Russian principalities- a period in the history of Russia (from the 12th to the 16th centuries), when the territory was divided into destinies headed by the princes of the Rurik dynasty. Within the framework of Marxist theory, it is described as a period of feudal fragmentation.
Review
From its very beginning, Kievan Rus was not a unitary state. The first division was made between the sons of Svyatoslav Igorevich in 972, the second - between the sons of Vladimir Svyatoslavich in 1015 and 1023, and the descendants of Izyaslav of Polotsk, having become outcasts for Kyiv, stood out in a special dynasty already at the beginning of the 11th century, as a result of which the Polotsk principality was earlier others separated from Kievan Rus. However, the beginning of the division into principalities proper is considered to be the division of Russia by Yaroslav the Wise in 1054. The next important step was the decision of the Lubech Congress of Princes “everyone keeps his fatherland” in 1097, but Vladimir Monomakh and his eldest son and heir Mstislav the Great, through seizures and dynastic marriages, were able to once again put all the principalities under the control of Kyiv.
The death of Mstislav in 1132 is considered to be the beginning of a period of feudal fragmentation, but Kyiv remained not only a formal center, but also a powerful principality for several more decades, its influence on the periphery did not disappear, but only weakened in comparison with the first third of the XII century. The Kyiv prince continued to dispose of the Turov, Pereyaslav and Vladimir-Volyn principalities and to have both opponents and supporters in each region of Russia until the middle of the century. The Chernigov-Seversk, Smolensk, Rostov-Suzdal, Muromo-Ryazan, Przemysl and Terebovl principalities and the Novgorod land separated themselves from Kyiv. Chroniclers began to use the name for the principalities land, which previously designated only Russia as a whole (“Russian land”) or other countries (“Greek land”). The lands acted as independent subjects of international relations and were ruled by their own Rurik dynasties, with some exceptions: the Kiev principality and Novgorod land did not have their own dynasty and were objects of struggle between princes from other lands (while in Novgorod the rights of the prince were severely limited in favor of the local boyar aristocracy) , and for the Galicia-Volyn principality after the death of Roman Mstislavich for about 40 years there was a war between all the southern Russian princes, ending in the victory of Daniil Romanovich Volynsky. At the same time, the unity of the princely family and church unity were preserved, as well as the idea of Kyiv as formally the most important Russian table and Kyiv land as the common property of all princes. By the beginning of the Mongol invasion (1237), the total number of principalities, including appanages, reached 50. The process of formation of new appanages continued everywhere (in the XIV century the total number of principalities was estimated at 250), but in the XIV-XV centuries the reverse process began to gain strength, as a result of which was the unification of Russian lands around two great principalities: Moscow and Lithuania.
In historiography, when considering the period of the XII-XVI centuries, special attention, as a rule, is paid to several principalities.
Novgorod Republic
In 1136, Novgorod got out of the control of the Kievan princes. Unlike other Russian lands, the Novgorod land became a feudal republic, its head was not a prince, but a posadnik. The posadnik and the tysyatsky were elected by the veche, while in the rest of the Russian lands the tysyatsky was appointed by the prince. The Novgorodians entered into an alliance with some Russian principalities to protect their independence from others, and from the beginning of the 13th century, to fight external enemies: Lithuania and Catholic orders that settled in the Baltic states.
Releasing the eldest son Konstantin to the throne of Novgorod in 1206, the Grand Duke of Vladimir Vsevolod the Big Nest made a speech: “ my son, Konstantin, on you, God has put eldership in all your brothers, and Novgorod the Great has eldership in all the Russian land».
Since 1333, Novgorod for the first time invited a representative of the Lithuanian princely house to reign. In 1449, under an agreement with Moscow, the Polish king and Grand Duke of Lithuania Casimir IV renounced claims to Novgorod, in 1456 Vasily II the Dark concluded an unequal peace treaty with Novgorod, and in 1478 Ivan III completely annexed Novgorod to his possessions, abolishing the Veche . In 1494, the Hanseatic trading yard was closed in Novgorod.
Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, Grand Duchy of Vladimir
In the annals until the 13th century, it was usually called "Suzdal land", with con. XIII century - "Great Prince of Vladimir". In historiography it is designated by the term "North-Eastern Russia".
