The theme of Russian nature is found in the works of Pushkin and Lermontov, Tyutchev and Aksakov. Even the city writer Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky describes the beauty of forests and fields, as if he saw it all with his own eyes. And so it is: famous poets and writers loved to come from the capital Petersburg to the Moscow region, to quiet and cozy family estates. Today we can see with our own eyes what once so worried the recognized classics of literature - ponds and rivers, alleys and gardens. What are the most beautiful writers' estates in the Moscow region that have survived to this day?
To show on the mapThe village of Zakharovo is the only place available today associated with the childhood of A.S. Pushkin. From 1804 to 1811, the estate belonged to the poet's grandmother, he came to her for a vacation for several years in a row. Village life, Russian nature, communication with his grandmother and nanny had a strong influence on his work - Zakharovo is called Pushkin's poetic homeland. In the poems of the lyceum cycle ("Message to Yudin"), as well as in later works: "Memories of Tsarskoye Selo", "History of the village of Goryukhin", "Dubrovsky" the poet describes the places of his childhood. It is known that Pushkin came to his small homeland before the wedding. Today Zakharovo, together with the village of Bolshie Vyazemy, is part of the State Historical and Literary Museum-Reserve of A.S. Pushkin. Such a connection is fully justified - the village of Zakharovo did not have its own church, so the young poet went to the service in Bolshie Vyazemy - the Church of the Transfiguration has existed there since the 17th century.
Since the reign of Peter I, the village of Bolshiye Vyazyomy belonged to the Golitsyn family. Since 1813, the Russian writer S.P. Shevyrev. Here he was engaged in a description of the rich library of the Moscow Governor-General D.V. Golitsyn. Shevyrev was a Slavophile - he substantiated the identity of Russia, it was he who owns the popular ideological cliché about the "decaying West." Shevyrev was a good friend of N.V. Gogol, helped him proofread manuscripts, prepared works for publication. Nikolai Vasilievich himself also visited Vyazemy and spoke well of the hospitable host. Thanks to the care of Shevyryov, after the death of the writer, a collection of his works was published.
The Russian symbolist poet Alexander Blok did not like traveling, so for 36 years in a row, starting from birth, he spent the warm season on the estate of his grandfather, Academician A.N. Beketova. The marvelous nature of the Moscow region, simple village life set Blok in a romantic mood: "And the door of the ringing balcony / Opened into lindens and lilacs, / And into the blue dome of the sky, / And into the laziness of the surrounding villages." Shakhmatovo became Blok's spiritual homeland, more than 300 poems were written there, and the most important lyrical works, including the cycle "Poems about the Beautiful Lady". The poet's muse itself, which inspired him to create, lived nearby in Boblovo, the estate of the scientist D.I. Mendeleev. His daughter Lyuba became the girlfriend, bride and wife of the poet, his very Beautiful Lady.
Since 1826, the Serednikovo estate belonged to the grandmother M.Yu. Lermontova, E.A. Arsenyeva. The young poet came to her for the summer from 1829 to 1832. The atmosphere of the estate near Moscow influenced the formation of the poet, he wrote here more than a hundred poems, the poems "Mtsyri" and "Demon". The most striking impression was the acquaintance with E.A. Sushkova. The young girl often came to Serednikovo from neighboring Bolshakov. Catherine struck the sixteen-year-old Lermontov in the heart. Before leaving for Moscow in 1830, he dedicated to Miss Black-Eyes, as her relatives called her, the poem "To Su": "Close to you until now / I have not heard fire in my chest ...".
“If I am a doctor, then I need patients and a hospital; if I am a writer, then I need to live among the people,” Chekhov wrote in one of his letters. In 1892, Anton Pavlovich acquired the Melikhovo estate, where he was able to fully experience the life of the common people. The writer dug a garden with his own hands, planted trees and put the old estate in order. Here he worked in his main specialty - he received patients. A.P. Chekhov loved people very much, so he not only treated the peasants, but also tried to improve their life in general. At his own expense, the writer opened three schools, equipped libraries, and took exams himself. Literary historians call this period "Melikhov's" - close contact with people enriched Chekhov's work. Almost 40 works have been written in Melikhovo: "Ward No. 6", "A House with a Mezzanine", "The Man in a Case", stories and novels about the Russian village: "Guys", "On the Cart", "New Dacha" and others.
It is believed that the Muranovo estate is associated with the work of the poet Fyodor Tyutchev. This is true, but only in part. F.I. Tyutchev has never been here, but his son Ivan Fedorovich collected and preserved the legacy of his father and other relatives: the poet E.A. Boratynsky, writer N.V. Putyaty, publicist I.S. Aksakov. The estate belonged to the Boratynsky family, in 1869 Ivan Fedorovich Tyutchev married the granddaughter of E.A. Boratynsky and moved to Muranovo. The family museum includes things, photographs, books and autographs, transported from St. Petersburg, Moscow, the Tyutchev family estate Ovstug. The Muranovo estate became the first literary museum in Soviet Russia - its creation was approved by V.I. Lenin. Thanks to the care of the Tyutchev family and heirs, Muranovo is a unique example of a well-preserved noble nest that keeps not only the memory of poets and writers, but also original interior items of the 19th century.
