Siberian Khanate occupation. What is the difference between approaches in posing the question of the development of Siberia and the Far East from the statement about the beginning of the colonization of this region by the Russian state since the 16th century? Campaign of Yermak Timofeevich to the Siberian Khanate

Origins (1220-1375)

Perhaps for the first time the term "Siberia" is mentioned in the Secret History of the Mongols compiled in 1240 ("Yuan-chao mi-shi"), which speaks of the conquest of Jochi in 1206 by forest tribes south of Shibir. At the same time, researchers cannot confidently localize this area; it is suggested that "maybe that was the name of the northern outskirts of the Baraba plane between the Ob and the Irtysh" (Palladium).

More confidently can be identified with the Tobol-Irtysh interfluve region Siberia and Iberia, mentioned in the first half of the XIV century as part of the Golden Horde by the secretary of the Egyptian Sultan Al-Omari. In the same century, the cities of the future Siberian Khanate are found on Western European maps: Qashlyk in the form sebur appears in the map of the Venetians of the Pizzigani brothers (), and Chingi-Tura in the form Singui appears in the Catalan Atlas ().

Historians do not have a single idea of what administrative and political unit served as the basis for the formation of the Tyumen (Siberian) Khanate. On this account, there are two almost equal versions and one original.

Taibugin holding

According to the version originating from Academician G.F. Miller, who, in turn, relied on the so-called. "Siberian chronicles" of the 17th century (Esipovskaya, Remezovskaya and governors of Peter Godunov), the lands of the future khanate were originally part of the Taybuginsky yurt, founded in 1220 and being the hereditary possession of the descendants of the Siberian prince Taybuga. Unlike other uluses of the Golden Horde, the Taibuginsky yurt had autonomy. Adherents of this version even endow the Taibugins with the status of khans, that is, put them on the same level as the Genghisides. Therefore, the Taibuginsky yurt should be called the Tyumen Khanate itself.

It is reported that the legend of Taibug is also discussed in the "Genealogy of the Turks" by the Uzbek historian, Shibanid Khan Abulgazi. True, this work was compiled at the same time as the Siberian chronicles, that is, 400 years after the events described. Unfortunately, it is currently not available.

Among modern researchers, the version of the khans from the Taibugin clan is defended, for example, by G. L. Fayzrakhmanov. Consistently developing his point of view, he, following a number of other historians (Z. Ya. Boyarshinova, N. N. Stepanov, N. G. Apollova), claims that the capital of the Shibanid khans was Haji-Muhammad, Abu-l-khair and even Ibak was not Chingi-Tura, but the town of Kyzyl-Tura (now the village of Ust-Ishim) at the confluence of the Ishim into the Irtysh. And Khan Ibak took possession of Chingi-Tura only in the early 1480s, which meant that he took the throne of the Tyumen Khanate.

Several facts testify against this version:

Part of Shibanid dominions

The Khanate of Turan (Siberia) on a map of Asia in the 13th century (circled in yellow). From The Literary and Historical Atlas of Asia (ed. E. Reese), New York, 1912).

In the future, the composition and boundaries of the uluses changed several times, but the Shibanids generally managed to retain their former ulus (yurt). The ulus of Shiban turned out to be the only one in the Golden Horde that retained its territory and status after the administrative-territorial reform of Khan Uzbek:

In a word, we mentioned above in detail [that] since Shaiban Khan cut with a saber and conquered enemies [and] vilayets, then / 48a / revered and respected for this reason all the people of his sons and grandsons. When [Uzbek-] Khan, in anger at these oglans, gave [them] to Isatai as a koshun, then Isatai paid respect to the oglans of Shaiban Khan for their father, gave [them] buyrak and karlyk, which are a two-part ale, and left them to themselves .

There is a description of the ulus in the last quarter of the XIV - the first quarter of the XV centuries, from which it is obvious that the land of the future Siberian Khanate at that moment was entirely controlled by the Shibanids:

A certain light on the relationship between the Ulus of Shiban and the Taybuginsky yurt is shed by the message “Selected Chronicles from the Book of Victories” ( Tawarikh-i guzide nusrat name) that the head of one of the four tribes subordinate to Shiban was called Taybuga from the Burkuts (associated with the Kungirats), and the head of another tribe - Tukbuga from tyumen. When Abu-l-Khair took Chingi-Tura in 1428, Adadbek and Kebek-Khoja-biy from the tribe burkut, the genus of the aforementioned Taibugi.

The offspring of the "Great Jam"

Zh. M. Sabitov identifies the Taibugins with the descendants of the Saljiut Alatay, one of the four emirs of Khan Uzbek, arguing that this is the only emir whose descendants are not known. It is characteristic that in one of the lists of "Chingiz-name" Alatay is also named Burkut .

The version of Zh. M. Sabitov regarding Alatay is also interesting in that Uzbek transferred Alatay to the control of the tribe ming, that is, mangyts (future Nogays). And according to the remark of A. Z. Validi, the full version of "Chingiz-name" calls Chingi-Tura from the time of Khan Haji-Muhammad a Mangyt settlement. Finally, the dependence of many Uzbek and Siberian khans on the Nogai murzas is well known, and after the defeat of the Siberian Khanate, the Taibuginsky yurt became part of the Nogai Horde.

According to the logic of Zh. M. Sabitov, the Taibuginsky yurt arose as a fragment of the Golden Horde of the times of the Great Memory, created by the descendants of Emir Alatay, who acted by analogy with the descendants of other emirs of Khan Uzbek - Isatai, Nangudai and Kutluk-Timur, who began to rule in different parts Golden Horde behind the puppet khans-genghisides. With the strengthening of the Mangyts in the Golden Horde, the status of puppet khans extended to the Shibanids, which was expressed in the formula:

From ancient times to the present, each khan, who was proclaimed by the emirs of the Mangyts, provided the emirs of the Mangyts with freedom in the state. If now [Muhammad Shaibani-] khan also acts according to our ancient custom, then it’s fine [that is, we will proclaim him khan], and if not, [also] well [that is, we can do without him].

Vilayet of Chingy-Tura (1375-1468)

In 1359, the Great Haunt begins in the Golden Horde, in which the Shibanids take an active part.

Time of Tokhtamysh

According to Chingiz-name, prince Tokhtamysh, who at first suffered defeat from Urus Khan and his descendants, turned to the head of the Shibanid clan, Kaganbek, for help. Kaganbek did not provide assistance to Tokhtamysh, however, help came from Kaganbek's cousin Arab Shah. Thanks to the latter, Tokhtamysh was able to defeat both the Uruskhanids and Mamai, uniting the Golden Horde for the first time since the start of the Great Jail. As gratitude, Tokhtamysh handed over to the Arab Shah the authority over the Ulus of Shiban.

As already reported, Arab Shah and his brother roamed between the upper reaches of the Yaik in summer and the mouth of the Syr Darya in winter. The first blows of Tamerlane against Tokhtamysh were inflicted precisely on the Ulus of Shiban. Nizam ad-Din Shami testifies that in 1389 Tamerlane sent Jahan Shah Bahadur, Omar Bahadur and Uch-Kara Bahadur "towards the Irtysh in search of the enemy." The noyons reached the Irtysh and completely plundered the vilayet. The campaign of Tamerlane is also known, which ended in April 1391 with the construction of a barrow near the Ulytau mountains in the Karaganda region, where the following inscription is carved:

In the country of seven hundred black Tokmaks in the year of the sheep, in the middle spring month, the Sultan of Turan Temurbek marched two hundred thousand troops, named after his kind, to the blood of Toktamysh Khan. Having reached this, he erected this Mound, so that it would be a sign. God bless! If God wills! May God have mercy on people! May he remember us with mercy!

