All are deaf and voiced. How different are these consonant sounds

In Russian, deaf and voiced consonants are separated. The rules for writing letters denoting them begin to be studied already in the first grade. But even after graduating from school, many still cannot write words without errors, where there are deaf and voiced consonants. This is sad.

Why do you need to write voiceless and voiced consonants correctly in Russian

Some people treat the culture of writing superficially. They justify their ignorance in this area with such a common phrase: “What difference does it make, as it is written, it’s still clear what it is about!”

In fact, spelling errors indicate a low level of personality culture. You cannot consider yourself a developed person if you cannot write correctly in your native language.

There is another fact that testifies in favor of the rule of error-free spelling. After all, deaf and voiced consonants are sometimes found in words that are oral in speech are homophones. That is, they sound the same, but are spelled differently. Incorrect use of a letter in them is fraught with loss or change in the meaning of the context.

For example, the words "pond" - "rod", "cat" - "code", "horn" - "rock" are just included in this list.

shameful loss

Schoolchildren in the Russian language lesson can be told a funny episode from life. It should be based on the fact that several children did not know how to correctly write in words the letters denoting voiced and unvoiced consonants.

And it happened during the school team game "Treasure hunters". In its rules, it was noted that you need to move along the route indicated in the notes. Moreover, the place where the next letter was hidden was not indicated exactly. The note contained only a hint of him.

Here the teams received the first letters with the following text: "Road, meadow, stone." One group of guys immediately ran towards the lawn, found a stone there, under which the letter was hidden. The second, having mixed up the words-homophones "meadow" and "bow", ran to the garden. But, of course, they did not find any stone among the brightly green rows.

You can change history in such a way as if an illiterate scribbler wrote notes. It was he who, giving instructions to the members of his team, instead of the word "meadow" used "bow". Not knowing how paired voiced and deaf consonants are written, the “literate” misled the guys. As a result, the competition was cancelled.

The rule for writing dubious paired consonants for deafness-voicedness

In fact, checking which letter should be written in a particular case is quite simple. Paired voiced and deaf consonants raise doubts about writing only when they are at the end of a word or there is another deaf consonant behind them. If one of these cases takes place, you need to choose a single root or change the form of the word so that a vowel follows the dubious consonant. You can also use the option where the letter being checked is followed by a voiced consonant.

Mug - mug, snow - snow, bread - bread; rez - carved, sweat - sweaty.

Didactic game "Connect the word to be checked with the test word"

In order to have time to do more during class, you can conduct a game in which skills are consolidated without writing down. Its condition will be a task in which children are asked only to connect the test words with the traits being tested. It takes less time, and the work done will be extremely effective.

The game will become more interesting if it is carried out in the form of a competition. To do this, make up three options for tasks, where two columns are used. One contains test words. In the other, it is necessary to enter those in which voiced and deaf consonants are in a dubious position. Examples of words may be as follows.

First column: bread, ponds, snow, onion, meadows, twig. Second column: bow, bread, meadow, twig, snow, pond.

To complicate the task, you can include in the column with test words those that are not suitable for verification, that is, they are not the same root as those whose spelling is in doubt: snacks, servant, octopus.

Table of consonants by voiced-deafness

All consonants are divided according to several parameters. During the phonetic analysis of a word at school, characteristics such as softness-hardness, sonority or deafness are indicated. For example, the sound [n] is a consonant, solid, sonorous. And the sound [n] differs from it in only one characteristic: it is not voiced, but deaf. The difference between the sounds [p] and [p '] lies only in softness and hardness.

Based on these characteristics, a table is compiled, thanks to which it is possible to determine whether the sound has a pair of softness-hardness. After all, some consonants are only soft or only hard.

There are also voiced and unvoiced consonants. The table presented here shows that some sounds do not have a pair for this feature. For example, these are

d, l, m, n, r;
x, c, h, u.

Moreover, the sounds of the first row are voiced, and the sounds of the second are deaf. The rest of the consonants are in pairs. It is they who make it difficult to write, since a dull sound is often heard where a letter is written, denoting a voiced consonant.

Checks require only paired consonants - voiced and deaf. The table reflects this point. For example, the sound "b", falling into the final position or ending up in front of another deaf consonant, "stuns" itself, turning into "p". That is, the word "hornbeam" (wood species) is pronounced and heard as [grab].