In 1837 S.T. Aksakov received an inheritance and retired from public service. After a long search, in 1843 he acquired the Abramtsevo estate. Here Aksakov got everything he wanted: marvelous nature; a river full of fish; forests and fields teeming with game. Resettlement to his estate was a new stage in life for Sergei Timofeevich. Here his best works were created: "Notes on the fishing of fish", "Notes of a rifle hunter of the Orenburg province", the story "Family Chronicle", "Childhood of Bagrov-grandson", the fairy tale "The Scarlet Flower". Essays about hunting have not lost their relevance even today, and all children know the fairy tale about the beauty and the beast. Until his resignation, Aksakov served as a censor, and also wrote critical notes on theater and literary works. So he met the writers N.V. Gogol and I.S. Turgenev; historian M.P. Pogodin and actor M.S. Shchepkin. All these famous people visited the writer in Abramtsevo near Moscow - they walked in the park, hunted, drank tea on the veranda of the house.
The Ostafyevo estate was acquired by Prince A.I. Vyazemsky at the end of the 18th century. The owner built a large house in the classical style to host receptions and balls. The unofficial name "Russian Parnassus" was given to the estate by A.S. Pushkin - so many creative people have been to Vyazemsky's evenings. Among them: the poet V.A. Zhukovsky, fabulist I.I. Dmitriev, historian A.I. Turgenev, diplomat and playwright A.S. Griboyedov. Writer and historian N.M. Karamzin was married to the eldest daughter of A.I. Vyazemsky, and for 12 years he lived in Ostafyevo, where he worked on the History of the Russian State. The next owner of Ostafyevo was the prince's son Pyotr Andreevich Vyazemsky, a poet and critic. Childhood memories of the estate, of meetings with famous people were reflected in his poems: "Village", "Parent's house," Rural Church", "No, I can’t see my Ostafyevsky house ... ". The third owner of the estate, Pavel Petrovich Vyazemsky, was engaged in studying ancient Russian literature, published "Remarks on" The Lay of Igor's Campaign ". The poet's son significantly expanded the manor's collection of paintings, drawings and art, created memorial cabinets for Karamzin, Pushkin and his father.
Since 1822, the village of Pokrovskoye-Rubtsovo belonged to the historian and writer Dmitry Pavlovich Golokhvastov, he inherited the land from his father. According to A.I. Herzen, who was Golokhvastov's cousin, then Dmitry Pavlovich was an ideal person: educated, rich, had no bad habits, regularly attended church. And he had only one passion - for horses. The authorities liked such employees, so Golokhvastov succeeded in his service - he worked as chairman of the censorship committee and trustee of Moscow University. It was he who demanded from N.V. Gogol to change the title of the poem "Dead Souls". Golokhvastov was also interested in Russian history and published several articles in the Slavophile magazine Moskvityanin. After the death of the Golokhvastovs, the Morozovs bought the estate. At the beginning of the 20th century, the family of the manufacturer invited playwright A.P. Chekhov, artists Serov, Polenov and Levitan.
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Museum-Reserve Mikhailovskoye The legendary noble estate of the greatest Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - "Mikhailovskoye", which was granted to the poet's great-grandfather - Abram Gannibal in 1742 by Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. The estate received its current name under Pushkin's grandfather, Osip Abramovich, who renamed the village "Mouth" into "Mikhailovskoye". In the years 1824-1826, Alexander Sergeyevich was serving a link here, which, according to Pushkinists, favorably affected the poet in terms of creativity. It was here that the best works of the "Sun of Russian Poetry" were created. In 1836, after the death of his mother, the estate became the property of A. S. Pushkin, and in 1922 it was declared a museum-reserve.
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The village of Bolshoe Boldino (as well as the district itself) is inextricably linked with the name of the Pushkins, in particular with the name of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, the great Russian writer and poet. Of course, the main attraction is the State Literary-Memorial and Natural Museum-Reserve of A.S. Pushkin
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The estate is located in the Belinsky district of the Penza region, the village of Lermontovo (Tarkhany).
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The village of Konstantinovo, Rybnovsky district of the Ryazan region, is located on the picturesque high right bank of the Oka, 43 kilometers northwest of Ryazan. Here, on October 3, 1895, the great Russian poet Sergei Alexandrovich Yesenin was born. The poet spent his childhood and youth in Konstantinov. In the central part of the village is the State Museum-Reserve of S. A. Yesenin.
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The estate of A.P. Chekhov - Melikhovo is located near the M2 highway, in the vicinity of the city of Chekhov, Moscow Region. Here from 1892 to 1899. A.P. Chekhov lived with his parents and close relatives - one of the main Chekhov museums in Russia.
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Estate of Leo Tolstoy Yasnaya Polyana. The estate is located in the Shchekino district of the Tula region (14 km south-west of Tula), founded in the 17th century and belonged first to the Kartsev family, then Volkonsky and Tolstoy.
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If you continue moving towards the Orel region, then after 130 km, before reaching Mtsensk, there is another estate Spasskoe-Lutovinovo. This is the state memorial and natural museum-reserve of I.S. Turgenev.
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"Karabikha" is the State Literary and Memorial Museum-Reserve of N.A. Nekrasov, created in 1946. In the 17th century, the village of Bogoroditskoye was located near Yaroslavl, at the beginning of the 18th century, Prince Nikolai Golitsyn became the owner of the village and its environs, and by his order, the Karabikha estate was built on Karabitova Gora not far from the village. The son of Nikolai Golitsyn, Mikhail, being the governor of Yaroslavl, makes "Karabikha" his front residence and reconstructs the family estate. His son Valerian took part in the Decembrist uprising, was exiled to Siberia and then to the Caucasus. "Karabikha" was sold. In 1861, the poet Nikolai Nekrasov bought it for a summer vacation.