It is also impossible to pass by two manuscripts published in 1903 under the general title "On the Religious Wars of Sheikh Bagautdin's Disciples Against Foreigners of Western Siberia". According to these manuscripts, in 1394-1395, 366 sheikhs, accompanied by 1,700 horsemen, led by a khan from the Shibanid dynasty, undertook a campaign from Bukhara along the Irtysh up to Kashlyk with the aim of converting local residents to Islam. In the campaign, 300 sheikhs and 1,448 horsemen died, and the losses of the opposite side cannot be counted:

They exterminated a great multitude of pagans and Tatars, fighting in such a way that there was not a stream or river left along the banks of the Irtysh, wherever they fought, and did not give those pagans the opportunity to escape ...

The details of the campaign indicate that either the year or the name of the khan were confused. Given that one of the heroes of the works, Sheikh Bahauddin Nakshband, died in 1389, and it was typical for Tamerlane to accuse his enemies of apostasy and generally use religious motives to justify his campaigns, the time of the campaign is more like the era of Tamerlane.

However, for the first time the name "Tyumen" is mentioned in Russian chronicles in connection with the representative of the Tukatimurid clan, Khan Tokhtamysh, when under 1408 the chronicler wrote:

State of Haji Muhammad (1421-1428)

From the analysis of the "Collection of Chronicles" and the Siberian Chronicle, it follows that the founder of the Siberian Khanate was a descendant of Shayban Hadji-Muhammed, who was proclaimed Khan of Siberia in 1420. Then, many years of internecine struggle began in the khanate, which ended only in 1495 with the proclamation of the city of Siberia (Kashlyk) as the capital of the state.

State of nomadic Uzbeks (1428-1468)

The provincial status of Tyumen was interrupted for a long time by the Shibanid Abu-l-Khair, who made Chingi-Tura the capital of the Uzbek Khanate he founded. In this capacity, the city stayed from 1428 to 1446 (18 years in total). At the same time, the “vilayet of Chingi-Tura” was first mentioned, in which Khan Abu-l-Khair appointed administrators (darugs). " Genghis-name"and "Nusrat-name" Mention that Kazan was subordinate to the Tyumen khans during this period.

Tyumen Khanate (1468-1495)

Tyumen Khanate under Ibak Khan

The Tyumen Khanate as an independent state arose in the XIV century, before that it was part of the Golden Horde under the name "Ibir". It was located in the middle reaches of the Tobol and the interfluve of its tributaries Tavda and Tura. As a result of a long struggle between the rulers of the White Horde, the Sheibanids and Taibugins, who represented the local nobility, the Shibanid Ibak seized power in the state. Under the brothers Ibak and Mamuka, who from 1480 dared to fight for the throne of the Great Horde, the Tyumen Khanate reached its greatest influence. In 1495, Ibak was killed by Taibugin Makhmet, who moved the capital of the Khanate to the fortified town of Siberia (Kashlyk), which became the capital of the new Siberian Khanate. The lands of the Tyumen Khanate entered the Siberian Khanate at the beginning of the 16th century.

Isker yurt (1495-1582)

Siberian Khanate of Kuchum (1563-1582)

However, in 1563, Ibak's grandson Shibanid Khan Kuchum seized power. He executed co-rulers - brothers Ediger and Bekbulat. Khan Kuchum stopped paying tribute to Moscow, but in 1571 he sent a full yasak of 1,000 sables. In 1572, he completely broke off tributary relations. In 1573, Kuchum sent his nephew Makhmetkul with a retinue for reconnaissance purposes outside the khanate. Makhmut Kuli reached Perm, disturbing the possessions of the Stroganovs. Kuchum made great efforts to strengthen the significance of Islam in Siberia.

The conquest of Siberia by the Russian kingdom (1582-1598)

In 1582, on October 26, a detachment of ataman Yermak, after the victory over Kuchum, occupied Kashlyk. However, three years later, the detachment died (Ermak himself drowned in the Irtysh, leaving from the suddenly attacked Kuchumovites, on the night of August 5-6, 1585). Meanwhile, new detachments had already begun to penetrate into Siberia, and soon Russian fortresses Tyumen, Tobolsk, Tara, Berezov, Obdorsk and others were built on the territory of the Siberian Khanate. Kuchum migrated to the south and resisted Russian detachments until 1598. On August 20, 1598, he was defeated by the Tara governor Andrei Voeikov on the banks of the Ob River and, according to one version, migrated to the Nogai Horde, according to another, to the east.

Control

The Siberian Khanate was a multinational political association. At the head of the state was a khan, who was elected by the aristocratic elite - beks, murzas, tarkhans. The state structure was paramilitary in nature. In managing the khanate, the khan was assisted by his vizier - karach and advisers. The Siberian khans interfered little in the affairs of the uluses ruled by noble murzas and beks. During the war, the Murzas, together with their detachments, took part in campaigns, as they were interested in military booty, which was an important source of income for the Tatar feudal lords. The feudal nobility also included a small part of the feudalizing elite of the Ostyaks and Voguls (Mansi). The rest of the non-Turkic population ( Ostyaks, Voguls and Samoyeds) was in a subordinate position, which created internal contradictions in the Khanate and weakened its power.

Economy and population

Army

In addition to the Siberian detachments, the soldiers of the local tribes subordinate to the Khanate took part in the army of the Siberian Khanate during the campaigns. It is difficult to estimate the size of the Siberian army, but it is known that during the battle on Lake Abalatsky, Prince Mametkul commanded a tumen - a unit theoretically consisting of 10,000 soldiers. The armed forces of the khanate were scattered, in connection with which Kuchum, during the invasion of Russian troops, did not manage to gather them into a single fist. Kuchum himself had at his disposal the Nogai guard. Most of the Siberian princes had their own fortified towns with garrisons stationed there. On the battlefield, Siberian warriors used the tactics traditional for nomads to maneuver and bombard the enemy with arrows in mounted formation. Siberian warriors also knew how to fight on foot. An important role in the military art of the Turks was played by intelligence, thanks to which the Siberian troops could arrange ambushes and surprise attacks on the enemy.

The armament complex of the Siberian warriors consisted of bows with arrows, which were their main weapons, spears, darts, sabers, broadswords, daggers and battle axes. Warriors used chain mail, helmets and armor as protective weapons. In addition to edged weapons, Siberian warriors also used artillery.

Siberian rulers

Legendary Rulers

Tatar Khan
Kazyltin, son of Tatar
Dametheus, son of Tatar
Yuvash, son of Kazyltin
Ishim, son of Yuvash
Mamet, son of Ishim
Kutash, son of Mamet
Allagul, son of Kutash
Kuzey, son of Allahul
Ebargul, the younger son of Yuvash
Bakhmur, son of Ebargul
Yahshimet Khan
Yurak Khan, son of Bakhmur
Munchak, son of Yurak - khan
Yuzak, son of Munchak
On-Som, the son of Yuzak (or Yurak), presumably the same person as Van-khan (On-khan) Togrul
Irtyshak, son of On-Som. Defeated by Genghis Khan
Taibuga, son of Irtyshak (or On-Soma) - the first Taibugin murza of Siberia (1220-?)

