Islam is not only a religion, it is a way of life. Islam prescribes not only faith, but also establishes the rules of human behavior in the family and society. Respect for these many rules is imperative, no matter the circumstances. Here are some moral standards that ensure the well-being of both the individual and society:

• Politeness
• Expulsion from the heart of vices (malice, hatred, etc.)
• and self respect
• The desire for self-education, continuous improvement of knowledge.
• Generosity and prudent spending of own funds

Muslims should be patient with a sinful person, hoping that he will improve. Do not slander about him and do not condemn. Also, a Muslim should beware of idle talk and not curse.

Family moral standards include honoring parents, caring for children and the elderly, religious education of children, caring for orphans.

Kindness to neighbor as the basis of morality in Islam

According to the Qur'an, the main duty of all Muslims is to care for their neighbor. Spending one's means on the poor is preferable to hoarding. The Quran says that giving alms preferably anonymously, which indicates that sincere morality is more valuable than ostentatious.

Islam rejects all signs of inequality based on territorial differences, race or language. Only the superiority of people over each other in terms of their degree, which anyone can achieve, is recognized.

All human actions can be conditionally divided into good and bad. Bad deeds, in turn, should also be divided into those for which punishment is provided during life and after death, and those for which punishment is provided only after death. You should beware of both. Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him!) said that the beginning of wisdom is God-fearing. The one who believes in Allah and the Day of Judgment will beware of everything sinful and follow the injunctions of the Qur'an.

That's just some excerpts from the Quran who teach us morality:

• “Your Lord has ordered you not to worship anyone but Him, to show a good attitude towards your parents. When you reach old age, do not speak angrily to them, address them with respect.
• “And give what is prescribed (as alms) to a relative, a poor man and a traveler”
• "And beware of adultery, for it is an abomination, an abominable way"

Morality of a Muslim

Sheikh Muhammad Al-Ghazali

FOREWORD TO THE RUSSIAN EDITION

Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the worlds, who created man, taught kalam, bestowed an ideal ethical system, sent the prophet Muhammad ibn Abdullah to "improve the nobility of morality." Glory to Him for all His blessings and, first of all, for the good of morality. How great this gift is can be understood from the following hadith of the Seal of the Prophets: “Verily, what people learned from early prophecies: if there is no modesty in you ( haya), then do whatever you want. This hadeeth contributes to our understanding of the importance of morality in the lives of the sons of Adam. A person deprived of modesty can break all boundaries; anything can be expected from him. Modesty is one of the most important moral traits of a person; it is so important that it is inherent even in some animals, although their behavior is determined by instincts.

The relevance of the work of Muhammad al-Ghazali follows from the relevance of the problem itself, the study of which he is dedicated to. Today, many unique and grandiose achievements of mankind are perishing in the world for a simple reason - the decline of morality. If a person is immoral, then as a partner he can afford anything in relation to his partner, a ruler in relation to his subjects, a husband in relation to his wife, children in relation to parents, entrepreneurs in relation to workers and consumers. When a person is missing haya, he allows himself everything. Thanks to the decline of morality, in some corner of the world, an honest, conscientious, hard-working person can earn less than $1 a day, while an unscrupulous, depraved person can earn tens of dollars a second. If we carefully analyze this situation, it becomes quite obvious that such fluctuations in living standards become possible due to the fact that immoral, immodest people live according to the principle “after
us even a flood,” and do as they please.

The highlights of this book include the following. First of all, this is a fundamental study by one of the largest modern Muslim scientists, who has a huge experience in communicating with a wide variety of people. Sheikh Muhammad Al-Ghazali is known as a teacher, statesman and public and political figure, writer, preacher who lived and worked in different countries. Secondly, this is that the book is based solely on the main sources of Islam - the Koran and the Sunnah and therefore does not allow for subjective interpretations. It is written in classical literary Arabic with a pronounced author's style.

Editorial comments and notes made during the preparation of the book are reserved in all cases.

As usual, our editors took all possible measures and made every effort to ensure that the book turned out to be worthy in all respects. In this regard, I would like to thank all the staff of our editorial office for their painstaking work, efforts and diligence during the preparation of the book “Muslim Morality”. May Allah reward them all and make this book another worthy contribution to the cause of true Islamic enlightenment.

The prehistory of the Russian edition of this book is as follows. In 1993 it was translated from English and published in Baku a few years later. But since the English edition is incomplete (it includes only seventeen chapters), it was decided to make a new, complete translation. However, in the process of work it turned out that the author of the English translation took too many liberties and subjective interpretations of the original text. Therefore, we abandoned this translation and decided to translate the entire text from the original language. So, dear readers, the book that you are holding in your hands is a complete author's text, consisting of 26 chapters. The translation was made from the Arabic language, and in it the translator tried to preserve the author's stylistic features as much as possible.

Alhamdulillah that our publishing house is publishing the book of Sheikh Muhammad Al-Ghazali "Muslim Morality". We hope and pray that it will be helpful.
everyone, Muslims and non-Muslims alike.

FOREWORD

This book will deal with the most important issues contained in the Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (1) in terms of improving the morality of a Muslim, guiding him along the path of goodness, which strengthen his faith, correct his current life and at the same time prepare for the Life to Come.

I have included brief explanations throughout the text of the book. They will contribute to the eradication of immorality and corruption, which in modern times have penetrated into the Muslim environment due to ailments and complexes that have eroded their morality. We considered that in order to achieve our goal, it is enough to limit ourselves to only some of the verses of the Koran and hadiths of the Prophet that we have chosen and to refrain from other evidence - from the statements of imams, the wisdom of Islamic scholars or simply the advice of wise and well-mannered people, although our ancient culture contains a great heritage on this account, since we insisted here on the need to return only to sharia based on the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad. At the same time, we focused on its educational side, which is the Lord's Instruction, which every Muslim must adhere to. For it is obvious that when a Muslim rejects him, he does not consider the rights that Allah has over him (2).

There is a difference between the requirement to adhere to any moral standards in general and the obligation to perform them as acts of worship ( ‘ibadat), similar to other acts of worship that are obligatory in this religion.

