From two or even three words, you can form a new word. This way of forming new words is called addition, and the words themselves are called complex. To understand where the roots are in a complex word, you must first correctly determine its meaning. For example, a steamboat is not one that sails in pairs, but a ship that sails in pairs. Or a mousetrap is not a dexterous mouse, but a mouse trap.
There are words that look like compound ones, but in fact they have only one root, and it clearly emerges after finding the meaning of the word. For example, yellowish is not yellow wool, but slightly yellow, the root is one (yellow), and ovate is a suffix. Or the greatest is not a great tea, but just a very great one.
Let's work with the definition of the meaning of words with two roots
Vacuum cleaner: A machine for removing dust by sucking it in with a jet of air.
Rhinoceros: Large southern mammal with one or two horns on the front of the muzzle.
Tipper: A truck with a mechanical tipping body.
Scooter: At the beginning of the 20th century: the army name for a bicycle, a mechanical cart.
Scooter: Now: In children: a bar for riding with a standing handle on wheels or rollers.
Helicopter: A vertical take-off and landing heavier-than-air aircraft with a horizontal main propeller “propellers”.
Airplane: A heavier-than-air aircraft with a power plant and a wing that generates lift.
(Interpretation taken from Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary)
Otherwise, a vacuum cleaner is something that sucks dust. Roots ardor, sos.
Rhino is an animal with a horn on its nose. Nose roots, horn.
A dump truck is a machine that dumps the load itself. The roots itself and the shaft. C in front of the second root is a prefix.
A scooter is a device that rolls by itself. Roots myself, cat.
A helicopter is a vehicle that flies vertically. Roots vert, years.
An airplane is a device that flies by itself. Roots myself, fly.
Examples of words with two roots and connecting o, e
Automobile column, motor race, concrete mixer, chainsaw, plumbing, waterfall, water strider, all-terrain vehicle, helicopter, diver, trapper, starfall, digger, cook, bark beetle, icebreaker, lumberjack, centipede, mousetrap, meat grinder, oil pipeline, steamboat, vacuum cleaner, machine gun, pedestrian, esophagus, birder, fisherman, samovar, airplane, scooter, dump truck, steelworker, snowfall, glass cutter, diesel locomotive, camera, bread machine, electric locomotive.
The connecting vowel -e is written after the stems into a consonant soft, hissing and c (pedestrian, heartbeat, agriculture, etc.). There is an exception, after the basis for a soft consonant there may be a vowel -o. For example, a hitching post, (although a horse), a rangefinder, (although a distance). The spelling of such words, most often, is determined by the dictionary.
The connecting vowel -o is written after stems in a solid consonant.
Examples of compound words with a connecting vowel -e-
kashEvar (porridge + cook)
bird catcher (bird + catch)
pedestrian (walking + walking)
rainmeter (rain + measure)
vacuum cleaner (dust + suction)
poultry factory (poultry + factory)
oil pipeline (oil + conduct)
vegetable storage (vegetable + store)
Journey (path + walk)
mousetrap
navigator
mudtreatment
becameEvar
shipwreck
surveyor
freshFrozen
everywhereRide
ubiquitous
solstice
Examples of compound words with a connecting vowel -o-
samovar (self + cook)
waterfall (water + fall)
icePunch (ice + prick)
languageOved (language + know)
snowfall (snow + fall)
helicopter (vertical + fly)
glass cutter (glass + cut)
concreteMixer (concrete + mix)
hunter (beast + catch)
homestay (at home + sit)
camera
motorcade
Light-emitting diode
electric saw
testStirrer
Another list of compound words with two roots and even three
At the beginning of foreign words, if pronounced yo , is written yo , For example: yoga, iodine, yogurt, yeoman, yorkshire, not one iota(but: ion, Jordanian- with separate pronunciation of initial vowels).
IX. Spelling compound words
§ 41. Connecting vowels o and e
In compound words, a connecting vowel is written after the stem to a solid consonant. about , after the stem into a soft consonant, into a hissing and c - connecting vowel e . For example: homebody, kozheed, bird-catcher, False Dmitry I.