Ulus Shibana

Bahadur Khan - Sultan (-)
Jochi-buga - sultan (-)
Badakul Sultan
Pulad-Timur - khan (-)
Ibrahim-oglan and Arab-shah - co-rulers of part of the ulus (c)
Alibek Khan - Khan (-)
Kaganbek - khan (-)
Davlat Sheikh - Sultan (after)

Tuka-Timurid dynasty

Tokhtamysh - khan (-)

Uzbek Khanate

Hadji Mohammed - khan (/-about/)
Jumaduk - khan in part of the ulus (-)
Mahmud-Khoja - khan (about - /)
Abu-l-khair - khan (-/)

Siberian Khanate

Ibak - khan (-)
Mamuk - khan (-)
Agalak - khan (-)
Kuluk / Tulak-khvaja - khan, son of Ibak
Murtaza-Ali - Khan (-)
Ahmed Giray - khan (-)
Kuchum - khan (-)
Ali - khan (-), from 1607 only a nominal ruler
Bahadur - khan (-), son of Oraz, son of Shamai, son of Kuluk
Ishim, son-in-law of taisha Hourlyuk - khan (-)
Ablai Giray - Khan (-)
Devlet-Girey - the sultan, did not accept the title of khan, in - led the uprising against the Russians.
Kuchuk - Sultan, son of Ablai, is among the Bashkirs of the Siberian road during the Bashkir uprising (1662-1664), recognized Devlet Giray as a khan, died in 1679
Abuga, son of Ablai
Asan and Ishim-Chuvek, sons of Devlet, active in the 1680s
Sultan Murat, son of Kuchuk, Khan of Karakalpak
Ishim-Muhammad, son of Abuga, Khan of Karakalpak (early 18th century)

Isker yurt

The Taibugids did not belong to the Genghisides and did not have the right to the title of khan.

Mar (Umar, Omar) - the husband of the sister of Khan Ibak (about -)
Mukhammed Taibuga - son of Ader, Taibuginsky Murza of Siberia (-)
Kasym - son of Mohammed Taybugi, nephew of Angish, Taibuginsky Murza of Siberia (-)
Ediger - son of Kasym Taybuga, Taibuginsky Murza of Siberia (-)
Bek-Bulat - son of Kasym Taybuga, brother and co-ruler of Yediger (-), possible father of Simeon Bekbulatovich
Seyd Akhmed (Seydyak) - son of Bek-Bulat, head of the taybugins in -1588

Notes

Siberian Khanate. bse.scilib.com. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
Johann Schiltberger. travel book// Siberia in the news of Western European travelers and writers, XIII-XVII centuries. - Novosibirsk, 2006.
Egorov V.L. Chapter two. Territory and borders of the Golden Horde
Egorov V.L. Chapter three. Cities of the Golden Horde and some issues of economic geography of the state// Historical geography of the Golden Horde in the XIII-XIV centuries. - M. : Nauka, 1985. - 11,000 copies.
Belich I.V. On the etymology, semantics and history of the origin of the medieval name of the city of Tyumen // Bulletin of archeology, anthropology and ethnography: Elektr. magazine. - Tyumen: Publishing House of IPOS SB RAS, 2007. - No. 7. - S. 152. - ISSN 2071-0437.
Atlasi, Hadi. History of Siberia. - Kazan: Tatars. book. publishing house, 2005. - S. 24-29. - 96 p.
Fayzrakhmanov G. L. History of the Tatars of Western Siberia: from ancient times to the beginning of the 20th century. - Kazan: Tatars. book. publishing house, 2007. - S. 112-121. - 431 p. - 1000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-298-01536-3.
Vernadsky G.V. On the composition of the Great Yasa of Genghis Khan (With the appendix of the chapter on Yasa from the history of Juvaini)// History of law. - St. Petersburg. : Lan, 1999. - S. 120. - 176 p. - (World of Culture, History and Philosophy). - 3000 copies. - ISBN 8-0114-0172-8.
Iskhakov D. M.// Scientific and documentary journal "Gasyrlar Avazy - Echo of Ages": journal. - Kazan: Main Archive Department under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan, 2008. - No. 2. - ISSN 2073-7483.
Nesterov A. G. Isker Principality of the Taibugids (XV-XVI centuries)// Siberian Tatars. Monograph. - Kazan: Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, 2002. - S. 19-20. - 240 s. - 500 copies. - ISBN 5-94981-009-0.
Trepavlov V.V. History of the Nogai Horde. - M.: Eastern literature, 2001. - S. 325-326. - 752 p.
Kamal ad-din Binai. Shaibani-name// Materials on the history of the Kazakh khanates of the XV-XVIII centuries (Extractions from Persian and Turkic writings). - Alma-Ata: Science, 1969.
Yudin V.P. Hordes: White, Blue, Gray...// Chingiz-name. - Alma-Ata: Gylym, 1992. - S. 32-35.
Sabitov Zh. M. Genealogy of Thoré. - 3rd ed. - Alma-Ata, 2008. - S. 13. - 326 p. - 1,000 copies - ISBN 9965-9416-2-9.
Kostyukov V.P. Ulus of Shiban in the XIII-XIV centuries. (according to written sources) // Problems of history, philology, culture: journal. - Magnitogorsk, 1998. - Issue. 6. - pp. 210-224.
Utemish-Haji ibn Maulana Muhammad Dosti. Genghis name. - Alma-Ata: Gylym, 1992. - S. 105.
Trepavlov V.V. History of the Nogai Horde. - M.: Eastern literature, 2002. - S. 95-96. - 752 p. - ISBN 5-02-018193-5.
Iskhakov D. M. Turkic-Tatar states of the XV-XVI centuries. - Kazan: Institute of History. Sh. Marjani AN RT, 2004. - S. 21. - 132 p. - (Biblioteka TATARICA). - 500 copies.
Mustakimov I. A. About one list of "Daftar-i Chingiz-name" // Medieval Turkic-Tatar states: Collection of articles. - Kazan: Institute of History. Sh. Marjani AS RT, 2009. - Issue. one . - pp. 123-127. - ISBN 978-5-98245-048-7.

The Siberian Khanate occupied the territory inhabited by peoples who were at various stages of development - Khanty, Mansi, Trans-Ural Bashkirs, etc.

It also included Turkic-speaking tribes: Kipchaks, Argyns, Karluks, Kangly, Naimans, etc., known according to some sources under the collective name of the Siberian Tatars.

19. What two dynasties competed for the throne in the Siberian Khanate? What was their fundamental difference from each other?

Dynasties of Taibugins and Sheibanids. After a long struggle between representatives of the White Horde, the Sheibanids, and representatives of the local nobility, the Taibugins - the descendants of the legendary Khan Taibugi, the Sheibanid - Ibak seized power. For formal reasons, the Taibugins could not have the status of a khan in any of the Mongol uluses - according to Genghis Khan's Yasa, only Genghisides could become a khan. In the documents, the Sheibanids are called "kings" ("khans"), and the Taibugins - "princes".

20. What was the emblem of the Siberian Khanate?

Description: in the ermine shield there are two black sables, standing on their hind legs and supporting them with their front legs, one - a golden five-pronged crown, the other - a blackened lying bow and two arrows placed crosswise, points down.

Finally, the Siberian Khanate was annexed in 1598 after the defeat of Khan Kuchum. The image of sables symbolize the fur wealth of Siberia. Its basis was the emblem of the city of Tobolsk. The coat of arms is crowned with an altabas (brocade) cap of the third outfit of Tsar Ivan Alekseevich, decorated with gold studs.

21. What was the name in the 16-17 centuries. The territory of Transbaikalia and the western Amur region?

Dauria (Daurian land).

22. Some of what peoples of Siberia were already part of the Moscow principality by the beginning of the 16th century?

Ostyaks (Khanty and Mansi); Siberian Tatars.

23. What is the reason for the dispersed settlement of the local peoples of Siberia?

The majority of peoples that do not have their own national-state and national-territorial formations are distinguished by a high dispersal of the population. The small peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East, who do not have their own autonomies, are settled in fairly compact ethnic arrays. Such dispersion is due to the long-term development of this territory by the Russians; traditional focal settlement of the peoples of Siberia.

24. What is the difference between approaches in posing the question of the development of Siberia and the Far East from the statement about the beginning of the colonization of this region by the Russian state since the 16th century?

In the first case, the main role in the process of joining the Siberian lands to the Russian kingdom is assigned to the people's forces - industrialists, merchants, fugitive peasants, service people. Representatives of these classes, Russians by nationality, settled Siberian territories even before the “official” government movement to the east in the 16th century, merging with the local population and establishing economic ties.

