It was an extremely complex and diverse event, in which various class interests and goals, various political aspirations intertwined. The war began with an attack by the fascist aggressor on Poland, which had joined the Anglo-French bloc. Thus, a war broke out between the two imperialist factions. Despite this, liberation, anti-fascist tendencies were laid in it from the very beginning, since fascism, striving for world domination, threatened the independence of states and the life of peoples who became victims of aggression.

Gradually, the liberating tendencies of the war grew stronger. The peoples subjected to the Nazi invasion rose to fight against the invaders, which led to the strengthening of the anti-fascist nature of the war, its development into an anti-fascist enslavement. In this complex and difficult process, the decisive role belonged to the Soviet Union. After the war, it was irrevocably defined as anti-fascist and liberation. For the democratic forces of the whole world, it was now not only about the struggle for the independence of their own countries, but also about the defense of the country of socialism.

The peculiarity and originality of the Second World War were manifested in the creation anti-fascist coalition powers with different social systems - the Soviet Union, the United States and England. About 50 other states joined this coalition during the war. Meanwhile, after the formation of the anti-fascist coalition, not a single state joined the bloc of fascist aggressors - Germany, Japan and Italy.

The creation of the anti-fascist coalition was due to objective circumstances. Germany, which unleashed a war for world domination in September 1939, destroyed the independence of most European states. Many European peoples fell under the yoke of the Nazi invaders. Of the powers that were at war with the fascist aggressors, only England survived by the middle of 1941, but even she found herself in extremely difficult conditions. The threat of a German invasion of the British Isles, despite Germany's preparations for an attack on the USSR, was not finally removed. Deliverance from this mortal danger could bring the British people only help from the two great powers of the world - the Soviet Union and the United States of America. Even before the start of the war, the USSR advocated the creation of a front of peace-loving states against the fascist aggressors. In the critical months on the eve of the war, the Soviet Union made great efforts to create an anti-Hitler coalition of Britain, France and the USSR. However, the governments of the Western states at that time, stubbornly pursuing the anti-Soviet Munich policy, thwarted the creation anti-fascist coalition. The trials of the war showed the depravity of the calculations of the Munichers. After the German occupation of many European states and the heavy defeats of the British armies, difficult days came for England. The realistically thinking circles of the bourgeoisie that came to power, assessing the entire danger of the situation that had arisen for England, went for rapprochement with the USSR. Thus, the anti-fascist coalition came to life under military conditions.

The seizure of dominance by Germany over a large part of the European continent caused great anxiety in the United States of America. Since the beginning of the war, the United States has drawn closer and closer to England, providing her not only material assistance, but also guarding British possessions in the Pacific with her fleet.

The danger of the war spreading to this area grew every day. Militaristic Japan, an ally of Nazi Germany, was leading the cause to war against the United States and the British Empire. The ruling circles of the United States in this case counted on help from the Soviet Union.

Thus, the military-political cooperation of the USSR, Britain and the United States stemmed from the common interests of these countries in the struggle against a common enemy - the fascist aggressors, first of all against Nazi Germany, and then against militaristic Japan.

In the second half of 1941 and in the first half of 1942 creation of an anti-fascist coalition was secured by relevant agreements and commitments. The peoples of the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States welcomed the creation of an anti-fascist coalition. After the entry of the USSR into the war, the working masses of the capitalist countries of the anti-Hitler bloc became more clearly aware of the liberating aims of the war and more actively influenced the policy of their governments. The peoples of the countries enslaved by the fascist invaders also perked up. During the war years, the USSR established ties with a large number of states and governments. If before diplomatic relations were maintained with 17 states, then during the war the number of states with which the USSR had diplomatic and consular relations increased to 46.

Cooperation between the members of the anti-fascist coalition was carried out in difficult conditions of overcoming sharp contradictions between them. These contradictions were due to the differences in the social structure of the allies and, consequently, different attitudes towards the ultimate goals of the war. For the Soviet Union, the goal of the war was the speedy and its allies, the destruction of fascism, the cleansing of the Soviet territories seized by the fascists, the liberation of the European peoples from fascist slavery, the establishment of a lasting peace based on the recognition of the sovereignty of each state and the right of peoples to establish a social system at will. . The struggle of the Soviet Union for the implementation of a consistent anti-fascist program and its decisive contribution to the war against Nazi Germany secured its leading position in the anti-Hitler coalition.