The table shows that these sounds are paired in sonority-deafness. These can also be called “c” - “f”, “g” - “k”, “d” - “t”, “g” - “w” and “h” - “s”. Although the sound “x” can be added to the pair “g” - “k”, which often sounds in a stunned position in place of “g”: soft - soft[m'ahk'y], easy - easy[l'ohk'y].

Didactic game-lotto "Doubtful consonants"

So that classes in which the spelling of voiced and deaf consonants is studied do not turn into a tedious routine, they should be diversified. Teachers and parents can prepare for a didactic game special small cards with pictures and words that contain dubious consonant sounds. A doubtful consonant can be replaced by dots or asterisks.

In addition, larger cards should be made, in which there will be only letters denoting consonants paired by voiced-deafness. Cards with pictures are laid out on the table.

At the signal of the leader, the players take them from the table and cover with them the letters on a large card that are missing in their opinion. Whoever closes all the windows before others and without errors is considered the winner.

Extracurricular activities in the Russian language

Winning options for developing interest in this area of science are evenings, competitions, KVNs. They are held outside school hours for everyone.

It is very important to create an exciting scenario for such an event. Particular attention should be paid to the development of tasks that will be both useful and exciting. These activities can be done with students of all ages.

Interesting tasks can also be those that contain an element of literary creativity. For example, it is useful to suggest to the guys:

Make up a story about how the sounds "t" and "d" quarreled;

Think of as many single-root words as possible for the word "horn" in one minute;

Write a short quatrain with rhymes: meadow-bow, twig-pond.

Consonant alternation in Russian

Sometimes, contrary to the laws of spelling, some letters in words are replaced by others. For example, "spirit" and "soul". Historically (etymologically) they are the same root, but they have different letters in the root - "x" and "sh". The same process of alternating consonants is observed in the words "burden" and "wear". But in the latter case, the sound "sh" alternates with the consonant "s".

However, it should be noted that this is not an alternation of voiced and deaf consonants that make up a pair. This is a special type of replacement of one sound by another, which occurred in ancient times, at the dawn of the formation of the Russian language.

The following consonants alternate:

s - f - g (example: friends - be friends - friend);
t - h (example: fly - I'm flying);
c - h - k (example: face - personal - face);
s - w - x (examples: forester - goblin, arable land - plow);
w - d - railway (example: leader - driver - driving);
h - st (example: fantasy - fantastic);
u - sk (example: polished - gloss);
u - st (example: paved - pave).

Often, alternation is called the appearance of the sound “l” in verbs, which in this case bears the beautiful name “el epentetikum”. Examples are the pairs of words “love - love”, “feed - feed”, “buy - buy”, “count - graph”, “catch - catch”, “ruin - destroy”.

The Russian language is so rich, the processes taking place in it are so diverse that if the teacher tries to find exciting options for working in the classroom both in the classroom and outside the classroom, then many teenagers will plunge into the world of knowledge and discoveries, will really become interested in this school subject.

Consonants are voiced and voiceless. Stunning and voicing of consonants

According to the sound and method of formation, consonants are divided in Russian into voiced and deaf.

Voiced consonants are formed with the participation of the vocal cords and consist of voice and noise. Voiceless consonants are formed without the participation of the vocal cords and consist only of noise.

Most consonants form voiceless/voiced pairs. Table:

	[b '] - [n ']
	[in '] - [f ']
	[g '] - [k ']
	[d '] - [t ']
	[h '] - [s ']

Some consonants do not form voiced / deaf pairs (they are, so to speak, "only voiced" or "only deaf").

Unpaired voiceless consonants: [x], [x'], [c], [h'], [u'].

Unpaired voiced consonants: [th '], [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p '].

In the flow of speech in certain positions, paired voiced consonants change to deaf (stunned), and paired deaf consonants change to voiced (voiced).

Voiced consonants are stunned in two positions:

At the end of a word:

Bread - [khl'epʹ].

(Many) flowers - [tsv'itof].

2. Before a deaf consonant:

Claws - [kokt'i].

Spoon - [spoon].

Under the floor - [patpolam].

Voiceless consonants are voiced in position before paired voiced ones:

Request - [proz'ba].

