Find and indicate a term that refers to another concept.
Social norm, justice, state coercion, good and evil, public opinion, conscience and duty, moral values.
3. Establish a correspondence between the forms of culture and the examples illustrating them: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
EXAMPLES
A) a bestseller
B) computer game
B) jokes
D) classical music concert
D) harvest festival
E) epic stories
FORMS OF CULTURE
1) folk
2) mass
3) elite
4) screen
4. Find in the list the characteristics that distinguish science from art
1) reflects the world in images
2) involves a strict system of evidence
3) has an emotional impact
4) put forward hypotheses
5) individual facts are analyzed and summarized
5. Read the text below, each position of which is numbered.
(1) Modern science is involved in the process of social management. (2) It seems that today none of the social processes should be complete without scientific research and the recommendations of scientists. (3) The complexity of modern society and its inconsistency force scientists to study and calculate every step, every decision. (4) Other behavior is undoubtedly capable of leading to catastrophic and destructive consequences.
Determine which provisions of the text are worn
1) actual character
2) the nature of value judgments
6. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing.
A feature of a person that distinguishes him from all other living beings is the ability to think, create in his brain _____ (A) of the world around us. We cognize this world, establish connections between objects and phenomena, and through this cognition we learn to live, to navigate in time and space. Some scientists even talk about curiosity, ________ (B) as an innate human need.
In science, knowledge is understood as a special _______
(B), as a result of which people acquire knowledge about various objects.
Cognition is
(D) the creative activity of a person, aimed at the formation of his knowledge about the world, on the basis of which images, ideas and motives for further behavior arise. In the process of cognition, reality is reproduced in the minds of people.
As a rule, only the process of searching is called cognition.
________ (D), and its result is called knowledge. Knowledge
- having received confirmation and justification ________ (E) of knowledge of reality, its correct reflection in human thinking.
Choose from the suggested list of words to be inserted into the gaps. The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Remember that there are more words in the list than you need to select.
Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap.
1) need
2) true
3) cognitive instinct
4) process
5) activities
6) result
7) perfect images
8) objectivity
9) subject
Note that the spaces are numbered. The table below shows the numbers of spaces. Under each number, write down the number that represents the word you have chosen in the list.
we nod today - this is the result, first of all, of the spiritual poverty of individuals, as well as the purposeful activities of unscrupulous politicians pursuing selfish goals. From history (and not only from it), you know very well what disastrous consequences the attempts to introduce racist and Nazi ideas lead to. Any racism, nationalism, anti-Semitism is a lie, and a criminal lie, because along with moral norms, constitutional human rights are violated.
NI Basic concepts: ethnicity, nation.
YANTerms: nationality, national mentality, national traditions and values.
Test yourself
1) In what sense is the concept of "ethnos" used in our science? 2) What is the difference between the definitions of the concept of "ethnos"? 3) What sign of an ethnic group is considered the main one? 4) Why is the concept of "nation", according to many scientists, not a strictly scientific category? 5) Why is it argued that the national mentality is a kind of memory of the past, which determines the behavior of people? 6) What, according to Ilyin, are the main values of the Russian people? Why did the philosopher call them supranational? 7) What confirms the ethnic diversity of modern humanity?
Think, Discuss, Do
1. Persian poet and philosopher Saadi (1210 -1292) wrote:
All the tribe of Adam is one body,
Created from the dust alone.
If only one part of the body is wounded,
Then the whole body will fall into trembling.
Over human grief you did not cry forever, -
So will people say you're human? How do you understand the meaning of these lines, written in the 13th century? Why are they said to be relevant today? Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain your position.
You are familiar with the wording: national
traditions, national cuisine, national income, wal
howling national product, national features,
National Philharmonic Orchestra of Russia
the rational people of Russia. The concept of "national" art
uses here in different senses, since different track
The concept of “nation” itself has a certain meaning. Explain in what
sense must be understood by each of these formulations.
As part of the tradition, experts include customs, ri
tual, rite. Each of these traditions has its own
4. In the USSR, nationality was determined and recorded in the passport. Public opinion was also dominated by a rigid norm of a single, obligatory and consanguineous nationality. And if the state wrote it down in your passport, then you are exactly what is written down. Ethnologist V. A. Tishkov calls this situation “forced identity” and notes that there are not thousands, but millions of similar examples in the territory of the former USSR. He gives an example close to him. His son's friend Felix Khachaturian, who lived all his life in Moscow, did not know a word of Armenian, had never been to Armenia, was listed as an Armenian on a Soviet passport, although he is Russian not only in culture, but also in self-consciousness.
The scientist raises the question: does such a person have the right to consider himself Russian? Or are the sound of the surname and appearance the main determinants of ethnic identity? The scientist has a clear, well-founded answer. What is your opinion? Explain.
Work with the source
The Russian historian V. O. Klyuchevsky (1841-1911), in his famous “Course of Russian History”, noted that the living conditions convinced the Russian people that “it is necessary to cherish a clear summer working day, that nature gives him little convenient time for agricultural labor. And that the short Great Russian summer can still be shortened by untimely, unexpected bad weather. This makes the Great Russian peasant hurry. To work hard to do a lot in a short time and get out of the field in time, and then sit idle through the autumn and winter. So the Great Russian got used to the excessive short-term exertion of his strength, got used to working quickly, feverishly and quickly, and then resting during the forced autumn and winter idleness.
Klyuchevsky V. O. Works: In 9 volumes - M., 1987. - T. 1. - S. 315.
^H Questions and assignments to the source. one) What is the main idea of the fragment? 2) What features of the Russian mentality were formed under the influence of the described living conditions? 3) What impact do you think modern living conditions have on the mentality of Russians?