The aims of the ruling circles of England and the United States of America were different. They sought to eliminate Germany and Japan as their imperialist rivals and hoped that after the defeat of the powers of the aggressive bloc, they would be able to get rid of the "extremes" of fascism, restore in these states the order that had existed there before the seizure of power by the fascists, and prevent those social changes leading to which could lead the anti-fascist war. The Western powers sought to maintain the capitalist system everywhere, and in the colonial and semi-colonial countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America - their dominance. The United States wanted even more - to establish its hegemony in the post-war world. The ruling circles of the Western powers believed that they would be able to carry out their plans, since as a result of the war the Soviet Union would be so weakened that it would be practically unable to prevent them.

The different goals of the war also determined the different approach of the members of the anti-fascist coalition to pressing military and political problems.

After the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, the brunt of the war fell on the USSR. In the first months of the Great Patriotic War, when she was forced to retreat, the allies refrained from providing her with effective assistance, because they did not believe that the Soviet Union would withstand the onslaught of Nazi Germany. Authoritative British and American military experts predicted a quick defeat of the USSR. However, the defeat that befell the Nazi army forced England and the United States to reassess the role of the USSR in the war. This led to the strengthening of inter-allied relations. The Soviet Union began to receive military materials and weapons from the Allies. At that difficult time for the USSR, this assistance was useful, although it satisfied only an insignificant part of the needs of the Soviet Armed Forces, against which the bulk of the Nazi army and the armies of the satellites of fascist Germany were concentrated. The sailors of the allied states, risking their lives, delivered valuable military cargo to the USSR. Many sailors died heroically while doing their duty.

Until the end of 1943, the main issue in the anti-Hitler coalition was the opening of a second front in Western Europe. The governments of Britain and the United States repeatedly promised the Soviet Union to land their troops in France and open a second front there. But they did not keep their promises for a long time. Postponing the opening of a second front, the governments of Britain and the United States sought to fight as long as possible at the hands of the Soviet Union, conduct operations themselves on secondary fronts, seize advantageous strategic positions, build up forces and wait for the moment when the best divisions of the Wehrmacht would be crushed on the Soviet-German front, and the forces of the Soviet Union will be exhausted in this exhausting struggle. All this, according to their calculations, was to ensure the military and political predominance of the Western powers by the end of the war. The blows inflicted by the Allies in North Africa and Italy weakened the Hitlerite bloc to a certain extent. But they did not significantly lighten the burden of the Soviet Union, since the main forces of Nazi Germany were still chained to the Eastern Front.

In 1943, it became clear that the Soviet Union, although the war was still raging on its territory and the Red Army still had a long and difficult journey to the western state borders, was capable of defeating the fascist aggressor on its own. The realization of this fact to no small extent influenced the decision of Britain and the United States to finally open a second front in June 1944.

At the conferences of heads of government of the allied powers in 1943 and 1945, decisions were made on military-strategic and basic political problems. The Tehran and Yalta decisions strengthened the anti-fascist coalition. In June 1944, American-British troops landed in northern France and a second front was opened. The implementation of the agreed military plans proceeded on the whole successfully up to the complete defeat and unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany, and then of militaristic Japan.

The situation with the implementation of agreed political decisions was more complicated. As the defeat of Nazi Germany approached, reactionary tendencies intensified in the policy of the ruling circles of England and the United States. This affected, first of all, their attitude towards the countries of Europe liberated from fascist invaders, where Britain and the United States began to support the very reactionary parties that capitulated to fascism at the beginning of the war. There were also plans for a new anti-Soviet association of capitalist states. However, progressive forces in England and the United States exposed these intrigues. The shift to the left of the popular masses, which was observed all over the world by the end of the war, in turn had a noticeable influence on the position of the Western allies, and for the time being they had to adhere to the program proclaimed by the anti-fascist coalition: the defeat and eradication of fascism, granting the liberated peoples the right to decide their own fate.