10th place
Our rating opens with the estate of the famous Russian playwright Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky - "Shchelykovo", bought by him together with his brother in 1867 from his stepmother for several thousand rubles. It was here that the world-famous plays "Thunderstorm" and "Dowry" were written.
9th place
At the beginning of the 19th century, Ostafyevo was one of the symbols of the cultural life of Russia, where many famous literary figures, in particular Zhukovsky, Griboedov, Gogol, Pushkin, were frequent guests. Here, for several years, the great historian N. M. Karamzin worked on the "History of the Russian State".
During the 20th century, the estate changed its status more than once, being either a children's camp or a rest home.
In 1988, Ostafyevo was reorganized into a literary and historical museum, which it remains to this day.
8th place
Unfortunately, many buildings of the estate were irretrievably lost, and only an old park on the river bank has survived to this day.
7th place
The seventh position in our TOP is occupied by the estate of Count Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy - "Red Horn". During the reign of Catherine II, the estate was the "hunting castle" of the all-powerful hetman Kirill Razumovsky.
Over time, the estate went to Tolstoy's mother's brother, who, after his death, bequeathed it to his sister, and she to her son.
6th place
In fifth place is the estate of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov - "Karabikha", which owes its strange name to Karabitova Gora, on which it was built in the 1740s by order of the Golitsyn princely family.
It passed into the possession of the famous Russian poet in 1861 for a small amount due to the dilapidation of the building.
In the period 1861-1875. Here Nekrasov wrote his best poems: “Frost, Red Nose”, “Russian Women”, and also partially “Who Lives Well in Russia”.
After the Great Patriotic War, a museum was opened on the estate for the 125th anniversary of the poet.
5th place
Next in our ranking is the estate of Evgeny Abramovich Baratynsky - "Muranovo". Since 1816, after the village of Muranovo was acquired by the poet's mother-in-law, the estate, in different years, belonged to several related families of Engelhardt, Boratynsky, Putyat and Tyutchev.
In the 20th century, thanks to the efforts of the descendants of F.I. Tyutchev, a literary and memorial museum was created on the basis of the estate.
4th place
Leo Tolstoy's estate Yasnaya Polyana, which was founded (or rather recreated) in the 17th century by the writer's grandfather N. S. Volkonsky, stopped a step away from the prize-winning trio.
Here, in 1828, one of the most prominent representatives of Russian literature of the 19th-20th centuries, Leo Tolstoy, was born and lived most of his life.
In 1921, thanks to the efforts of the writer's daughter Alexandra, by the decision of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, a museum was founded on the site of the estate.
3rd place
The bronze medalist of our rating is the estate of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev - "Ovstug", located on the banks of the Ovstuzhenka River. The estate became the "family nest of the Tyutchevs" in the 70s of the 18th century, after the poet's grandfather received it as a dowry from his wife.
During the life of Fyodor Ivanovich, the estate was actively equipped and developed, but after the death of the poet, it began to slowly fade away and already at the beginning of the 20th century fell into complete decline.
After the revolution, almost all the buildings of Tyutchev's time were dismantled by workers and peasants for building materials.
The estate gained a second wind at the beginning of the second half of the 20th century, after it received the status of a museum, which in turn allowed the estate to become an ornament not only of the Bryansk region, but of the whole of Russia.
2nd place
The second line of our TOP is occupied by the family estate of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov - "Tarkhany", where during the lifetime of the poet, his grandmother from his mother's side, Elizaveta Alekseevna Arsenyeva, was the mistress of the estate.
Lermontov's entire childhood passed in Tarkhany, the grandmother, who did not look for a soul in her grandson, entertained the future genius in every possible way, including arranging amusing battles on the territory of the estate in the manner of the battles of Peter I.
In 1842, the ashes of the poet were brought here, buried in the chapel-tomb next to the graves of his mother and grandfather.
After the death of Arsenyeva and before the beginning of the revolution, the estate was maintained in relative order by various managers, thanks to whom the buildings had a decent appearance.
In September 1918, the Bolsheviks, declaring Tarkhany the property of the Soviet state, took them under special protection, and in 1934 the estate received the status of a museum-reserve.
1 place
Well, the winner of our rating is the legendary noble estate of the greatest Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - "Mikhailovskoye", which was granted to the poet's great-grandfather - Abram Gannibal in 1742 by Empress Elizaveta Petrovna.
The estate received its current name under Pushkin's grandfather, Osip Abramovich, who renamed the village "Mouth" into "Mikhailovskoye".
1824-1826 Alexander Sergeevich was serving a link here, which, according to Pushkinists, favorably affected the poet in terms of creativity. It was here that the best works of the "Sun of Russian Poetry" were created.
In 1836, after the death of his mother, the estate became the property of A. S. Pushkin, and in 1922 it was declared a museum-reserve.
On a separate line:
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Features of the Russian literary estate
R Russian classical literature - from Derzhavin to Bunin - is closely connected with the life of the noble estate. Great writers - A. S. Pushkin in Zakharov, M. Yu. Lermontov in Tarkhany, L.N. Tolstoy in Yasnaya Polyana, A. A. Blok in Shakhmatovo - matured as individuals in the conditions of the estate life and subsequently were associated with this life all their lives. The prototypes of their heroes lived in the "village". Only with the entry into the cultural scene in the second half of the 19th century as the dominant creative force of the raznochintsy did Russian literature become primarily urban.