We have studied the general culture in its various stages, the philosophy of manners, the methods and criteria used
philosophers to improve human behavior. We liked what they contained - both the depth of thought, and diligence in the search for the Truth, and striving for high morality. Without neglecting all these efforts and good deeds done for the benefit of people, we have made every effort to pay tribute to them. But we want to draw attention (of all those who write about it) to those methods of successful education and examples of amazing morals with which the owner of the last Message (3) came to people, who brought peace and showed people the Direct Path from darkness to light. They will see in Islam treasuries filled with treasures far superior to those received by mankind from ancient Greek and Roman philosophy.

A Muslim scholar was once asked: have you read Aristotle's treatise On the Soul? And he replied: no, but I read the “treatise on the education of the soul”, which Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullah (Prophet Muhammad) brought to us (4).

We read Aristotle's treatise "On the Soul" and similar works of other philosophers, we studied that "treatise" on the soul, the author of which is Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullah. But in the latter we found everything that our distant ancestors dreamed of, who with great difficulty created all sorts of more or less perfect pictures of life for this. We saw that all this was transformed into a living truth and it embodied perfection, the way of life of one person - Muhammad, as well as the way of life, high morality and culture of his ummah, and the rituals of the great religion. All this makes up that living "treatise on the soul" that Muhammad ibn Abdullah gave us.

Praise be to Allah that our righteous and happy fate has allowed us to study some of the features of this morality and discover them in new forms.

This book is the second step after our first book, Persuasion ( ‘aqida) of a Muslim. We began this book with an introduction to morality in Islam. We have considered Islamic morality in its connection with various teachings and acts of worship, as well as in connection with the nature of the soul and various traces of influence on it from the surrounding social environment. We then set out what Islam has ordained among virtues and virtues, without arranging them in order or favoring one virtue over another. In this book, we also cited the names of the original
kov, - in contrast to previous books, where we did not draw the reader's attention to this issue. In this we were helped by examples and evidence taken from those hadiths of the Messenger of Allah, sanad which goes back to himself, and which are recognized by scientists as self-reliant ( are the lulls) and other authentic ( sahih whether gairikhi), self-acceptable ( hasan li calm down) or otherwise acceptable ( hassan li gairikhi) based on the criteria set by scholars of hadith terminology. We adhered to this approach regardless of whether specific sources of hadith were indicated or not. We present here examples from the Sunnah of the Prophet as they were presented in the books “Facilitating the Achievement of the Goal” ( “Taysir al-wusul”), “Motivation (to good) and warning (from evil)” ( “At-tarhib wa at-targhib”). If we had several sources at our disposal, we also considered it sufficient to indicate only one of them.

In conclusion, we would like to say that the preparation of this book was not difficult, since we used the good previous work of our scientists. We have only presented them in a simplified form, more convenient for the perception of readers. But the greatest work remains, for which both the author and the reader are collectively responsible. This work is love for goodness and following its Straight Path.

Muhammad Al-Ghazali

1- Words " may Allah bless and greet him» in Arabic. This phrase is used in Islam after mentioning the name of the Prophet Muhammad, as well as in all cases when it comes to him as the Prophet and Messenger of Allah, even without mentioning his name. In various sources, the phrases “Prophet of Islam”, “Messenger of Allah”, “Prophet” and others are used, after which, expressing their deepest respect and obeying the command of Allah, Muslims pronounce the words “ Salla-Llahu ‘alaihi wa sallam- "May Allah bless and greet him." This tradition continues in this book. The basis for this is the commandment of Allah: “Verily, Allah and his angels bless the Prophet! O you who believe! Call on him the blessings of Allah and greet him with a sincere, worthy greeting ”( Sura 33, verse 56 ). – Ansar Foundation editorial note; further in the text of the footnotes, abbreviated - Note. ed.

2- Right in this context does not mean the freedom granted to someone, since God is all-inclusive, does not need anyone or anything. The Almighty said: And know that Allah is Self-sufficient, Glorious” (Sura 2, verse 267 ) and " O people, you need Allah, and Allah is Self-Sufficient, Glorious” (Sura 35, verse 15 ). By right here is meant the unconditional requirements of God in relation to man. - Note. translation.

3- Prophet Muhammad. - Note. ed.

4- This refers not to any specific work, but the entire life path and the example of the Prophet Muhammad.

PILLARS OF ISLAM AND MORAL VALUES

Making an appeal to all mankind, the Prophet Muhammad clearly formulated the main goal and indicated a clear method for carrying out his mission in this world: “ I am sent only to perfect the nobility of morality” (Malik).

Neither the Message, which left an indelible mark on history, nor its Possessor, who worked tirelessly and hard, spreading its rays and gathering people around him, pursued a goal other than preserving their virtue and illuminating the ideal world for them, so that they aspire to this consciously.

Acts of worship established in Islam ( ‘ibadat), which are among its pillars, are not unconscious rites. They do not belong to those that connect a person with incomprehensible mysteries or oblige him to perform strange movements that are devoid of any meaning. In no case. On the contrary, the obligations that Islam imposes on everyone who classifies himself as a member of it are actions that a person constantly repeats in order to develop the habit of living with correct morals. And also to ensure that a person always firmly adheres to them, regardless of changes in living conditions. They are somewhat similar to sports exercises, to which a person rushes with love and, performing them regularly, strives for bodily health and a healthy life. Noble Quran and pure sunnah clearly reveal these truths to us.

For example, the obligatory five times daily prayer ( salat), prescribed by Allah, keeps a person from unworthy actions and deeds. Allah makes clear to us the wisdom of this command: ... And stand up a prayer; for prayer keeps from abomination and disapproval ”.(Sura 29, verse 45). Therefore, abstaining from bad deeds, including cleansing from evil speeches and disapproved deeds, is the essence of salat.

The hadith qudsi of the Prophet has come down to us, transmitted from the words of the Lord: “ After all, I accept the prayer only of the one who shows in it his humility before My greatness, who did not exalt himself over My creatures, who did not persist in sin in opposition to me, who spent the whole day with the thought of Me, who showed mercy to the poor, wanderers and widows who showed mercy to the victim”.