End - [adboy "].

With a friend - [friends].

Consonants are soft and hard. Softening hard consonants

According to the sound and method of formation, consonants are divided in Russian into hard and soft.

Soft consonants are formed with the participation of the middle part of the tongue and have a special, “soft” sound. Hard consonants are formed without the participation of the middle part of the tongue and have a "hard" sound.

Most consonants form hard/soft pairs.

Some consonants do not form hard/soft pairs (they are, so to speak, "only hard" or "only soft").

Unpaired solid consonants: [g], [w], [c].

Unpaired soft consonants: [th '], [h '], [u '].

Hard consonants cannot be combined with the vowel sound [and] following them, soft consonants cannot be combined with the vowel sound [ы] following them.

Man - [man] (here after a solid [w] it sounds [s]).

Taught - [uch'il] (here after the soft [h '] it sounds [and]).

In some cases, in the flow of speech, softening of paired solid consonants occurs.

Hard [n] can change to soft [n '] in combinations [n'h '], [n'sh'].

Pancake - pancake [bl'in'ch'ik].

Change - changer [sm'en'sch'ik].

Hard [d], [t], [h], [s], [n] can soften before soft [d '], [t '], [h '], [s '], [n '].

Whistle - whistle [s't']et.

Forest - le [s "n"] ik.

Treasury - in ka [z "n"] e.

Bow - ba [n "t"] ik.

India - I [n "d"] iya.

Assimilation of consonants in sound and pronunciation, loss of consonants in hard-to-pronounce combinations

In addition to softening, voicing and stunning in the flow of speech, consonants undergo other changes in certain positions. Let's note some of them.

The sounds [h], [s], [d], [t] before the consonants [g], [w], [h "], [u"] are likened to them in sound and pronunciation.

Sew - [shshyt '].

Kindle - [razhech '].

Account - [sh'sh'ot].

Become generous - ra[sh'sh'] quarrelsome.

Clean up - [patch'ch'is't'it'].

With a beetle - [beetle].

From wool - [ishshers "t" and].

In verbs on -tsya and -tsya, the sounds [t '] and [s '], mutually similar in pronunciation, coincide in the double sound [ts].

To tear - [to tear].

Suitable - [gad’izza].

In combination with TSK, the sounds [t] and [s], mutually similar in pronunciation, coincide in the sound [c].

Arbatsky - [arbatsky "].

Pirate - [p'iratsk'y "].

With an unpronounceable combination of consonant sounds, one of them may fall out.

Domineering - wet.

Heart - s[rc]e.

Late - by[kn]o.

The sun - so [nc] e.

Envious - envious [s "l"] ivey.

Feeling - chu [st] about.

Six hundred - she [ss] from.

Dutch - Dutch [ns] cue.

Vowels are stressed and unstressed. Reduction of unstressed vowels

According to the peculiarities of pronunciation, duration and strength of sound, vowel sounds are divided into stressed and unstressed.

Stressed vowels in Russian have a much longer duration and sound strength than unstressed ones. Stressed vowels are characterized by a clearer pronunciation than unstressed ones.

Stressed vowels form stressed syllables in speech, unstressed vowels - unstressed syllables.

In an unstressed position, vowels are pronounced less clearly and sound with a shorter duration (i.e., they are reduced).

Vowels [and], [s], [y] without stress generally retain their sound.

Saw - [p'ila].

Smoke - [smoke].

Hand - [hand].

Vowels [o], [e], [a] without stress change the quality of their sound.

After solid consonants, unstressed [o] and [a] coincide in a short vowel sound, close, but not identical to [a] (there is no special icon for this sound in the school phonetics course, the symbol [a] is used).

Head - [head].

Words - [glory].

After soft consonants, unstressed [e] and [a] coincide in a short vowel sound, close, but not identical to [and] (there is no special icon for this sound in the school phonetics course, the symbol [and] is used).

Deeds - [d'ila].

Pyatak - [p'itak].

The double role of the letters E, Yo, Yu, Ya in Russian graphics

Letters e, yo, yu, i play a dual role in Russian graphics.

Letters e, yo, yu, i designate two sounds at once, if they are at the beginning of a word, either after dividing b and b, or after a vowel sound: [y'e], [y'o], [y'y], [y'a].