When thinking about Russian literary estates, twenty names immediately come to mind - if not more. The same amount can be added with a little thought and rummaging in memory. In general, the literary estate in Russia was more fortunate than any other. Attention to such memorable places has never weakened. Apparently, this is due to the specifics of the Russian national character. At one time, D.S. Likhachev wrote that "in Russia ... literature has become a nation." Indeed, for a Russian person, the art of the word is the most important of the arts. This explains such a peculiar and unparalleled phenomenon in world cultural practice as the self-revival of the Russian literary estate.
Spasskoye-Lutovinovo burned down in the fire of the first Russian revolution in 1906. The same fate befell Shakhmatovo, but somewhat later - after 1917. Of the “Pushkin estates”, only Boldino miraculously survived intact to this day, and Mikhailovskoye burned to the ground several times. The house in Ovstuga was sold "for a brick" by the descendants of F. I. Tyutchev and dismantled shortly before the First World War. Now everything that has been said is hard to believe, but these are just isolated examples taken at random when life began to seethe in the ashes again. In general, fate favored only some of the Russian literary estates when the heirs took care in time that they retain their cultural status. These are Muranovo, Yasnaya Polyana, Tarkhany, Shchelykovo. Others had to go through many ups and downs.
It should also be noted that literary estates tend not only to be reborn from the ashes, but also to grow in breadth. The standard is Mikhailovskoye, already unthinkable without Trigorsky and Petrovsky. Boldino, Khmelita, Shakhmatovo follow the same path of joining neighboring memorial estates (and not always literary ones). Entire historical regions are formed, as it were, but literary estates form their basis.
It is clear that the happy fate of most literary estates was also determined by the fact that at the origins of their revival and renewal were bright personalities who gave their chosen cause not only their outstanding energy, but also their own richest cultural potential. Muranovo was headed by the poet's grandson N. I. Tyutchev for a long time, and the outstanding literary critic K. V. Pigarev became his heir. S. S. Geichenko gained truly all-Russian fame; but next to him it is quite possible to put the long-term director Melikhov Yu. U. Avdeev. It must be emphasized that the latter were both talented writers, and what they wrote is an outstanding contribution to both Pushkin and Czech studies. A remarkable figure is the director of Khmelita, V. E. Kulakov, who bore on his shoulders the heavy burden of restoring the Griboedov estate. This trend continues to this day. An example is Yasnaya Polyana, where the Tolstoys rule again.
The cultural significance of the literary estate is due to the fact that each writer - both great and small - creates his own world, the material for which is his individual human experience. The material atmosphere in which he lived also becomes a literary document and, accordingly, an attribute of the national culture. The writer's house, household items, the surrounding landscape - all these are necessary components of his "artistic universe". Material monuments are the link between the writer and the modern reader. Often, thanks to acquaintance with them, much of what otherwise requires an explanatory analysis becomes clear.
We can talk about a literary estate in Russia since the middle of the 18th century. There is a chronological coincidence with the era of rapid estate construction. On the other hand, it was from this time that the flowering of new Russian literature began. If the concept of literary life is applicable to pre-Petrine Russia, then it was concentrated either in large cities (Moscow, Novgorod, Tver), or in monasteries. After the decree "on the freedom of the nobility", priority was transferred from public service to private life. This made it possible for the nobles - the most educated class of the time - to devote themselves to cultural and creative pursuits. The first famous literary estates, repeatedly described in verse and constantly mentioned in correspondence, were Zvanka by G. R. Derzhavin and Grebnevo by M. M. Kheraskov. "Rural life" becomes, as it were, a continuation of the capital. Among the guests of the estate are many representatives of the intellectual elite. Moving to the countryside no longer meant retiring away from active life.
The estate of an educated nobleman immersed in creative work turns into a cultural center of the district. In such estates not only extensive book collections are concentrated, but also "physical studies", mineralogical and botanical collections. In some estates, even printing houses were set up and books were published (Ruzaevka of the poet N. E. Struysky). Until the beginning of the 19th century, literature had not yet become a specific sphere, isolated from science and philosophy. Encyclopedism was one of the defining aspects of the era. From this point of view, Vaskino of the historian M. M. Shcherbatov (her nephew P. Ya. Chaadaev came here in his youth), Avdotino of the book publisher N. I. Novikov, Dvoryaninovo, the famous gardener and "land surveyor" A. T. Bolotova. Further professionalization of literary work changed and streamlined the picture.
It has already been said that the list of Russian literary estates includes several dozen names. First of all, it is necessary to single out the estates where the greatest writers, due to various circumstances, spent a long period of their lives and created a number of significant works. These are Mikhailovskoye (A. S. Pushkin), Yasnaya Polyana (L. N. Tolstoy), Spasskoe-Lutovinovo (I. S. Turgenev), Shchelykovo (A. N. Ostrovsky), Red Horn (A. K. Tolstoy), Vorobyovka (A. A. Fet), Melikhovo (A. P. Chekhov). Khantonovo (K.N. Batyushkov), Muranovo (E.A. Baratynsky), Shakhmatovo (A.A. Blok) can also be included here with some reservations. Other famous estates are associated with the childhood years of famous writers. These are Danilovskoye (K.N. Batyushkov), Tarkhany (M.Yu. Lermontov), Khmelita (A.S. Griboyedov), Ovstug (F.I. Tyutchev), Spas-Ugol (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin), Rozhdestveno (V. V. Nabokov). Some estates are famous not so much because of the owners, but because of the guests. Among them: Ostafievo (N. M. Karamzin, A. S. Pushkin), Vinogradovo (I. A. Krylov), Serednikovo (M. Yu. Lermontov), Priyutino (I. A. Krylov, poets of the "Pushkin circle" ), Znamenskoye-Gubaylovo (poets of the "Silver Age").