In some cases, the final soft consonant in, n, r, t the first stem is pronounced firmly and after it a connecting vowel is written about (in parallel with these words, those are also used in which, according to the rule, it is written e ). For example: long-range - long-range, quarry - stone crusher, horse thief - horse breeder, bone carver - bone crusher, bloodthirsty - bloody, chanting - songwriting. Wed different educations after foundation on c : trapezium - trapezoid - trapezoid - trapezohedron(not all of these formations have two stems in Russian).
§ 42. Compound words without a connecting vowel
It is necessary to distinguish between compound words with connecting vowels and compound words without a connecting vowel. Wed: psychotherapy(psycho + therapy) – psychasthenia(psycho + asthenia).
In some compound words, the first part is the word in its initial form, for example: reckoning, pastime; cotyledon, seed stalk, ovule(cf.: seed farming, seed storage- with a connecting vowel).
Without a connecting vowel, terms like nitrogen-fixing, forward looking, oxygenated etc.
The letter is saved a at the end of the element air (short for aviation), which forms the first part of compound words like airbase, airborne, airmail, air unit etc.
With a case ending in the first part, words arising from phrases are formed crazy, insane etc.
In the form of the genitive case without a connecting vowel, numerals are part of compound words, for example: three-meter, five-time, seven-year. Exceptions are numerals one, ninety, one hundred and one thousand, For example: one-year-old, ninety-year-old, hundred-fold, thousand-ton. numeral fourty in compound words it is used in two forms: without a connecting vowel ( forty days) and with a connecting vowel ( magpie, centipede- not in the direct meaning of the account).
It is necessary to distinguish between compound words and words in which two stems are not distinguished in Russian. Wed: gas pipeline - gasification, electrician - electrification.
Note 1. On a common basis, foreign prefixes are written together anti-, archi-, hyper-, inter-, infra-, counter-, post-, sub-, super-, trans-, ultra-, extra- and others, for example: anti-people(but: Anti-dühring- in the proper name function), archiplut, hypersound, international, infrared, counterproposal(but: rear admiral, where the first part has a different meaning), post-impressionism(preserving the initial root and ), post-romanticism(cf. the continuous spelling of the same prefix in words of foreign origin that are indivisible into morphemes: postscript, post factum etc.), dust jacket, subtropics, trans-siberian, ultrasound, trendy, extraordinary(but: extra mail, extra class before the noun).
Note 2. The initial components are written together quasi-, pseudo-, pan- , For example: quasi-scientific, pseudo-classical, pan-German(but: quasi-Pushkin, pan-Europe etc. - before proper names
Lesson topic: Connecting vowels o - e in compound words (grade 6) (Slide 1)
Motto:“I can't live without hard mental work. The meaning of life disappears (Sherlock Holmes) (Slide 2)
Target:
1) Know: on the formation of compound words from the bases of the original words with the help of connecting vowels o - e.
2) Be able to: correctly choose the connecting vowels o - e in compound words.
3) Developing: develop the ability to independently acquire knowledge; develop mental operations: analysis, synthesis, comparison, classification, as well as attention, memory, logical thinking; develop cognitive and creative abilities through a variety of activities.
4) Educational: awakening cognitive interest in the lessons of the Russian language and surrounding phenomena. (Slide 3)
Equipment: Computer, presentation (Appendix), cards.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment
introduction
Task: Organization of students' attention, ensuring full readiness for work, familiarization with the work plan.
The bell rang, and again we met at the next lesson, which I would like to start with the words of Sherlock Holmes: “I cannot live without intense mental work. The meaning of life disappears”, which will become the motto of our lesson. (Slide 2)
II. Knowledge update (Slide 4)
Task: Set students up to perceive new material, repeat the material on how words are formed.
Exercise: Read the poem "Merry Poems" and tell how words are formed in Russian.
Merry Poems
How words grow
Somehow many years ago
They planted a strange garden.
There was no fruit garden -
He was only a word.This word is the root word
It soon began to grow
And brought us fruit -
There are many new words.Here from the garden
Seedlings for you.
Here are more landings nearby.
And here is the gardener.
The gardener is with him.
Very interesting
Walk in the garden at the verbal.