Soon after the Rostov-Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgoruky, as a result of many years of struggle, established himself in the Kiev principality, his son Andrei left for the north, taking with him the icon of the Mother of God from Vyshgorod (1155). Andrei moved the capital of the Rostov-Suzdal principality to Vladimir and became the first Grand Duke of Vladimir. In 1169, he organized the capture of Kyiv, and, in the words of V. O. Klyuchevsky, “separated seniority from place”, placing his younger brother on the Kiev reign, and remaining to reign in Vladimir himself. The seniority of Andrei Bogolyubsky was recognized by all Russian princes, except for those of Galicia and Chernigov. The winner in the struggle for power after the death of Andrei was his younger brother Vsevolod the Big Nest, supported by the inhabitants of the new cities of the southwestern part of the principality (“serfs-masons”) against the henchmen of the old Rostov-Suzdal boyars. By the end of the 1190s, he achieved recognition of his seniority by all the princes, except for Chernigov and Polotsk. Shortly before his death, Vsevolod convened a congress of representatives of various social strata on the issue of succession to the throne (1211): The Great Prince Vsevolod called all his boyars from the cities and volosts and Bishop John, and abbots, and priests, and merchants, and nobles, and all people.
The Pereyaslav principality was under the control of the Vladimir princes from 1154 (with the exception of a short period of 1206-1213). They also used the dependence of the Novgorod Republic on the supply of food from the agricultural Opole through Torzhok in order to extend their influence to it. Also, the princes of Vladimir used their military capabilities to protect Novgorod from invasions from the west, and from 1231 to 1333 they invariably reigned in Novgorod.
In 1237-1238, the principality was devastated by the Mongols. In 1243 Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich of Vladimir was summoned to Batu and recognized as the oldest prince in Russia. In the late 1250s, a census was carried out and systematic exploitation of the principality by the Mongols began. After the death of Alexander Nevsky (1263), Vladimir ceased to be the residence of the Grand Dukes. During the 13th century, specific principalities were formed with their own dynasties: Belozersk, Galicia-Dmitrov, Gorodetsk, Kostroma, Moscow, Pereyaslav, Rostov, Starodub, Suzdal, Tver, Uglitsk, Yuriev, Yaroslavl (up to 13 principalities in total), and in the 14th century Tver , Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal princes began to be titled "great". Actually, the Vladimir great reign, which included the city of Vladimir with a vast territory in the zone of the Suzdal opolye and the right to collect tribute for the Horde from all the principalities of North-Eastern Russia, except for the great ones, received one of the princes by label from the Horde Khan.
In 1299, the Metropolitan of All Russia moved from Kyiv to Vladimir, and in 1327 to Moscow. Since 1331, the reign of Vladimir was assigned to the Moscow princely house, since 1389 it appeared in the wills of Moscow princes along with the Moscow domain. In 1428, the final merger of the Vladimir principality with Moscow took place.
Galicia-Volyn principality
After the suppression of the first Galician dynasty, Roman Mstislavich Volynsky seized the Galician throne, thereby uniting the two principalities in his hands. In 1201, he was invited to reign by the Kyiv boyars, but left his younger relative to reign in Kyiv, turning Kyiv into an outpost of his possessions in the east.
Roman hosted the Byzantine emperor Alexei III Angel, expelled by the crusaders during the fourth crusade. Received an offer of the royal crown from Pope Innocent III. According to the version of the “first Russian historian” Tatishchev V.N., Roman was the author of the project of the political structure of all Russian lands, in which the Kyiv prince would be elected by six princes, and their principalities would be inherited by the eldest son. In the annals, Roman is called "the autocrat of all Russia."
After the death of Roman in 1205, a long struggle for power took place, the winner of which was the eldest son and heir of Roman Daniel, who regained control over all his father's possessions by 1240 - the year the last phase of the western campaign of the Mongols began - a campaign against Kyiv, the Galicia-Volyn principality and to Central Europe. In the 1250s, Daniel fought against the Mongol-Tatars, but he still had to admit dependence on them. The Galician-Volyn princes paid tribute and participated as forced allies in the Horde campaigns against Lithuania, Poland and Hungary, but retained the procedure for the transfer of the throne.
The Galician princes also extended their influence to the Turov-Pinsk principality. Since 1254, Daniel and his descendants bore the title of "Kings of Russia". After the transfer of the residence of the Metropolitan of All Russia from Kyiv to Vladimir in 1299, Yuri Lvovich Galitsky founded a separate Galician metropolis, which existed (intermittently) until the capture of Galicia by Poland in 1349. Finally, the Galician-Volynian lands were divided between Lithuania and Poland in 1392 following the war for the Galician-Volynian inheritance.