The United Nations Organization was created by the joint efforts of the members of the anti-fascist coalition at the turn of war and peace. The prospect of fruitful cooperation opened up in the conditions of peace, which was won at a high price. The Soviet Union welcomed such cooperation. But it depended not only on the good will of the USSR. The United States of America and England took a different path.

When planning attacks on the Soviet Union, fascist Germany saw the enemy's weak point in his international political isolation. The totalitarian regime established by Stalin sharply contradicted the democratic worldview of the strongest countries in Europe and the United States.

Creation of an anti-fascist coalition

Hitler understood that not a single democratic state would take the side of the USSR in the event of an attack on non-German armed forces. The German attack on Soviet territory evoked the exact opposite reaction from the West.

Already in mid-July 1941, the first agreement on mutual assistance in the fight against the fascist invaders was signed between the governments of the USSR and England. It was from this moment that the formation of the anti-Hitler coalition began.

By mid-autumn 1941, the United States joined the allies. USSR diplomacy managed to establish ties with the leadership of Poland and Czechoslovakia, which at that time was in exile.

In October, during a government meeting, an agreement was concluded between the USSR, England and the USA on the technical equipment of the Red Army, in exchange for the provision of strategic raw materials by the Union to these states.

However, the Allies did not take an active part in the hostilities. The troops of Great Britain and the United States entered the war only after a radical change in military operations, when the fascist troops began to retreat.

Expansion of the anti-Hitler coalition

At the second stage of hostilities, the composition of the anti-Hitler coalition expanded significantly. The states of Africa, Australia, Mexico, New Zealand and Canada joined the fight against the Nazis. In 1944, according to the old tradition of a radical change in political dislocation, Italy went over to the side of the anti-fascist alliance.

The contribution of the allies to the fight against German fascism was uneven, some countries actively took part in the hostilities, the help of others was nominal. The replenishment of the ranks of the anti-Hitler coalition was rather a chain reaction of some states that occurred after the accession of Great Britain and the USA to the USSR, rather than an objective desire to fight the aggressor.

The results of the war

The Second World War brought huge material and demographic losses to humanity. Military operations unfolded in the territories of 42 countries, 80% of the world's population was drawn into the confrontation. The total costs that were spent on the conduct of hostilities reached 4 trillion dollars.

More than 30 million people did not return from the fronts of the Second World War, 40 million died in the rear. The war made adjustments to the alignment of the international authority of states: Europe completely lost its dominant position, leadership was divided between the USSR and the USA.

The main volume of the Second World War is the creation of the United Nations, an organization of the world community, which still functions today. During the Nuremberg Trials, fascism was recognized as an unacceptable ideology, contrary to all norms of democracy, and de jure eradicated from public life.

Immediately after the German attack on the USSR, the leaders of England and the United States declared their support for our country. The basis of cooperation was the common desire to defeat Hitler and his allies. On January 1, 1942, in Washington, 26 states that fought against Germany signed the Declaration, which completed the creation of the anti-Hitler coalition. At the same time, the leaders of these countries presented the post-war structure of the world in different ways. Therefore, disputes and contradictions were inevitable, especially on such important issues as the supply of weapons and military materials, the coordination of military operations and the opening of a second front against Germany in Europe, post-war borders, the fate of Germany, etc.

Deliveries of weapons, food and other necessary materials from the USA and England to the USSR began in 1941 and continued until 1945. Most of them went in three ways: through the Middle East and Iran (British and Soviet troops entered Iran in August 1941 ), through Murmansk and Arkhangelsk, through Vladivostok. In the United States, a law was passed on lend-lease (on the transfer of necessary materials to allies on loan or for rent). The total cost of this assistance was about $11 billion. Deliveries of trucks, a number of metals, aircraft, etc. were especially important.

December 7, 1941 Japan attacked the United States. At the same time, the US declared war on Germany. By the summer of 1942, Japan captured Southeast Asia, but then the Americans switched from defense to offensive. British troops in November 1942 in North Africa defeated the German group. In 1943, the Anglo-Americans completely liberated North Africa. In the summer of 1943 they landed on about. Sicily and then Italy. In September 1943, Italy went over to the side of the anti-Hitler coalition. Most of Italy was captured by the Germans. The USSR sought the speedy landing of Anglo-American troops in France and the opening of a "second front" there. Although the Allies promised to do this in 1942, it actually happened on June 6, 1944.