In the second case, the state is considered the main "engine" for the seizure of the eastern territories, i.e. government of the Russian kingdom. It equips expeditions, provides funds for reconnaissance campaigns, and so on. Thus, according to this approach, the colonization of Siberia occurs "from above".

, Nogai Horde, Kazakh Khanate and Teleuts. In the north, it reached the lower reaches of the Ob, and in the east it was adjacent to the Pega Horde.

More confidently can be identified with the Tobol-Irtysh interfluve region Siberia and Iberia, mentioned in the first half of the XIV century as part of the Golden Horde by the secretary of the Egyptian Sultan Al-Omari. In the same century, the cities of the future Siberian Khanate are found on Western European maps: Qashlyk in the form sebur appears in the map of the Venetians by the Pizzigani brothers (1367), and Chingi-Tura in the form Singui appears in the Catalan Atlas (1375).

The Khanate of Turan (Siberia) on a map of Asia in the 13th century (circled in yellow). .

From The Literary and Historical Atlas of Asia (ed. E. Reese), New York, 1912)

In a word, we mentioned above in detail [that] since Shaiban Khan cut with a saber and conquered enemies [and] vilayets, then / 48a / revered and respected for this reason all the people of his sons and grandsons. When [Uzbek-] Khan, in anger at these oglans, gave [them] to Isatai as a koshun, then Isatai paid respect to the oglans of Shaiban Khan for their father, gave [them] buyrak and karlyk, which are a two-part ale, and left them to themselves .

From ancient times to the present, each khan, who was proclaimed by the emirs of the Mangyts, provided the emirs of the Mangyts with freedom in the state. If now [Muhammad Shaybani-] khan also acts according to our ancient custom, then it’s fine [that is, we will proclaim him khan], and if not, [also] well [that is, we can do without him].

In 1359, the Great Haunt begins in the Golden Horde, in which the Shibanids take an active part.

In the country of seven hundred black Tokmaks in the year of the sheep, in the middle spring month, the Sultan of Turan Temurbek marched two hundred thousand troops, named after his kind, to the blood of Toktamysh Khan. Having reached this, he erected this Mound, so that it would be a sign. God bless! If God wills! May God have mercy on people! May he remember us with mercy!

It is also impossible to pass by two manuscripts published in 1903 under the general title "". According to these manuscripts, in 1394-1395, 366 sheikhs, accompanied by 1,700 horsemen, led by a khan from the Shibanid dynasty, undertook a campaign from Bukhara along the Irtysh up to Kashlyk with the aim of converting local residents to Islam. In the campaign, 300 sheikhs and 1,448 horsemen died, and the losses of the opposite side cannot be counted:

They exterminated a great multitude of pagans and Tatars, fighting in such a way that there was not a stream or river left along the banks of the Irtysh, wherever they fought, and did not give those pagans the opportunity to escape ...

However, for the first time the name "Tyumen" is mentioned in Russian chronicles in connection with the representative of the Tukatimurid clan, Khan Tokhtamysh, when under 1408 the chronicler wrote:

Of course, the history of the Siberian Khanate is not limited to its collapse. The steppe spaces of Western Siberia were part of the nomadic states in the early Middle Ages. At the beginning of the II millennium AD. e. Kipchaks settled on these lands, against whom the troops of Khorezmshah Muhammad and the eldest son of Genghis Khan Jochi made long campaigns.

In the XIII century, the southern regions of Western Siberia became part of the Jochi ulus. The collapse of the Golden Horde led to the formation in Western Siberia in the 15th century of the Tyumen, and then the Siberian khanates. Important trade routes from the Volga region, Central Asia and East Turkestan passed through the territory of Western Siberia. In the Middle Ages, goods from Khazaria, Volga Bulgaria, Iran, China, France, Germany, Scandinavia got there.

On the territory of the Siberian yurt there were cities and settled settlements, one of the world religions - Islam and Arabic writing - became widespread. Under the rule of the Siberian khans were not only the Tatars, but also the Ugric and Samoyedic tribes. The Siberian Khanate maintained relations with the Kazan Khanate and the Sheibanid state in Central Asia.

Relations with the Muscovite kingdom were uneven: the Siberian khans either recognized their vassal dependence on the Muscovite tsar, or sent military detachments to collect tribute from the Ugric population and plunder Russian villages in the Kama region. Khan Tokhtamysh found his last refuge in Western Siberia, Edigei and Kuchum made campaigns here. All this does not allow us to agree with the dismissive assessments of the Siberian Khanate as an "ephemeral state".

The period spanning the 15th-16th centuries in the military history of the nomadic peoples of Eurasia remains poorly understood. This is partly due to the irreversible changes in the development of military affairs that occurred then. The development of firearms in European countries gave regular armies a significant military-technical superiority over nomadic cavalry. To some extent, this reduced interest in the history of the military art of nomads in the late Middle Ages. However, the study of the weapons of the Siberian Tatars can become a kind of standard for the analysis of other nomadic cultures of this period.

European science turned to the events of the military history of the Siberian Khanate in the 18th century, shortly after this state ceased to exist. The main written sources, primarily Siberian chronicles, were collected in the 18th century by a German scientist in the Russian service, "the father of Siberian history", G. F. Miller. At the same time, the study of archaeological sites of the Siberian Tatars began. The attention of scientists was focused on the examination of fortifications. V. Radlov and V. N. Pignatti carried out the most significant excavations of medieval monuments in the Baraba forest-steppe and the Irtysh region in the 19th and early 20th centuries.In recent decades, V. I. Molodin, V. I. Sobolev, A. I. Solovyov, B. A. Konikov and other scientists).

Written historical sources contain separate information about weapons and fortifications, the tactics of combat by the Tatar troops, and the nature of military operations during the campaign of Yermak's detachment.

Among the archaeological finds and ethnographic materials of the culture of the Siberian Tatars there are details of bows and quivers, arrows, broadswords and sabers, daggers, spears and battle axes, fragments of chain mail and shells.

Judging by the available materials, bows and arrows were the main weapons of remote combat. Miller called bows and arrows, along with spears and sabers, "ordinary weapons of the Tatars." Having studied the bows of the medieval population of Western Siberia, AI Solovyov identified several types characteristic of the Siberian Tatars: bows with frontal middle and shoulder plates and made entirely of wood. It was a fairly effective weapon for shooting at short and medium distances, which was widely used throughout the nomadic world from the beginning of the 2nd millennium AD. e. Compared to bulky and labor-intensive squeakers, Tatar bows were simpler, more convenient and faster-firing weapons.

In addition to the Tatar military detachments, taiga Ugric tribes took part in the clashes, armed with bows and arrows, spears, swords, battle axes and protective shells.

The issues of the number and formation of troops in the Siberian Tatar Khanate have been little studied. Probably, the Siberian Tatars used the Asian decimal system for dividing troops and people. Individual murzas had various detachments at their disposal and could fight both independently and join the battle by joining their forces.

Kuchum Khan - Siberian Khan. Shibanid. His father was one of the last khans of the Golden Horde, Murtaza, the son of Ibak - Khan of Tyumen and the Great Horde. Kuchum was born presumably in 1510-1520 on the northern coast of the Aral Sea, in the ulus of Alty aul. In some legends, it is noted that Kuchum was a native of the Bukhara Khanate. However, Hadi Atlasi believes that Kuchum's homeland was the "Kyrgyz", i.e. Kazakh, steppes. Savva Esipov in the annals "On the capture of the Siberian land" also notes that Kuchum was from the Kazakh Khanate.

Relying on the support of his relative, the Bukhara Khan Abdullah Khan II, Kuchum waged a long (in 1555 the struggle was already underway) and stubborn struggle with the Siberian Khan Yediger using an army consisting of Uzbek, Nogai, Kazakh detachments. He won a decisive victory in 1563.