(E. Izmailov)
III. new material
Task: Ensuring the perception of comprehension and primary memorization of knowledge.
1. Research work
Listen to the poem from the program "Baby Monitor" and say what kind of word formation it says.
The plane flies forward
The steam locomotive is not far behind
Even at sea the ship
It also adds momentum.Everyone is in a hurry to find out
How to write them correctly
- These difficult words
Can't stand the letter A.And put the letter O -
The speed will be - wow!
The cook cooks porridge,
Steel is welded to us by a steelmaker,
The horse is led by a horse breeder,
In the sea - the sailor swims.All names are good
Just write correctly.
We have these words inside
Do not put the letter I,
And write E - then
Everyone will say: “Yes!”
Compound words from the poem are written on the board. (Slide5)
According to the rule mentioned in the poem, fill in the missing letters.
The vowels you have inserted are called connectives. Why do you think?
Carefully consider both columns and try to formulate a rule for choosing a connecting vowel. Compare it with the rule in the textbook (p. 74).
Formulate the topic of the lesson. What will be the challenges ahead of us? What should we learn in class? Where will this knowledge come in handy?
(Slide 6)
And now my rule about writing connecting vowels O and E when adding words:
There are only two of these vowels:
Letter O and letter E.
When a consonant sound is hard,
The letter O fits here.
If this sound is soft
Write the letter E here.
What words are called compound?
When is the connective o written, and when is e in compound words?
Draw up a basic diagram for the learned rule. (Slide 7)
IV. Consolidation of acquired knowledge
Task: Consolidate the acquired knowledge, begin to develop skills for their application.
Intermediate control: control of the assimilation of new knowledge.
1. Linguistic riddle (Slide 8)
Can algae grow on land? Find the answer in a word.
2. Vocabulary work (Slide 9)
A MANAGER is a specialist who is engaged in the organization of production or commercial activities, the organization of foreign trade operations; conducts commercial negotiations.
3. The game "Purchasing Manager"(Slide 10)
Level "5"
Imagine that you are a purchasing manager. Make a list of vehicles whose names would contain the connecting vowels o - e.
Level "4"
"Silent dictation". Write the titles for the pictures.
4 . The game "On the labor market"(Slide 11)
Level "5"
Imagine that you are a manager at the labor exchange. Make a list of professions and occupations necessary for our collective farm, region, in which there would be a connecting vowel e - o?
Level "4" (Slide 10)
"Silent dictation". Write the names of professions and occupations necessary for our collective farm, region, in which there would be connecting vowels e - o from the pictures.
Make suggestions. Explain punctuation marks, draw a diagram.
5 . Form complex words and complete the sentence(Slide 12)
Any professional activity requires a person:
- A person who loves work.
- A person who loves knowledge.
- People who help each other.
- A person who strives for a goal.
6. Pick an antonym (Slide 13)
Hostile attitude - ... (friendly)
Lazy student - ... (hardworking)
Serious young man - ... (frivolous)
7. Fill in the square with the words-crossings with compound words
1. Garden specialist.
2. Locomotive with a steam engine.
3. Channel for the exit of smoke from the pipe.
4. Russian folk dance game.
5. Forest felled by a storm.
6. Unscheduled, spontaneous accomplishment of some business, work.
7. Firearms.
8. The game "Third extra" (Slide 14)
1. Water...wire, earth...shake, thunder...outlet.
2. Water ... measurement, rain ... measures, land ... deli.
3. Life ... description, potatoes ... digger, books ... printing .
9. Work with cards. check yourself
10. Text research. Independent work. (Work is done on cards) (Slide 15-16)
Level "5"
Exercise: Read the text. Why is it titled like that? Find and write out the misspelled words.
A stove on wheels.
Guys, remember how Emelya - the fool from the fairy tale "By the Pike's Command" drove on the stove right into the royal chambers? So, "a fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it." People have long dreamed of moving quickly and without the help of a horse: about a magic carpet, seven-league boots, at worst, and about a self-propelled stove. Whatever the first inventors came up with: pedals, levers, even sails were put on an ordinary cart, but the cart didn’t move.