Mandatory donation ( zakat) is not an ordinary tax levied out of people's pockets. Its purpose is above all to sow the seeds of sympathy and charity, and to strengthen the bonds of friendship and camaraderie among the various sectors of society.
Here is what the Qur'an says about the purpose of paying zakat: Take alms from their property, with which you will purify and raise them. ". (Sura 9, verse 103). Purification of the human soul (one's ego) from dirt and shortcomings, the exaltation of society - this is the main wisdom zakat. For the same purpose, the Prophet expanded the meaning of such a concept as sadaqah, which is obligatory on every Muslim. The Prophet said: A smile on your brother's face is sadaqah. Commanding you to do good deeds and forbidding you (to do) what is blamed is sadaqah. Showing you the right path to a person in a deserted area is a sadaqah for you. To remove from the way that which causes harm, thorns or bones, is a sadaqah for you; pouring (the water you collected) from your bucket into your brother's bucket is sadaqah; and your sight, used (by you) for the benefit of a person with poor eyesight, is a sadaqah for you” (Al-Bukhari).
These teachings, which arose in a desert environment that existed for centuries in internal strife and recklessness, point to the goals destined by Islam, which led the Arabs to them, who had previously been in gloomy ignorance.

Islam also makes it obligatory to fast ( saum). However, he does not consider it only as a temporary abstinence from food. He regards it as a step towards the constant abstinence of the soul from forbidden passions and reprehensible impulses. The Prophet said: Whoever does not leave false evidence and its use, Allah will not need him to leave food and drink.”(Al-Bukhari).
He also said: “ Syyam ( 5) not from food and drink, but only from idle talk and foul language, and if someone cursed you or was ignorant with you, then say: “Verily, I am a fasting one”” (Ibn Khuzayma).
Here is what the Quran says about the purpose of fasting: “O you who believe! Fasting is prescribed for you, just as it is prescribed for those who were before you - perhaps you will be God-fearing!” (Sura 2, verse 183)

The best example of how to show delicacy is the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), as well as his companions, tabiins, etc. - the best representatives of this ummah. It is said that once Hasan and Hussein (may Allah be pleased with them), the grandchildren of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), saw a man who did not perform ablution very carefully. Because of their good manners, they could not say to him: "You are doing ablution badly, you are doing ablution wrong." They decided to make it very beautiful. The grandchildren of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) approached this man, and he was aged, and said to him: here we are arguing which of us performs ablution better. Hasan (may Allah be pleased with him) said: “I say that I perform ablution as the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) performed, and he says that he performs as the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) performed. We want you to watch how we perform ablution and tell which of us performs it better. And Hasan (may Allah be pleased with him) performed ablution - he did it beautifully, as he saw how the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) did it himself; then Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) proceeded to ablution and made him no worse than his brother. When they finished their ablution, they asked, “Now tell me, which of us performed ablution better?” This old man was very surprised and said: “By Allah, I don’t know how to perform ablution like you.” Thus, this person realized that he did not perform ablution the way it should be done, and corrected himself.

In the time of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), the Arabs were a dense, wild people. Once, when the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) was sitting in the mosque with his companions, some Bedouin ran into the mosque, went to the corner of the mosque and began to urinate. The indignant askhabs of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) stood up to stop this man, punish him, but the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) forbade this and said: let him finish. When this man finished, he was brought to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), and the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) explained to him what a mosque is and that it is not appropriate to do this here. And he explained it all so beautifully that this man, being struck by the behavior of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and his words, converted to Islam.

When the azan was not prescribed yet, Umar ibn Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) and another associate Zayd ibn Thabit (may Allah be pleased with him) saw the azan in a dream, heard how it sounds. They came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and told him the dream. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said to them: "Truly, this is a true dream." And he said to Zayd ibn Thabit: "Bilal has a more drawn-out voice, tell Bilal to read the azan." The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said this because he did not want to offend him. After all, it may be that Zayd ibn Thabit himself wanted to call for prayer. And the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), saying that this dream is true, noticed that Bilyal’s voice was longer and louder, so “instruct him to read the azan.”

The best representatives of our ummah, imams, mujtahids, such as Imam Abu Hanifa, also very skillfully knew how to choose the time, place and the right opportunity to pronounce the most necessary word in order to radically change a person. Right next door to Abu Hanifa lived a young man who used alcohol; he often drank all night, sang songs and made noise, even when Abu Hanifa got up for morning prayers. His behavior made the imam uncomfortable, irritated, but nevertheless Abu Hanifa was waiting for the right moment, the right opportunity to strike a “blow” in the good sense of the word. Once Abu Hanifa got up for morning prayer and did not hear any sounds from his neighbor - there was no drunken singing. Abu Hanifa began to wonder what was the matter with this man, and he was told that he had been detained. You know that during the time of the Caliphate, drunkenness was punished. Abu Hanifa immediately hurried to the place where he was detained, found those people and asked him to be released. And it should be noted that when this young man got drunk and sang, then, as if lamenting and grieving, he said: They gave such a guy an abyss, they ruined me!“It often happens: when you see a drunk person, he blames anyone for his condition, but not himself. And so Abu Hanifa followed this man, asked him to release him, took him out of there, put him on his animal behind him; and while they were getting home, Abu Hanifa did not utter a single word. Only when they reached the house, Abu Hanifa said to him: “And now we have given you an abyss, and now we have destroyed you?” And this young man, being ashamed by these words, seeing all the care of Abu Hanifa, the care of his neighbor, realizing how much he cares about him and does not want to let him go to waste, lowered his head and said: “Wallahi, I will never drink alcohol again, I I will never return to this sin again. It was this word, this moment that Abu Hanifa had been waiting for.

It's no secret that many of us have relatives who "use". Moreover, it often happens that in their souls they are very noble people, very kind, they have excellent character traits that almost do not show themselves and seem to be waiting for their moment. Therefore, we need to arm ourselves with this principle, find the right moment, the right occasion, and say very warm, not harsh words - the right words, and that will be enough. You can speak for an hour at an inopportune moment, and it will not be useful, but you can say two or three words at one moment, and that will be enough.