Smolensk principality
Separated under the grandson of Vladimir Monomokh - Rostislav Mstislavich. The Smolensk princes were distinguished by their desire to occupy tables outside their principality, thanks to which it was almost not subjected to fragmentation into appanages and had interests in all regions of Russia. The Rostislavichs were constant contenders for Kyiv and firmly entrenched themselves in a number of its suburban tables. From 1181 to 1194, a duumvirate was established in the Kyiv land, when the city was owned by Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich of Chernigov, and the rest of the principality by Rurik Rostislavich. After the death of Svyatoslav, Rurik gained and lost Kyiv several times, and in 1203 he repeated the act of Andrei Bogolyubsky, for the second time in the history of civil strife, subjecting the capital of Russia to defeat.
The pinnacle of Smolensk power was the reign of Mstislav Romanovich, who occupied the Kyiv table from 1214 to 1223. During this period, Novgorod, Pskov, Polotsk, Vitebsk and Galich were under the control of the Rostislavichs. It was under the auspices of Mstislav Romanovich as the prince of Kyiv that an essentially all-Russian campaign against the Mongols was organized, ending in a rout on the river. Kalka.
The Mongol invasion touched only the eastern outskirts of the principality and did not affect Smolensk itself. The princes of Smolensk recognized their dependence on the Horde, and in 1275 a Mongolian census was conducted in the principality. The position of Smolensk was more favorable in comparison with other lands. It was hardly subjected to Tatar raids, the destinies that arose in its composition were not assigned to individual princely branches and remained under the control of the Smolensk prince. In the 90s. In the 13th century, the territory of the principality expanded due to the annexation of the principality of Bryansk from the Chernigov land, at the same time, the Smolensk princes, through dynastic marriage, established themselves in the principality of Yaroslavl. In the 1st floor. XIV century, under Prince Ivan Alexandrovich, the Smolensk princes began to be called great. However, by this time the principality was in the role of a buffer zone between Lithuania and the Moscow principality, whose rulers sought to make the Smolensk princes dependent on themselves and gradually captured their volosts. In 1395 Smolensk was conquered by Vitovt. In 1401, Prince Yuri Svyatoslavich of Smolensk, with the support of Ryazan, regained his throne, but in 1404 Vitovt again captured the city and finally included it in Lithuania.
Chernihiv Principality
Separated in 1097 under the rule of the descendants of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, their rights to the principality were recognized by other Russian princes at the Lyubech Congress. After the youngest of the Svyatoslavichs was deprived of his reign in 1127 and, under the rule of his descendants, the lands on the lower Oka separated from Chernigov, and in 1167 the line of descendants of Davyd Svyatoslavich was cut short, the Olgovichi dynasty established itself on all the princely tables of the Chernigov land: the northern and upper Oka lands the descendants of Vsevolod Olgovich owned (they were also constant contenders for Kyiv), Novgorod-Seversky principality - the descendants of Svyatoslav Olgovich. Representatives of both branches reigned in Chernigov (until 1226).
In addition to Kyiv and Vyshgorod, at the end of the 12th and beginning of the 13th centuries, the Olgoviches managed to briefly extend their influence to Galich and Volyn, Pereyaslavl and Novgorod.
In 1223, the princes of Chernigov took part in the first campaign against the Mongols. In the spring of 1238, during the Mongol invasion, the northeastern lands of the principality were devastated, and in the autumn of 1239, the southwestern ones. After the death of the Chernigov prince Mikhail Vsevolodovich in the Horde in 1246, the lands of the principality were divided between his sons, and the eldest of them, Roman, became a prince in Bryansk. In 1263, he liberated Chernigov from the Lithuanians and annexed it to his possessions. Beginning with Roman, the Bryansk princes were usually titled as the Grand Dukes of Chernigov.
At the beginning of the XIV century, Smolensk princes established themselves in Bryansk, presumably through dynastic marriage. The struggle for Bryansk lasted for several decades, until in 1357 the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd Gediminovich installed one of the contenders, Roman Mikhailovich, to reign. In the second half of the XIV century, in parallel with him, the sons of Olgerd Dmitry and Dmitry-Koribut also reigned in the Bryansk lands. After the Ostrovsky agreement, the autonomy of the Bryansk principality was liquidated, Roman Mikhailovich became the Lithuanian governor in Smolensk, where he was killed in 1401.