Social interest
Gemeinschaftsgefuhl, or S. i., is one of the most original and unique concepts proposed by Alfred Adler in his theory of individual psychology. It refers to the innate potential ability of people. identify with other people and share their feelings. This concept covers not only the feelings of people. in relation to his immediate circle of loved ones and friends, but also to humanity as a whole, both present and future. It is assumed that this quality, although innate, develops only in the social. context, and especially through the infant's early interactions with mother and father.
S. i. manifests itself in various forms. One of them is the readiness of to cooperate and help even under adverse and difficult circumstances. The other is the inclination of people. give others more than they demand. Finally, it can manifest itself in the ability of one person. to an empathic understanding of the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of another. A. Adler considered the main task of the life of every person. be public in nature. Therefore, he believed that the successful response to the challenges posed by friendship, career, and intimacy depends on the ability of each to establish contacts with other people and cooperate with them.
See also Adlerian psychology, Altruism, Empathy, Prosocial behavior
F. D. Kelly
See what "Social interest" is in other dictionaries:
- (from lat. socialis public and interest is important) an element of the motivational need sphere, author A. Adler. According to Adler, social interest is the basis for integration into society and the elimination of feelings of inferiority. To him… … Psychological Dictionary
social interest- Etymology. Comes from lat. socialis public and interest is important. Author. A. Adler. Category. An element of the motivational need sphere. Specificity. According to Adler, social interest is the basis for integration into society and ... ...
social interest- (Social interest). A sense of empathy for humanity, manifested in the form of cooperation and interaction with others, more for the sake of the public good than for the sake of personal goals. According to Adler, social interest is beneficial... ... Personality Theories: A Glossary
Adler (Adler) Alfred- (02/07/1870, Vienna 05/28/1937, Aberdeen, Scotland) Austrian psychiatrist and psychologist, one of the leading figures in psychoanalysis, founder of individual psychology. Biography. In 1895 he defended his doctoral dissertation in medicine in Vienna. From 1902 to 1911 ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia
Not to be confused with sect. A totalitarian sect is a special type of organization, which is characterized by authoritarian methods of management, restrictions on human rights for members of the organization and whose activities pose a danger to life and health ... Wikipedia
USA (United States of America, U. S. A.), state in North. America. Tepp. The USA consists of 3 non-contiguous parts: two mainland regions of the USA proper (the main part of the USA) and Alaska, and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific approx. Main part of the United States borders in the north with Canada, on ... Soviet historical encyclopedia
What do you think: what are the reasons for these events? What should be done to prevent such occurrences? Work with the source Read an excerpt from the work of the Russian sociologist R. V. Rybkina on crime in Russia. The entire course of the reforms was accompanied not only by an increase in the number of crimes, but also by serious changes in the very structure of crime. In particular, the “weight” of organized crime has sharply increased. But most importantly, it has turned from a purely criminal force into a self-organizing social system, integrated into all power and economic structures and practically not controlled by law enforcement agencies, moreover, into a social institution of Russian society. This means that it gave rise to: 1) its own, specific for it organizations - "roofs"; 2) special norms of shadow behavior (such as "racket", "roll-up", "rollback", etc.); 3) special social roles to which the implementation of these norms is assigned, and 4) special social relationships between participants in criminal communities that they enter into when implementing 3*
certain criminal operations, as well as special relationships between crime and power.
The main process that testifies to the institutionalization of criminal activity is its ever-increasing fusion with power. This process is going on at all levels - both at individual enterprises and firms in the regions of the country, and in the highest bodies of legislative (parliament) and executive (government) power. This allows us to talk about two new processes for Russia that arose in the era of economic liberalization: the first process is the shadowization of society, i.e., the increasing withdrawal of various social structures into the shadow ... and the second process is the criminalization of society, t i.e., the increasing strengthening of the role of criminal elements in it, associated with certain political, legal, economic and other structures of society.
Ryvkina R. B. The drama of change. - M., 2001. -S. 37-38.
IIIHI Questions and assignments to the source. 1) What new does the source give you in comparison with the educational text? 2) What do the words “going into the shadows” mean in the text of the document? How do you understand the words taken in quotation marks: “roofs”, “racket”, “roll forward”, “rollback”? Why does the author use them in sociological research? 3) Why do you think the market reforms in Russia were accompanied by the criminalization of society? 4) What information in this source confirms the particular danger of organized crime for society and the state? 5) What measures do you consider to be the priority for combating organized crime? § 7. Social interests and formssocial interaction Remember: what is social interaction? What are the types of social relations? What is interest? What is conflict? Social interest and social interaction is the subject of a comprehensive study of various social and humanitarian sciences. So, sociology explores the essential characteristics of social interaction as a generic concept of social science, studies its varieties and principles of regulation, analyzes the means of exchange, general types and forms of interactions. Social Psychology considers social interaction as an interactive side of communication, focusing on the psychological content, structure and mechanisms of this process.