There is - [y’es "t"] (letter e denotes two sounds at the beginning of a word).

Shed - [pral "y" ot] (letter yo stands for two sounds after b).

Comfort - [uy’ut] (letter Yu denotes two sounds after a vowel).

Letters e, e, u, i, standing after soft consonants, denote only vowels [e], [o], [y], [a] and the softness of the previous consonant.

Forest - [l'es].

Honey - [m'otʹ].

Luke - [l'uk].

Row - [r'at].

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich

Voiceless and voiced consonants

§ 79. General rule. Paired voiceless consonants p, f, t, s(and corresponding soft), k, w at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants can be transmitted respectively by letters P or b, f or in, t or d, with or h, to or G, w or well . The same letters can convey paired voiced consonants b, c, e, h(and corresponding soft), g, w before paired voiced consonants (except in). In order to correctly write a consonant letter in these cases, you need to choose a different form of the same word or another word, where in the same significant part of the word (the same root, prefix, suffix) the consonant being checked is before the vowel or before the consonants r, l, m, n, v(and corresponding soft), as well as before j(in writing - before separators b and b , see § 27-28). Examples:

Consonants in roots and suffixes:

1) at the end of a word: du b (cf. oak, oak), deep P (stupid, stupid), gra b (rob), sy pi (pour), but with (noses), in h (carts), th d (of the year), cro t (mole), wife t (married), hand in (sleeves), cro vy (blood, blood), shtra f (fines, penalty, penal), vymo to (get wet, get wet, wet), blue to (bruises), mo G (can, could), small w (baby, baby), monta well (mounting, mounting), draw zh (tremble, tremble); cf. izmoro sz (frost, frost, freeze) and izmoro camping (drizzle, drizzle);

2) before consonants:

a) in front of the deaf: du b ki(cf. oaks, oak), trya P ka (rag, rag, rag, rag), ku P ca (merchant), about in ca (sheep), lo in cue (dexterous), hand in chik (sleeves), scale f chik (cabinets), nor h cue (low), mi with ka (bowls), Wa camping ka (Vasya), Ku sz ka (Kuzya, Kuzma), ka d ka (tub), me t cue (marks), to G ti (claw), lo to ti (elbow), be G stvo (running, fugitive), lo well ka (spoon, spoon), room w ka (small rooms), wings w to (wings); cf. together well ku (intersperse) and together w ku (mix), su P chik (soups) and su b chik (subject);

b) before paired voiced (except in): molo be ba (thresh), swa d ba (weddings, wedding; do not check with a word woo), ho d ba (walk), about camping ba (ask), re sz ba (cut), ox w ba (magic), bo well ba (swear), vra well Yes (hostile), well gu (burn, burn), well to give (wait).

Exceptions: in words holed and open spelled with , although there are verbs open(Xia), open(Xia) and open(Xia), open up(Xia). In words abstraction, reaction, correction spelled to (although abstract, react, correct), in the word transcription spelled P (although transcribe); in these cases, the letter reflects the alternation of consonants in the source language (Latin). About type relations prognosis - prognostic, diagnosis - diagnostics see § 81, para. 2, note 1.

Note. In some words, the letter G sound is transmitted X: the God (god, gods), light, lighter (easy), soft, softer (soft, soft). The words soft, softer, soften etc. should not be checked with words like pulp, soften, soften.

Consonants in prefixes (before a voiceless or paired voiced consonant, except in): in walk, in beat(cf. enter, enter), on the d prick (cut, tear), about b thrash, oh b fry (cut off, cut off, go around), about t talk about t call, oh t advise (wean), on d throw, by d throw, by d send (bring, send), with make, with cunning (be able to, be able to, fail), Pre d carpathian (Cis-Urals).

Note. On the spelling of prefixes ending in h , see § 82.

§ 80. The spelling of unchecked consonants in roots is determined in dictionary order, for example: a b sept, a b salty, ane to DotA P teka, and P sitting, and with best, and f Ghanaian, in friend, in to hall, in torii, G de, zi G zag, cosmon in then b shchy, oh P about f set, ryu to zach, with trousers, then G Yes, f thor, fu t bol, uh to substitutions.

Unchecked are consonants in the following prefixes, suffixes, endings.