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
It arose in the XIII century as a result of the unification of the Lithuanian tribes by Prince Mindovg. In 1320-1323, the Grand Duke of Lithuania Gedimin conducted successful campaigns against Volhynia and Kyiv (the battle on the Irpin River). After the establishment in 1362 by Olgerd Gediminovich of control over Southern Russia, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania became a state in which, in the presence of a foreign ethnic core, the majority of the population were Russians, and Orthodoxy was the predominant religion. The principality acted as a rival to another towering center of the Russian lands at that time - the Moscow principality, but Olgerd's campaigns against Moscow turned out to be fruitless.
The Teutonic Order intervened in the struggle for power in Lithuania after the death of Olgerd, and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Jagiello was forced to abandon the plan to conclude a dynastic union with Moscow and recognize (1384) the condition of baptism into the Catholic faith within the next 4 years. Already in 1385, the first Polish-Lithuanian union was concluded. In 1392, Vitovt became the Lithuanian prince, who finally included Smolensk and Bryansk in the principality, and after the death of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily I (1425), married to his daughter, extended his influence to Tver, Ryazan and Pronsk for several years.
The Polish-Lithuanian union of 1413 granted privileges to the Catholic nobility in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, but during the struggle for power after the death of Vitovt, they were canceled (the equality of rights of the Catholic and Orthodox nobility was confirmed by the privilege of 1563).
In 1458, on the Russian lands subject to Lithuania and Poland, the Kyiv metropolis was formed, independent of the Moscow metropolis of "All Russia".
After the entry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into the Livonian War and the fall of Polotsk, the principality united with Poland into the confederation of the Commonwealth (1569), while the lands of Kyiv, Podolsk and Volhynia, which had previously been part of the principality, became part of Poland.
Grand Duchy of Moscow
It stood out from the Vladimir Grand Duchy at the end of the 13th century as the inheritance of the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky - Daniel. In the first years of the XIV century, it annexed a number of adjacent territories and began to compete with the Tver principality. In 1328, together with the Horde and Suzdal, Tver was defeated, and soon the Moscow prince Ivan I Kalita became the Grand Duke of Vladimir. Subsequently, the title, with rare exceptions, was retained by his offspring. After the victory at the Kulikovo field, Moscow secured the importance of the center of the unification of Russian lands. In 1389, Dmitry Donskoy bequeathed the great reign to his son Vasily I, which was recognized by all the neighbors of Moscow and the Horde.
In 1439, the Moscow metropolis of "All Russia" did not recognize the Florentine Union of the Greek and Roman churches and became, in fact, autocephalous.
After the reign of Ivan III (1462), the process of unification of the Russian principalities under the rule of Moscow entered a decisive phase. By the end of the reign of Vasily III (1533), Moscow became the center of the Russian centralized state, having annexed, in addition to all of North-Eastern Russia and Novgorod, also the Smolensk and Chernigov lands conquered from Lithuania. In 1547, the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan IV was crowned king. In 1549, the first Zemsky Sobor was convened. In 1589, the Moscow metropolis was transformed into a patriarchy. In 1591, the last lot was liquidated in the kingdom.
Economy
As a result of the capture of the city of Sarkel and the Tmutarakan principality by the Polovtsy, as well as the success of the first crusade, the significance of trade routes changed. The path “From the Varangians to the Greeks”, on which Kyiv was located, gave way to the Volga trade route and the route connecting the Black Sea with Western Europe through the Dniester. In particular, the campaign against the Polovtsy in 1168 under the leadership of Mstislav Izyaslavich was aimed at ensuring the passage of goods along the lower Dnieper.
The “Charter of Vladimir Vsevolodovich”, issued by Vladimir Monomakh after the Kyiv uprising in 1113, introduced an upper limit on the amount of interest on debts, which saved the poor from the threat of long and eternal bondage. In the 12th century, although the work of craftsmen to order remained predominant, many signs indicate the beginning of more progressive work for the market.
Large craft centers became the targets of the Mongol invasion of Russia in 1237-1240. Their ruin, the capture of masters and the subsequent need to pay tribute caused the decline of crafts and trade.
At the end of the 15th century, in the Moscow principality, the distribution of land into the possession of the nobles under the condition of service (estate) began. In 1497, the Sudebnik was adopted, one of the provisions of which limited the transfer of peasants from one landowner to another on St. George's autumn day.
Warfare
In the XII century, the regiment became the main fighting force instead of the squad. The senior and junior squads are transformed into the militia of the boyars-landowners and the court of the prince.