SOCIAL INTERESTS
As you already know, interest is one of the forms of personality orientation. A person is interested in what can satisfy his needs. Social interests are one of the important driving forces behind the activity of any social subject (individual, group, any social community, society as a whole). They are inextricably linked with the need of this community. Recall that, unlike needs, aimed primarily at satisfying a certain set of material and spiritual goods, human interests, as a rule, are aimed at those social conditions that allow satisfying the corresponding need. These include: social institutions, institutions, norms of relationships in society, on which the distribution of objects, values and benefits (power, votes, territory, privileges, etc.) depends. The social nature of interests is due to the fact that they always contain an element of comparing a person with a person, one social group with another. Thus, one can speak of social interests, i.e. interestspeople who make up a social group(stratum, ethnos), one or another team, association (political party, professional association, etc.). A set of specific social interests, along with a set of certain rights and obligations, is an indispensable attribute of each social status. First of all, these social interests are aimed at preserving or transforming those institutions, orders, social norms on which the distribution of benefits necessary for a given social group depends. Therefore, the difference in interests, as well as the difference in the level of income, working and leisure conditions, the level of prestige and the opening prospects for advancement in the social space, refers to the manifestations of social differentiation. Social interest underlies any form of competitiveness, struggle and cooperation between people. Habitual, well-established interests recognized by public opinion are not subject to discussion, thus acquiring the status of legitimate interests. For example, in multinational states, representatives of various ethnic groups are interested in preserving their language and culture. Therefore, schools and classes are being created in which the study of the national language and literature is conducted, and cultural-national societies are opened. Any attempt to infringe on such interests is perceived as an attack on the vital foundations of the relevant social
nyh groups, communities, states. Historical experience shows that, as a rule, none of the social groups sacrifice their interests voluntarily, on the basis of moral and ethical considerations or calls for humanism, to take into account the interests of the other side, other groups or communities. On the contrary, each of the groups seeks to expand its interests, to consolidate the success achieved and its development, as a rule, at the expense of the interests of other groups and communities. (Illustrate this position with examples.)
The modern world is a complex system of interaction of real social interests. The interdependence of all peoples and states has increased. The interests of preserving life on Earth, culture and civilization come to the fore. FORMS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION The main forms of social interactions include cooperation and rivalry.(Remember what you know about cooperation or competition.) Cooperation involves participation in a common deed. It manifests itself in many specific relationships between people: business partnership, friendship, political alliance between parties, states, etc. This is the basis for uniting people in organizations or groups, showing mutual assistance and mutual support. What features characterize this type of social interaction? First of all, the presence of common social interests and activities in their defense. So, the desire to satisfy one's interests, to gain power or to get the opportunity to participate in its implementation leads to the formation of social and socio-political movements, political parties. With such interaction, both parties that are interested in the beneficial nature of their joint activities have a certain common goal that determines the nature and content of this activity. Cooperation often involves compromise. Each of the parties independently determines what concessions it is ready to make in the name of the common interest. The intersection and mismatch of interests associated with the fundamental issues of social life (material and other resources, access to power, etc.) often lead to rivalry between participants in social interaction. How does this manifest itself in people's behavior? They, as a rule, strive to surpass each other, to achieve a certain success in the realization of their social interests. Each side considers the other, its social positions, actions as an obstacle to achieving its goal. Not
it is excluded that relations of envy, hostility, anger may arise between them, the strength of manifestation of which depends on the form of rivalry.
Rivalry can take the form of competition and conflict. (Remember what competition is, what types of competition you know.) We emphasize that in competition, rivals, as a rule, tend to get ahead of each other in achieving their social interests. Recall that competition involves the mandatory recognition of the rights of one of the parties by someone else. Competition does not always imply knowledge of a particular opponent. For example, the competition for admission to a university is due to the fact that there are much more applicants for a place than the number of places provided by the university. Applicants, as a rule, do not know each other. Their actions are aimed at achieving recognition of their efforts by someone third (in this case, from the selection committee), that is, to achieve preference. In other words, competition does not involve a direct impact on the opponent (maybe, except for competition in sports such as wrestling, etc.), but a demonstration of one's capabilities in front of a third. But in some cases, competitors can ignore the rules and resort to direct influence on the other side in order to push it back. In this case, competition develops into conflict. Rivals seek to force each other to give up their claims, impose their will, change the behavior of another, etc. Conflicts have long become an integral part of the social life of society, so we will consider in detail such issues as the causes of a social conflict, its main stages, types and methods of resolution.
SOCIAL CONFLICT
There are many definitions of the concept of "conflict" in the scientific literature. (Remember what you have already learned about conflicts in elementary school and in 10th grade.) This is being debated The question of the nature of conflict causes a lot of controversy. Here are the opinions of several modern Russian scientists. A. G. Zdrav o myslov. "This is a form of relationship between potential or actual subjects of social action, the motivation of which is due to opposing values and norms, interests and needs." E. M. Babosov. “The social conflict is the limiting case of social contradictions, expressed in various forms of struggle between individuals and different
other social communities, aimed at achieving economic, social, political, spiritual interests and goals, neutralizing or eliminating an imaginary rival and not allowing him to achieve the realization of his interests.
Yu. G. Zaprudsky. "Social conflict is a clear or hidden state of confrontation between objectively divergent interests, goals and trends in the development of social subjects ... a special form of historical movement towards a new social unity." What unites these opinions? As a rule, one side has some material and non-material (primarily power, prestige, authority, information, etc.) values, while the other side is either completely devoid of them or does not have enough. At the same time, it is not excluded that the predominance may be imaginary, existing only in the imagination of one of the parties. But if any of the partners feels disadvantaged in the possession of any of the above, then there is conflict state. It can be said that social conflict is a specialinteraction of individuals, groups and associations in a collision recognition of their incompatible views, positions and interests; confrontation of social groups over diverse life support resources. AT Literature expresses two points of view: one - about the dangers of social conflict, the other - about its benefits. In essence, we are talking about the positive and negative functions of conflicts. Social conflicts can lead to both disintegrative and integrative consequences. The first of these consequences increases bitterness, destroys normal partnerships, distracts people from solving pressing problems. The latter help to resolve problems, find a way out of the current situation, strengthen the cohesion of people, allow them to more clearly understand their interests. It is almost impossible to avoid conflict situations, but it is quite possible to ensure that they are resolved in a civilized manner. There are many different social conflicts in society. They differ in their scale, type, composition of participants, causes, goals and consequences. The problem of typology arises in all sciences that take place with a multitude of heterogeneous objects. The most simple and easily explainable typology is based on the identification of spheres of manifestation of the conflict. According to this criterion, economic, political, interethnic, domestic, cultural and social (in the narrow sense) conflicts are distinguished. By-
let's make it clear that the latter include conflicts arising from conflicts of interests in the sphere of labor, health care, social security, and education; for all their independence, they are closely related to such types of conflicts as economic and political.