One day, one of the Meccans-mushriks came to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). It was a time when the number of companions increased, and the polytheists did not know how to stop the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him); they used different methods of humiliation, mocked and mocked, but at one moment they decided to act in a different way: to try to offer something to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) so that he would refuse the call to the Almighty. And the Meccan Abulwalid, a respected person among the Meccans, went to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and said: “ O Muhammad, I want to offer you something. Will you listen to me? The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: Okay, Abulwalid, I'm listening to you.". And then Abulwalid began to offer him: “ If you pursue the goal of gaining wealth with your call, we will give you wealth - we will collect your property and you will be the richest; if you want power, we will give you power - we will put you as a leader among us, and without you not a single decision will be made, you will rule us; if you are sick, if you have some visions and you suffer from it, we will find the best doctor for you who will cure you". The Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him), hearing these humiliating words, did not interrupt him, did not say: “ What are you saying?! What are you talking about?! What are you carrying?! What's the conversation?!» He listened attentively to Abulwalid, and then also asked if he had said everything. Then the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) addressed him: Now listen to me what I say”, - and began to read the surah “al-Fussila”. The content of this sura plunged Abulwalid into fear: unable to bear this reading, he put his hand to the mouth of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and asked him to stop - so these words frightened him and struck him with their singularity. Abulwalid was an Arab, he knew very well that such syllables were never used among the Arabs, it was something unprecedented.

This story once again demonstrates how the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) was able to conduct dialogues. He listened to the visitor, did not interrupt him, and even when he offered him something humiliating, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) listened to him and even asked if he had anything to add, and only then began to speak.

There is another story that happened to our Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). When the wife of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) Khadija (may Allah be pleased with her), Uncle Abutalib, died, when he lost his very close people and support in their person, when the persecution of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) intensified, he hoping that his call would be heard and accepted by other people, he went to Taif. However, in Taif, he received an even greater rebuff: the locals ordered the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) to be thrown with stones, and the freedman Zayd protected him with his body and himself received a cut on his head from a stone, the Prophet’s feet (peace and blessings be upon him) were bloody. And in such an oppressed state, feeling sadness and resentment, they hid behind one wall and took refuge in the shade of one vineyard. This vineyard, in the shade of which they sat down, belonged to two Arabs. These Arabs had a Christian servant. The owners of the vineyard, seeing the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and his companion, took pity on them and sent a servant, whose name was Addas, to take a bunch of grapes to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). Addas took the grapes, took them to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him), put them in front of him and made it clear that he should taste these grapes. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), taking a bunch, said: “Bismillahi rrahmani rahim,” and brought it to his mouth. Addas, being a religious believer, was surprised and said: "The Arabs do not say such things." He had long lived among the Arabs and knew what they said and what they did not say. And he said: "I have not heard the Arabs say that." The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) asked him: What is your name?"He replied:" Addas». « Where are you from?"The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) asked a new question" From Ninava' said the servant. And this was the area where the Prophet Yunus (peace be upon him) lived. And the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) says to him: You are from the city of the righteous, from the city of the Prophet Yunus ibn Mata (peace be upon him) ". Addas was surprised and asked: How do you know? Who told you that he was a prophet?"The Messenger of the Almighty (peace and blessings be upon him) replied:" Addas. Yunus ibn Mata is my brother. He was a prophet and I am a prophet ". Addas rushed to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and began to kiss his head, hands and even feet.

Notice how the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) structured his speech. The first thing he started with was the name of Allah. He said "Bismila". In all his affairs, and especially in matters of invocation to Allah Almighty, a person needs to start with the name of Allah, for this is success. Further, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) asked the most important thing: “What is your name?” But it was possible not to ask about the name, because it seems to be of what importance, but the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) knew that this was a very powerful instrument of influence. Address any person by name and you will notice how it changes their attitude.

Having asked a person for a name, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) immediately used this name in a conversation. After all, he asked about it for a reason. "Where are you from?" he asked further. And when Addas replied that he was from Ninav, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: “You are from the city of the Prophet Yunus (peace be upon him)”, and he also called the name of his father: “Yunus ibn Matta”. And when the servant asked how he knew that Yunus (peace be upon him) was a prophet, the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) did not say: “I am a prophet and he is a prophet”, but used warmer words: “He is my brother, and he was a prophet, and I am a prophet."

The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) in communication with people, if three people were sitting, forbade two to have some kind of dialogue, and the third listened to them, forbade the third person not to have any attention from those two, because it is ugly ; if more than three people have gathered, then it is already possible for two to conduct a separate dialogue.

Another very important rule is that people, sitting in three, should certainly speak the language that they all understand. There was such a case. Two Muslims, speaking to each other in Arabic, when an Englishwoman entered, switched to English. It happened once, twice, and repeated every time she entered. This amazed her and she asked, "Why do you speak the language I understand when I come in?" They replied: “Islam forbids us not to treat people with respect. This is etiquette. This woman was amazed at what their Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) taught them, and after a while she converted to Islam. She said, "Your Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) was a very civilized man, if that's the case."

Still, speaking about the language, about the purity of the language, about the ability to communicate, I would like to give one more case, which will serve as an example for us, so that we purify our tongues, change our speech, begin to speak pleasantly, so that our words are pleasant to hear. In order for everything to start changing for the better, you need to start with the simplest and most important things. One of the Tabi'ins was walking down the street with his son. Apparently, some dog stopped near them, because the son of this tabi'in said: "Come in, dog, son of a dog." Tabi'in scolded his son and told him not to say such words. "Why? the son asks. “This is a dog and the son of a dog, isn’t it?” Tabiin said: “You did not say this after the fact, not in order to note this fact; you said it to humiliate, to humiliate this animal.”

Therefore, let's start with the purity of our languages, our speech - let's purify it.

MuhammadNurmagomedov

MUSLIM MORALITY - AHLYAK

• akhlyak);
• The place of morality in Islam;
• The role of faith and worship in the moral perfection of man;
• Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, is an example of high morality;
• Muslim morality and work;
• Can a person's character change?
• Morality of Imam Abu Hanifa.