For the first time, the French engineer Cugno achieved success. He "harnessed" a steam engine to the cart, and it set off. The inventor gave his brainchild a name - "car", which means "self-propelled". Rumbling and puffing, he crawled over potholes: in front of a copper steam boiler, behind a heavy box of coal, on the bench the driver will drive a little and stop: you need to get down and throw coal into the furnace so that it does not go out and so that the steam in the boiler does not end - after all, he and pushes the car. There is no steam and the wheels don't work. The driver had to fire every now and then. No wonder he was called a chauffeur, and "chauffeur" - translated from French means "stoker". So it turns out that the first cars are nothing more than a stove on wheels. (N. Sanina)
1)___________________________ |
2)______________________ |
3)___________________________ |
4)______________________ |
5)___________________________ |
6)_______________________ |
Lies, long ago, airplane, self-propelled, attached, heavy.
Level "4"
Exercise: Read the text. Why is it titled like that? Fill in the missing letters, open the brackets. Underline difficult words, highlight their roots. From what words and how are they formed?
A stove on wheels.
Guys, remember how Emelya - the fool from the ska (z, s) ki "By the Pike" in ... went to the stove ... right in the royal chambers ...? So, "ska (z, s) ka - lies (?), Yes (in) it is a hint." People d...vno m...worried that p...r...move(?)sya quickly and without help. horses: about ... time ... flight, seven-league boots, at worst, and about ... a moving stove .... What only (or) thought ... the first inventors thought: ... they made pedals, levers, even sails (on) it to the usual t ... leg, but t ... lay down.
For the first time, success was fought by the French engineer ... Cugnot. He "harnessed" the steam engine to the cart, and it set off. The inventor gave his brainchild a name - “car”, which means “self ... moving”. Rumbling and puffing, he crawled over the potholes: (c) in front of the steam copper k ... bodies, (c) in the back a heavy ... yellow box with coal, on a bench in ... a driver, he will drive a little and stop (?) Xia : you need to get down and throw coal into the furnace so that it (not) dies out and so that the steam in the k ... smolders (not) runs out - after all, it is he who ... pushes the m ... tire. There is no steam, and the forests (do not) work. Pr ... went to ... the child every now and then to ... chegar. It was not without reason that he was called the chief ..., and "the chief ..." - translated from French means "stoker". So the way out ... is that the first cars are nothing more than a stove on k ... scaffolding. (N. Sanina.)
V. Reflection
Task: To give an analysis and assessment of the success of achieving the goal.
What new did you learn?
Have we achieved the lesson objectives?
An exercise "Pro". Based on the future profession, why is it necessary to study this topic?
VI. Homework (chosen by students)(Slide 17-18)
- Rule on page 71. (Student choice exercise.)
- Exercise number 168.
- Compose riddles in which the answers are complex words.
- Imagine that you are the author of a textbook. You need to make an exercise (card) for students of the 6th grade on the studied spelling. Write out sentences from any text where compound words with connecting vowels o - e occur and “mine” the spelling.
Literature
- Russian language. 6th grade: lesson plans according to the textbook by M.T. Baranova/S.S. Kolchanova. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2009
- Didactic material for the textbook of the Russian language: D 44 Grade 6: A manual in two notebooks: Notebook 1 / M.M. Strakevich. - M .: "Svetoch L", 1998.
- V. Volina. Russian language reprint - Yekaterinburg: Argo Publishing House, 1996.
- Russian language. First of September.
- G.A. Bogdanov. Russian language lessons in the 6th grade: Book. for the teacher.-3rd ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 1999.
Lesson topic: Difficult words. Connecting vowels o and e in compound words.
Goals: know the ways of forming compound words, the condition for choosing connecting vowels O and E; develop spelling vigilance, communication skills, interest in the subject; to cultivate a sense of friendship, collectivism, the ability to conduct an educational dialogue
Equipment: presentation , cards.
During the classes:
I. Organizational moment
introduction
The children, before starting the lesson, looked at each other and smiled.
I wish you all good luck so that our lesson is kind, bright
II. Knowledge update
Task: Set students up to perceive new material, repeat the material on how words are formed.
