Everything that surrounds us now, everything that we know and can do, is their merit. What are we talking about? That's right, about the most famous scientists. Only their extraordinary work and the greatest discoveries contribute to the progress of mankind!
Great thinkers of antiquity
Ancient Greece is famous for its famous philosophers who tried to define the essence of being, interpret the thoughts and actions of man, and think about the problems of nature.A striking example is the Greek philosopher Democritus. He was the first to submit the idea of the presence of an atom as the basis of the structure of substances. After his thought began to develop and Epicurus. They wrote down all their assumptions in a scientific treatise, which was burned during the reign of the religious worldview. Only small fragments of their records have survived to this day, testifying to the greatness of the ancient Greek thinkers. The follower of the atomists (as Democritus and Epicurus are called) was Lucretius Carus. He wrote the essay "On the Nature of Things", which traced the theory of atomic structure.
Plato created his own school for the most gifted people, where he talked with them on various philosophical topics. Aristotle was his best student. This man had amazing curiosity and was incredibly smart. He wrote dozens of books on almost all branches of modern science: physics, metaphysics, meteorology, and even zoology.
Significantly contributed to the development of physics and Archimedes. The story of his discovery of the law of buoyancy is quite popular. As he sank into the full tub, the water overflowed the rim. With a cry of "Eureka", Archimedes ran to write down the calculation formulas and proved the existence of a buoyant force. In addition, the scientist developed the "golden rule of mechanics" and the theory of simple mechanisms.
He made a huge contribution to mathematical science by discovering the number Pi, which is currently used by all scientists for calculations. He proved the theorem on the intersection of 3 medians of a triangle at one point, discovered the properties of the curve, named after him the spiral of Archimedes. Calculate the formula that determines the volume of the ball, and wrote the formula for the sum of a decreasing geometric progression. He helped the defense of his island of Sicily by finding a way to set fire to enemy ships during the war. When the soldiers of the besieged city held mirrors in their hands and directed them at the enemy ship, the sunbeams were focused into a single beam that ignited the ships.
Thanks to his calculations, it was possible to launch the Syracosia ship, which was huge at that time, using block systems, which were controlled by only 1 person. The death of Archimedes is also surrounded by legend: when a Roman soldier stepped on the drawings of the scientist, written on wet sand, Archimedes rushed to protect them. Unaware of the great abilities of a brave adversary, the warrior fired an arrow directly into the chest of a scientist who died on his drawings, bleeding. What was written in the sand is still not known, but it is assumed that this was another brilliant discovery.
And how famous Hippocrates became, who made a huge contribution to the development of medicine. Despite the fact that in those days people believed in the occurrence of diseases from the curse of evil spirits, the scientist incredibly accurately described many diseases, symptoms and methods for their treatment. In addition, he described human anatomy by examining the corpses of the dead. Hippocrates was the first to propose the idea of treating not a disease, but a specific person. In the course of his observations, he came to the conclusion that the same disease in everyone proceeds differently. It was then that he began to explore the types of temperament, human psychology and sought to find an individual approach to each patient. And today, graduates of medical universities traditionally swear to be merciful, disinterested and help the sick always and everywhere, as the great Hippocrates bequeathed.
Socrates was also a popular philosopher of antiquity. He sought to draw knowledge from all possible sources, after which he willingly shared it with his students. It was thanks to them that the world learned about the thoughts of the great Socrates, because the philosopher himself was rather modest and never wrote down his thoughts, renounced wealth and did not recognize his fame.
Herodotus is considered to be the father of history. A man who traveled all over the civilized world at that time and published his observations in 9 volumes of a treatise, which was called "History".
Confucius is considered to be the most famous thinker of China to this day. He himself grew up as a very obedient child who respected his elders, honored his parents and helped his mother in everything. Such simple foundations of upbringing and human relationships he explained to his students. It is the conclusions of Confucius about the rules of human education that are the basis of any society.
The famous Pythagoras is a brilliant scientist of antiquity who made many discoveries that are used by mathematicians. The theorem on the equality of the sum of the square of the legs to the square of the hypotenuse, the division of numbers into even and odd, the measurement of geometric figures relative to the plane - all these are the discoveries of Pythagoras. In addition to mathematics, he made a huge contribution to the development of natural science and astronomy.
The best Russian scientists
The legend of Russian science - Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. A person who always strived for knowledge and criticized previously made discoveries. He made a huge contribution to natural science, physics, formulating the corpuscular-kinetic theory. Being on the threshold of the discovery of oxygen and hydrogen molecules, he significantly accelerated the development of chemical science. He suspected the connection between chemical and physical phenomena, writing them down in a single branch of "physical chemistry".Lomonosov opened his laboratory, created according to his drawings, where he conducted experiments with glass, improving the technology of its production. Mikhail Vasilyevich was also fond of astronomy, investigating the movements of the planets in the solar system. He opened a school of scientific and applied optics, where devices for night observation and an optical bathoscope were created. Together with I. Braun, Lomonosov was the first to obtain solid mercury. Developed a prototype of a modern helicopter. He studied atmospheric electricity. Lomonosov developed a geographical globe and a circumpolar map. In addition, Mikhail Vasilievich became famous for developing the rules of grammar and literary art.
Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich made a huge contribution to the development of medicine. During the Crimean War, he worked as a surgeon, saving the lives of hundreds of wounded and developing surgical techniques. He was the first to use a plaster cast to fix bone fractures. He developed the tactics of medical care depending on the severity of the patient's condition. Pirogov first introduced the idea of using anesthesia during operations, because. Prior to this, all surgical procedures were performed live. And people died not so much from diseases, but from a painful shock. Pirogov also developed modern pedagogy, changing the approach to students from dictatorial to humane. Arguing this by the fact that students should learn not through force, but of their own free will. To do this, you just need to interest them.