Changes in social relations in modern Russia are accompanied by an expansion of the sphere of manifestation of conflicts, since they involve not only large social groups, but also territories, both nationally homogeneous and inhabited by various ethnic groups. In turn, interethnic conflicts (you will learn about them later) give rise to territorial, confessional, migration and other problems. Most modern researchers believe that in the social relations of modern Russian society there are two types of hidden conflicts that have not yet clearly manifested themselves. The first is the conflict between hired workers and the owners of the means of production. This is largely due to the fact that after half a century of social security and all the rights in the field of social policy and labor relations that they were endowed with in Soviet society, it is difficult for workers to understand and accept their new status as a wage worker forced to work in conditions -views of the market. The other is the conflict between the poor majority of the country and the wealthy minority, which accompanies the accelerated process of social stratification. Many conditions influence the development of social conflict. These include the intentions of the participants in the conflict (to reach a compromise or completely eliminate the opponent); attitude to the means of physical (including armed) violence; the level of trust between the parties (as far as they are ready to follow certain rules of interaction); the adequacy of assessments by the conflicting parties of the true state of affairs. All social conflicts go through three stages: pre-conflict, directly conflict and post-conflict. Let's consider a specific example. At one enterprise, because of the real threat of bankruptcy, it was necessary to reduce the staff by a quarter. This prospect worried almost everyone: employees were afraid of layoffs, and management had to decide who to fire. When it was no longer possible to postpone the decision, the administration announced a list of those who were to be fired in the first place. On the part of the candidates for dismissal, legitimate demands followed to explain why they were being fired, applications began to come to the commission on labor disputes, and some decided to file
go to court. The settlement of the conflict took several months, the enterprise continued to work with a smaller number of employees. Pre-conflict stage- this is the period during which contradictions accumulate (in this case, caused by the need to reduce the staff of employees). Direct conflict stage is a set of certain actions. It is characterized by a clash of opposing sides (administration - candidates for dismissal).
The most open form of expression of social conflicts can be all sorts of mass actions: the presentation of demands on power by dissatisfied social groups; use of public opinion in support of their demands or alternative programs; direct social protests. Protest forms can be rallies, demonstrations, picketing, civil disobedience campaigns, strikes, hunger strikes, etc. what kind of public support they can count on. Thus, a slogan that is sufficient to organize a picket can hardly be used to organize a campaign of civil disobedience. (What historical examples of such actions do you know?) In order to successfully resolve a social conflict, it is necessary to determine its true causes in a timely manner. The opposing sides should be interested in a joint search for ways to eliminate the causes that gave rise to their rivalry. On the post-conflict stage measures are taken to finally eliminate the contradictions (in the example under consideration, the dismissal of employees, if possible, the removal of socio-psychological tension in the relationship between the administration and the remaining employees, the search for optimal ways to avoid such a situation in the future). Conflict resolution can be partial or complete. Complete resolution means the end of the conflict, a radical change in the entire conflict situation. At the same time, a kind of psychological restructuring takes place: the “image of the enemy” is transformed into the “image of a partner”, the orientation to the struggle is replaced by the orientation to cooperation. The main disadvantage of a partial resolution of the conflict is that only its external form changes, but the reasons that gave rise to the confrontation remain. Consider some of the most common conflict resolution methods.
Conflict avoidance method means leaving or the threat of leaving, is to avoid meeting with the enemy. But the avoidance of conflict does not mean its elimination, because its cause remains. Negotiation Method assumes that the parties exchange views. This will help reduce the severity of the conflict, understand the arguments of the opponent, objectively assess both the true balance of power and the very possibility of reconciliation. Negotiations make it possible to consider alternative situations, achieve mutual understanding, reach agreement, consensus, open the way to cooperation. Me-How to use mediation is expressed as follows: the opposing sides resort to the service of intermediaries (public organizations, individuals, etc.). What conditions are necessary for successful conflict resolution? First of all, it is necessary to timely and accurately determine its causes; identify objectively existing contradictions, interests, goals. The parties to the conflict must free themselves from distrust of each other and thereby become participants in the negotiations in order to publicly and convincingly defend their positions and consciously create an atmosphere of public exchange of views. Without such a mutual interest of the parties in overcoming contradictions, mutual recognition of the interests of each of them, a joint search for ways to overcome the conflict is practically impossible. All participants in the negotiations should show a tendency towards consensus, i.e., to agree.
SHSHBasic concepts: social interest, social interaction, competition, social cooperation, social conflict, ways of resolving social conflict. SHI Terms: rivalry, stages of social conflict. Check yourself 1) Expand the content of the concept of "social interest".- Name the main forms of social interactions. List the signs that characterize the social
labor. 4) Describe the rivalry as
forms of social interaction. 5) What is common
the cause of social conflict? 6) What are the main
dii social conflict? 7) What are the consequences of
lead social conflicts? 8) What are the main methods
ways to resolve the conflict and illustrate each of the
them with a relevant example.
whose private interest took on the form of a general or even general interest. Ideology plays a decisive role in this process of "generalization" of private interest. Give some examples from history.