Definition of Muslim Morality ( akhlyak)

Ahlyak- These are the habits of a person that are manifested in his actions and relationships with others. There are two types of habits: good and bad.

In order to gain the pleasure of the Almighty, it is necessary to get rid of bad habits and gradually accustom oneself to the moral values ​​of Islam, doing good, righteous deeds.

THE PLACE OF MORALITY IN ISLAM

One of the aims of Islam is to educate highly moral people.

Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said:

« I have been sent down to you to perfect your morals.” .

« The one who is most beloved by me and closest to me on the Day of Judgment is the one who has high morality. .

One day a man asked the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, about which slaves are loved by Allah, to which he replied: “ Those who have high morals. The man asked again: “O Messenger of Allah! And which believer is the smartest?” The Prophet replied: The smartest is the one who thinks a lot about death and prepares for it. .

How to perform rites of worship ‘ ibada), and the observance of moral principles is the command of Allah Almighty.

The role of faith and WORSHIP in the moral perfection of a person

A Muslim knows that all his deeds are known to Allah and that there are angels who record them. He also believes that on the Day of Judgment his deeds will appear before him, for the good he will be rewarded, and for the bad he will be punished if Allah does not forgive him.

The Holy Quran says:

فَمَنْ يَعْمَلْ مِثْقَالَ ذَرَّةٍ خَيْراً يَرَهُ وَمَنْ يَعْمَلْ مِثْقَالَ ذَرَّةٍ شَرّاً يرَهُ

“Whoever does the weight of a speck of good will certainly see it. And whoever commits the weight of a speck of evil, he [also] will see it [on the Day of Judgment, that is, nothing will go unnoticed]."

Knowing this, a Muslim tries not to commit sinful acts and encourages himself to do good. The one who does not feel responsibility to the Creator is more likely to commit various kinds of unseemly and sinful deeds.

Worship ( ‘ andbada) strengthens faith: five times prayer teaches you to constantly remember the Great Creator of the universe - Allah, fasting increases mercy in the souls, protects from the forbidden ( haram), and the tongue - from lies, the obligatory alms-zakat saves from stinginess and strengthens the feeling of mutual assistance. Thus, all these rites of worship contribute to the education of high moral principles in a person.

Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, an example of high morality

Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, had the most beautiful disposition and the best human qualities. When Aisha, may Allah be pleased with her, was asked about the morality of the Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, she replied: “ His temper is the Qur'an." .

The Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, contained an example of the most beautiful moral qualities, the acquisition of which Allah Almighty calls for. The Holy Quran says:

لَقَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ فِي رَسُولِ اللهِ أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ لِّمَن كَانَ يَرْجُو اللهَ وَالْيَوْمَ الْآخِرَ وَذَكَرَ اللهَ كَثِيراً

“Indeed, in the Messenger of Allah is a good example for you , for those who aspire to God remembers doomsday and remembers the Lord often" .

Therefore, the life of the Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, is the best example for every Muslim.

Muslim Morality and Labor

Islam requires its followers to work in order to earn their own living. However, it is necessary to pay special attention to the fact that earnings are acquired only in permitted ways ( halal), categorically refraining from any form of forbidden ( haram).

The Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, rejoiced with the good news of those who honestly worked:

« Those who tradedhonestly, on Judgment Day they will be together withprophets" .

“Wealth does not harm those who fear Allah” .

"Take what is allowed and leave what is forbidden" .

“Give what you earn to the worker before his sweat dries” .

“Whoever borrows with the intention of repaying it in time, Allah Almighty will help” .

The Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah, repeated three times: “Allah will not speak to three on the Day of Judgment and will not look at them, and will not justify them, and for them there will be a painful punishment”. At this Abu Dharr exclaimed: “Cursed be their names! May they not achieve their aspirations! Who are they, O Messenger of Allah? The Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, replied: “Those who pride does not allow to lift the hems of the garment, those who reproach another for helping him, those who, with false oaths, ensure the sale of goods” .

“The permitted is explained and the forbidden is explained. However, there is something dubious between them that most people cannot discern. Whoever gets rid of the doubtful will save his honor and his faith. And whoever enters into doubt will enter into the forbidden, just as a shepherd leads his flock into an untested area where the flock may be in danger. .

Truthfulness is one of the most important principles of Muslim morality. A Muslim should avoid any form of lying and deceit, envy and oppression of others.

Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “A false oath can speed up the sale of a product, but it deprives trade of a blessing” .

The manufacturer must produce goods of high quality and without deception. The duties of the employee and subordinate are to perform the work entrusted to them fully, without flaws. If an employee does his job carelessly, motivating that no one sees him, then he thereby moves away from the truth and appropriates earnings illegally. Such an attitude is strictly forbidden in Islam.

CAN IT CHANGEPERSON'S CHARACTER?

A child is born into this world pure and sinless. If his parents give him a good upbringing, he will grow up to be a highly moral person. In the absence of such an upbringing, it is difficult to expect morality and kindness from a person.

In an effort to get rid of the disease, we treat our body with various medicines. We also cleanse our soul from evil traits, improving and ennobling it.

Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, said: Improve your temper." These words of the Prophet prove the possibility of changing the properties of a person's personality.

Communication with immoral people over time leads to the fact that a person adopts their vices and shortcomings.

The Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said: “Friendship with a righteous man or a sinner is comparable to friendship with a musk merchant or a blacksmith. From the first you can buy musk or feel its aroma. At the second, you can burn your clothes with sparks or smell his unpleasant odor. ”

§ 1. The moral character of a Muslim

The place of morality in Islam. Man is connected with the surrounding world by thousands of threads, he is a part of this world and is inside it. To become a personality, a person needs to master all the richness of the sociocultural, historical heritage: humanity, from an individual to become an individuality. Each of us carries out the ascent to the highest levels of being, however, each chooses his own system of values ​​in relations with the world around him. Each person has his own measures of comprehending goodness, truth, beauty. But throughout the history of the development of human culture, original accumulators were created, the keepers of cultural achievements, which served the accumulation, preservation and development of social values, as well as their transfer to successive centuries and generations.