Exercise: Read the poem "Merry Poems" and tell how words are formed in Russian.
How words grow
Somehow many years ago
Planted strange garden.
There was no fruit garden -
He was only a word.
This word is the root word
It soon began to grow
And brought us fruit -
There are many new words.
Here from garden
To you seedling.
Here's another landings near.
And here gardener.
With him gardener goes.
Very interesting
walk in garden verbal.
(A. E.Izmailoin)
III Working on a new theme .
1. Video "Complex words in Russian"
2. Determining the topic of the lesson. Recording in the notebook the number and topic of the lesson Compound words. Connecting vowels o and e in compound words.
- What is the topic of our lesson?
The words pedestrian, electric locomotive, steamboat, plane are complex words. They are formed:
adding whole words: boarding school;
stems of words with a connecting vowel: steamer;
stem parts of a word with a whole word: kindergarten;
abbreviated basics: Theater of the Young Spectator - Youth Theater.
In compound words, connective about is written after hard consonants, and the connective e- after soft consonants, hissing and c.
For example: an oil pipeline, an airplane, a birder.
We found out which words are called complex, learned that two connecting vowels O and E are involved in the formation of compound words.
There is also the letter I, acting in this role, but with it we will meet when we deal with numerals, for example: six-year-olds, so we stayed O and E. They will be the guests of our lesson today.
(The words are written on the blackboard
climber ← top, climb
Oil pipeline ← oil, conduct
Pedestrian ← walking, walking
Vegetable cutter ← vegetables, cut
Poultry farm ← poultry, factory
3. Preparation for the perception of the topic. Task: solve riddles
Boldly floats in the sky,
Overtaking birds in flight.
The man controls it.
What? (AIRPLANE)
Courageously sailing on the waves
Without slowing down.
Only the car is buzzing is important
What? (STEAMBOAT)
Every day comes out in the morning
On your daily trip.
Must know all the rules
On the roads ... (PESTRIATOR)
What is this way of forming words called?
- Guess what these words might be called?
4. Work with the textbook Exercise 5 Page 75 From each pair of words, make a compound word, write down, underline the connecting vowel o or e. Explain your choice. 5.Task: Choose antonyms for these words, explain the choice of a connecting vowel.
A lazy student is a hardworking student.
A serious young man is frivolous.
Monotonous movement - diverse.
Hostile attitude is friendly.
6. Physical education
7. Task:
Match the words in the left column with the correct words from the right column. Write down a compound word, indicating graphically the choice of a connecting vowel.
| right | conduct |
|
8. Crossword
(Each student receives a card with a crossword puzzle and fills in independently).
1. Garden specialist.
2. Locomotive with a steam engine.
3. Channel for the exit of smoke from the pipe.
4. Russian folk dance game.
5. Forest felled by a storm.
6. Unscheduled, spontaneous accomplishment of some business, work.
7. Firearms.
9. Vocabulary work
A MANAGER is a specialist who is engaged in the organization of production or commercial activities, the organization of foreign trade operations; conducts commercial negotiations.
10. The game "Purchasing Manager"
Imagine that you are a purchasing manager. Make a list of vehicles whose names would contain the connecting vowels o - e.
Imagine that you are a manager at the labor exchange. Make a list of professions and occupations necessary for our aul, district, in which there would be connecting vowels e-o
11. "Silent dictation." Write titles for pictures
12. Creative work.
Task: replace the words with one compound word. (Perform orally).
| (tea party) |
||
| help mutually | (mutual assistance) |
|
| love work | (industriousness) |
|
| people of the same family | (namesake) |
|
| one who walks | (a pedestrian) |
|
| senior class | (high school student) |
13. Work with cards. check yourself
|
|
IV . Fixing the topic
operational control.
Test "True and False Statements".
I make statements, if you agree with it - clap your hands, if you disagree - stomp your feet.
1. Compound words are all long words.
2. If the first root ends in a hard consonant, then we write the connecting vowel -О-.
3. After the letters - F - and - W - it is written - O-.
4. Words that have 2 roots are called complex.
5. In the words gardener, diver - a connecting vowel -О-.
6. If the first root ends in a soft consonant, then we write the connecting vowel -E-.)
VI. Summarizing.
Grading.