No less famous scientist of medical sciences is Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. He introduced physiology into the category of clinical disciplines and was engaged in the study of biological processes in the human body. Scientifically substantiated the importance of the mode of work and rest, studied the unconditioned reflexes of the brain. He stated the importance of considering a person at the cellular level in order to better understand the etiology of the pathological condition.
Important discoveries in the field of biology were made by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. He studied embryology and developed the phagocytic theory of immunity, proving the ability of a person to maintain resistance to various infectious agents. For which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. In addition, he studied the pathogens of cholera, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, etc.
He declared the importance of intestinal microflora and was engaged in the study of lactobacilli in the body.
The discovery of the famous Pavlov's reflex brought Ivan Petrovich immense popularity. Through long experiments, he managed to prove the ability of higher living organisms to develop new reflexes in the process of life. Many of his works are devoted to the study of the brain and higher nerve centers. And for research on the functions of the digestive system, Pavlov won the Nobel Prize.
Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin devoted himself to the study of plants. Thanks to his many years of work, he ate new varieties of plants: apple trees, pears, plums, apricots, blackberries, mountain ash, gooseberries - named after him.
It is impossible not to mention the legendary scientist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev. Everyone knows his periodic table of the arrangement of chemical elements. He was engaged in the study of the chemical properties of various substances and conducted numerous experiments, disassembling one or another object into its components. In addition, he made a significant contribution to the development of physics, thinking about the relationship between the volume of gases and their molecular weight. He was the first to develop a model of a stratospheric balloon and a balloon. In addition, Mendeleev was interested in shipbuilding and the basics of the movement of ships on water.
The list of Russian scientists is incredibly long. Our science is famous for such legendary people who, through their labors, helped humanity to rise to a higher standard of living. But even modern Russian specialists are actively engaged in the development of science and are among the top ten according to Forbes magazine.
The most famous scientists in the world today
To date, the most popular scientists are physicists Andrei Geima and Konstantin Novoselov. Now they are conducting their research at the University of Manchester in the UK. They have more than 20,000 scientific papers to their credit. Geim and Konstantinov are the 2010 Nobel Prize winners for the discovery of graphene, which they obtained using a pencil and duct tape.Second place goes to Maxim Kontsevich, a mathematician. Works at the Institute for Higher Scientific Research in Paris. Winner of the Poincaré, Fields, Craford awards. He is a member of the French Academy of Sciences. Engaged in the study of superstring theory, the author of more than a thousand scientific papers.
Andrey Kravtsov, who works at the University of Chicago in the USA, is famous in the field of modern astrophysics. He is engaged in the study of the emergence and formation of galaxies, as well as a comparison of the astrophysical properties of new and old galactic systems. Author of 9,000 publications.
Evgeny Kunin, employee of the National Center for Biotechnology Information in the USA. Published 50,000 scientific papers on the study of evolution. He is engaged in computational biology, namely the study of genomes using computer analysis.
Another famous biologist who works in the US at Yale University and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences is Ruslan Medzhitov. Engaged in immunology and the study of the Toll protein, which he discovered in mammals.
Artem Oganov is a well-known geologist at the American University of Stony Brook. He is engaged in the study of the structure of the crystal according to the chemical formula. To do this, he created a whole algorithm. It was this sequence that helped him predict the structure of a magnesium silicate crystal at a depth of more than 2,500 km underground. The famous physicist of the Catalan University of Advanced Studies is Sergey Odintsov. He described dark energy, which saturates our Universe by 70%. For this he was awarded the attention of the Nobel Committee.
Grigory Perelman made a great discovery in the field of mathematics, solving one of the most difficult mathematical problems: the Poincare conjecture. But he did not publish his decisions and refused a cash bonus of $1 million.
In the field of mathematics, Stanislav Smirnov, an employee of the University of Geneva, also became famous. In 2010, he received the Fields Prize. Engaged in the study of the emergence of infinite connected structures.
Gleb Sukhorukov, professor of chemistry at the University of London. He is engaged in the development of polymer capsules that can deliver targeted drugs in the body without being destroyed by the action of accompanying substances.
Some discoveries of outstanding thinkers can turn into real cataclysms. .
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Until the 19th century, the concept of "biology" did not exist, and those who studied nature were called natural scientists, naturalists. Now these scientists are called the founders of the biological sciences. Let us recall who were the domestic biologists (and we will briefly describe their discoveries), who influenced the development of biology as a science and laid the foundation for its new directions.
Vavilov N.I. (1887-1943)
Our biologists and their discoveries are known all over the world. Among the most famous are Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, a Soviet botanist, geographer, breeder, and geneticist. Born into a merchant family, he was educated at an agricultural institute. For twenty years he led scientific expeditions studying the plant world. He traveled almost the entire globe, with the exception of Australia and Antarctica. Gathered a unique collection of seeds of various plants.
During his expeditions, the scientist identified the centers of the origin of cultivated plants. He suggested that there are some centers of their origin. He made a huge contribution to the study of plant immunity and revealed what made it possible to establish patterns in the evolution of the plant world. In 1940, the botanist was arrested on trumped-up charges of embezzlement. Died in prison, posthumously rehabilitated.