During the war years, three meetings of the leaders of the USSR, England and the USA were held. The first meeting of the "Big Three" took place in Tehran on November 28 - December 1, 1943. It discussed the opening of the "second front", the entry of the USSR into the war with Japan after the defeat of Germany, the fate of Germany and the borders of Poland. At a meeting in Yalta (Crimea) in February 1945, an agreement was reached on the occupation zones in Germany, on the participation of France in the occupation of Germany, on the punishment of fascist war criminals, on German reparations (compensation for damage caused by fascist Germany to the peoples of Europe), on the establishment UN and its structure, about the eastern and western borders of Poland (as a "compensation" for Western Ukraine and Western Belarus, Poland received territories in the west and north), about the entry of the USSR into the war with Japan. In fact, the Yalta Agreements replaced the Versailles Treaty of 1919, established post-war borders in Europe and lasted until the early 1990s. From July 17 to August 2, 1945, the last meeting took place in Potsdam (near Berlin). It was attended by I. Stalin, G. Truman (F. Roosevelt died in April 1945), W. Churchill (on July 28 he was replaced by the Labor leader K. Attlee, who won the parliamentary elections). This conference confirmed the main decisions of the Yalta meeting. An agreement was adopted on the disarmament of Germany, the prohibition of Nazi organizations, the democratization of the social system; on the collection of reparations from Germany, on the trial of the main war criminals. A new border of Poland along the Oder and Neisse was determined. The city of Koenigsberg and the districts of East Prussia adjacent to it (now Kaliningrad and the Kaliningrad region) were transferred to the Soviet Union.

Historically, the anti-fascist coalition was formed in the middle of the 20th century as a bloc of the most diverse political forces of traditional civilization, directed against the most unconventional, brutal, anti-civilizational practices of social Darwinism (colloquially, Nazism, fascism). The coalition proceeded from the premise that there is a certain universal morality, which is being challenged decisively and uncompromisingly. At the heart of the anti-Hitler coalition was the desire to preserve traditional morality, to prevent the Nazis from "cancelling the ancient chimera named conscience." At the same time, the breadth of the coalition was determined by the motley variety of parties included in it.

First of all, it is difficult (and not immediately) given the unity of the Communists and all other socialists, up to the most moderate, against bestial-strength social Darwinism. This is a left-wing bloc (in the terminology of the then Europe - "People's Front"), which sacrificed petty party and factional differences in the face of a common threat.

The participation of conservative forces, supporters of the traditional moral climate, that is, the unification of the left and the right against rabid non-humans, is also important. Left and right may have different understanding of the path to the ideal, but the ideal is something they have in common. The political conflict in the search for funds to build a "welfare state" does not cancel the very ideal of its construction. And sharply contradicts the German-Ukrainian neo-slavery , seeking to again divide people into castes, and peoples into winners - "superhumans" and exterminated "subhumans".

The unity of the human race was first proclaimed by no means communists or socialists. For the first time it was proclaimed by the Christian Church, demanding that every person be recognized as the image and likeness of God, regardless of his class or nationality. How formal such a proclamation was in this or that era is another question (formalism and hypocrisy, in fact, spun off from the Christianity of the socialists and communists) - but the commonality of goals and their opposition to the bestial grin of the “struggle for existence” is obvious.

Socialists, communists and traditional conservatives formed a shaky but very instructive unity in which the centripetal forces overcame the centrifugal ones. At the same time, the communists saw fascism as a counter-revolution, and traditional conservatives, on the contrary, saw it as a revolution that undermines the basic foundations of the Western world with radical new infernal anti-values.

Which proved once again: words are words, they can be played with, calling the same thing either a counter-revolution or a revolution, but in fact - there are only grace-filled and infernal-graceless movements. Those who care about the bright future of mankind - and those who close this future by immersion in zoological darkness.

This is how the Allies of World War II was formed - an association of states and peoples who fought in the Second World War of 1939-1945 against the countries of the Nazi bloc, also called the Axis countries: Germany, Italy, Japan and their satellites and allies. The essence of the two world coalitions can be expressed in just one phrase: the recognition or denial of universal morality.