Prefixes. Letter to written in appendices the ex- and extra-: ex-champion, ex-president, extraterritorial, extraordinary, extra class. Letter with written in appendix dis-: disqualification, discomfort, disproportion, disharmony, imbalance; cf., however, disassociation, disjunction, where before a vowel and before j spoken and written h .

Suffixes. Letter in written in suffixes of participles and participles ?vsh(uy), ? lice, ? in: taking away, reading, taking, taking, reading; letter well - in the suffix of adverbs ?times: twice, once, four times; letter d before c - in numerals ending in ?twenty, ?eleven: twenty, thirty, eleven, sixteen.

Endings. Letter in written at the end of the forms genus. n. pl. h. nouns type houses, cities, chairs; letter t - at the end of the forms of the 3rd person unit. and many others. hours of verbs: knows, sleeps, writes, draws, walks, grumbles; letters sh - at the end of the form of the 2nd person unit. h. - bud. time: you know, write, walk, give.

§ 81. Words with consonant combinations sk, st, zg, zd. In these combinations, the first consonant is usually unverifiable. When writing words containing these very common consonant groups, one should be guided by the following patterns of letter combinations.

1. There are no stems in Russian that end in letter combinations sg, sd , but there are only the basics on zg, zd (b ); are written: brain (brain), clanging, squealing, small fry; thrush, much, nail, nest, star, train, passage etc. At the beginning of the roots are written zg, zd: no idea (can not see), here, health, building; exception: sweetness, sweet.

2. At the end of the stems, letter combinations predominate sk, st (b ); are written: start (launch), search, risk, melancholy, gloss, arabesque, Bryansk, Kursk, adjectives with suffix ?sk- (royal, seaside, factory); tail, leaf, cross, bush, place, for now, simple, clean, revenge, envy, hatred, words with suffixes ?ist (guitarist, footballer), awn (courage, greed), ?ist(th) (hilly, intermittent), ?ast(th) (eyed, toothy). Same combination st - in suffixes ?stv(about) (wealth, witchcraft, Cossacks), ?stvenn(th) (feminine), ?trunks(be) (to be angry, to be awake), in the prefix fast- (postmodernism, post-soviet), at the end ?st (give, get bored).

At the beginning of the basics and roots of letter combinations zk, zt missing, but written sk, st , for example: scrape, creak, cheekbone, wall, groan, step, country.

Note 1. Letter combination st as part of the stems of nouns and adjectives, it is also written in those words where in place st in other related words there is a combination gp , for example: sarcastic(cf. sarcasm), spastic, spastic (spasm), atavistic (atavism), aphoristic, aphoristic (aphorism), snobbish (snobbery), Bolshevik (Bolshevism), enthusiast (enthusiasm); in a few words (foreign borrowings) combination st corresponds in single-root words consonant h: prognostic, predictive (forecast), diagnostic, diagnosis, diagnostician (diagnosis), paraphrastic (paraphrase), periphrastic (paraphrase).

Note 2. Letter combination zt occurs only at the junction of the root with the suffix of the indefinite form (infinitive) of the verb: climb, gnaw, crawl, carry; letter combination zk - only at the junction of the root and suffix ?to-, for example: close, vile, grease, wagon, dragonfly. In all these cases, the consonant h checked according to the general rule § 79.

§ 82. Prefixes ending in s/s. Prefixes without-, vz-, air-, from-, bottom-, times- (roses-), through- (through-) are written according to a special rule: before letters that convey deaf consonants ( k, p, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, u), they contain the letter with , and in other cases - the letter h , for example: useless, plow, use, bite, dry up, calculate, overthrow, trample, package, common, price, stir up, splitting, painting, striped; but: mediocre, weak-willed, tasteless, trouble-free, take a nap, excite, beat, wear out, bring down, cut, search, through the grain, excessive.

Note. In a composite attachment under- a letter is written with: surreptitiously, surreptitiously, beneath.