Kovalevsky A.O. (1840-1901)
Among the pioneers, a worthy place is occupied by domestic biologists. And their discoveries influenced the development of world science. Among the world-famous researchers of invertebrates is Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky, an embryologist and biologist. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. He studied marine animals, undertook expeditions to the Red, Caspian, Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. He created the Sevastopol Marine Biological Station and for a long time was its director. Made a huge contribution to the aquarium hobby.
Alexander Onufrievich studied embryology and physiology of invertebrates. He was a supporter of Darwinism and studied the mechanisms of evolution. Conducted research in the field of physiology, anatomy and histology of invertebrates. Became one of the founders of evolutionary embryology and histology.
Mechnikov I.I. (1845-1916)
Our biologists and their discoveries were duly appreciated in the world. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908. Mechnikov was born into the family of an officer and was educated at Kharkov University. He discovered intracellular digestion, cellular immunity, proved with the help of embryology methods the common origin of vertebrates and invertebrates.
He worked on issues of evolutionary and comparative embryology and, together with Kovalevsky, became the founder of this scientific direction. The works of Mechnikov were of great importance in the fight against infectious diseases, typhus, tuberculosis, and cholera. The scientist was occupied with the processes of aging. He believed that premature death was caused by poisoning with microbial poisons and promoted hygienic methods of struggle, he assigned an important role to restoring the intestinal microflora with the help of fermented milk products. The scientist created the Russian school of immunology, microbiology, pathology.
Pavlov I.P. (1849-1936)
What contribution to the study of higher nervous activity did domestic biologists and their discoveries make? The first Russian Nobel laureate in medicine was Ivan Petrovich Pavlov for his work on the physiology of digestion. The great Russian biologist and physiologist became the creator of the science of higher nervous activity. He introduced the concept of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes.
The scientist came from a family of clergymen and himself graduated from the Ryazan Theological Seminary. But in the last year I read a book by I. M. Sechenov about the reflexes of the brain and became interested in biology and medicine. He studied animal physiology at Petersburg University. Pavlov, using surgical methods, studied the physiology of digestion in detail for 10 years and received the Nobel Prize for these studies. The next area of interest was the higher nervous activity, the study of which he devoted 35 years. He introduced the basic concepts of the science of behavior - conditioned and unconditioned reflexes, reinforcement.
Koltsov N.K. (1872-1940)
We continue the topic "Domestic biologists and their discoveries." Nikolai Konstantinovich Koltsov - biologist, founder of the school of experimental biology. Born in the family of an accountant. He graduated from Moscow University, where he studied comparative anatomy and embryology, and collected scientific material in European laboratories. He organized a laboratory of experimental biology at the Shanyavsky People's University.
He studied the biophysics of the cell, the factors that determine its shape. These works entered science under the name "Koltsov's principle". Koltsov is one of those in Russia, the organizer of the first laboratories and the Department of Experimental Biology. The scientist founded three biological stations. He became the first Russian scientist who used the physicochemical method in biological research.
Timiryazev K.A. (1843-1920)
Domestic biologists and their discoveries in the field of plant physiology have contributed to the development of the scientific foundations of agronomy. Timiryazev Kliment Arkadyevich was a naturalist, photosynthesis researcher and propagandist of Darwin's ideas. The scientist came from a noble family, graduated from St. Petersburg University.
Timiryazev studied the issues of plant nutrition, photosynthesis, and drought resistance. The scientist was engaged not only in pure science, but also attached great importance to the practical application of research. He was in charge of an experimental field, where he tested various fertilizers and recorded their effect on the crop. Thanks to this research, agriculture has advanced significantly along the path of intensification.
Michurin I.V. (1855-1935)
Russian biologists and their discoveries have significantly influenced agriculture and horticulture. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin - and breeder. His ancestors were small estate nobles, from them the scientist took over his interest in gardening. Even in early childhood, he looked after the garden, many of the trees in which were grafted by his father, grandfather and great-grandfather. Michurin began breeding work in a rented run-down estate. During the period of his activity, he brought out more than 300 varieties of cultivated plants, including those adapted to the conditions of the central zone of Russia.
Tikhomirov A.A. (1850-1931)
Russian biologists and their discoveries helped to develop new directions in agriculture. Alexander Andreevich Tikhomirov - biologist, doctor of zoology and rector of Moscow University. He received a law degree at St. Petersburg University, but became interested in biology and received a second degree from Moscow University in the department of natural sciences. The scientist discovered such a phenomenon as artificial parthenogenesis, one of the most important sections in individual development. He made a great contribution to the development of sericulture.
Sechenov I.M. (1829-1905)
The topic "Famous biologists and their discoveries" will be incomplete without mentioning Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. This is a famous Russian evolutionary biologist, physiologist and educator. Born into a landowner's family, he was educated at the Main Engineering School and Moscow University.
The scientist studied the brain and discovered a center that causes inhibition of the central nervous system, proved the influence of the brain on muscle activity. He wrote the classic work "Reflexes of the Brain", where he formulated the idea that conscious and unconscious acts are performed in the form of reflexes. Introduced the brain as a computer that controls all life processes. Substantiated the respiratory function of the blood. The scientist created the national school of physiology.
Ivanovsky D.I. (1864-1920)
The end of the XIX - the beginning of the XX century - the time when the great Russian biologists worked. And their discoveries (a table of any size could not contain their list) contributed to the development of medicine and biology. Among them is Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky - a physiologist, microbiologist and founder of virology. He was educated at St. Petersburg University. Even during his studies, he showed an interest in plant diseases.
The scientist suggested that diseases are caused by the smallest bacteria or toxins. The viruses themselves were seen using an electron microscope only after 50 years. It is Ivanovsky who is considered the founder of virology as a science. The scientist studied the process of alcoholic fermentation and the influence of chlorophyll and oxygen on it, soil microbiology.