Kuchum achieved significant success in strengthening his state. In addition to the Tatars and Kipchaks, he subjugated the Khanto-Mansiysk tribes that lived on the Ob and the Urals, the Barabans and part of the Bashkir tribes that lived on the eastern slopes of the Urals. The borders of the Siberian Khanate in the north reached the Ob, in the west they crossed in some places to the European side of the Urals, in the south they passed along the Baraba steppe.

Having finally captured the Siberian Khanate, Kuchum at first continued to pay yasak and sent his ambassador to Moscow with 1000 sables (1571), but when his wars with the former Siberian rulers ended, he approached Perm. His appearance caused an attempt by the Nogai Tatars to secede from Moscow and the Cheremis revolt. Several further campaigns of his troops into the possessions of Ivan the Terrible and the Stroganovs, who sent armed detachments to pacify him, eventually led to his loss of power in the Siberian Khanate.

Having received news of the appearance of Yermak's detachments, Khan Kuchum "sent messengers to gather people," that is, he announced a general mobilization of his troops. He ordered "to gather the Tatars, Ostyaks and Voguls" and sent an army led by Tsarevich Makhmetkul to meet the enemy.

On October 1 (12), 1581, Kuchum withstood the onslaught of Yermak under the Chuvash mountain, but on October 23 (November 4) his camp was defeated by the Cossacks, the main troops, consisting of local peoples, fled, and three days later Yermak freely entered Isker, the capital of Siberia.

The relatively easy victory of a small (less than a thousand people) Cossack expedition led by Yermak over the whole khanate is explained by the fragility of the unification of various peoples, often professing different religions and ways of life. In addition, many local princes believed that it was much more profitable for them to submit to the Cossacks, and then to the Moscow Tsar, than to serve the newcomer Khan, who also relied on the strength of Bukhara, Uzbek, Nogai, Kazakh detachments alien to them. And most importantly, Kuchum did not have a large experienced army, his guards and lancers, recruited in the southern steppes and reinforced by local Siberian Tatars, were relatively poorly armed, using outdated tactics and weapons. It was difficult for them to resist experienced Cossacks and foreign mercenaries, who mostly used firearms, high-quality protective armor and owned the most advanced combat techniques.

There is no doubt that in terms of the total number of troops of the Siberian Khanate and its vassals many times exceeded the detachment of Yermak. In addition, the Tatars fought at home and did not submit "voluntarily", but resisted for a long time and fiercely. Not possessing firearms, they were familiar with its action and did not at all scatter "like savages" from the sound of shots. The sources emphasize that in many battles the Tatar warriors fought bravely. For example, the battle at the mouth of the Tura River with the troops of six Tatar murzas "lasted several days with varying success," although the victory went to Yermak's detachment. The battle with the detachment of Makhmetkul at the Babasan yurts lasted five days.

As rightly noted by R.G. Skrynnikov, in addition to military-technical superiority, the soldiers of the Yermak detachment had extensive combat experience in battles with nomads, Tatars and Nogais. Yermak himself took part in the Livonian War. Atamans Ivan Koltso, Nikita Pan and others successfully fought against the nomads in the Volga region. According to some sources, the merchants Stroganovs, sending Yermak to Siberia, included in his detachment "three hundred Germans and Lithuanians" from among the prisoners of war from the Livonian War. European military specialists were highly valued in the Russian state during this period and subsequent centuries and played a huge role in the development of Siberia.

Assessing the combat effectiveness of the troops of the Siberian Tatar Khanate, it should be noted that it fully corresponded to the level of development of military art in the nomadic world in the late Middle Ages. The military organization provided the Siberian Khanate with almost two hundred years of dominance over the Ugric and Samoyed tribes of Western Siberia, and allowed it to resist other nomadic associations. However, their combat strength and ability to fight was not enough to successfully fight armed firearms with great combat experience and determination in achieving the goal of the enemy.

The Tatars also had some experience of wars with the Russians. Military detachments of the Siberian Tatars and Voguls-Mansi repeatedly made trips through the Urals, to the lands of the Stroganov merchants. However, there were no major battles.

The Tatar commanders were unable to adapt to the military tactics of the Yermak detachment and were defeated in most battles.

Probably, the psychological factor also played a certain role in the military successes of the Yermak detachment. Ermak and his chieftains, in fact, could not return without a victory, since in their homeland an inevitable retribution for the previous robberies awaited them. Only having conquered the Siberian Khanate for the tsar, they could count on the tsar's "favors".

Therefore, Yermak continued to stubbornly move towards the goal, regardless of all the difficulties and human losses, overcoming not only the resistance of the Tatars, but also the disbelief of his subordinates in the success of the enterprise. At the same time, for Kuchum and other Tatar princes, the loss of one or another "town" did not mean a complete collapse. Behind them lay a saving steppe in which they could hide.

After a series of defeats, Kuchum surrendered the capital of the Khanate, Kashlyk, without a fight, which had fatal consequences. The Siberian Khanate collapsed not only under blows from outside, but also under the pressure of internal contradictions. For the Siberian Tatars and Ugrians, Kuchum and his entourage were aliens, conquerors. After the fall of Kashlyk, many subjects left Kuchum. Some Tatar murzas and Ugric princes went over to Yermak's side.

Seid Khan, a descendant of the ruling khan family of the Siberian Tatars Taibugids, and Murza Karacha rose against Kuchum. Even after the death of Yermak and the departure of the remnants of his detachment from Siberia beyond the Urals, Kuchuma and other contenders for the Khan's throne failed to restore the integrity of the Siberian Khanate.

After the destruction of Yermak’s detachment, Khan of the Siberian Khanate Kuchum again managed to largely restore his power and impose tribute on significant territories of Western Siberia. The Russian government switched to the tactics of consistently advancing deep into Siberia with the consolidation of occupied territories through the construction of fortified fortresses and cities. For 15 years, Kuchum waged active hostilities with Russian detachments, he himself tried to capture Russian prisons, but to no avail.

Decisive blows to the statehood of the Siberian Tatars were inflicted at the end of the 1580-1590s.

In 1586, governors Vasily Sukin and Ivan Myasnoy were sent to Siberia. The following year, the head of Danila Chulkov arrived in Siberia with a detachment of archers. The forces of the khanate were undermined due to internecine struggle. Seidyak (Seid Khan), Kuchum's rival, expelled his sons from Isker, but in 1588 he himself was captured by Danila Chulkov.

In 1588, the clerk D. Chulkov lured Seid Khan and Murza Karacha to the Tobolsk prison for a feast and negotiations, during which their guards were treacherously killed, and the Tatar leaders themselves were taken prisoner and sent to Moscow.

In 1590, Khan Kuchum decided to visit his former possessions again. On June 23, he approached quite close to the city of Tobolsk, killed several Tatars in the villages and fled with the captured booty, before the Tobolsk governor could receive news of his approach. On another occasion, the khan raided the Kaurdak and Salym volosts, which were located at the top of the Irtysh and paid yasak to the Russians; he killed many people there and plundered a large amount of all kinds of goods. This was his revenge on those Tatars who did not recognize him as their sovereign and submitted to the Russians.

On July 8, 1591, the governor, Prince Vladimir Vasilievich Koltsov-Mosalsky, went on a campaign, and on August 1 he attacked the khan on the Ishim River, near Lake Chilikula, that after a short battle, many who were with the khan were killed, and the survivors fled. Tsarevich Abdul-Khair and two wives of the khan with many other prisoners were supposed to follow the Russians, who returned with rich booty to Tobolsk, as a sign of complete victory.

In order to cover the city of Tobolsk from the south from the detachment of Khan Kuchum, who wandered in the steppes, to secure and organize the management of the Tatar volosts of the Middle Irtysh region that became part of Russia, a 1,500-strong detachment of Russian Cossacks and service Tatars was formed in Moscow and Tobolsk and sent in 1594 to build a new city on the Middle Irtysh - Tara.