- Consider what social interests might have:
a) residents of the neighborhood; b) factory workers; c) teaching
class. Employees of the enterprise, represented by the initiatives
group, officially notified the administration that
if by a certain date it does not ensure the repayment of
payroll, the staff will stop
work, go on strike. Is this situation
conflict? Explain the answer. By the anniversary of the company, employees were given bonuses.
Someone A. found out that he received less than others. He enters
drank in a quarrel with the boss.
under contract. When the work was paid, between employees
the kami had a dispute about how to distribute the money. As for me-
niyu K., the head of the group distributed the money
politely. But K. decided to remain silent. Is it possible to consider
Is this conflict social? Justify your answer
those. What is this type of conflict behavior called?
What are the disadvantages of this method? Name other ways. Work with the source Read an excerpt from the work of the German sociologist R. Dahrendorf (b. 1938). The regulation of social conflicts is a decisive condition for reducing the violence of almost all types of conflicts. Conflicts do not disappear through their resolution; they do not necessarily become immediately less intense, but to the extent that they can be regulated, they become controlled, and their creative power is put at the service of the gradual development of social structures ...
Textbook
1. The following year, Chekhov had a chance to see ... with Tolstoy, to be fascinated by him later write enthusiastic letters about him and fear his death as the most terrible for Russian life and literature (M.
Physics program For grades 10-11 of educational institutions
ProgramThe program was compiled on the basis of the program of the author G. Ya. Myakishev (see: Programs of educational institutions: Physics, Astronomy: 7 - 11 cells / Compiled by Yu.
Paragraph 6 deviant behavior
Questions to the text of the paragraph:
1) What are the causes of deviant behavior?
2) What is the social danger of crime?
3) Why is organized crime a particular danger to the individual, society, state?
4) What is social control?
5) What is the meaning of self-control?
1) What new does the source give you compared to the training text?
2) What do the words “going into the shadows” mean in the text of the document? How do you understand the words in quotation marks: “roofs”, “racket”, “roll forward”, “rollback”? Why does the author use them in sociological research?
3) Why do you think the market reforms in Russia were accompanied by the criminalization of society?
4) What information in this source confirms the particular danger of organized crime for society and the state?
5) What measures do you consider as a priority for combating organized crime?
Paragraph 7 Social interests
Questions to the text of the paragraph:
1) Expand the content of the concept of "social interest".
2) Name the main forms of social interactions.
3) List the features that characterize social cooperation.
4) Describe rivalry as a form of social interaction.
5) What is the common cause of social conflicts?
6) What are the main stages of social conflict?
7) What are the consequences of social conflicts?
8) Name the main conflict resolution methods and illustrate each of them with an appropriate example.
Questions and tasks to the source:
2) Based on the text of the paragraph and the document, formulate the basic principles of compromise conflict resolution.
3) Explain the meaning of the last phrase of the text and give examples to support your judgment.
Deviant behavior and social control
People's behavior does not always correspond to social norms. You probably remember that behavior that is not consistent with the norms, does not correspond to what society expects from a person, is called deviant behavior. Sociologists give another definition: deviant behavior is a form of disorganization of the behavior of an individual in a group or category of persons in society, which reveals a discrepancy between established expectations, moral and legal requirements of society. The problem of deviant behavior is also studied by psychologists, devoting a significant place to the study of its motives. The attention of lawyers is directed to the study of one of the most dangerous manifestations of deviant behavior - crime. In this section, we will consider the problem mainly from the standpoint of sociology, which also studies the mechanism social control , which provides a targeted impact on people's behavior in order to strengthen order and stability, including the mitigation of deviations from accepted norms that arise in society.
DEFECTIVE BEHAVIOR
Negative deviations from social norms at the individual level are manifested primarily in crimes and other offenses, in immoral acts. At the level of small social groups, these deviations are manifested in deformations, violations of the normal relationships between people (strife, scandals, etc.). In the activities of state and public organizations, such deviations are manifested in bureaucracy, red tape, corruption and other phenomena.
Deviations from the norms can also be positive, i.e. have consequences that are useful for society (for example, initiatives, innovative proposals aimed at improving social relations). There are also purely individual, not harmful features of the behavior of an individual: eccentricity, eccentricity.
The manifestations of negative deviant behavior are varied. Their common feature is harm, damage to society, a social group, other people, as well as a person who allows negative deviations.
Especially dangerous are social deviations as a mass phenomenon. Drug addiction, religious fanaticism, racial intolerance, terrorism - these and other similar negative processes in the development of society bring incalculable damage to humanity.
What are the causes of deviant behavior? Researchers have different points of view on this issue.
At the end of the XIX century. was put forward biological explanation reasons for deviations: the presence in some people of an innate predisposition to violations of social norms, which is associated with the physical characteristics of the individual, criminal temperament, etc. These theories were subsequently subjected to convincing criticism.
Other scholars have searched psychological explanation reasons for deviations. They came to the conclusion that the value-normative representations of the individual play an important role: understanding the world around, attitude to social norms, and most importantly, the general orientation of the interests of the individual (remember what the orientation of the individual is and what significance it has). The researchers came to the conclusion that the basis of behavior that violates established norms is a different system of values and rules than that enshrined in law. For example, a psychological study of such motives for illegal actions as cruelty, greed and deceit showed that these qualities are most pronounced among criminals, and their permissibility or necessity is justified by them (“It is always better to show your strength”, “Beat your own so that strangers are afraid! ”, “Take everything you can from life!”).
Scientists have come to the conclusion that these deformations of the personality are the result of its abnormal development. For example, cruelty can be the result of a cold, indifferent attitude towards the child on the part of parents, and often the cruelty of adults.
Studies have shown that low self-esteem, self-humiliation in adolescence is compensated in the future by deviant behavior, with the help of which it is possible to draw attention to oneself, gain approval from those who evaluate violation of norms as a sign of a “strong” personality.