Religion, morality, art, science, that is, the spiritual culture of society, acted as such guardians. If it were not for her, the connection between times and generations would be interrupted, each century would independently search for truth, goodness and beauty. An important component of the spiritual culture of society is morality. It determines the behavior of a person in relation to himself, people, society, parents, friends, school, animals, nature, etc. Morality is an important factor in the life of a nation, society and a person. Good morals are necessary in order to move society along the path of progress. The decline of morality entails the decline and disappearance of the nation.

In the modern era, science has advanced far ahead, and morals are gradually declining. A person forgets about his world-creating role on earth, money and power become the main values ​​and life priorities. Along with progressive technologies, a person creates weapons that can destroy humanity and all life on earth. Under such conditions, it is possible to resist the growing civilizational crisis only through the development of the spiritual world of man.

Muslims see one of the most important purposes of religion in maintaining and strengthening the moral foundations of society. High morality has always been a characteristic feature of Islam. One of the hadiths of the Prophet says: "I was sent to perfect morals." The foundations of morality and spirituality laid down by him remain unshakable to this day, because they are based on true faith in God, philanthropy and humanity, mercy and justice. Muslim morality is not just built on the Qur'anic commandments and instructions - it meets the requirements of the mind, the heart and does not in the least contradict human nature.

Virtue and decency are considered in Islam as one of the most worthy qualities. It is believed that a person with an excellent disposition reaches the level of those who diligently pray at night and fast during the day. One day, the Companions asked the Prophet Muhammad: “What helps people to go to Paradise the most?” He replied: "God-fearing and good-natured." Another hadith says: “There is nothing that on the Day of Resurrection will be on the Devils of a believer more weighty than good manners. Verily, Allah hates the rude and shameless people."

Moral norms in Islam are understood as the rules of worthy human behavior, without which it is impossible to achieve spiritual harmony and spiritual perfection. The moral image of a Muslim is not limited to his inner world - his spiritual purity and piety are reflected in his appearance. According to Islam, a person's morality depends not only on the upbringing he received, but is also determined by his innate qualities.

Islam not only linked morality and morality in the most intimate way with religious beliefs and actions, but made morality an important requirement of faith and its criterion. The Prophet said: "The one who has the highest morals has the most perfect faith, and the best of you is the one who treats his wife better than others."

Mercy and generosity. Condescension and mercy are amazing qualities that adorn a person, emphasize his greatness and nobility, save him from hatred and spiritual slavery. The ability to do good to people for free and forgive their mistakes requires a person to have high spirituality, strong will and firm conviction. Such a source of inner strength and love for Muslims is faith in Allah and hope for His reward.

Islam calls for compassion for the poor and helping the needy, protecting the weak and upholding justice. Muslims believe that wealth will not be impoverished by generous donations, and therefore they often give alms, donate part of their wealth to charitable purposes, spare no effort or time for good deeds. One of the hadiths says: "The believer is sincere and generous, and the sinner is deceitful and stingy."

A true Muslim is not limited to showing mercy towards his wife, children, relatives and friends. He is kind and forgiving to all people and shows concern for animals and the rest of God's creations. The glorious companion of Abu Musa al-Ash'ari recalled that once the Prophet Muhammad said: "You will not believe until you become merciful." People remarked: "Messenger of Allah, each of us is not without mercy." He replied: “Indeed, this is not the mercy that each of you shows towards his comrade, but mercy towards people in general, mercy towards everyone!”

A believer who loves Allah and lives according to the provisions of the Koran does not expect gratitude or reward from people. He does good unselfishly, out of love for the Creator and His creations. If someone offends him, then he does not seek revenge, but restrains his anger and generously forgives his offender. Moreover, he continues to do good to him and does not refuse him help when he needs it, letting him know that true strength and greatness lies in obedience to Almighty Allah and the ability to control oneself. By showing generosity and patience, a Muslim wins the respect of those who are able to appreciate high moral qualities, and encourages those who have a different view of the world to think about. The Prophet Muhammad said: “If a person is treated unfairly, and he forgives the offender for the sake of Allah, then He will certainly grant him power, and he will prevail.”

Hiding in our souls hatred and anger towards our ill-wishers, we allow them to control our health and happiness, our thoughts and actions. Our hatred does not harm them in the slightest, but fills our own lives with worries and negative emotions. Therefore, a Muslim remembers that one can find harmony of soul and mind only by purifying one's heart from hatred and filling it with love, mercy and forgiveness. By doing so, he maintains his dignity and is rewarded with the generous reward of Allah. The Prophet is reported to have said, "Be merciful to those on earth, and He Who is in heaven will have mercy on you." Another well-known hadith says: "Allah will not be merciful to one who has not been merciful to people."

Truthfulness and honesty. The need to tell the truth under any circumstances, even if it may harm your own interests, is one of the first truths that a Muslim learns by studying the religion of Allah. The true believer firmly knows that the reward for truthfulness is the mercy and support of Allah, and if, because of the truth spoken out loud, he has to go through a test, then in the end he will still be on top.

The Prophet Muhammad said: “Be truthful, for truthfulness leads to piety, and piety leads to Paradise. If a person constantly speaks the truth and adheres to it, then it will be recorded with Allah that he is the truthful. By telling the truth, a person wins the love and respect of others, people begin to trust him and want to see him among their loved ones. It is easy for a truthful person to look into the eyes of his relatives and friends, fellow students and colleagues at work. Peace reigns in his soul, his words are firm and convincing, and his actions are confident and decisive. It is not for nothing that one of the hadiths says: “Piety is a wonderful disposition, and transgression is something that stirs in your soul, and you don’t want people to know about it.”