The denial of morality for Germany, Italy, Japan was introduced at a completely official level, and is the core basis of fascism (including modern, Ukrainian).

For example, in Italy, a song about how a valiant Italian warrior frees an Ethiopian slave was officially banned. It was recognized as ideologically incorrect, because the goal of Italy in Ethiopia is not to liberate, but to enslave. There is no need, they say, to sow false humanism in the soldiers, to deceive them about the ultimate goals - so as not to spoil the future slave owners with "lunar cults of equality."

The soldiers of the Japanese Imperial Army were required to "develop insensitivity towards killing", which led to colossal genocides in Asia, the victims far exceeding even the most terrible European counterparts.

The decree “On the application of military jurisdiction in the Barbarossa region and on special measures of the troops”, issued in connection with the implementation of the “Plan Barbarossa”, emphasized: “For actions committed by Wehrmacht personnel and service personnel in relation to enemy civilians, there will be no mandatory prosecution even in cases where these acts constitute a war crime or misdemeanor.”

Thus, according to the plan of the Nazis, the idea of ​​humanity was completely (and everywhere) removed by them, being replaced by the consciousness of racial-national domination of the ancient pre-Christian type. There is only one sin in this new morality: weakness. And only one virtue that returns society to the animal world is strength. Today, such plans are most actively implemented in Ukraine and in some other countries (in Croatia, Albania, the Baltic countries, etc.)

In opposition to this "new (anti) morality", the President of the United States proposed a new term - "United Nations" (United Nations). The point was not to simply mechanically bring all nations together, but that nations are united by common values.

Few appreciated the revolutionary nature of Roosevelt's ideas then and now. The fact is that the world before Hitler was a world of warring nations. This is a colonial world in which there are master nations and slave nations, there can be no talk of any equal cooperation of nations.

Class enmity divided nations from within, predatory and predatory wars divided them among themselves. Roosevelt, on the other hand, raised the question that the eternally divided nations should unite.

This proposal was readily accepted by the USSR, and during the war years the term "United Nations" became synonymous with the anti-Hitler coalition. The term was first recorded in the United Nations Declaration of 1942 (Washington Declaration of Twenty-Six). The influence of the anti-fascist coalition on the military and post-war world order was enormous, on its basis the modern United Nations Organization (UN) was created.

However, today the UN has lost the meaning that Roosevelt put into the concept of "united nations". It has turned precisely into mechanically connected representatives of all peoples, in which, according to the idea of ​​the Japanese Nazis, some peoples are “horsemen”, and others are “horses”.

The basis of the organic unity of nations was going to be based on the basic values ​​of global cooperation:

- The denial of wars, genocides, terror, predatory annexations - which would promise the inviolability of post-war borders, if it came true.
- The denial of the ideas of national and racial superiority, the denial of slavery and slave ownership, the recognition of the basic value of any and any human life.
- Denial of predatory cynicism both in relations between peoples and in relations between people.
- Worldwide cooperation in the field of science, culture, progress and prosperity, the desire to "pull up the laggards" instead of using their backwardness.

Theoretically, these principles could unite both all left-socialist forces and all right-conservative forces, representatives of all monotheistic religions. We have different means - the politicians said - but the same goal: the success of all, the well-being of everyone.

Neo-fascism in the modern world is manifested in the consistent denial of all the above principles. Neo-fascists preach that war is better than peace, genocide is better than cooperation, they once again raised the idea of ​​national superiority to the shield, they revel in social Darwinism (in which not every human life has value - but the possibility of survival selection of one life out of many). But the main thing in neo-fascism is global market liberalism, the main goal of which is not to unite, but to divide people.

Neo-fascism divides the peoples of the world into dominant and "ended". The fate of the "dead" is to become manure for the rulers. Neo-fascism divides people into "viners" and "losers" - the fate of losers is to become manure for viners (winners).

The averaging of the way of life of people and nations in the 20th century has been replaced by a new era of sharp polarization: the "middle peasants" of the middle class are melting like snow in spring, dividing into the poor and the super-rich.