Recently, Slepnevo, associated with the names of N. S. Gumilyov and A. A. Akhmatova, has attracted much attention. This is, perhaps, chronologically the last famous literary estate. Then you can only talk about "dacha".
The theme of the Russian estate sounded nostalgically in the poetry of the greatest Russian poet of the 20th century B. L. Pasternak. In his youth, he came into contact with the estate, but already as a "cottage resident". A number of estates are associated with the name of Pasternak. In Obolensky (near Maloyaroslavets) in the summer of 1903, there was a meeting with the composer A. N. Scriabin, which left a mark on his whole life. In Molodi (1913), verses were written that were included in the poet's first book, Twin in the Clouds. Special mention should be made of Zhuchki (Golyshkino). This manor (already sounded in Russian poetry, since another outstanding poet, A. N. Maikov spent his childhood there) became the scene of Pasternak’s youthful romance with the future heroine of the book “My Sister is Life”. The poem "Old Park" from the cycle "Poems about the War" (1941) describes the Izmalkovo estate (near the writer's holiday village Peredelkino).
As a rule, literary estates belong to the middle class estates. Such estates include a wooden one-story house of uncomplicated architecture and several residential and outbuildings. A linden alley and a large flower bed in front of the house replaced the park.
Outstanding architectural complexes among literary estates are an exception (Ostafievo, Serednikovo). Of particular note is the Red Horn. Tradition ascribes to B. Rastrelli the project of the main house of this estate.
Only a few of the literary estates are highly artistic works of art. Ostafyevo, Serednikovo, Muranovo are a kind of "synthesis of architecture and poetry." In the estate, the boundaries of the arts were blurred. For example, painting and music flourished in Abramtsevo and Priyutin along with literature. The same can be said about literature and science. Shakhmatovo and Boblovo (the estate of D. I. Mendeleev) are naturally considered as a single cultural complex. A. Bely's childhood passed in Demyanovo. At the same time, well-known professors of Moscow University lived here in their dacha. First of all, it is necessary to mention the botanist K. A. Timiryazev, who equipped a laboratory in the estate. Demyanovo is also closely connected with the musical life of Russia (S.I. Taneev, P.I. Tchaikovsky). The owner of the estate, the famous lawyer V. I. Taneyev (the elder brother of the composer), collected here a library of social sciences, rare in its completeness. Lyubimovka is not only the “small motherland” of the Art Theatre. In this estate, A.P. Chekhov wrote The Cherry Orchard.
It should be especially emphasized that the village theme came to Russian literature thanks to the estate. In Dulebin, D. V. Grigorovich found the plots of his famous stories - "The Village" and "Anton the Unfortunate". These stories describe the true fate of the peasants of Dulebin. "Notes of a hunter" by I. S. Turgenev and "village poems" by N. A. Nekrasov ("Frost the Red Nose", "Peddlers") would not have been possible without Spassky-Lutovinov and Karabikha. M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in Vitenev collected a wealth of material to describe the post-reform village (“The Mon Repos Shelter”).
The connection with the estate culture can also be traced in the work of urban writers. The most striking example is F. M. Dostoevsky. In his works, memories of the Darovoye estate constantly surfaced, where he spent the summer months as a child for several years.
It is not difficult to find nostalgic echoes of the theme of the Russian estate among raznochintsev writers. For example, the hero of N. G. Pomyalovsky’s stories “Molotov” and “Petty Bourgeois Happiness” constantly asks himself the dreary question: “Where are those lindens under which my childhood passed?”
As a cultural phenomenon, the literary estate survived the revolution and post-revolutionary cataclysms. It is characteristic that the Litfond's Houses of Creativity in Soviet times were originally created on the basis of literary estates (the house of M. A. Voloshin in Koktebel, the cottage of the famous theater entrepreneur F. A. Korsh in Golitsyn near Moscow). Special mention should be made of Maleevka. It was the estate of V. M. Lavrov, editor-publisher of the Russian Thought magazine. It is described in the well-known story by A.P. Chekhov "A House with a Mezzanine".
In conclusion, it should be emphasized again that classical Russian literature is simply impossible without a Russian estate. It is simply impossible to cut such deep roots. It seems that we are by no means present at the final death of the Russian estate, but, on the contrary, somewhere at the beginning of a new round of its cultural history. The Russian estate (including the literary estate) has far from exhausted its potential.
It should also be said that the author does not aim to give the reader a kind of encyclopedia of the Russian literary estate. Such a book would be a hefty volume, and not everyone would be interested in it. After all, only the remains of the park have survived from many of the estates listed above. Therefore, the author first of all describes those estates that today remain integral complexes; most of them are museums. There is “something to see” everywhere.