In 1185, for the first time in Russian history, the division of the battle order was noted not only along the front into three tactical units (regiments), but also in depth up to four regiments, the total number of tactical units reached six, including the first mention of a separate rifle regiment, which is also mentioned on Lake Peipsi in 1242 (Battle on the Ice).
The blow inflicted on the economy by the Mongol invasion was also reflected in the state of military affairs. The process of differentiation of functions between detachments of heavy cavalry, which delivered a direct blow with melee weapons, and detachments of shooters, broke off, a reunification took place, and the combatants again began to use a spear and sword and shoot from a bow. Separate rifle units, moreover, on a semi-regular basis, reappeared only at the end of the 15th-beginning of the 16th century in Novgorod and Moscow (pishchalniks, archers).
Outer Wars
Polovtsy
After a series of offensive campaigns at the beginning of the 12th century, the Polovtsy were forced to migrate to the southeast, up to the foothills of the Caucasus. The resumption of internecine struggle in Russia in the 1130s allowed the Polovtsy to again ruin Russia, including as allies of one of the opposing princely groups. The first offensive movement of the allied forces against the Polovtsy in 1168 was organized by Mstislav Izyaslavich in 1168, then Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich in 1183 organized a general campaign of the forces of almost all the southern Russian principalities and defeated the large Polovtsian association of the southern Russian steppes, led by Khan Kobyak. And although the Polovtsy managed to defeat Igor Svyatoslavich in 1185, in subsequent years the Polovtsy did not undertake large-scale invasions of Russia outside of princely strife, and the Russian princes undertook a number of powerful offensive campaigns (1198, 1202, 1203). By the beginning of the 13th century, there was a noticeable Christianization of the Polovtsian nobility. Of the four Polovtsian khans mentioned in the annals in connection with the first invasion of the Mongols into Europe, two had Orthodox names, and the third was baptized before a joint Russian-Polovtsian campaign against the Mongols (battle on the Kalka River). The Polovtsy, like Russia, became victims of the western campaign of the Mongols in 1236-1242.
Catholic orders, Sweden and Denmark
The first appearance of Catholic preachers on the lands of the Livs dependent on the Polotsk princes occurred in 1184. By 1202, the foundation of the city of Riga and the Order of the Sword. The first campaigns of the Russian princes were undertaken in 1217-1223 in support of the Estonians, but gradually the order not only subjugated the local tribes, but also deprived the Russians of their possessions in Livonia (Kukeinos, Gersik, Viljandi and Yuryev).
In 1234, the crusaders were defeated by Yaroslav Vsevolodovich of Novgorod in the battle of Omovzha, in 1236 by Lithuanians and Semigallians in the battle of Saul, after which the remnants of the Order of the Swordsmen became part of the Teutonic Order, founded in 1198 in Palestine and seized the lands of the Prussians in 1227, and northern Estonia went into the possession of Denmark. An attempt at a coordinated attack on Russian lands in 1240, immediately after the Mongol invasion of Russia, ended in failure (Battle of the Neva, Battle of the Ice), although the crusaders managed to capture Pskov for a short time.
After the unification of the military efforts of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Teutonic Order suffered a decisive defeat in the Battle of Grunwald (1410), subsequently became dependent on Poland (1466) and lost possessions in Prussia as a result of secularization (1525). In 1480, while standing on the Ugra, the Livonian Order launched an attack on Pskov, but to no avail. In 1561, the Livonian Order was liquidated as a result of the successful actions of the Russian troops at the initial stage of the Livonian War.
Mongolian Tatars
After the victory on the Kalka in 1223 over the combined forces of the Russian principalities and the Polovtsy, the Mongols abandoned the plan to march on Kyiv, which was the ultimate goal of their campaign, turned east, were defeated by the Volga Bogars at the crossing over the Volga and launched a large-scale invasion of Europe only 13 years later , but at the same time they did not meet with organized resistance. Poland and Hungary also became victims of the invasion, while Smolensk, Turov-Pinsk, Polotsk principalities and the Novgorod Republic managed to avoid defeat.
The Russian lands became dependent on the Golden Horde, expressed in the right of the Horde khans to approve the princes on their tables and the payment of an annual tribute. The rulers of the Horde were called "tsars" in Russia.
During the offensive in the Horde of the “great zamyatna” after the death of Khan Berdibek (1359), Olgerd Gediminovich defeated the Horde at Blue Waters (1362) and established control over South Russia, thereby putting an end to the Mongol-Tatar yoke in it. In the same period, the Grand Duchy of Moscow took a significant step towards liberation from the yoke (the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380).