The city of Tara was founded in 1594 by Prince Andrei Yeletsky and a detachment of serving Cossacks. From the tsar’s order to Andrey Yeletsky: “To move the city up the Irtysh to the Tara River, where it would be more profitable for the sovereign in the future, in order to start arable land and Kuchum to oust the king and get salt ...”. But the place at the mouth of the Tara River turned out to be unsuitable for building a fortress and establishing arable land, so a place was chosen for laying the city down the Irtysh, on the banks of the Arkarka River. However, the name of the city was given by the river Tara.

Tara became the first Russian settlement on the territory of the modern Omsk region. Since it was immediately determined that Tara should be the center of a new voivodeship, the settlement was given the status of a city by royal decree. The Assumption Church became the first urban building, and August 15 (according to the old style) (the feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary) is considered the day of the foundation of Tara.

In 1594, Prince A. Yeletsky led an army of more than one and a half thousand men along the Irtysh to the mouth of the Tara, wanting to lull Kuchum's vigilance with peaceful gestures, and then unexpectedly defeat his army and, if possible, capture it. Kuchum, having learned about the intention of the Russians to build a city on the Tara River, sent Tsarevich Aley to the Ayalyn Tatars in order to take them to safer places along the upper Irtysh, where the Khan himself was at that time, in view of the Russian offensive. Aley gathered 150 Tatars and led them to an island called Cherny (40 versts below the Chernolutskaya settlement), where they set up a small town. Voivode Eletsky sent a detachment (276 people led by the written head Boris Domozhirov) who, at the first attack, took the Tatar Black Town, but he failed to prevent the flight of Khan Kuchum and most of the Tatars who were in the town. Both Ayalyn Yesauls Mamyk and Seytkul, Prince Ilguluy and Temsenek, son of Prince Kolkildey, as well as 60 ordinary Ayalyns with their wives and children were taken into captivity.

In 1596, the voivode F. Yeletsky defeated Kuchum's army in the town of Tunus. Khan managed to escape. The tsarist government tried to subdue Kuchum. Letters were sent to him on behalf of his nephew Makhmetkul and his son Abulkhair, who was in Russian captivity.

In 1597, Kuchum proposed to make peace, subject to the return of lands along the Irtysh and the release of Shaim and two other guests who were sent to Kuchum by ambassadors, and from the property of the ambassadors I ask you to return the wagon with furs. In response, the Moscow authorities sent Kuchum several letters from Mametkul and Abdul-Khair with a proposal to transfer to the royal service and be sent to Moscow. Kuchum did not accept the diploma.

Kuchum, who highly valued freedom, did not at all want to come under the protection of the tsar. In recent years, broken by failures, he was more and more inclined towards peace with the Russians, but, however, he did not take any action, if possible he was playing for time and saving up strength for a decisive blow. Frightened by the rumors about a new raid by Kuchum, the tsarist authorities launched a decisive offensive.

In 1598, by decree of Tsar Boris Godunov, voivode A. Voeikov, with a detachment of 700 archers and Cossacks and 300 serving Tatars, left the Tara fortress "on a campaign for Tsar Kuchum." It is known that in the detachment of Voeikov there was an ally of the deceased Yermak, Ataman Ivan Groza.

On May 9, 1598, voivode A. Voeikov and voivode Prince I. Koltsov-Mosalsky set out on a campaign with a detachment of 700 Russians and 300 Tatars. On August 4, 1598, Voeikov set out from the city of Tara. His army consisted of 300 Cossacks, 30 serving Tatars, 60 Tatar horsemen, they attacked the khan in his camp, in the battle of Irmen on August 20, 1598 killed many Tatars.

The battle of Irmen is the final defeat of the troops of Khan Kuchum by the Russian detachment of the governor A. Voeikov on August 20, 1598.

Being in the area of Lake Ubinskoye, the governor received information about the location of the Kuchum camp. At the head of a cavalry detachment of 405 (according to other sources, 397) people, A. Voeikov traveled about 400 kilometers in 5 days, discovered and suddenly attacked the fortified Khan's camp at the confluence of the Irmen River in the Ob (currently the vicinity of the village of Verkh-Irmen Ordynsky district of the Novosibirsk region), in which there were about 500 soldiers of Kuchum.

The battle lasted from sunrise on August 20 until noon, was fierce. The camp was taken by attack, the remnants of Kuchum's detachment were pressed to the banks of the Ob. According to Voeikov's report, Kuchum's brother, son and two grandsons, six princes, fifteen murzas and about 300 Tatar soldiers died in battle. Five younger sons of the khan, eight wives from his harem, five close associates of the khan, 150 soldiers were taken prisoner. However, the Khan himself with a detachment of 50 soldiers managed to break through. After a few days of pursuit, this detachment was overtaken by the Cossacks and killed, but Kuchum managed to escape this time. Despite his plight, he refused to enter the service of the Muscovite tsar. He roamed the Altai and Kuznetsk forests with several people, having lost all power, and soon died in a skirmish with local tribes or with Bukhara people in 1601.

This small-scale battle (less than 1,000 participants on both sides) had enormous consequences. The dominion of Kuchum was completely lost, all the West Siberian nomadic and sedentary tribes departed from him and swore allegiance to the Russian Tsar. The Siberian Khanate ceased to exist in fact, and a few years later, after the death of the last son of Kuchum, nominally. The vast territory from the Urals to the Ob became part of the Russian state, which proceeded to further rapid advance to the east.

The Russians returned to Tara on 23 August. Noble captives were sent from Tara to Tobolsk, and from there to Moscow. On the occasion of the brilliant victory won in Siberia, a thanksgiving service was served in Moscow.

During the first decades of the 17th century, the heirs of Kuchum - the princes Ablaikerim and Kirey - continued to resist. They took an active part in the uprising of the Siberian Tatars in the 1620-1630s in order to restore the Siberian Khanate, but they could no longer change the situation. By this time, a significant part of the Tatar nobility had transferred to the Russian service, which ensured the irreversibility of the annexation of the lands inhabited by Siberian Tatars to Russia. Although the threat from the princes, descendants of Kuchum, persisted until the second half of the 17th century.

TOPIC 1. SIBERIA ON THE EVE OF RUSSIAN COLONIZATION.

JOINING SIBERIA TO RUSSIA

SIBERIAN KHANATE

At the end of the XVI - XVII centuries. throughout Siberia, but according to historians, only a thousand people lived. A denser population in the south and a very rare one in the north differed in language and economic development. In the north of Western Siberia, in the tundra from the Urals to the Khatanga River, there are Nenets, Enets, who received the name "Samoyeds" from the Russians (about 8 thousand people). To the south of them in the taiga zone - the Khanty and Mansi thousand), the Russians called them Ostyaks. On the middle Ob and the middle Yenisei - Selkups (about 3 thousand people) and other tribes, also called Ostyaks.

In the south of Western Siberia, Turkic tribes roamed: on the middle Irtysh, Ishim, Tobol - Siberian Tatars, thousand people), on the upper Yenisei - the Yenisei Kirghiz and other tribes (8-9 thousand people), in Altai, the upper reaches of the Ob - Tomsk, Chulym and Kuznetsk Tatars (5-6 thousand people) - the ancestors of modern Shors, Altaians, Khakasses. The Russians also called Tatars the tribes on the upper Yenisei and the Sayan Highlands.