The history of literature knows a number of writers who stubbornly wrote to the table, who did not think about either the reader or fame, it seems that they were generally devoid of any literary ambitions, but who became extraordinarily famous after death - which, it seems, would surprise them. Apparently, the point here is not the lack of ambition, but a peculiar life position. Such a writer takes up the pen because it is "the need of the soul." For him, the main thing is to fulfill as best as possible what he considers himself destined for; only then will he feel honest before God and people - and he does not need more.
From the book Three Heretics [Tales of Pisemsky, Melnikov-Pechersky, Leskov] author Anninsky Lev AlexandrovichAcross the Stream, or the Lessons of Russian Literary "Heresy" When a critic of modern literature, which, as a rule, responds to the topic of the day, to what we live and breathe now, suddenly publishes a book dedicated to events long past, to writers of the past century, this dictated
From the book Poetics. History of literature. Cinema. author Tynyanov Yury NikolaevichTo Boris Eikhenbaum ON LITERARY EVOLUTION 1. The position of the history of literature continues to be the position of a colonial power in a number of cultural disciplines. On the one hand, it is largely dominated by individualistic psychologism (especially in the West),
From the book Volume 2. Soviet literature author Lunacharsky Anatoly VasilievichConcerning the Resolution of the Central Committee on Literary Policy* The recently published resolution of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party on policy in the field of literature1 is of extraordinary importance. First, it is necessary to note some of its politically very important tendencies. They are certainly not new, they coincide with
From the book History of Russian Literature of the 18th Century author Lebedeva O. B.Features of the denouement and typology of the hero-ideologist in Russian high comedy Like so many Russian comedies that preceded and inherited it, Yabeda has a double denouement: the first is internal, stemming from the very action of the comedy, the second is external, provoked
From the book Russian Cross: Literature and the reader at the beginning of the new century author Ivanova Natalya BorisovnaFierce Patriots (Peculiarities of Nationalist Discourse in Contemporary Literary Criticism) What have Russian poets been doing all these years? You don’t need to go into your pocket for an answer: they suffered, drank, cried and cursed. S. M. Kaznacheev. Modern Russian poets (M., 2006) 1In a fashionable author
Pushkin's estates and parks in the verses of Russian poets of the late 18th - early 20th centuries
From the book Demons: A Novel-Warning author Saraskina Ludmila IvanovnaBernovo and neighboring estates With the lovely inhabitants of Trigorsky - Praskovya Alexandrovna Osipova - Wolf and her children Anna, Evpraksia, Alexei Wolf and stepdaughter Alina Osipova - Pushkin met on Tver land when he visited in 1828-1833 in located
From the book Literature Grade 9. Textbook-reader for schools with in-depth study of literature author Team of authors From the author's bookPeculiarities of the Russian Mind The title of my article is the title of a cycle of lectures by the great Ivan Pavlov. An inquisitive academician once, at his own peril and risk, announced the features of the national mind discovered by him. And the risk was rather big, because in the Russian world there were times
From the author's book From the author's bookFeatures of Realism in Russian Literature Russian writers were the first to turn to realism - it was their works that most clearly and deeply showed the enormous artistic possibilities of this creative method. In Western European literature we will not find
Alexander Efimovich Izmailov(April 14 (25), 1779, Vladimir province, - January 16 (28), 1831, St. Petersburg) - Russian official, fabulist, publisher and publicist. In 1822-1824 he was chairman of the Free Society of Lovers of Literature, Sciences and Arts.
Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov(January 4, 1795, Moscow - January 30, 1829, Tehran) - Russian diplomat, poet, playwright, pianist and composer, nobleman. State Councilor (1828).
Alexey Fedorovich Merzlyakov(March 17, 1778, Dalmatovo, Kazan province - July 26, 1830, Moscow) - Russian poet, literary critic, translator, professor at Moscow University.
Denis Vasilievich Davydov(July 16 (27), 1784, Moscow - April 22 (May 4), 1839, Verkhnyaya Maza village, Syzran district, Simbirsk province) - Russian poet, the most prominent representative of "hussar poetry", lieutenant general. One of the commanders of the partisan movement during the Patriotic War of 1812.
Alexander Nikolaevich Strugovshchikov(December 31, 1808 - December 26, 1878) - Russian poet, translator
Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky(January 29, 1783, Mishenskoye village, Belevsky district, Tula province - April 12, 1852, Baden-Baden, German Union) - Russian poet, one of the founders of romanticism in Russian poetry, translator, critic.
Dmitry Dmitrievich Minaev(October 21, 1835, Simbirsk - July 10, 1889, ibid) - Russian satirist, journalist, translator, critic.
Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev(November 23, 1803, Ovstug, Bryansk district, Oryol province - July 15, 1873, Tsarskoe Selo) - Russian poet, diplomat, conservative publicist, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1857, privy councillor.
Evgeny Abramovich Baratynsky (Boratynsky[* one] ; March 7, 1800 [* 2], the village of Vyazhlya, Kirsanovsky district, Tambov province - June 29, 1844, Naples) - Russian poet, translator. One of the brightest and at the same time mysterious and underestimated figures of Russian literature.
Apollon Nikolaevich Maikov(May 23 (June 4), 1821, Moscow - March 8 (20), 1897, St. Petersburg) - Russian poet, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1853). Privy Councilor (since 1888).
Konstantin Nikolaevich Batyushkov(May 18, 1787, Vologda - July 7, 1855, Vologda) - Russian poet.