Homework: Compose riddles in which riddles are compound words
As auxiliary morphemes, connecting vowels (interfixes) o/e are distinguished only in the derived stems of compound words. This property sharply delimits them from suffixes and prefixes, which can be in both complex and simple words. Unlike suffixes and prefixes, which can be both derivational and formative affixes, the connecting vowels o/e are specifically derivational morphemes. Unlike suffixes and prefixes, which always (if they are regular) have a certain lexical and grammatical meaning, the connecting vowels o! In their semantics (completely independent, in contrast to the meaning of suffixes and prefixes from forming stems), connecting vowels o / e are similar to connecting unions.
In some cases, the connecting vowels o / e acquire the character of semantically empty sounds that appear in the word only
for phonetic reasons. So, if in the words reinforced concrete, fisherman, dried fruits the connecting vowel o is a connective morpheme, due to certain rules of word formation (the addition of full stems and words is carried out, as a rule, with the help of connecting vowels), then in the word technoruk it, from the word-formation point of view, represents is an illegal phenomenon (because the addition of abbreviated stems is carried out without the mediation of connecting vowels o / e; cf .: political instructor, military instructor, physical instructor) and does not matter. The sound o here is only a means of avoiding the unpronounceable confluence of consonants (technologist - technologist).
Connecting vowels o / e most often act as phonetically determined options: if the first basis of addition ends in a paired solid consonant, then o acts as a connecting vowel (mortar mixer, water carrier, etc.); if the first basis of addition ends in a soft consonant, in a hard hissing or c, then the connecting vowel e is used (navigator, pedestrian, sheep breeder, etc.). The appearance of e after the hard sibilants and ts is historically justified: the hissing zh, sh and ts were soft in the Old Russian language and hardened only in the 14th-15th centuries, when the noted word-formation rule for the use of o/e was already a strong tradition.
However, in a number of compound words, the first stem of which ends in a soft consonant n, r, t or v, in place of the expected e there is an “illegal” o: hitching post, trapper, animal-like, stonecutter, quarry, ambition, lust for power, carnivore, carnivorous, blood circulation, bloodsucker, bloodthirsty, chant, fabulist, etc. Next to this kind of words there are also words where, after the same first stem, the connecting vowel e naturally appears: horse breeder, stud farm, stone processing, stone-cutting, bone-crushing, blood, song-making, etc. e. All these words are much later formations than the words related to them in the first stem with the connecting vowel o.
The undivided dominance of the word-formation model with o/e in the production of compound words is evidenced primarily by the multiplicity and variety of types of additions with o/e compared with additions without a connecting vowel. Almost all new formations of a complex nature that have appeared recently (both among nouns and among adjectives; in the sphere of the verb, the method of addition is not observed) are words with connecting vowels o/e.
Connecting vowels o / e must be clearly distinguished from phenomena that outwardly resemble them. So, the words little-used, wild-growing, following, etc., arising with the help of the lexico-syntactic method of word formation (see § 31 about it), do not contain connecting vowels: o / e in them are adverbial suffixes (o - word-forming, e - shaping). In the words car factory, bicycle race, auto-regulator, weather report o is the same integral part of the abbreviated bases (automobile, bicycle, automatic, meteorological) as the consonants f, t, p in the words trade union, party activist, salary. Phonetically, the connecting vowels o/e are characterized by unstressedness. In compound words, stress is always observed on root morphemes (vacuum cleaner, plumbing, frost-resistant, mechanical engineering, etc.).
Connecting vowels o/e as meaningful parts of a word can, of course, be singled out only if the analyzed word is recognized as a complex one. If the word has gone through the process of simplification or re-decomposition, then there are no connective morphemes in it. So, connecting vowels in the words pandemonium (it arose by means of an ellipsis on the basis of phraseological turnover Babylonian pandemonium), porcupine (adding wild and image), outlook (adding circle and zor - from seeing), psychologist, library, etc. There is no connecting vowel in some compound words that have experienced the process of dropping one of the syllables, for example: tabakur, standard-bearer (originally tabakokur, standard-bearer).