Chetverikov S.S. (1880-1959)
Russian biologists and their discoveries have made a great contribution to the development of genetics. Chetverikov Sergei Sergeevich was born a scientist in the family of a manufacturer, was educated at Moscow University. This is an outstanding evolutionary geneticist who organized the study of heredity in animal populations. Thanks to these studies, the scientist is considered the founder of evolutionary genetics. He laid the foundation for a new discipline - population genetics.
You have read the article "Famous domestic biologists and their discoveries." A table of their achievements can be compiled on the basis of the proposed material.
Russia is a country with a rich history. Many noble personalities-discoverers glorified a great power with their achievements. One of these are the great Russian chemists.
Chemistry today is called one of the sciences of natural science, which studies the internal composition and structure of matter, the decomposition and changes of substances, the pattern of formation of new particles and their changes.
Russian chemists who glorified the country
If we talk about the history of chemical science, then one cannot help but recall the greatest people who definitely deserve everyone's attention. The list of famous personalities is headed by the great Russian chemists:
- Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov.
- Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev.
- Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov.
- Sergei Vasilievich Lebedev.
- Vladimir Vasilievich Markovnikov
- Nikolai Nikolaevich Semyonov.
- Igor Vasilievich Kurchatov.
- Nikolai Nikolaevich Zinin.
- Alexander Nikolaevich Nesmiyanov.
And many others.
Lomonosov Mikhail Vasilievich
Russian scientists and chemists would not have been able to work in the absence of Lomonosov's work. Mikhail Vasilievich was from the village of Mishaninskaya (St. Petersburg). The future scientist was born in November 1711. Lomonosov is a founding chemist who gave chemistry the right definition, a natural scientist with a capital letter, a world physicist and a famous encyclopedist.
The scientific work of Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov in the middle of the 17th century was close to the modern program of chemical and physical research. The scientist deduced the theory of molecular-kinetic heat, which in many respects surpassed the then ideas about the structure of matter. Lomonosov formulated many fundamental laws, among which was the law of thermodynamics. The scientist founded the science of glass. Mikhail Vasilyevich was the first to discover the fact that the planet Venus has an atmosphere. He became professor of chemistry in 1745, three years after he had received an analogous title in physical science.
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
An outstanding chemist and physicist, Russian scientist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was born at the end of February 1834 in the city of Tobolsk. The first Russian chemist was the seventeenth child in the family of Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev, the director of schools and gymnasiums in the Tobolsk Territory. Until now, the parish book with a record of the birth of Dmitry Mendeleev has been preserved, where the names of the scientist and his parents appear on the old page.
Mendeleev was called the most brilliant chemist of the 19th century, and this was the right definition. Dmitry Ivanovich is the author of important discoveries in chemistry, meteorology, metrology, and physics. Mendeleev was engaged in research of isomorphism. In 1860, the scientist discovered the critical temperature (boiling point) for all types of liquids.
In 1861, the scientist published the book Organic Chemistry. He studied gases and deduced the correct formulas. Mendeleev designed the pycnometer. The great chemist became the author of many works on metrology. He was engaged in research of coal, oil, developed systems for irrigation of land.
It was Mendeleev who discovered one of the main natural axioms - the periodic law of chemical elements. We use them even now. He gave characteristics to all chemical elements, theoretically determining their properties, composition, size and weight.
Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov
A. M. Butlerov was born in September 1828 in the city of Chistopol (Kazan province). In 1844 he became a student at Kazan University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, after which he was left there to receive a professorship. Butlerov was interested in chemistry and created a theory of the chemical structure of organic substances. Founder of the School of Russian Chemists.
Markovnikov Vladimir Vasilievich
The list of “Russian chemists” undoubtedly includes another well-known scientist. Vladimir Vasilyevich Markovnikov, a native of the Nizhny Novgorod province, was born on December 25, 1837. A scientist-chemist in the field of organic compounds and the author of the theory of the structure of oil and the chemical structure of matter in general. His works played an important role in the development of science. Markovnikov laid down the principles of organic chemistry. He did a lot of research at the molecular level, establishing certain patterns. Subsequently, these rules were named after their author.
In the late 60s of the 18th century, Vladimir Vasilievich defended his thesis on the mutual action of atoms in chemical compounds. Shortly thereafter, the scientist synthesized all the isomers of glutaric acid, and then - cyclobutane dicarboxylic acid. Markovnikov discovered naphthenes (a class of organic compounds) in 1883.
For his discoveries he was awarded a gold medal in Paris.
Sergei Vasilievich Lebedev
SV Lebedev was born in November 1902 in Nizhny Novgorod. The future chemist was educated at the Warsaw Gymnasium. In 1895 he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University.
In the early 20s of the 19th century, the Council of the National Economy announced an international competition for the production of synthetic rubber. It was proposed not only to find an alternative method of its manufacture, but also to provide the result of the work - 2 kg of finished synthetic material. The raw materials for the manufacturing process also had to be cheap. Rubber was required to be of high quality, not worse than natural, but cheaper than the latter.