In Eastern Siberia, from the Yenisei to the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk and from the tundra to Mongolia and the Amur, the Tungus lived, the ancestors of modern Evenks (about 30 thousand people). They were divided into 3 groups: reindeer Tungus (in the taiga), foot (on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk) and horse (in the steppes of Transbaikalia). In Transbaikalia and the Baikal region, along the Selenga and Angara rivers, nomadic Mongol-speaking tribes lived, which formed the ethnic basis of the Buryats (about 30 thousand people). Along the Lena, Vilyui and in Primorye - the ancestors of the Nanai, Udege, Turkic-speaking Yakuts, thousand people). Yukaghirs lived in the north-east of Siberia from the lower reaches of the Lena to Anadyr, in the north of Kamchatka, the coast of the Bering and Okhotsk seas - the Koryaks (9-10 thousand people), on the Chukchi Peninsula and the lower reaches of the Kolyma - the Chukchi (2-3 thousand people). ). Eskimos (about 4 thousand people) lived on the coast of Chukotka, and Itelmens lived in Kamchatka. The Eskimos and Itelmens are considered the most ancient inhabitants of North Asia, driven "to the ends of the world" by newcomers from the south - the Turks, Mongols and other tribes.

The tribes along the sea coast were engaged in hunting seals and walruses, the population of the tundra and taiga - hunting, fishing, reindeer herding, breeding horses, sheep, and cattle in the forest-steppe and steppe. Agriculture existed in the south of Western Siberia, in the foothills of the Altai, the Minusinsk basin, the Baikal region, and the Amur region. It was primitive and played a secondary role. Agriculture was the basis of the economy only on the Amur among the Daurs. Tatars, Buryats, Yakuts, Altai Shors, Tungus were known for the extraction and processing of metal. Among the tribes of the North-Eastern extremity of Siberia: the Yukaghirs, Koryaks, Chukchis, Eskimos, Itelmens, the Russians found the Stone Age, with stone and bone tools.

The authorities sought to streamline and subjugate the settlement of Siberia by taxing the settlers with a tax - a set of taxes and duties in favor of the state, which was clearly recorded first in order and warrant records, and later in census and sentinel books.

In the 17th century the main social strata of the Siberian population have developed:

Service people, who by the beginning of the XVIII century. there were about 10 thousand. They were divided into several categories: Cossacks (foot and horseback), archers, as well as serving nobility - children of boyars and Siberian nobles;

Industrial people (until the middle of the 17th century they were the predominant part of the Russian population);

Posad people, who were officially considered the trade and craft part of the townspeople, but were mainly engaged in agriculture and gardening and lived not only in the city, but also in the surrounding villages; this part of the population, like the peasantry, belonged to the draft population and carried the difficult township tax, which consisted of various payments, ordinary and extraordinary taxes, and natural duties;

The peasantry (in terms of numbers prevailed by the beginning of the 18th century and numbered 160-190 thousand people). There were also several categories in this social group: black-mowed (arable and quitrent), personally free, bearing tax in favor of the state; monastic peasants, personally and economically dependent on the monasteries;

- "walking people" were a motley social group of people who considered themselves free and unencumbered by the economy, while the state sought to enroll them either in the draft population or in the service.

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SIBERIA IN THE XVII - XVIII CENTURIES.

Siberia was administered from Moscow (until the beginning of the 17th century through the Posolsky order, then the order of the Kazan Palace). With the development of Siberia, the system of managing new lands became more complicated. In 1637, the Siberian order was created (it existed until the 60s of the XVIII century), which had broader powers than other regional orders, up to customs and diplomatic ones. Siberia was administratively divided into counties and volosts, later the counties were combined into several categories (for example, Tobolsk and Tomsk, then Lensky, Yenisei were added). At the head of the ranks and districts were governors (often from Moscow).

A feature of Siberia was the omnipotence of county and discharge governors, and especially the governor of the then capital of Siberia - Tobolsk (from 1621 Tobolsk became the church center of Siberia). This entailed terrible lawlessness and abuse of power, which brought the Russian and indigenous population to various forms of discontent and indignation, up to armed uprisings.

But at the same time, the Siberian authorities skillfully used secular (communal and township) self-government in their own and state interests, realizing that their main task was the development and management of Siberia. Through the elders, sotskys, tenants and others, a system of their own economy was established, the fulfillment of state duties was organized, etc. The government built relations with indigenous peoples, not only based on pressure and violence, but also attracted tribal nobility to the service of the state, preserving the tribal structure and religious identity, protecting the interests of the owners.

During the reforms of Peter I, the system of state administration underwent significant changes, including in Siberia. As part of the 1st provincial reform, the Siberian province was created (1708) with the center in Tobolsk, and the main functions of administration were concentrated in the hands of the Siberian governor (the 1st governor of Siberia was a prince executed in 1721 for abuse of power). The district division is preserved, and the governors become commandants and are appointed by the governor.

In the course of the II provincial reform, the Siberian province was divided into Tobolsk, Irkutsk and Yenisei provinces headed by vice-governors.

Peter's reforms led to a significant centralization of power, strengthening the influence and role of governors, vice-governors, governors, and local self-government was increasingly subordinate to administrative power.

At the same time, a feature of the management of Siberia in the 1st half of the 18th century. was the preservation of the election of lower officials and the small size of the Siberian administration.

In the second half of the XVIII century. during the reform of the administration of Russia under Catherine II, the structure of power is radically changing towards the center. Since 1763, the Siberian province has been governed on a common basis with other provinces, and the functions of the Siberian governor are distributed among central institutions - colleges (but the Siberian governor was subordinate only to the Senate and the monarch).

According to the “Provincial Institution” of Catherine II, in Siberia, as well as in Russia as a whole, the principle of “separation of powers” (executive, financial, judicial) was introduced, this was largely formal, but nevertheless, for the first time in Siberia, bodies engaged in the decision social problems, improved the judicial system, executive power.

The "Letter of Letters to the Cities" of 1785 significantly changed the city self-government, and although it was controlled by the administration, its rights were expanded and its authority grew.

TOPIC 3. SIBERIA ON THE EVE OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC TURN (XVIII - THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURIES). DEVELOPMENT OF CAPITALISM IN POST-REFORM SIBERIA

GEOGRAPHICAL STUDIES OF SIBERIA

By the beginning of the XVIII century. most of Siberia became an integral part of the Russian state. There was an intensive economic development of this territory, and it was necessary to continue its study in order to supplement the information about Siberia and get a more reliable idea about it. The decisive turning point in the exploration of Siberia occurred in the 18th century, when expeditions of grandiose scope and results were undertaken. The work done on the collection of geographical, ethnographic and historical information gives grounds to call these expeditions "the second discovery of Siberia" with full right. As a result of all the research work, by the end of the century, there was already a fairly complete picture of Siberia. Its result was published in 1785 and 1786. General maps of the Russian Empire and compiled in the late 1780s - early 1790s. "topographical descriptions" of the Tobolsk and Irkutsk governorates, which gave a comprehensive description of Western and Eastern Siberia: nature, landscape, climate, number and composition of the population.

The study of Siberia was carried out in the next century. The northern part of the Pacific Ocean, in particular, the coasts of Kamchatka and Sakhalin, were examined and, having completed in 1999. circumnavigation. In 1y. led by an expedition that went from Krasnoyarsk to the Amur.

An important point in the study of Siberia in the XIX century. In 1828, the Verkhoturye merchant Andrey Popov, having heard about the discovery of gold in the Mariinsky taiga by the peasant Yegor Lesny, set up a gold mine there. Soon gold was found in Altai, in the Yenisei province, Transbaikalia.

SIBERIAN CITIES: THEIR SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMAGE

In Siberia in the 18th century, the appearance of cities began to change significantly. Wooden construction was gradually replaced, albeit extremely slowly, by stone. The urban population is growing. Cities are becoming major centers of trade and industry. Siberian townspeople, with all their burdensome duties in favor of the state, had rights strictly assigned to them, being both legally and actually free people. “Charter to the cities” of Catherine II protected the life of citizens, dignity, property and gave them the opportunity to freely carry out any type of professional and economic activity. Posad people and philistines, paying large taxes in favor of the state, nevertheless, as they say, were knocked out into people, becoming successful artisans, clerks, merchants, breeders, manufacturers, etc. According to the mid-60s. 18th century in Siberia, there were about 14 assigned to the merchant class.

