon, a strike begins. It is she who will be the prototype of the first revolution of the country. The strike lasted only a week. The outcome of the confrontation was a petition to the monarch, which included several main points:

In essence, these are absolutely normal requirements of an adequate democratic society. But there is no need to talk about this in a country with an autocratic monarchy. There is no call for the overthrow of the tsar, there is still no such slogan “Down with the tsar”, there are no instructions to take up arms. All requirements are maximally loyal. However, the tsarist authorities accepted this petition as an encroachment on their person and the foundations of autocratic power.

January 9, 1905 is called Bloody Sunday. On this day, people gather a crowd of 140,000 and begin to move towards the Winter Palace. By order of the king, the crowd was shot, and this was the first wrong step of the monarch, for which he would pay years later with his life and the life of the entire royal family. Bloody Sunday 1905 can briefly be called the detonator of all subsequent revolutionary movements in Russia.

On January 19, 1905, Nicholas II speaks to the rebels, where he says in plain text that he forgives those who went against the tsar. However, if the situation with discontent repeats, then the tsarist army, as on January 9, will use force and weapons to suppress the uprising.

Between February and March 1905, worker-peasant riots and strikes began in many counties. Until the end of September, various uprisings break out throughout the empire and beyond. So, on May 12, in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, at a textile factory under the control of the Bolshevik M. Frunze, a strike and strikes began. The workers demand a reduction in the working day from 14 hours to 8 hours, a decent level of wages (they pay no more than 14 rubles), and the abolition of fines. The strike lasted 72 days. As a result, on June 3, demonstration executions took place. Famine and flourishing diseases (especially tuberculosis) forced the workers to return to the machines.

It should be mentioned that all these strikes gave the first result - in July, by order of the authorities, all workers received an increase in wages. On August 31 - July 1, a congress of the peasant union was held.

Then the tsarist government commits a second offense: in late July - early August, mass repressions, arrests and exile to Siberia begin. On this, the first stage of the revolution of 1905 can be considered completed. A start was made, and then the revolution began to gain strength and power.

Takeoff

The events of this period are often called the all-Russian strike. Historians attribute this name to the fact that on September 19, in the central newspapers of Moscow, the editors published information about the need for a number of changes in the political and economic structure of the country. These articles received active support from the Moscow workers and railway workers. Major riots break out across the empire.

The strikes take place almost simultaneously countrywide. 55-60 large cities are involved. The first political parties, the Soviets of People's Workers' Deputies, began to form. Everywhere there are calls for the overthrow of the king. The royal power begins to gradually lose control over the ongoing riots. Nicholas II 10/17/1905 was forced to sign the manifesto "On the improvement of the state order." There are several important points in this document:

• Democratic freedoms proclaimed. All people have the inviolability of the person and receive civil rights given by law.
• All classes of society are admitted to the State Duma.
• All laws of the country can be adopted only through their approval in the State Duma.

From these provisions of the manifesto, it becomes clear that autocracy as a form of power no longer has an absolute. From that moment until 1917, the form of government in Russia can be called a constitutional monarchy.

According to the convictions of the tsarist government, the manifesto was supposed to give the revolutionaries what they demanded, and the revolution should eradicate itself, because for this the requirements of the will of the people were fulfilled. But the miracle didn't happen.

The fact is that the manifesto was perceived by the current political parties as an attempt by the tsar to suppress the uprisings. The leaders of the people do not believe in the power of the manifesto and in the guarantor of its execution. Instead of subsiding, the revolution begins to gain new strength.

The October 17 Manifesto is a very important document in the history of Russia. It is from him that the formation of parliamentarism begins in Russia, the first political parties are created. Anti-government camp from the general gray mass begins to split into three powerful currents, which in the foreseeable future will enter the battle of the Civil War, where brother will go with a gun against brother.

The liberal bourgeoisie stands out, which consists of the bourgeois intelligentsia and Zemstvo liberals. The Mensheviks stand out - the social democratic stratum, which claims that the revolution is useless.

In their opinion, the revolution must be stopped, since the country is not yet ready to accept socialism. And, finally, the Bolshevik Social Democrats, who advocate the socialization of society, the overthrow of tsarist power.

These are the main three currents of the antagonists of the tsarist regime. And if the first two camps are passive in relation to the tsar and even come to his defense, then the Bolshevik socialist camp stands for fundamental reforms, where there is no place for the monarchy, and even more so for autocracy.

On December 7, 1905, at the call of the Moscow Soviet of Workers' Deputies, a strike of workers in Moscow and St. Petersburg began. On December 10, the authorities try to suppress the uprising with weapons. The fights go on for a week. Barricades are being formed, workers are seizing entire city blocks. On December 15, the Semyonovsky regiment arrives in Moscow, which begins a massive shelling of the protesters. As a result, on December 19, the turmoil was crushed by the tsarist army.

In the same period, strikes take place in large cities. and regions throughout the country. As a result, many cities now have squares and streets with the name of the events of 1905-1907.

fading unrest

The number of unrest decreases and gradually disappears. On February 2, 1906, the tsar signs a decree on the formation of the State Duma. The Duma is created for a period of 5 years, but Nikolai retains the right to dissolve it ahead of schedule and form a new one, which, in fact, he did.

On April 23, 1906, following the results of revolutionary changes and the signed manifesto, a new set of laws was published. In November of the same year, the tsar issued a decree allocating land plots to the peasants.

What did the first Russian revolution lead to

Despite mass unrest, many executions, exiles, the country's way of life has not changed radically. For this reason, the events of 1905-1907 are called preparations or rehearsals for the 1917 revolution.

The autocracy, previously not restrained by anything, has now turned into a semblance of a constitutional monarchy - the State Council and the State Duma appear. The poorest segments of the population receive certain rights and freedoms guaranteed by law. Thanks to the strikes, the working day was reduced to 8-9 hours, and the salary level was slightly increased. And, finally, since 1861, the peasants received the land in their own hands. In fact, it was the first Russian revolution to reform the country's political system.

Despite the positive developments, there is a moment that the level of social security after these events decreased, corruption flourished, and the monarch continued to sit on the throne. It is a little illogical that, following the results of mass bloodshed and victims, the way of life remained the same. It seems that what they fought for, they ran into something. Be that as it may, this stage in the history of Russia was the start of the 1917 revolution. The collective consciousness has changed, the forces of the people have been felt. This revolution was simply necessary for history to develop 10 years later.