Needless to say, Lebedev took part in the competition, in which he became the winner? He developed a special chemical composition of rubber, accessible and cheap to everyone, having won the title of a great scientist.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Semyonov
Nikolai Semenov was born in 1896 in Saratov in the family of Elena and Nikolai Semenov. In 1913, Nikolai entered the Physics and Mathematics Department of St. Petersburg University, where, under the guidance of the famous Russian physicist Ioffe Abram, he became the best student in the class.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov studied electric fields. He conducted research on the passage of electric current through gases, on the basis of which the theory of thermal breakdown of a dielectric was developed. Later, he put forward the theory of thermal explosion and combustion of gas mixtures. According to this rule, the heat released during a chemical reaction, under certain conditions, can lead to an explosion.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Zinin
Nikolai Zinin, the future organic chemist, was born on August 25, 1812 in the city of Shushi (Nagorno-Karabakh). Nikolai Nikolayevich graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at St. Petersburg University. He became the first president of the Russian Chemical Society. which was blown up on August 12, 1953. This was followed by the development of the RDS-202 thermonuclear explosive, the power of which was 52,000 kt.
Kurchatov was one of the founders of the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.
Famous Russian chemists then and now
Modern chemistry does not stand still. Scientists from all over the world are working on new discoveries every day. But do not forget that the important foundations of this science were laid back in the 17th-19th centuries. Outstanding Russian chemists became important links in the subsequent chain of development of the chemical sciences. Not all contemporaries use in their research, for example, Markovnikov's regularities. But we still use the long-discovered periodic table, the principles of organic chemistry, the conditions for the critical temperature of liquids, and so on. Russian chemists of past years have left an important mark on world history, and this fact is indisputable.
In the article we will talk about Russian biologists. We will consider the most significant names of the discoverers, as well as get acquainted with their achievements. From the article you will learn about those Russian biologists who really made a significant contribution to the development of this science. Everyone who is interested in the animal and plant world is simply obliged to know the names that we will name below.
Ivan Pavlov
This scientist in Soviet times did not even need to be introduced. However, in the modern world, not every person can say for sure who Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is. The man was born in 1849. His most significant achievement is the creation of the doctrine of the activity of the higher nervous system. He also wrote many books on circulation and digestion. This is the first Russian scientist who received the Nobel Prize for achievements in considering the mechanisms of digestion.
Experiments on dogs
Ivan Pavlov is a Russian biological scientist who is known for doing experiments on dogs. In our country, there are many anecdotes and cartoons related to this. Moreover, when it comes to instincts, everyone immediately remembers Pavlov's dog. The scientist began to conduct experiments in 1890. He managed to develop conditioned reflexes in animals. For example, he achieved that the dogs secreted gastric juice after they heard the sound of a bell, and before this bell was always preceded by a meal. The peculiarity of the method of this scientist is that he saw the relationship between mental and physiological processes. Multiple subsequent studies have confirmed its presence.
The first work was published in 1923. In 1926 he began research in the field of genetics. For several years he worked in psychiatric clinics. The discoveries of Ivan Pavlov helped to learn a lot about mental illness, as well as about possible methods of their treatment. Thanks to the support of the Soviet government, Pavlov had enough resources to carry out all his experiments, which allowed him to achieve other outstanding results.
Ilya Mechnikov
We continue the list of Russian biologists with the famous name of I. I. Mechnikov. This is a famous microbiologist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908. Born in Kharkov in 1845. He studied in the same city. He studied embryology in Italy, in 1868 he defended his doctoral dissertation. In 1886, together with other scientists, he created a bacteriological station, which at that time was the first in Russia.
He wrote his first books on zoology and evolutionary embryology. He is the author of the theory of phagocytella. He discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis, developed the theory of the comparative pathology of inflammation. Wrote a huge number of works on bacteriology. He experimented on himself, and thus proved that the causative agent of Asian cholera is Vibrio cholerae. He died in 1916 in Paris.
Alexander Kovalevsky
The list of famous Russian biologists will continue with the sensational name of Alexander Kovalevsky. This is a great scientist who was a zoologist. Worked at the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Born in 1842. At first he studied at home, and then entered the Corps of Railway Engineers. After that, he graduated from St. Petersburg University in the department of natural sciences. Defended master's and doctoral dissertations.
In 1868 he was already a professor of zoology and worked at Kazan University. He spent three years in Algiers and the Red Sea, where he did his research. Most of them are devoted to the embryology of invertebrates. In the 1860s, he conducted research that made it possible to discover germ layers in organisms.
Nikolai Vavilov
It is simply impossible to present a list of Russian great biologists without the name of Nikolai Vavilov. This man created the doctrine of plant immunity. He also owns the discovery of the law on hereditary changes in the body and homologous series. He made a significant contribution to the development of the doctrine of biological species, created a huge collection of seeds of various plants. By the way, it is recognized as the largest in the world.
The future scientist was born in Moscow in 1887 in the family of a merchant. He was a peasant. For some time he worked as the director of his father's firm, which dealt with invoices. Vavilov's mother was from an artist's family. In total, the family had 7 children, but three of them died at an early age.
Training and achievements
Nikolai Vavilov studied at a commercial school, later entered the Moscow Agricultural Institute, from which he graduated in 1911. After that, he began working at the Department of Private Agriculture. From 1917 he lectured at Saratov University, after 4 years he was already working in Petrograd. Thanks to his research, he described almost all the plants of the Volga and Volga regions.
The scientist devoted more than 20 years to the expedition, which he conducted in the Mediterranean and Central Asia. I remember my trip to Afghanistan in 1924 for a long time. All the collected materials helped Vavilov to determine not only the origin, but also the distribution of plants. His contribution is simply invaluable, because he greatly simplified the further work of breeders and botanists. It seems incredible, but Nikolai managed to collect more than 300 thousand different samples.
In 1926 he received a prize for his work devoted to the study of immunity, the origin of plants, and the discovery of the law of homologous series. Nikolai Vavilov is the owner of a huge number of awards and several medals.