Cities developed intensively in economic terms, not only due to the fact that it was in them that numerous technical innovations were actively introduced. Since it was the urban population that had strictly fixed and clearly assigned rights, had the opportunity to engage in a wide variety of activities, it is the cities that become the leading centers of industry and trade.

The improvement of the city, its familiarization with culture were the result of successful economic development.

PEASANTRY OF SIBERIA: SOCIAL AND LEGAL STATUS

Siberia, unlike the European part of Russia, did not know serfdom. Many fugitive serfs who fled from the landlords settled on its territory, a significant number of so-called state peasants who were not serfs, but simply arrived in Siberia in search of a better life. Therefore, not only the fairly old local population devoted their lives to agriculture, but also the people who arrived here quickly became peasants.

The number of peasants living in Siberia during the XVIII century. increased more than 3 times (from 100 thousand people at the beginning of the century to 330 thousand people at the end). In the middle of the XIX century. the number of peasants has already exceeded 1 million people. In legal terms, the state peasant was considered personally free, but at the same time, his rights to move were severely curtailed. In addition, the government tried to limit the possibility of the movement of peasants on the territory of Siberia by the old forms of social existence of the peasants. It is known that the peasants of Russia, and then Russia, lived in "peace", or in a community. The community strictly controlled the activities of each of its members. She made sure that he paid his share in the payment of taxes on time, did not leave the territory of his residence without the permission of the community, and regularly participated in public works. In this regard, it was easier to mobilize the peasants for various state duties, which consisted in the construction and repair of roads, the transportation of mail, the collection of bread in "reserve stores", etc.

However, it should be noted that, in general, the duties and payments of the Siberian peasants were significantly less than in European Russia. After paying taxes and fulfilling duties, half of the income remained with the peasant.

At the same time, property differentiation was observed among the Siberian peasantry already in the 18th century. However, it differed from that which was in the European part of Russia. The layer of rich peasants was small. Wealthy peasants often preferred to move into the bourgeoisie, merchants, investing their capital in various crafts, trade and usury. The stratum of the poor was small, amounting to only % of the entire peasantry of Siberia. In all peasant volosts there were annual elections of members of the volost board. Elections of volost and village chiefs were held at the gathering, which was the main governing body of the community. All villagers, including women, were invited to the village gathering (local names: “gathering”, “council”, “consent”). Anyone could participate in its work.

If a peasant tried to move to those territories that were not developed, but required development, the administration did not interfere with this. At the same time, it was important that the settlers did not “fall out” of the tax, continuing to perform all state duties in the new place.

In the first half of the XIX century. in order to provide workers for industry and gold mines, the authorities go to a significant expansion of the possibilities of official displacement of the population.

INDUSTRY AND TRADE

The spread of large-scale industry in Siberia dates back to the 18th century, which was associated with the discovery of deposits of iron, copper and silver ore. In 1704, a state-owned silver-smelting plant was built in Transbaikalia. In 1729, Akinfiy Demidov built the Kolyvansky smelter in Altai, and in 1744, the Barnaul copper smelter. Since 1766, the Suzun Mint began to operate. The issued Siberian coin differed in its appearance from the national one. It depicted the coat of arms of Siberia. After 1781, a copper coin of a national standard began to be minted at the Suzun Mint.

Some of the factory artisans stayed in their native villages and continued to engage in agriculture, because they worked at the factories for several months a year (as much time as it took to complete the “lesson” given to them). For example, a coal miner, who was on a separate payment, had to burn out three twenty-sat heaps of charcoal a year. Heavy exhausting manual labor, high production rates made the life of artisans very difficult, physically exhausting. They often left the enterprises. That is why in a number of regions of Siberia, the compulsory assignment of artisans to enterprises was gradually introduced.

In Siberia during the XVIII - the first half of the XIX centuries. gold mining grew rapidly (from 45 poods in 1831 to 1296 poods in 1850). Thanks to Siberian gold, Russia has become a leader in the global economy.

Siberia was not inferior to the European part of Russia in terms of the degree of liveliness of trade. In the first half of the XIX century. here the number of merchants began to grow rapidly. The reasons for this were an increase in the marketability of the peasant economy, as well as an increase in the number of consumer strata of the urban population. Annual fairs functioned in the cities, traditional bazaars were organized. In the middle of the 19th century, Western Siberia was still ahead of the east of Siberia in terms of the number of merchants. Most of the Siberian merchants belonged at that time to the 3rd guild (small merchants). Wealthy merchants (1st and 2nd guilds) concentrated in large cities (Tobolsk, Tomsk, Irkutsk, etc.).

THE GENESIS OF CAPITALISM IN SIBERIA.

By the beginning of the bourgeois reforms, the main mass of land in Siberia was state and cabinet. At that time there were 145,000 state peasants and over 20,000 state artisans. Feudalism, which dominated the Russian Empire, seriously hampered the genesis and development of capitalist relations in the region. The development of the Siberian economy was closely connected with the all-Russian and world. In the 70s. 19th century in Siberia, mass gold mining began, and the gold industry became the most influential among other industries. The big bourgeoisie in Siberia included 1200 families. The sources of formation of the initial capital here differed in that they were created, as most modern historians of Siberia note, mainly in an honest way - wholesale and retail trade. Foreign trade in Siberia brought huge profits and was monopolized during the period under review.

Portal for the student. Self-training

Origins (1220-1375)

Taibugin holding

Part of Shibanid dominions

The offspring of the "Great Jam"

Vilayet of Chingy-Tura (1375-1468)

Time of Tokhtamysh

State of Haji Muhammad (1421-1428)

State of nomadic Uzbeks (1428-1468)

Tyumen Khanate (1468-1495)

Isker yurt (1495-1582)

Siberian Khanate of Kuchum (1563-1582)

The conquest of Siberia by the Russian kingdom (1582-1598)

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Economy and population

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Notes

19. What two dynasties competed for the throne in the Siberian Khanate? What was their fundamental difference from each other?

20. What was the emblem of the Siberian Khanate?

21. What was the name in the 16-17 centuries. The territory of Transbaikalia and the western Amur region?

22. Some of what peoples of Siberia were already part of the Moscow principality by the beginning of the 16th century?

23. What is the reason for the dispersed settlement of the local peoples of Siberia?

24. What is the difference between approaches in posing the question of the development of Siberia and the Far East from the statement about the beginning of the colonization of this region by the Russian state since the 16th century?

Portal for the student. Self-training

Origins (1220-1375)

Taibugin holding

Part of Shibanid dominions

The offspring of the "Great Jam"

Vilayet of Chingy-Tura (1375-1468)

Time of Tokhtamysh

State of Haji Muhammad (1421-1428)

State of nomadic Uzbeks (1428-1468)

Tyumen Khanate (1468-1495)

Isker yurt (1495-1582)

Siberian Khanate of Kuchum (1563-1582)

The conquest of Siberia by the Russian kingdom (1582-1598)

Related videos

Control

Economy and population

Army

Siberian rulers

Legendary Rulers

Ulus Shibana

Tuka-Timurid dynasty

Uzbek Khanate

Siberian Khanate

Isker yurt

Notes

19. What two dynasties competed for the throne in the Siberian Khanate? What was their fundamental difference from each other?

20. What was the emblem of the Siberian Khanate?

21. What was the name in the 16-17 centuries. The territory of Transbaikalia and the western Amur region?

22. Some of what peoples of Siberia were already part of the Moscow principality by the beginning of the 16th century?

23. What is the reason for the dispersed settlement of the local peoples of Siberia?

24. What is the difference between approaches in posing the question of the development of Siberia and the Far East from the statement about the beginning of the colonization of this region by the Russian state since the 16th century?

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