Alexander Ivanovich Odoevsky(November 26 (December 8), 1802, St. Petersburg - August 15 (27), 1839, Fort Lazarevsky, (now the Lazarevsky district in the city of Sochi)) - prince, Decembrist poet, cornet, writer.
Graph Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy(August 24, 1817, St. Petersburg - September 28, 1875, the village of Krasny Rog, Chernigov province) - Russian writer, poet, playwright from the Tolstoy family.
Yakov Petrovich Polonsky(December 6, 1819, Ryazan - October 18, 1898, St. Petersburg) - Russian writer, known mainly as a poet.
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Alexey Nikolaevich Pleshcheev(November 22, 1825, Kostroma - September 26, 1893, Paris) - Russian writer, poet, translator; literary and theater critic.
Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev(September 10, 1760, the village of Bogorodskoye, Kazan province - October 3, 1837, Moscow) - Russian poet, fabulist, statesman; sentimentalist. Member of the Russian Academy (1797).
Gabriel (Gavrila) Romanovich Derzhavin(July 3, 1743, the village of Sokura, Kazan province - July 8, 1816, Zvanka estate, Novgorod province) - Russian poet of the Enlightenment, statesman of the Russian Empire, senator, active privy councillor.
prince Ivan Mikhailovich Dolgorukov (Dolgoruky; April 7 (18), 1764, Moscow - December 4 (16), 1823) - Russian poet, playwright, memoirist from the Dolgorukov family. Privy Councilor, in 1802-12. Vladimir governor. Father of P. I. Dolgorukov, A. I. Dolgorukov and D. I. Dolgorukov.
Mikhail Nikitich Muravyov(1757-1807) - figure of the Russian Enlightenment, trustee of Moscow University, senator. The founder of the genre of light poetry in Russia.
prince Antioch Dmitrievich Kantemir(rum. Antioh Dimitrievici Cantemir; September 10, 1708, Constantinople, according to other sources Iasi - March 31, 1744, Paris) - Russian satirist poet and diplomat, figure of the early Russian Enlightenment. The largest Russian poet of the syllabic era (before the Trediakovsky-Lomonosov reform).
Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov(November 14, 1717, Wilmanstrand (now Lappeenranta) - October 1, 1777, Moscow) - poet, playwright and literary critic; one of the largest representatives of Russian literature of the XVIII century. Considered the first professional Russian writer.
Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky(also Tredyakovsky; February 22 (March 5), 1703 - August 6 (17), 1769) - Russian poet, translator and philologist of the 18th century, one of the founders of syllabo-tonic versification in Russia. For the first time he introduced the hexameter into the arsenal of Russian poetic meters.
Estates of Russian writers
Ovstug is the estate of the noble family of the Tyutchevs on the banks of the Ovstuzhenka River, in the village of the same name in the Zhukovsky district of the Bryansk region. In 1803 Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born here.
Tarkhany (now the village of Lermontovo) is the former estate of the Arsenyevs Elizaveta Alekseevna and Mikhail Vasilyevich - the grandparents of M. Yu. Lermontov. Brought to Tarkhany at the age of six months, M. Yu. Lermontov spent all his childhood and adolescence here (from March 1815 to August 1827 and summer 1828), lived from 12/31/1835 to March 1836. Here, on April 23, 1842, near the church of Michael the Archangel, the burial in the crypt of the remains of the poet, transported from the Caucasus in a lead sarcophagus, took place.
Spasskoye-Lutovinovo - the estate of the mother of the writer I. S. Turgenev in the Mtsensk district of the Oryol region. The village of Spasskoye was named so because of the Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior located here.
The Yasnaya Polyana estate is inseparable from the name of Leo Tolstoy. Here he was born on September 28, 1828, here his talent flourished from the first childhood impressions to the deepest philosophical understanding of reality. It was from here that Tolstoy left at the end of October 1910 to meet his death. Throughout his long life, Tolstoy always strived here, to the family nest.
The eagle and those lying around the earth are of considerable importance in the history of Russian literature, many writers and poets lived and worked on works here (Fyodor Tyutchev, Ivan Turgenev, Leonid Andreev and others). Perhaps the most famous, the main symbol of this city can be called Nikolai Leskov, the author of such works as "Lefty", "Islanders", "Bypassed" and others. The writer in Orel has a picturesque wooden estate in the center of Oktyabrskaya Street (in those days - Upper Dvoryanskaya). Now the estate is a museum and everyone can visit it.
In the Ustyuzhensky district, in the village of Danilovskoye, the former noble estate of the Batyushkovs is located. This house is associated with many different stories and legends.
A well-known resident of the city of Yekaterinburg was the Soviet writer Arkady Gaidar (Arkady Golikov), who wrote the well-known "Conscience", "Timur and his team", "Bumbarash". Surprisingly, his house does not in any way resemble a country estate: the same house is crowded between glass skyscrapers, a pedestrian zone and a river.
Pavel Petrovich Bazhov is one of the most famous Ural authors, who owns the famous Ural tales. Most of his works were created by him in this very house on Chapaeva Street (formerly Bishops). Pavel Petrovich built the house himself about a hundred years ago. Now the Bazhov Museum has been organized in the house, where all things are preserved as they were during the life of Pavel Petrovich.