However, there is a dark spot in his biography. A lot of party ideologists were opposed to the scientist because of the scientific activities of his student T. Lysenko. The opposition campaign was directed against the scientist's research in the field of genetics. In 1940, Vavilov had to finish all his scientific work. Moreover, he was accused of sabotage, and he was even arrested. A difficult fate befell this great scientist in his last years. He died in prison from starvation in the foreign city of Saratov in 1943.
Rehabilitation
The investigation lasted more than 10 months, during which the scientist was summoned for interrogation more than 400 times. After his death, this great Russian scientist was denied even a separate grave, as a result he was buried with other prisoners. Only in 1955 he was rehabilitated. All charges regarding his activities were dropped.
Alexander Vereshchak
We have already talked about Russian biologists who received the Nobel Prize, but this does not mean that we should forget about other researchers, because their contribution is also significant. Alexander Vereshchak is a Russian oceanologist, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor and Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Studied at Moscow State University at the Faculty of Biology. In 1990 he became a doctor of sciences. Since 2007, he headed the laboratory, which belonged to the Institute of Oceanology. So smoothly we moved on to the consideration of Russian biologists of the 21st century. The scientist wrote more than 100 scientific papers. His main achievements are related to how modern methods of analysis can be applied in the field of geoecology and oceanology.
Conducted more than 20 dives and 200 expeditions. He is the creator of the hydrothermal system model. Developed the concept of an ecosystem inhabited by a special fauna. Together with employees from other countries, he jointly created a methodology that allows you to determine the role of marine nano- and microbiota. He discovered and described more than 50 species of crustaceans.
Gennady Rozenberg
He was born in 1949 in Ufa. In his name, we also continue to review the list of Russian biologists of the 21st century. He planned to become an engineer, but soon headed the laboratory at the Institute of Biology. In 1987 he moved to Tolyatti. He is the creator of the method for analyzing the structure and dynamics of ecosystems. Created his own system of ecology of large regions for the purposes of analytics.
Yuri Ilyin
The future scientist was born in the winter of 1941 in Asbest. Renowned molecular biologist. He was a specialist in molecular genetics and biology. In 1976, he conducted a study of mobile genes. It is extremely difficult to overestimate its significance, since it has significantly advanced all of science. Studied the mobile elements of eukaryotes. He is the creator of the theory of the role of mobile genes in carcinogenesis, evolution and mutagenesis.
Zinaida Donets
Other names
It should be noted that Russian biologists and their discoveries were not always appreciated. There are many researchers who are known only to those who also connected their lives with this science. For example, it is worth mentioning the name of Nikolai Koltsov, a Russian biologist who is considered the founder of experimental biology. He was the first to create a hypothesis about the molecular structure of chromosomes and their matrix reproduction. The discovery was made in 1928. Thus, this outstanding scientist anticipated all the basic provisions of modern biology and genetics.
It is impossible not to mention the Russian naturalist Kliment Timiryazev. He was born in 1843. He is the discoverer of the patterns of photosynthesis. He discovered and substantiated the process of the influence of light on the formation of organic substances in the layers of a plant.
Chetverikov Sergei is a talented Soviet geneticist, who is rightfully considered one of the founders of population and evolutionary genetics. This is one of the first researchers who found the relationship between the patterns of selection of individuals in a population and the speed of dynamics in evolutionary processes.
Alexander Tikhomirov is a Russian scientist who discovered artificial parthenogenesis. But this phenomenon is considered the most important section of the doctrine of the individual development of a living being. He made a great contribution to the development of sericulture in our country.
So we reviewed the information briefly about Russian biologists and their discoveries. However, I would also like to mention a few names that very few people know about.
It is worth mentioning Ivan Gmelin - a member of the Great Northern Expedition and a naturalist. The scientist is an academic researcher of Siberia, an ethnographer and a botanist. Described more than 500 species of Siberian plants. There he passed more than 34,000 km. Wrote a voluminous work on the flora of the region.
Nikolai Turchaninov is the first scientist who described the fauna of Transbaikalia and the Baikal region. Collected a huge private herbarium. Described more than 2,000 plant species from around the world. He is the most significant researcher of Asian flora.
It is also worth mentioning the name of Andrei Famintsyn, who is the discoverer of the semiotic nature of lichens. He also discovered the symbiosis of algae and radiolarians. Globally researched artificial lighting for plants.
This concludes our review of the biographies of Russian biologists and their discoveries (briefly). We have mentioned all the most significant names, without which it is simply impossible to imagine Russian biology. However, despite this, there are still many scientists whose contribution to the development of this science is simply invaluable. Russian biologists are worthy of attention, because they literally created the basic principles of modern science and actually laid the first foundations.
Every person should know these names, if only because biology is the science of life itself. Summing up the results of the article, I would like to once again express respect to Russian biologists, thanks to whom we have the opportunity to study a holistic complex science. Remember that these names can and should be proud of. Of course, the contribution of scientists from all over the world is important, but we must know and respect our own heroes.
An educational program for Shapiro-Soloviev, who declared that Russian science was created by Stalin, and before him, apart from Mendeleev, we had no one
Russian science is not only one of the greatest in the world, it is also a forge of personnel for other countries. There is even such a term “Russian science” in the world, although many of the scientists who are called so have not lived in Russia for a long time, but studied here.