Widely recognized sociological explanation reasons for deviations from social norms. The well-known sociologist E. Durkheim showed the dependence of deviant behavior on crisis phenomena in social development. During crises, radical social changes, in conditions of disorganization of social life (unexpected economic ups and downs, business decline, inflation), a person's life experience ceases to correspond to the ideals embodied in social norms. Social norms break down, people become disoriented, and this contributes to the emergence of deviant behavior.
Some scholars have linked deviant behavior to conflict between the dominant culture and the culture of a group (subculture) that denies generally accepted norms . In this case, criminal behavior, for example, may be the result of an individual's predominant communication with carriers of criminal norms. The criminal environment creates its own subculture, its own norms that oppose the norms recognized in society. The frequency of contacts with representatives of the criminal community affects the assimilation by a person (especially young people) of the norms of antisocial behavior.
There are other explanations for deviant behavior. Think about these points of view and try to explain for yourself the reasons for the deviation of behavior from social norms.
In relation to persons who allow a negative deviation from the norms, society applies social sanctions, i.e. punishment for unapproved, unwanted actions. Weak forms of deviant behavior (oversight, deceit, rudeness, negligence, etc.) are corrected by other people - participants in the interaction (remark, suggestion, irony, censure, etc.). More significant forms of social deviations (offences, etc.), depending on their consequences, entail condemnation and punishment, coming not only from the public, but also from state bodies.
Of the many manifestations of deviant behavior, let's take a closer look at one of the most dangerous - crime.
CRIME
Crime is a manifestation of deviant behavior that causes the greatest damage to society. The word "crime" is derived from the word "crime", which in Russian has always meant "an act contrary to the law, lawlessness, crime". Recall that from a legal point of view, a crime is a guilty socially dangerous act, prohibited by the Criminal Code under the threat of punishment. The totality of crimes committed in a given society and in a given period of time is denoted by the concept of "crime". Crime is not just the sum of crimes, but a mass phenomenon that has the laws of its existence and development, causes, conditions that contribute to it. This phenomenon is social, as it is rooted in the depths of social relations, reflects the characteristics of social life, acts as an extreme expression of the contradictions and shortcomings in the development of society. It causes grave consequences for society and its members, like none of the other negative phenomena of social development. Feature of crime: the presence of a certain contingent of persons - criminals for whom criminal activity has become professional.
The types of crimes provided for by the criminal codes of different countries are very diverse. Two groups predominate, occurring in all countries: acquisitive crimes (theft, theft, fraud, bribes, etc.), violent aggressive crimes (murder, bodily injury, rape, etc.).
These types of crimes account for 75 to 90% of all intentional crimes. Increasingly widespread in the world are economic crimes that infringe on the interests of consumers, causing damage to the environment, local and international terrorism , including hostage-taking and the destruction of state property. There are manifestations of racial discrimination, torture, kidnappings and massacres.
Of particular danger is organized crime . In a broad sense, it refers to any group of persons organized on a permanent basis to extract funds in an illegal way. American criminologists (“criminal” is a word of Latin origin, meaning “criminal crime”) distinguish an organized group according to the following criteria:
1) these are two or more people who have united to commit crimes of material and mercenary orientation;
2) the group is built on the principle of hierarchy, it has certain norms of behavior;
3) an organized criminal structure, as a rule, has its own material and technical base, which includes funds, vehicles, communications and weapons;
4) the group has channels for money laundering;
5) the presence of corruption, i.e. communications with representatives of authorities and administrations who either act or are inactive in the interests of this group;
6) the division of spheres of influence between individual groups, either on a territorial or sectoral basis.
Organized crime is characterized by a particular danger to the individual, society, state.
Personal danger consists in the suppression of her rights and freedoms by acts of violence and other means. This is manifested in the destruction of small entrepreneurs who refuse to pay money to receive "protection" from criminals (racketeering); forcing women and teenagers into prostitution; extending influence and control, for example over trade unions; the possibility of complete suppression of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens through physical, moral and material terror.
Danger to society consists in the interception of the rights of ownership and disposal of the material values of the whole society by organized criminal communities and corrupt groups of officials (especially in the areas of trade, extraction and distribution of strategic raw materials, precious metals, production and circulation of weapons); the ability to manipulate significant capital, infiltrate the realm of legitimate business, and bankrupt one's competitors through price controls; planting the ideology of the underworld, its romanticization, the cultivation of mafia and corrupt relations, violence, cruelty, aggressiveness, which creates the conditions for "social infection" with criminal customs and traditions.
The danger of organized crime for the state manifests itself in the creation at the regional level of parallel illegal power structures, illegal armed formations; preparation, financing and organization of direct anti-constitutional actions in the form of inciting ethnic hatred; organization of riots, conspiracies to seize power; encouraging such state crimes as banditry and smuggling; penetration into political parties and the state apparatus; corruption of politicians and public officials; a desire to weaken federal power in order to facilitate the control of organized crime over entire regions.
Sociologists and criminologists who study the causes of crime pay attention primarily to real life conditions, the contradictory development of the economy, the social sphere, and spiritual culture. In the 90s. 20th century in Russia and other CIS countries, the negative consequences of market reforms were manifested: the impoverishment of large sections of the population as a result of a deep economic crisis; the growth of nationalism, which in a number of cases led to armed confrontation; breaking the consciousness of people in the conditions of democratic transformations, the need to abandon the usual life attitudes; ignoring legislative norms by central and local authorities; complicating the work of law enforcement agencies, the low level of their technical equipment.