Aliases
| Nickname | Real name |
| Aini (Tajik writer and scientist) | Sadriddin Said-Muradzoda |
| Andersen-Nekse Martin (Danish writer) | Martin Andersen |
| Apollinaire Guillaume (French writer) | Wilhelm Apollinary Kostrovitsky |
| Aspasia (Latvian poetess) | Elsa Rosenberg |
| Akhmatova Anna (Russian poetess) | Anna Andreevna Gorenko |
| Aho Juhani (Finnish writer) | Johannes Brufeldt |
| Bagritsky Eduard (Russian poet) | Eduard Georgievich Dzyubin |
| Barbarus Johannes (Estonian statesman and writer) | Johannes Vares |
| Poor Demyan (Russian writer) | Efim Alekseevich Pridvorov |
| Bely Andrey (Russian writer) | Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev |
| Vovchok Marko (Ukrainian and Russian writer) | Maria Alexandrovna Vilinskaya-Markovich |
| Voltaire (French writer and philosopher) | Marie Francois Arouet |
| Gaidar Arkady (Russian writer) | Arkady Petrovich Golikov |
| Hamsun Knut (Norwegian writer) | Knut Pedersen |
| Gorky Maxim (Russian writer) | Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov |
| Grin Alexander Stepanovich (Russian writer) | Alexander Stepanovich Grinevsky |
| D "Annunzio Gabriele (Italian writer) | Gabriele Rapagnetta |
| Jean-Paul (German writer) | Johann Paul Friedrich Richter |
| Zegers Anna (German writer) | Nettie Radvani |
| Ilf Ilya and Petrov Evgeny (Russian writers and co-authors) | Ilya Arnoldovich Fainzilberg and Evgeny Petrovich Kataev |
| Kaverin Veniamin (Russian writer) | Veniamin Alexandrovich Zilber |
| Kiwi Alexis (French writer) | Alexis Stenwall |
| Claire Rene (French film director) | René Chaumette |
| Koidula Lydia (Estonian writer) | Lydia Emile Florentine Jannsen |
| Kolas Yakub (Belarusian writer) | Konstantin Mikhailovich Mitskevich |
| Koltsov Mikhail (Russian writer) | Mikhail Efimovich Fridland |
| Konrad Joseph (English writer of Polish origin) | Jozef Theodor Konrad Kozhenevsky |
| Kupala Yanka (Belarusian poet) | Ivan Dominikovich Lutsevich |
| Laxness Hadldour Kilian (Spanish writer) | Hadldour Kiljan Gudjonsson |
| Lassila Mayu (Finnish writer) | Algot Untola Tietäväinen |
| Linnankoski Yehannes (Finnish writer) | Vihtori Peltonen |
| London Jack (American writer) | John Griffith London |
| Loti Pierre (French writer) | Julien Viot |
| Mirny Panas (Ukrainian writer) | Afanasy Yakovlevich Rudchenko |
| Mistral Gabriela (Child diplomat and poetess) | Godoy Alcayaga |
| Molière (French playwright) | Jean Baptiste Poquelin |
| Moravia Alberto (Italian writer) | Alberto Pinkerle |
| Maurois André (French writer) | Emil Erzog |
| Multatuli (Dutch writer) | Edward Dawes Decker |
| Neris Salome (lit. writer) | Salome Bachinskaite-Buchene |
| Neruda Pablo (Child poet) | Naftali Ricardo Reyes Basualto |
| Novalis (German writer) | Friedrich von Hardenberg |
| O. Henry (American writer) | William Cindy Porter |
| Polevoy Boris (Russian writer) | Boris Nikolaevich Kampov |
| Prus Boleslav (Polish writer) | Alexander Glovatsky |
| Prutkov Kozma (collective pseudonym of four Russian writers) | Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy Alexei Mikhailovich Zhemchuzhnikov Vladimir Mikhailovich Zhemchuzhnikov Alexander Mikhailovich Zhemchuzhnikov |
| Rainis Janis (Latvian poet) | Janis Pliekshans |
| Renn Ludwig (German writer) | Arnold Fit von Golsenau |
| Romain Jules (French writer) | Louis Farigoul |
| Sand George (French writer) | Aurora Dupin |
| Svevo Italo (Italian writer) | Ettore Schmitz |
| Svetlov Mikhail (Russian writer) | Mikhail Arkadyevich Sheinkman |
| Severyanin Igor (Russian poet) | Igor Vasilievich Lotarev |
| Serafimovich Alexander (Russian writer) | Alexander Serafimovich Popov |
| Ernest Seton-Thompson (Canadian writer) | Ernest Thompson Seton |
| Stendhal (French writer) | Henri Marie Bayle |
| Tammsaare A.H. (Estonian writer) | Anton Hansen |
| Tank Maxim (Belarusian writer) | Evgeny Ivanovich Skurko |
| Twain Mark (American writer) | Samuel Langhorne Clemens |
| Traven B. (fleece) (Scandinavian writer) | Traven Torsvan |
| Ukrainian Lesya (Ukrainian writer) | Larisa Petrovna Kosach-Kvitka |
| Fallada Hans (German writer) | Rudolf Dietzen |
| Frans Anatole (French writer) | Anatole Francois Thibault |
| Black Sasha (Russian poet) | Alexander Mikhailovich Glikberg |
| Sholom Aleichem (Jewish writer) | Sholom Nakhumovich Rabinovich |
| Shchedrin N. (Russian writer) | Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov |
| Eliot George (English writer) | Mary Ann Evans |
| Eluard Paul (French poet) | Eugene Grendel |
| Eessaare Aadu (Estonian revolutionary and writer) | Jaan Anvelt |