1. P.N. Yablochkov and A.N. Lodygin - the world's first electric light bulb
2. A.S. Popov - radio
3. V.K. Zworykin (the world's first electron microscope, television and broadcasting)
4. A.F. Mozhaisky - the inventor of the world's first aircraft
5. I.I. Sikorsky - a great aircraft designer, created the world's first helicopter, the world's first bomber
6. . A.M. Ponyatov - the world's first video recorder
7. S.P. Korolev - the world's first ballistic missile, spacecraft, the first satellite of the Earth
8. A.M. Prokhorov and N.G. Basov - the world's first quantum generator - maser
9. S. V. Kovalevskaya (the world's first female professor)
10. S.M. Prokudin-Gorsky - the world's first color photograph
11. A.A. Alekseev - the creator of the needle screen
12. F.A. Pirotsky - the world's first electric tram
13. F.A. Blinov - the world's first caterpillar tractor
14. V.A. Starevich - volume-animated film
15. E.M. Artamonov - invented the world's first bicycle with pedals, a steering wheel, a turning wheel
16. O.V. Losev - the world's first amplifying and generating semiconductor device
17. V.P. Mutilin - the world's first mounted construction harvester
18. A. R. Vlasenko - the world's first grain harvester
19. V.P. Demikhov - the first in the world to perform a lung transplant and the first to create a model of an artificial heart
20. A.P. Vinogradov - created a new direction in science - isotope geochemistry
21. I.I. Polzunov - the world's first heat engine
22. G. E. Kotelnikov - the first backpack rescue parachute
23. I.V. Kurchatov is the world's first nuclear power plant (Obninsk), also under his leadership, the world's first hydrogen bomb with a capacity of 400 kt was developed, detonated on August 12, 1953. It was the Kurchatov team that developed the RDS-202 thermonuclear bomb (Tsar bomb) with a record power of 52,000 kt.
24. M. O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky - invented a three-phase current system, built a three-phase transformer, which put an end to the dispute between supporters of direct (Edison) and alternating current
25. V. P. Vologdin, the world's first high-voltage liquid cathode mercury rectifier, developed induction furnaces for the use of high-frequency currents in industry
26. S.O. Kostovich - created the world's first gasoline engine in 1879
27. V.P. Glushko - the world's first electric / thermal rocket engine
28. V. V. Petrov - discovered the phenomenon of an arc discharge
29. N. G. Slavyanov - electric arc welding
30. I. F. Aleksandrovsky - invented a stereo camera
31. D.P. Grigorovich - creator of the seaplane
32. V. G. Fedorov - the world's first machine gun
33. A.K. Nartov - built the world's first lathe with a movable caliper
34. M.V. Lomonosov - for the first time in science formulated the principle of conservation of matter and motion, for the first time in the world he began to teach a course in physical chemistry, for the first time he discovered the existence of an atmosphere on Venus
35. I.P. Kulibin - mechanic, developed the project of the world's first wooden arched single-span bridge, inventor of the searchlight
36. VV Petrov - physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; opened an electric arc
37. P.I. Prokopovich - for the first time in the world invented a frame hive, in which he used a frame shop
38. N.I. Lobachevsky - Mathematician, creator of "non-Euclidean geometry"
39. D.A. Zagryazhsky - invented the caterpillar
40. B.O. Jacobi - invented electroforming and the world's first electric motor with direct rotation of the working shaft
41. P.P. Anosov - metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient damask steel
42. D.I. Zhuravsky - for the first time developed the theory of calculations of bridge trusses, which is currently used all over the world
43. N.I. Pirogov - for the first time in the world compiled an atlas "Topographic Anatomy", which has no analogues, invented anesthesia, gypsum and much more
44. I.R. Hermann - for the first time in the world compiled a summary of uranium minerals
45. A.M. Butlerov - for the first time formulated the main provisions of the theory of the structure of organic compounds
46. I.M. Sechenov - the creator of evolutionary and other schools of physiology, published his main work "Reflexes of the brain"
47. D.I. Mendeleev - discovered the periodic law of chemical elements, the creator of the table of the same name
48. M.A. Novinsky - veterinarian, laid the foundations of experimental oncology
49. G.G. Ignatiev - for the first time in the world developed a system of simultaneous telephony and telegraphy over one cable
50. K.S. Dzhevetsky - built the world's first submarine with an electric motor
51. N.I. Kibalchich - for the first time in the world developed a scheme of a rocket aircraft
52. N.N. Benardos - invented electric welding
53. V.V. Dokuchaev - laid the foundations of genetic soil science
54. V. I. Sreznevsky - Engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera
55. A.G. Stoletov - physicist, for the first time in the world created a photocell based on an external photoelectric effect
56. P.D. Kuzminsky - built the world's first radial gas turbine
57. I.V. Boldyrev - the first flexible light-sensitive non-combustible film, formed the basis for the creation of cinema
58. I.A. Timchenko - developed the world's first movie camera
59. S.M.Apostolov-Berdichevsky and M.F.Freidenberg - created the world's first automatic telephone exchange
60. N.D. Pilchikov - physicist, for the first time in the world created and successfully demonstrated a wireless control system
61. V.A. Gassiev - engineer, built the world's first phototypesetting machine
62. K.E. Tsiolkovsky - the founder of astronautics
63. P.N. Lebedev - physicist, for the first time in science experimentally proved the existence of light pressure on solids
64. I.P. Pavlov - creator of the science of higher nervous activity
65. V. I. Vernadsky - naturalist, founder of many scientific schools
66. A.N. Scriabin - composer, for the first time in the world used lighting effects in the symphonic poem "Prometheus"
67. N.E. Zhukovsky - creator of aerodynamics
68. S.V. Lebedev - first received artificial rubber
69. GA Tikhov - astronomer, for the first time in the world established that the Earth, when observed from space, should have a blue color. Later, as you know, this was confirmed when shooting our planet from space.