A conscious Muslim avoids lies in all words and deeds, from small to great, and strives to ensure that truthfulness becomes an integral quality of his soul. He tells the truth even when he wants to joke, and refrains from retelling false stories and anecdotes, guided by the words of the Prophet Muhammad: “Whoever leaves the dispute, even being right, will receive an abode in the lower reaches of Paradise. The one who does not lie, even in jest, will receive a monastery in its middle part. And the one who has an excellent disposition will receive an abode in the heavenly heights. Another hadeeth says: “Woe to the one who tells false stories to make people laugh! Woe to him, woe to him!”

But if it is necessary to lie in order to reconcile two quarreling friends or prevent their quarrel, then Islam allows you to do so. Maintaining good relations with people, peace and harmony in society is one of the highest goals of Shariah, and therefore it is allowed to come to one of the quarreled comrades and tell him that the other comrade who recently offended him regrets what happened and wants to reconcile, even if in reality this is not the case.

Telling the truth does not mean telling people everything you think about them and constantly pointing out their shortcomings. The righteous believer seeks to see the best in people and tells them about their shortcomings only when he has an opportunity to give good advice or instruction. The Prophet Muhammad said: “Allah did not send me to be unnecessarily demanding and look for other people's mistakes. He sent me to teach and make it easy.” The Prophet warned against rudeness and hardness of heart, for the worst place before Allah is occupied by those whom people avoid because of their evil tongue.

By virtue of his truthfulness and sincerity, a Muslim is characterized by simple-heartedness, which often borders on naivety and gullibility. For this reason, he sometimes makes mistakes in people and even falls under their influence. But no matter how great his delusion, conscientiousness and inner need for truth eventually help him overcome temptation and return to the straight path, and this, indeed, is one of the greatest blessings of truthfulness.

The benefit of this wonderful quality is well illustrated by the instructive story of three Muslims who disobeyed the order of the Prophet and did not go on a campaign to Tabuk along with the rest of the companions. In addition to them, more than eighty hypocrites did not take part in the campaign, who preferred to sit at home. When the Prophet returned from the campaign, the Hypocrites came to him and began to invent false excuses for themselves. The Prophet accepted their apologies, even though they were insincere with him. And only three Muslims - Kaab bin Malik as-Sulami, Murara bin ar-Rabi al-Amri and Hilal bin Umayya al-Waqifi - admitted that they had no excuse. The Prophet told the audience that only these three had told the truth, and ordered them to wait until Allah pronounced judgment on them. The attitude of the inhabitants of Medina towards these three Muslims changed, people began to avoid them and stopped communicating with them. This went on for fifty days, but the Muslims, repentant of their misdeed, steadfastly withstood the test that fell to their lot. They did not change their faith and did not turn away from the Prophet, despite the fact that the Ghassanid ruler expressed his willingness to accept them in exchange for their conversion to Christianity. And after fifty days, the Prophet was sent down verses that Allah accepted the repentance of these three Muslims and forgave them. Moreover, they were called truthful, and all other believers were ordered to stick with them: “O you who believe! Fear Allah and be with the truthful."(Sura 9 "Repentance", verse 119). Many years after that event, Kaab bin Malik said: “By Allah, since I told the truth to the Messenger of Allah, I have not met a single Muslim whom Allah has put to a more beautiful test because of his truthfulness. Since then, I have never deliberately lied, and I hope that Allah will protect me from this and for the rest of my life.

Sincerity and loyalty. One of the most important requirements of Islam is sincerity in relations with Allah, oneself and other people. Sincerity is greater than truthfulness; it obliges the believer to observe the Koranic commandments and be guided by the instructions of the Prophet, be grateful to Allah and do good to His creations, selflessly love the Motherland and serve his people. For a Muslim, the concepts of "Islam", "faith" and "sincerity" are inseparable from each other, because, embarking on the path of worshiping Allah alone, a person cleanses his soul of everything that is incompatible with monotheism and piety. Not without reason, taking the oath of allegiance to the Prophet Muhammad, the companions swore to sincerely fulfill their duties before Allah and before people. Jarir bin Abdallah said: "I swore to the Messenger of Allah that I would pray, pay zakat and treat every Muslim cordially."

A respectable Muslim is a true friend and an honest comrade. He does not envy his friends and does not wish harm to his rivals, refrains from rudeness and bad manners, does not follow people and avoids backbiting behind their backs, does not mock others and does not show arrogance. His sincerity is supported by an ardent desire to always bring only one benefit to people, following the precept of the Prophet Muhammad: "Do not harm the first and do not harm in return."

Moreover, according to Islam, a person will not gain true faith until he begins to wish for other people the same thing that he wishes for himself. The Hadith says: "None of you will believe until he wishes for his brother what he wishes for himself." Only those who sincerely love those around them can achieve such a degree of perfection and good manners - not for their kind attitude towards him, but only for the sake of Allah Almighty.

The history of Islam knows many examples of such disinterested love, devotion and fidelity. A true believer does not distinguish between himself and other Muslims and does not consider that he has more rights to well-being in this world than other people. It is no coincidence that the Holy Quran says: “When you enter houses, greet yourselves with a greeting from Allah, blessed, good”(Sura 24 "Light", verse 61). This means that those who are in the house should be greeted, and the expression "greet yourselves" indicates that the mutual love and mercy that exist between believers make them one. Therefore, it is not surprising that even in the recent past, if a buyer came to one of the merchants in Muslim countries and purchased something from him, and then a second one approached him, while his neighbor had not yet had time to sell anything, the merchant softly telling the buyer, "Go and buy what you need from my neighbor, because I've already sold something, but he hasn't yet."

Islam encourages believers to help their loved ones and those in need in any circumstances. A Muslim does not abandon a person and does not refuse to help him, even if he made a mistake or acted unfairly. This was taught by the Prophet Muhammad, who said: “Let a man help his brother, regardless of whether he oppresses others or others oppress him. If he is an oppressor, then let the helper keep him from this, which will become help for him, and if he is the oppressed, then let the helper support him. This is true sincerity and humanity, which are formed in the soul of a believer under the influence of Qur'anic edifications and prophetic instructions.