The aggressive, imperialist wars, which resurrected all the Nazi underdogs, redrawn the post-war map of the world beyond recognition, easily creating new pseudo-states, and just as easily denying other peoples the right to their own statehood. Neo-fascists arrogated to themselves the right to uncontrollably and arbitrarily decide in which case it is about "self-determination of nations", and in which case - about "territorial integrity". Under such conditions, the very existence of the UN looks like a bitter mockery of the original idea of ​​"united nations": now their association is more like being in a prison cell together ...

Today the world again needs the idea of ​​"united nations", a broad front of social-democratic and religious forces opposing the pressure of the most rude and cynical social Darwinism.

It is understandable why representatives of all religions do not like Darwinism - a doctrine in which basic atheism makes war the norm of life, and peace a pathology. Of course, in any traditional morality, it is peace that is blessed, and they try to avoid wars. Here, exactly the opposite is true - the war of "all against all" is a blessed source of development and health of biological individuals, a peaceful state is a perversion.

And on this basis, all monotheistic religions can find unity with all the social democrats of the world. You don't have to be a believer to be disgusted by Social Darwinism. The recognition of peace as a value, and war as a disaster, unites the most diverse parties of the social democratic spectrum.

The social wing of social democracy opposes bestial individualism, putting the public (social) good above private interests. The democratic wing of the social democracy is called upon to resist the voice of money, blocking the voices of the electorate. The pathos of opposing economic slavery and the political despotism of the slave owners makes the social democratic forces unite in the face of the onslaught of neo-fascism.

Of course, the breadth of the anti-fascist coalition (it would be more correct to call it anti-satanic , but this will sound too academic) will require all participants to abandon dogmatism and literalism, from the sectarian narrowness of views, which at one time ruined the CPSU. There are no coalitions based on the principle “who is not with us is against us”. A coalition can only be built on the principle of "who is not against us is with us." Every non-enemy has a presumption of friendliness.

Such an approach will reduce inter-confessional and inter-party petty squabbles, far-fetched (most often by leadership ambitions of leaders) enmity. For example, communists must understand that the "Kyiv Patriarchate" under pressure from the Americans is a monstrous perversion of religiosity, an outrage on the basic principles of religion, the most vile spiritual incest. And the Orthodox, on the other hand, should take a closer look at the social issues raised by the communists. If both stand in the habitual pose "we don't care" - then neo-fascism will triumph.

United nations can unite only on conditions of equality and mutual respect. This is not only the thought of Roosevelt, who created the idea, but in general the requirement of logic itself. How can nations be united on conditions of inequality and mutual extermination? What is the price of "unification", which is beneficial only to one side, and the other side is disastrously unprofitable?

Roosevelt's idea of ​​the United Nations was opposed by an equally articulate idea of ​​the Third Reich and the Empire of Japan: Enslaved Nations. It was assumed that the world empire (Germany or Japan, depending on the homeland of the ideology) would dominate and decide everything alone. The enslaved nations around her are "a horse for a rider" - they will obediently obey - or be exterminated.

The modern model of American world domination is much closer to Hitlerism than to the idea of ​​the UN. The behavior of the United States today is reminiscent of the Third Reich - which recognized only complete obedience - or an all-out war to exterminate the recalcitrant. The language of the United States, like the language of Hitler, is the language of barking ultimatums, which under Trump began to irritate even the most servile and lured satellites of the 4th Reich (EU). America does not want to discuss any questions with anyone, it comes right away with ready-made answers. They must be accepted or perish.

Moreover, the range of imposed ultimatums concerns generally all issues, even the most specific and internal ones. The United States invented that it has the right to decide where the patriarch of Orthodox people sits, despite the fact that they themselves have never been Orthodox, and so on.

The triumph of neo-fascism in the world (hidden in the USA, open and defiant in Ukraine) plunges all of humanity into the darkness of total lawlessness, madness and disgrace. All those seams with which the “surgeons of the ages” sewed civilization in the form of human rights and international law, alliance and internal civil solidarity, publicity and competition of processes (not only judicial ones), referendums, as the highest form of democracy, threaten to disperse, flooding humanity with blood.

It would not be an exaggeration to say that in a world where modern fascist Ukraine is possible, everything is possible . If the atrocities and arbitrariness of such a level are covered by the West, then mass cannibalism, child sacrifices, mass disembowelling of organs, and, in general, the plot of any nightmare are possible.