From the book Spelling and Style Guide author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich

§ 8. Voiced and deaf consonants 1. To check the spelling of a dubious consonant, you need to change the form of the word or choose a related word so that the checked consonant is followed by a vowel sound or one of the consonants l, m, n, p. For example: lubrication - lubricate, threshing -

From the book A Guide to Spelling, Pronunciation, Literary Editing author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (GL) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (DR) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (NA) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (CO) of the author TSB

TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (LA) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (IM) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (ZV) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (EC) of the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (FR) of the author TSB

TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (FA) of the author TSB

From the book Modern Russian. Practical guide author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna

2.15. Voiced and deaf consonants Consonants differ not only in hardness / softness, but also in voicedness / deafness. When pronouncing, the final voiced consonants are deafened: oak - du [n], bay - bay [f], haystack - hundred [k]. However, the replacement when pronouncing the voiced consonant [g]

Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy said that there is nothing sedimentary or crystalline in the Russian language; everything excites, breathes, lives. Such "liveness" of our native language is the merit of its constituent words. But before you learn how to use them, you need to learn the letters and sounds. They will be discussed in this article.

When studying a language with a child, you need to clearly let him understand the differences between oral and written speech. To do this, it is important to give him the concept of what a sound is, and what is a letter.

Sounds are what we perceive with our ears. Our brain easily separates what is related to speech from other sounds and interprets them into images. We can write the sounds of speech in letters, forming words from them.

A letter is a graphic symbol of the alphabet, thanks to which we can display on paper what we hear by ear. But, here for the child lies a very big difficulty. After all, the number of sounds and letters that reproduce them on paper in different words can differ both in one direction and in the other.

How many letters and sounds in the Russian language and alphabet and their ratio

IMPORTANT: We hear sounds and can produce them with our speech apparatus. We can see and write letters! There are sounds in all languages. Even in those where there is no writing.

In a word like "chair" letters correspond to sounds. But, in the word "sun", the letter "L" not pronounced. Letters are also not pronounced. "b" and "b". They only slightly change the pronunciation of the words in which they are used.

There is also such a "school" word as "Compass". In which instead of sound [AND] pronounced sound [S].

There are still a lot of words in Russian that are not pronounced the way they are written in letters. Therefore, it is very important for a child to learn to correctly understand this difference.

Alphabet

Language is the main invention of mankind. Moreover, for each people who created their own language, it differs in features characteristic of this people. At a certain stage in the development of a community that uses a particular people, there is a need to record speech sounds combined into words and sentences. This is how writing appeared, and at the same time the alphabet. That is, a set of all letters used in writing, standing in strict order.

The alphabet of the Russian language has 33 letters and looks like this:

The alphabet is the base of any language that everyone who learns it needs to know. Is it possible to learn to speak without knowing the alphabet? Certainly. But, in addition to being able to express your thoughts, you need to learn how to write and read. And this can not be done without knowing the alphabet.

Today, children have a lot of different aids for learning the alphabet. You can buy special flash cards, magnets, a small primer that the child can take with him on walks or trips.

In our computerized age, electronic gadgets can also be called upon to help you learn the alphabet. Type letters in text apps and name the sounds that teach them. You can connect your imagination and use graphic editors, change fonts and add fills. Create your own alphabet that will be of interest to the child. Then the training will go faster and more efficiently.

INTERESTING: Teachers came up with a very interesting and fun way to learn the alphabet. Dedicate each new day in your family to one of the letters of the alphabet. Of course, we should not forget about the rest. Bake buns in the shape of letters, make letters from plasticine with your child, draw them, collect them from counting sticks. Be sure to talk about the letter that the day is dedicated to and give examples of its use.

Vowel sounds and letters

Introducing the alphabet to a child is a very exciting activity. But, this is only one of the first steps in mastering the language. To continue the study of its elementary units, you need to learn how to divide them according to their characteristics.

Those letters that are pronounced lingeringly are called vowels.

There are 10 vowels in Russian "A", "E", "E", "I", "O", "U", "S", "E", "Yu", "I"
6 vowels [a], [o], [y], [e], [and], [s]. Usually vowel sounds in the school curriculum should be highlighted in red.

We have already found out the difference between the elementary particles of the language.

Letters I, Yo, Yu, E - iotated. They mean one or two sounds.

From this table - this difference can be seen again:

INTERESTING: By the way, about the letter "Yo". Today it is mistakenly considered that it was introduced into our alphabet by Karamzin. But, it's not. This was done by the director of the St. Petersburg Academy, Princess Ekaterina Dashkova, on November 18, 1783, at a meeting on the occasion of the creation of the first explanatory dictionary in Russia. She suggested changing the letters "IO" to one "Yo".