Patience and perseverance. Another moral quality, without which faith, piety and obedience to Allah is inconceivable, is patience. It helps to properly perform duties, to avoid everything that is forbidden and harmful, to endure the difficulties and misfortunes that fall to the lot of a person. There are many verses in the Holy Quran in which believers are told to stock up on patience and resort to his help in difficult times. Therefore, the fourth righteous caliph Ali bin Abu Talib said: "Faith without patience is the same as a body without a head."

However, not everyone manages to show patience both in joy and in sorrow. Most people complain about fate if they are hit by misfortune, and do not rush to thank Allah and do good to His creations when their affairs are in order. Once in trouble, people worry only about themselves, and when they get out of it, they often refuse to help others. Regarding this, the Quran says: "Man is made impatient"(Surah 21 "Prophets", verse 37).

Following the instructions of the Koran and the Sunnah, a Muslim develops patience in himself, learns to be content with the predestination of Allah and see the benefit even in the fact that from time to time misfortunes befall him. He does not complain about difficulties and tries not to tell people about his problems if they are not able to help him in solving them, because he knows that by doing this he will not bring anything but anxiety to people who love him, but will give his enemies a reason for gloating. He restrains anger and controls his emotions, and if ignorant people meet on his way, he shows restraint and gentleness. A well-known companion and commentator of the Koran, Ibn Abbas, said: “Be patient with anger and forgive the bad attitude towards you. If people do this, then Allah will protect them, and their enemies will submit to them, like their close friends.

Islam encourages believers to refrain from anger and control themselves, because in anger a person can say or do something that he will regret for the rest of his life. It is reported that one day a man came to the Prophet and said: "Give me instruction, but not much so that I can remember it." The Messenger of Allah said: “Do not be angry!” The man twice asked him for other advice, but each time he said: “Do not be angry!”

The embodiment of endurance and patience was the Prophet Muhammad himself, on whose lot misfortunes fell one after another from early childhood. He grew up as an orphan and, as a child, began to work to earn his living. All of his children, with the exception of his youngest daughter Fatima, died during his lifetime. But he had to endure the most terrible trials after Allah showed him mercy and chose him as His Messenger. The Quraysh subjected him to persecution and humiliation, boycotted him and his relatives, killed and mercilessly tortured his followers. However, all these difficulties did not give rise to either anxiety or hatred in his soul. On the contrary, he always remained a gentle and condescending person. He forgave his enemies and never got angry at those who offended him. He liked to remind his companions that Allah sends the greatest difficulties to the prophets and those who are most like them.

Anas bin Malik said that once a Bedouin approached the Prophet and pulled him sharply by the edge of the cloak so that a mark from the lining of the cloak was left on his shoulder. Bedouin said; "Muhammad, command the people to give me some of the riches of Allah that you have." What was the reaction of the Messenger of Allah? He did not get angry and did not punish an ignorant person, despite the fact that at that time the power of the Muslims extended to a significant part of the Arabian Peninsula. He only smiled in the face of the Bedouin and ordered to give him some of the donations. With all his behavior, he showed what a true believer should be like and how he should treat people. One of the hadiths of the Prophet says: “Strong is not the one who has the upper hand over others, but the one who has the upper hand over himself.”

Modesty and shame. A true believer is always distinguished by modesty and humility. Realizing the perfection of Allah and his endless need for Him, a person simply cannot be exalted and boasted. A Muslim does not consider himself better than others and is aware of his shortcomings. He tries to hide his achievements, does not ascribe to himself non-existent merit, and cares about the feelings of those who are lower in position or endowed with less wealth. He connects all his successes not only with his own efforts and abilities, but also with the mercy and will of Allah. He is filled with the desire to become better and purer, to get rid of sins and internal vices.

The Prophet Muhammad paid great attention to the cultivation of modesty in his students, since this spiritual quality is one of the most characteristic evidences of pure faith. The Prophet used to say: “Allah inspired me to be humble and not exalt one another and offend one another.” Another hadeeth says: “Wealth does not diminish from donations. Allah will certainly increase the power of the one who knows how to forgive, and exalt the one who is humble and humble before Him.

Modesty and modesty are the true wealth of the soul, for a strong feeling, as a rule, is bashful and silent. A well-known hadith says: "Truly, every religion has its own morality, and Muslim morality is modesty."

Modesty is most characteristic of Muslim women. Their rich inner world is reflected in their modest appearance. A Muslim woman does not attract the attention of strangers either by her behavior, or by her clothes or jewelry, and the scarf covering her head is a symbol of her modesty and piety. In society, as usual, she lowers her gaze, keeping her feelings and emotions entirely for her relatives and loved ones.

Righteous caliphs and the closest associates of the Prophet Muhammad were an excellent example of modesty. It is reported that Abu Bakr after his election as caliph went to the market to trade and earn his living as usual. He agreed to receive the salary assigned to him only under the pressure of other companions, but, despite this, he spent it only on the bare necessities. Shortly before his death, he punished his daughter Aisha: “The camel whose milk we drank, and the cauldron in which we cooked food, and the clothes we wore - we used all this when managing the affairs of Muslims. When I die, return them to Umar." When he died, Aisha did so, and Umar said: “May Allah have mercy on you, Abu Bakr! You have placed in a difficult position those who: will come after you.

When, during the reign of Umar bin al-Khattab, the Muslims captured Jerusalem (16/638), Patriarch Sophronius agreed to hand over the keys to the ancient city only to the Muslim ruler himself. The commander-in-chief of the Muslim army, Abu Ubaida bin al-Jarrah, wrote about this to the caliph, and he went to Jerusalem on a camel, taking one servant with him. They rode in turn, and when they reached Jerusalem, the servant sat on the camel, and Umar, in worn out clothes, walked beside him and held her by the reins. The Muslims advised him to dress up and ride a camel so that the patriarch and the inhabitants of the city would see him in a worthy guise, but the caliph refused and uttered the historical words: “Allah has raised us up thanks to Islam, and if we begin to look for greatness in something else, He will humiliate us".

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§ 56. The moral image of a Muslim The place of morality in Islam. Man is connected with the surrounding world by thousands of threads, he is a part of this world and is inside it. To become a person, a person needs to master all the richness of the socio-cultural, historical heritage