But in such difficult conditions, not everyone becomes a criminal. The personality of a person is also important. Criminologists identify the most characteristic features of a person who is psychologically ready to break the law:
- limited needs and interests;
- imbalance between their different types;
- a distorted idea of "what is good and what is bad";
- recognition of the possibility of using antisocial ways to meet their needs and interests;
- lack of a sense of social responsibility, the habit of uncritical assessment of one's behavior.
As for recidivist criminals (that is, those who commit repeated crimes), experts in this category of persons note the following features: a negative attitude towards basic social norms; deeply ingrained negative perceptions of social attitudes and values; negative traits of personal experience; increased aggressiveness and excitability; primitive desires and intemperance in their satisfaction. Such a complex of personality traits leads to the choice of an illegal way to achieve one's goals.
In modern conditions, the fight against crime is of great importance. This is a social-regulating activity, which is carried out so that citizens do not commit acts prohibited by criminal law. It includes, firstly, measures of a political, economic, social, socio-psychological, managerial, cultural nature, which make it possible to eliminate the conditions conducive to crime; secondly, the development of the legal consciousness of citizens; thirdly, special preventive activities aimed at identifying and eliminating the immediate causes of crime; fourthly, the application of criminal law in relation to persons who have committed crimes.
Growing crime has become a real threat to Russia's national security. Solving this problem is one of the most important national tasks.
SOCIAL CONTROL
Social norms constitute one of the elements of the mechanism for regulating relations between the individual and society, which is called social control . In the first lessons of the course, we talked about the fact that society is a complex system that includes many different elements. The purposeful influence of this system on the behavior of people in order to strengthen order and stability is provided by social control. How does the mechanism of social control work?
Any activity is diverse, each person performs many actions, interacting with the social environment (with society, social communities, public institutions and organizations, the state and other individuals). These actions, individual actions, behavior of a person are under the control of the people around him, groups, society. As long as they do not violate public order, existing social norms, this control is invisible. However, it is worth breaking the established customs, rules, deviating from the patterns of behavior that are accepted in society, social control manifests itself. One person ran across the street in front of a moving vehicle, another smoked in a cinema hall, a third committed theft, a fourth was late for work... In all these cases, the reaction of other people may follow: remarks, other manifestations of dissatisfaction on the part of others, appropriate actions of the administration, police, court. This reaction of others is due to the violation of relevant social norms, rules, traditions. The people who reacted to these situations reflect the attitudes of the public consciousness (or public opinion) that maintains order, protected by norms. That is why a reaction of condemnation of these actions followed on their part.
The expression of dissatisfaction, the announcement of a reprimand, the imposition of a fine, the punishment imposed by the court - all these are sanctions; along with social norms, they are the most important element of the mechanism of social control. Sanctions mean either approval and encouragement, or disapproval and punishment aimed at maintaining social norms. In other words, sanctions are either positive, aimed at encouraging, or negative, aimed at stopping undesirable behavior. In both cases, they are classified as formal if they are applied in accordance with certain rules (for example, awarding an order or punishment by a court sentence), or informal sanctions if they manifest themselves in an emotionally colored reaction of the immediate environment (friends, relatives, etc.). neighbors, colleagues).
Society (large and small groups, the state) evaluates the individual, but the individual also evaluates society, the state, and himself. Perceiving the assessments addressed to him by the people around him, groups, state institutions, a person accepts them not mechanically, but selectively, rethinks through his own experience, habits, previously learned social norms. And the attitude to the assessments of other people turns out to be purely individual for a person: it can be positive and sharply negative. Recall what was said at the beginning of the course: a person constantly evaluates himself, while self-esteem can change depending on the maturity of the individual and the social conditions in which he acts. A person correlates his actions with social patterns of behavior approved by him in the performance of those social roles with which he identifies himself.
Thus, along with the highest control on the part of society, group, state, other people, the most important is internal control , or self-control , which is based on norms, customs, role expectations, assimilated by the individual.
In the process of self-control, conscience plays an important role; feeling and knowing what is good and what is bad, what is fair and what is unfair; subjective awareness of the conformity or inconsistency of one's own behavior with moral standards. In a person who, in a state of excitement, by mistake or succumbing to the temptation of a bad deed, conscience causes a feeling of guilt, moral feelings, a desire to correct a mistake or atone for guilt.
The ability to exercise self-control is the most valuable quality of a person who independently regulates his behavior in accordance with generally accepted norms. Self-control is one of the most important conditions for self-realization of a person, his successful interaction with other people.
So, the most important elements of the mechanism of social control are social norms, public opinion, sanctions, individual consciousness, self-control. Interacting, they ensure the maintenance of socially acceptable patterns of behavior and the functioning of the social system as a whole.
Basic concepts: deviant behavior, social control.
Terms: crime.
1. One of the foreign works on the problem of deviant behavior says: “Deviations are a natural part of social life. And condemnation, regulation and prohibition, moral improvement do not reduce deviations, since more stringent norms of behavior arise. Specific deviations may disappear, while others appear ... The disappearance of major crimes will lead to increased attention to smaller ones. Do you agree with the stated point of view? Is it possible to rid society of deviations? Explain your answer.
2. Expand the meaning of the statement of the English historian G.T. Buckla (1821–1862): "Society prepares the crime, the criminal commits it." Do you share this point of view? Explain your position with an example taken from newspapers.
3. Do you agree with the statement of the French playwright J. Racine (1639–1699): “Large crimes are always preceded by small ones. No one has ever seen timid innocence suddenly turn into rampant debauchery”? Justify your answer.
During the period from 1989 to 1994, a significant increase in juvenile delinquency was observed in Russia. The number of crimes increased by 41.1%, and the number of adolescents who committed crimes increased by 35.5% (from 150,000 to 203,300). What are the reasons for this phenomenon? What is its social danger? What, in your opinion, should be done to reduce juvenile delinquency?