Stressed and unstressed vowels

Stressed vowel pronounced with great force and does not change.

for example: sn e g, st ý l, sh a f

unstressed vowel sound pronounced with little force and undergoes changes.

for example: to O rzina (heard instead of O, sound BUT), m E two d (In the first unstressed vowel instead of E, is heard And), pl E cho (vowel And heard instead E).

IMPORTANT: The stress is not put in words with one syllable and in words with a letter Yo.

Vowels Iotated letters I, Yu, E, Yo make the consonant sound in front of them soft and create one sound: e → [e] or [i], ё → [o], yu → [y], i → [a ].

For example:

At the beginning of a word: hedgehog [y'ozhik]
In the middle of a word: shelter [at y'ut]
At the end of a word: gun [rouge y'o]

Hard and soft vowels directly affect consonants. For example, a consonant "P", maybe as solid (in a word "package"), and soft (in the word "biscuit").

Consonants and letters

Consonants are called such because of the inclusion of consonants in their composition. There are 36 consonants in Russian:

Soft sounds are marked with an apostrophe.
And 21 consonants:

Consonants and sounds soft and hard: table

Consonants, like vowels, can be either hard or soft. For example, in the word "River", beech "R" soft, but "Hand"- solid. In general, several factors influence the softness and hardness of sounds in a word. For example, the location of a sound in a word. Soften the sounds of iot vowels ( "E", "Yo", "YU" and "I") and diphthongs that come after consonants. For example:

"White"
"Love"
"Friday"

Also softens the sounds of the letter "AND", and its antipode "Y", on the contrary, makes the sound hard. An important role is played by the presence of a soft sign at the end of the word:

"Linen" and "laziness"

A soft sign can soften the sound, even if it is inside a word:

"Skates"

Voiceless and voiced consonants in Russian: table

Consonants can be voiced or voiceless. Voiced are obtained with the participation of the voice in the formation of sound. Whereas in the formation of a deaf sound, the voice practically does not play its creative role.

Voiced consonants

are formed during the passage of the air stream through the oral cavity and the vibration of the vocal cords. This results in consonants such as:

When forming voiceless consonants

To make it easy to remember deaf consonants, remember the expression: STEPKA DO YOU WANT A PIECE? - FI! All consonants in these words are deaf.

If you delete all vowels from this expression, only deaf consonants remain.

Paired and unpaired hard and soft consonants: table

By hardness-softness, most sounds form pairs:

Paired and unpaired voiced and deaf consonants: table

In Russian, it is customary to distinguish pairs of deaf-voiced consonants:

The remaining consonants are unpaired:

Sometimes there is a "forced" deafness or sonority of a consonant sound. This is due to the position of the sound in the word. A common example of such a forced state is the words: pond [rod] and booth [butka].

Sonorant- voiced unpaired consonants. There are only 9 of them: [th’], [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [r], [r’]

Noisy consonants - there are voiced and deaf:

Noisy voiceless consonants(16): [k], [k'], [p], [n'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [ x], [x'], [c], [h'], [w], [w'];
Noisy voiced consonants(11): [b], [b'], [c], [c'], [d], [g'], [e], [e'], [g], [h], [h '].

Summary table of commonly used soft and hard letters and sounds in Russian:

Hissing consonants

Consonants "F", "SH", "H" and "SCH" are called hissing. These letters bring some zest to our language. At the same time, they make it very difficult. While studying these letters, the child should know the rules:

"ZhI" — "SHI" write with "AND"
"CHA" — "ShA" with a letter "BUT"
"CHU" — "SHU" with a letter "U"

Letter "F" voiced, and the other three ( "H", "SH" and "SCH") are deaf. An important feature of these sounds is that it is impossible to pronounce from without opening the mouth. Compare their pronunciation with the pronunciation "M" or "N". To pronounce hissing consonants, there must be a gap between the lips through which air will escape, creating an acoustic accompaniment to these sounds.

The letter "and short" denotes the consonant sound th

Letter "Y" or "And short" found in almost all Slavic alphabets, as well as in those non-Slavic alphabets where the Cyrillic alphabet is used. In the Russian alphabet, this letter occupies the 11th place. It was formed from the vowel "AND" and voiced consonant J.