We have only one way out: a broad anti-fascist coalition, going in breadth (appealing to the mighty social democratic tradition within the West itself) and deep (returning to roots, traditions, paternal faith).

If we do not unite all people of good will, we are waiting for such “perversions” of a human being that will make us talk about the mutation of the very species “reasonable man”.

For example, the pan-Asian project, created and promoted by the government and armed forces of the pre-war Empire of Japan during the reign of Emperor Hirohito, was based on the desire to create in eastern Eurasia “a bloc of Asian peoples led by Japan. It was emphasized that this would be a collaboration between "rider and horse". The rider is Japan, the horse is all other peoples who share “co-prosperity” with Japan.

The Christian martyrdom of the first centuries was generated by the fact that the secular authorities (then Roman) forced Christians to worship the "gods" imposed by the empire, while not forbidding them in any way to serve their own. The offer was the same as today: believe what you want, but first bow to the imperial official cults of this age. No one forbade Christian rites - they simply sought to equate them with political cults like "Rome is over the top." This led to the mass self-sacrifice of Christians, to their martyrdom in the arenas of Roman circuses.

The Anti-Hitler Coalition is an association of states and peoples who fought in the Second World War of 1939-45 against the countries of the Nazi bloc: Germany, Italy, Japan

The influence of the coalition on the military and post-war political landscape is enormous, on its basis the United Nations (UN) was created.

In September 1939, Poland, France, Great Britain and its dominions (the Anglo-Polish Military Alliance of 1939 and the Franco-Polish Alliance of 1921) were at war with Germany. During 1941, the Soviet Union, the United States and China joined the coalition. As of January 1942, the anti-Hitler coalition consisted of 26 states: the so-called Big Four (USA, Great Britain, USSR, China), the British dominions (Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, South Africa), the countries of Central and Latin America and the Caribbean, and also governments in exile of occupied European countries. The number of coalition members increased during the war; By the time the war with Japan ended, 53 states of the world were at war with Germany and its allies.

History of association, actions

The forerunner of the anti-Hitler coalition - the coalition of the "Western Allies" arose after the invasion of Nazi Germany into Poland in 1939, when Great Britain, France and some other countries, connected with the latter and among themselves allied agreements on mutual assistance, entered the war.

Before the German attack in 1941, the USSR was not part of the anti-Hitler coalition.

A broad anti-Hitler coalition was formed first in spirit after the statements of the US and British governments about the support of the Soviet Union after the German attack on it, and then on bilateral and multilateral documents as a result of lengthy negotiations between the governments of the three powers on mutual support and joint actions.

At the same time, the United States until the end of 1941 (before the Japanese attack) was not formally at war, but was a "non-belligerent ally" of the Anti-Hitler coalition, providing military and economic assistance to the warring countries.

The most significant events during the operation of the coalition: the Moscow meeting (1941), the Atlantic Charter (August 1941), the Declaration of the United Nations (January 1942), the Tehran Conference (1943), the Bretton Woods Conference (1944), the Yalta Conference (February 1945), Potsdam conference.

The contribution of the participants of the anti-Hitler coalition to the fight against the enemy is extremely uneven: some participants conducted active hostilities with Germany and its allies, others helped them with the supply of military products, and still others participated in the war only nominally. Thus, the military formations of some countries - Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, as well as Australia, Belgium, India, Canada, New Zealand, the Philippines, Ethiopia and others - took part in hostilities. Individual states of the anti-Hitler coalition (for example, Mexico) helped its main participants mainly with the supply of military raw materials.

The main stages of formation

Soviet-British agreement on joint actions in the war against Germany July 12, 1941 Moscow

Atlantic Charter of the USA and Great Britain on August 14, 1941, to which the USSR acceded on September 24, 1941

Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers of the USSR, England, USA September 29 - October 1, 1941

Start of deliveries to the USSR under Lend-Lease from the USA

Signing of the Washington Declaration of 26 States (Declaration of the United Nations) on the aims of the war against fascism on January 1, 1942

Soviet-American agreement on the principles of mutual assistance in the conduct of war against aggression June 11, 1942 Washington