5. There was a discussion about the fight against crime.
One point of view: it is necessary to toughen punishments. Look at Singapore. They caught you with drugs - capital punishment, with illegal weapons, even if you did not use them - too. In some Muslim countries, according to the law, the hand is cut off for theft. And no one has been stealing there for a long time.
Another point of view: the cruelty of punishments will make crime more cruel. The main thing is the inevitability of punishment. If everyone knows that any crime will be solved, crime will drop dramatically.
What do you think about it?
6. On June 9, 2002, hooligan football "fans" after the failure of the Russian team in the match with the Japanese team staged a pogrom in the center of Moscow, where thousands of fans gathered around a huge screen. As a result, bystanders were beaten, many of whom had to be hospitalized. 8 cars were burned and 40 smashed, 36 shop windows, payphones, as well as plafonds and door glasses in the subway. In connection with these events, various reasons were given: some said that the instigators were "skinheads", members of gangster groups, others believed that natural riots were associated with the sale of alcoholic beverages, others believed that the pogrom provoked a video shown on the screen, in which a man smashes a car with an axe.
What do you think: what are the reasons for these events? What should be done to prevent such occurrences?
| Work with the source |
Read an excerpt from the work of the Russian sociologist R. V. Rybkina on crime in Russia.
The entire course of the reforms was accompanied not only by an increase in the number of crimes, but also by serious changes in the very structure of crime. In particular, the “weight” of organized crime has sharply increased. But most importantly, it has turned from a purely criminal force into a self-organizing social system, integrated into all power and economic structures and practically not controlled by law enforcement agencies, moreover, into a social institution of Russian society. This means that it gave rise to: 1) its own, specific for it organizations - "roofs"; 2) special norms of shadow behavior (such as "racket", "roll", "rollback", etc.); 3) special social roles for which the implementation of these norms is assigned, and 4) special social relationships between members of criminal communities that they enter into in the implementation of certain criminal operations, as well as special relationships between crime and power.
The main process that testifies to the institutionalization of criminal activity is its growing fusion with power. This process takes place at all levels - both at individual enterprises and firms in the regions of the country, and in the highest bodies of legislative (parliament) and executive (government) power. This allows us to speak about two new processes for Russia that arose in the era of economic liberalization: the first process is the shadowization of society, i.e., the increasing withdrawal of various social structures into the shadows ... and the second process is the criminalization of society, i.e. the increasing strengthening of the role of criminal elements in it, associated with certain political, legal, economic and other structures of society.
Ryvkina R. B. The drama of change. - M., 2001. - S. 37–38.
Questions and tasks to the source:
1) What new does the source give you compared to the training text? 2) What do the words “going into the shadows” mean in the text of the document? How do you understand the words in quotation marks: “roofs”, “racket”, “roll forward”, “rollback”? Why does the author use them in sociological research? 3) Why do you think the market reforms in Russia were accompanied by the criminalization of society? 4) What information in this source confirms the particular danger of organized crime for society and the state? 5) What measures do you consider as a priority for combating organized crime?
Social interests and forms of social interaction
Social interest and social interaction is the subject of a comprehensive study of various social sciences and the humanities. So, sociology explores the essential characteristics of social interaction as a generic concept of social science, studies its varieties and principles of regulation, analyzes the means of exchange, general types and forms of interactions. Social Psychology considers social interaction as an interactive side of communication, focusing on the psychological content, structure and mechanisms of this process.
SOCIAL INTERESTS
As you already know, interest is one of the forms of personality orientation. A person is interested in what can satisfy his needs. Social interests are one of the important driving forces of the activity of any social subject (individual, group, any social community, society as a whole). They are inextricably linked with the need of this community. Recall that, unlike needs, aimed primarily at satisfying a certain set of material and spiritual goods, human interests, as a rule, are aimed at those social conditions that allow satisfying the corresponding need. These include: social institutions, institutions, norms of relationships in society, on which the distribution of objects, values and benefits (power, votes, territory, privileges, etc.) depends.
The social nature of interests is due to the fact that they always contain an element of comparison of a person with a person, one social group with another. Thus, we can talk about social interests, i.e. interests of people who make up any social community (stratum, ethnic group), one or another team, association (political party, professional association, etc.). A set of specific social interests, along with a set of certain rights and obligations, is an indispensable attribute of each social status. First of all, these social interests are aimed at preserving or transforming those institutions, orders, social norms on which the distribution of benefits necessary for a given social group depends. Therefore, the difference in interests, as well as the difference in the level of income, working and leisure conditions, the level of prestige and the opening prospects for advancement in the social space, refers to manifestations of social differentiation.
Social interest underlies all forms of competition, struggle and cooperation between people. Habitual, well-established interests recognized by public opinion are not subject to discussion, thus acquiring the status of legitimate interests. For example, in multinational states, representatives of various ethnic groups are interested in preserving their language and their culture. Therefore, schools and classes are being created in which the study of the national language and literature is conducted, and cultural-national societies are being opened. Any attempt to infringe on such interests is perceived as an attack on the vital foundations of the relevant social groups, communities, and states. Historical experience shows that, as a rule, none of the social groups sacrifice their interests voluntarily, on the basis of moral and ethical considerations or calls for humanism, to take into account the interests of the other side, other groups or communities. On the contrary, each of the groups seeks to expand its interests, to consolidate the success achieved and its development, as a rule, at the expense of the interests of other groups and communities. (Illustrate this with examples.)
The modern world is a complex system of interaction of real social interests. The interdependence of all peoples and states has increased. The interests of preserving life on Earth, culture and civilization come to the fore.