It is interesting that in the 18th century, when the civil type was introduced (as opposed to the church type), all superscript characters disappeared from it. And the letter "Y" missing an important part. At the same time, the sound that was designated by this letter “did not suffer” from such reforms. Return "Y" in the letter succeeded under Peter I. But, at the same time, it was not returned to the alphabet. This was done only in the 20th century.

Today, more and more philologists attribute sound "Y" to sonorant consonants. That is, to such sounds that are located between vowels and consonants, but still refers to a consonant. In addition, it is always considered soft.

Which letters have multiple sounds?

Ribbon of letters and sounds for elementary school

Very good help in learning the Russian language in various manuals. One of these benefits is "Summer of Letters". It helps to understand the difference between letters, develop reading skills in children faster and facilitate the phonetic analysis of a word.

Even at first glance "Tape of Letters" carries a minimum of information, this is far from the case. This manual can be used not only at school, but also at home. Parents can self-teach their child literacy with this tool.

"Tape of letters" You can buy it at a stationery store or make your own. For example, you can use this diagram.

Video. Native language lessons Grade 1

Usually, children do not have serious difficulties in understanding the difference between vowels and consonants. But on hard and soft consonants, you should dwell in more detail.

How to teach children to distinguish between hard and soft consonants

The very first thing to teach a child is that consonants can be hard and soft, but not letters.

Typical mistake:
Children confuse sound and letter. Remember that a sound is a sound, and a letter is an icon, it is written. A letter cannot be hard or soft, only a consonant sound can be hard or soft in pronunciation.

Sometimes children can easily learn to distinguish between soft and hard sounds by ear.
But it happens that this is difficult, and in this case, signs will come to the rescue by which one can distinguish hard sounds from soft ones.

Distinctive features of soft and hard sounds

What sound comes after the consonant:

If after the consonant there is a vowel a, o, y, e, s, then the consonant is solid.
If after the consonant there is a vowel and, e, u, i, then the consonant is soft.

Working with examples:
In the words "mother", "nora" - solid consonants, because after them come "a" and "o".
In the words "fly", "nanny" - consonants are soft, because after them come "e", "and", "I".

If another consonant sounds after a consonant, then the first consonant will be hard.
There are sounds that can only be hard and sounds that can only be soft, no matter what sound is heard and what letter is written after them.

Always solid sounds - w, w, c.
Always soft - th, h, u.
A common way to learn these sounds is a simple technique: we write the letters that convey these sounds in a line, and underline "th, h, u". The underline symbolizes the pillow on which soft sounds sit. The pad is soft, so the sounds are soft.

Soft sign and hard sign

If the consonant is at the end of the word, and after it is the letter “b”, then the consonant is soft.

This rule is easy to apply if the child sees the written word, but it will not help if the child performs the task by ear.

Movement of the tongue when pronouncing soft and hard sounds

When pronouncing a soft sound, the tongue moves slightly forward, approaching the palate (or touching it) with its middle.
When pronouncing solid sounds, the tongue does not move forward.

Table of signs of hard and soft sounds

Solid:

Before a, o, u, uh, s.
At the end of a word before a consonant.
Zh, c, sh.

Soft:

Before the vowels e, e, i, u, i.
If after the consonant there is a soft sign (dust, measles).
Y, h, sh.

A picture or just a list of thematic words is shown, and the task is given to choose words with soft or hard consonants. For example:

Voiced and voiceless consonants

There are 11 pairs of voiced/voiced consonants in Russian.
The phonetic difference between voiced and voiceless consonants lies in the tension of the vocal cords. Deaf sounds are pronounced with the help of noise, without tension of the ligaments. Voiced sounds are pronounced with a voice, are caused by the vibration of the vocal cords, because. noisy air comes out of the larynx.

Mnemonic technique for memorizing deaf sounds:
Memorize the phrase: “Stepka, do you want a cabbage? - Fi! All consonants here are deaf.

Examples of tasks for children

Tasks for training the difference of paired consonants can be compiled for each pair according to the following principle (using the example of the D/T pair):

Tasks for the difference between a pair of consonants Г/К

Portal for the student. Self-training