70. N.D. Zelinsky - developed the world's first carbon highly effective gas mask
71. N.P. Dubinin - geneticist, discovered gene divisibility
72. M.A. Kapelyushnikov - invented the turbodrill in 1922
73. E.K. Zavoisky discovered electric paramagnetic resonance
74. N.I. Lunin - proved that there are vitamins in the body of living beings
75. N.P. Wagner - discovered insect pedogenesis
76. Svyatoslav Fedorov - the first in the world to perform an operation to treat glaucoma
77. S.S. Yudin - for the first time used in the clinic the blood transfusion of suddenly dead people
78. A.V. Shubnikov - predicted existence and created piezoelectric textures for the first time
79. L.V. Shubnikov - Shubnikov-de Haas effect (magnetic properties of superconductors)
80. N.A. Izgaryshev - discovered the phenomenon of passivity of metals in non-aqueous electrolytes
81. P.P. Lazarev - creator of the ion theory of excitation
82. P.A. Molchanov - meteorologist, created the world's first radiosonde
83. N.A. Umov - a physicist, the equation of energy movement, the concept of energy flow;
84. E.S. Fedorov - the founder of crystallography
85. G.S. Petrov - chemist, the world's first synthetic detergent
86. V.F. Petrushevsky - scientist and general, invented a range finder for gunners
87. I.I. Orlov - invented a method for making woven credit notes and a method for single-pass multiple printing (Orlov printing)
88. Mikhail Ostrogradsky - mathematician, O. formula (multiple integral)
89. P.L. Chebyshev - mathematician, Ch. polynomials (orthogonal system of functions), parallelogram
90. P.A. Cherenkov - physicist, Ch. radiation (new optical effect), Ch. counter (detector of nuclear radiation in nuclear physics)
91. D.K. Chernov - points Ch. (critical points of phase transformations of steel)
92. V.I. Kalashnikov - the first in the world to equip river vessels with a steam engine with multiple steam expansion
93. A.V. Kirsanov - organic chemist, reaction K. (phosphozoreaction)
94. A.M. Lyapunov - mathematician, created the theory of stability of systems, equilibrium and motion of mechanical systems with a finite number of parameters, as well as the theorem of L. (one of the limit theorems of probability theory)
95. Dmitry Konovalov - chemist, Konovalov's laws (elasticity of parasolutions)
96. S.N. Reformatsky - organic chemist, Reformatsky reaction
97. V.A. Semennikov - metallurgist, the first in the world to carry out the semerization of copper matte and get blister copper
98. I.R. Prigogine - physicist, P.'s theorem (thermodynamics of non-equilibrium processes)
99. M.M. Protodyakonov - a scientist, developed a scale of rock strength generally accepted in the world
100. M.F. Shostakovsky - organic chemist, balm Sh. (vinylin)
101. M.S. Color - Color method (chromatography of plant pigments)
102. A.N. Tupolev - designed the world's first jet passenger aircraft and the first supersonic passenger aircraft
103. A.S. Famintsyn - plant physiologist, the first to develop a method for the implementation of photosynthetic processes under artificial lighting
104. B.S. Stechkin - created two theories - thermal calculation of aircraft engines and jet engines
105. A.I. Leipunsky - physicist, discovered the phenomenon of energy transfer by excited atoms and molecules to free electrons during collisions
106. D.D. Maksutov - optician, telescope M. (meniscus system of optical instruments)
107. N.A. Menshutkin - chemist, discovered the effect of a solvent on the rate of a chemical reaction
108. I.I. Mechnikov - the founders of evolutionary embryology
109. S.N. Winogradsky - discovered chemosynthesis
110. V.S. Pyatov - metallurgist, invented a method for the production of armor plates by rolling
111. A.I. Bakhmutsky - invented the world's first coal combine (for coal mining)
112. A.N. Belozersky - discovered DNA in higher plants
113. S.S. Bryukhonenko - physiologist, created the first heart-lung machine in the world (autojector)
114. G.P. Georgiev - biochemist, discovered RNA in the nuclei of animal cells
115. E. A. Murzin - invented the world's first optical-electronic synthesizer "ANS"
116. P.M. Golubitsky - Russian inventor in the field of telephony
117. V. F. Mitkevich - for the first time in the world proposed the use of a three-phase arc for welding metals
118. L.N. Gobyato - colonel, the world's first mortar was invented in Russia in 1904
119. V.G. Shukhov, an inventor, was the first in the world to use steel mesh shells for the construction of buildings and towers
120. I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky - made the first Russian round-the-world trip, studied the islands of the Pacific Ocean, described the life of Kamchatka and about. Sakhalin
121. F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev - discovered Antarctica
122. The world's first icebreaker of the modern type - the steamer of the Russian fleet "Pilot" (1864), the first Arctic icebreaker - "Ermak", built in 1899 under the leadership of S.O. Makarov.
123. V.N. Sukachev is the founder of biogeocenology, one of the founders of the doctrine of phytocenosis, its structure, classification, dynamics, relationships with the environment and its animal population
124. Alexander Nesmeyanov, Alexander Arbuzov, Grigory Razuvaev - creation of chemistry of organoelement compounds.
125. V.I. Levkov - under his leadership, for the first time in the world, air-cushion vehicles were created
126. G.N. Babakin - Russian designer, creator of Soviet moon rovers
127. P.N. Nesterov - the first in the world to perform a closed curve in a vertical plane on an airplane, a “dead loop”, later called the “Nesterov loop”
128. B. B. Golitsyn - became the founder of a new science of seismology
And many, many more…
Russian Strategy