During periods of struggle for power in the Horde, the Moscow princes suspended the payment of tribute, but were forced to resume it after the invasions of Tokhtamysh (1382) and Edigei (1408). In 1399, the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vitovt, who tried to return the throne of the Horde to Tokhtamysh and thus establish control over the Horde, was defeated by Timur's henchmen in the Battle of Vorskla, in which the Lithuanian princes participating in the Battle of Kulikovo also died.
After the disintegration of the Golden Horde into several khanates, the Moscow principality got the opportunity to pursue an independent policy in relation to each khanate. The descendants of Ulu-Mohammed received Meshchera lands from Vasily II, forming the Kasimov Khanate (1445). Starting in 1472, in alliance with the Crimean Khanate, Moscow fought against the Great Horde, which entered into an alliance with the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Casimir IV. The Crimeans repeatedly ravaged the southern Russian possessions of Casimir, primarily Kyiv and Podolia. In 1480, the Mongol-Tatar yoke (standing on the Ugra) was overthrown. After the liquidation of the Great Horde (1502), a common border arose between the Moscow principality and the Crimean Khanate, immediately after which the regular raids of the Crimeans on Moscow lands began. From the middle of the 15th century, the Kazan Khanate was increasingly under the military and political pressure of Moscow, until in 1552 it was annexed to the Moscow kingdom. In 1556, the Astrakhan Khanate was also annexed to it, in 1582 the conquest of the Siberian Khanate began.
In the era of feudal fragmentation, three centers arose, which began the process of collecting lands. In the southwest, Vladimir-Volynsky became such a center, in the northwest - Veliky Novgorod, and in the northeast - Vladimir-on-Klyazma. The rise of Veliky Novgorod was associated with its special position in the days of united Russia: many great princes before the accession to Kyiv were governors of their fathers in Novgorod.
The rise of Vladimir-Volynsky and Vladimir-on-Klyazma was associated with the activities of the specific princes who ruled in these cities: Mstislav of Galitsky and Andrey Bogolyubsky. These powerful rulers subjugated neighboring fiefdoms and participated in the struggle for the right to reign in Kyiv. However, their power no longer depended on who was titled the Grand Duke.
Three new centers of Russia began to collect lands around them at the beginning of the 12th century, but this process was stopped in the middle of the century by the Mongol-Tatar invasion. Over time, the old centers fell into disrepair. The centralization of Russian lands was completed by the middle of the 16th century.
Vladimir-Suzdal Principality | Kievan principality. | Novgorod principality | Galicia-Volyn principality |
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All-Russian "table" | All-Russian "table". Novgorod reign is a stepping stone to Kyiv. | ||
The consequence of the process of colonization of North-Eastern Russia a) increased dependence of the population on princely power b) active construction of cities c) intensive development of agriculture and handicrafts Indicate from where the main colonization was not sent Western Russia. Indicate from where the main colonization was sent Western Russia. 1) Southwestern (Galicia-Volyn) Russia 2) Northwestern (Novgorod) Russia 3) South-Eastern (Pereyaslav-Chernigov) Russia | The consequence of the process of colonization of North-Western Russia The "northern" path of East Slavic colonization led to the area: Ladoga and Ilmenskoye lakes | The unification of the Galician and Volyn principalities into a single Galicia-Volyn took place during the reign of: Roman Mstislavich Volynsky (1199-1205). The "southern" path of East Slavic colonization led to the region: a) Carpathian region b) Middle Transnistria |
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The Novgorod variant of civilizational development assumed the strengthening of the role Boyar Duma | The southwestern version of civilizational development assumed the strengthening of the role boyar thought. |
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1) Yuri Dolgoruky (1125-1157) - son of V. Monomakh reigned in... Ryazan principality. He turned the Rostov-Suzdal land into a vast principality. | Reasons for the rise of Novgorod: strengthening trade ties with Europe | Yaroslav Osmomysl |
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2) Andrei Bogolyubsky (1157-1174 3))-grandson of V Monomakh. Was a typical prince of the era of feudal fragmentation Andrei Bogolyubsky moved the capital to Vladimir Name the monument of architecture in Vladimir-Suzdal 1. Bogolyubovsky castle(1158-1160) 2 Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir-on-Klyazma 3.Church of the Intercession-on-Nerl Andrei Bogolyubsky reigned in the Ryazan principality. | Control system The head of the Novgorod self-government in the period of fragmented The main function of the thousand in Novgorod during the period of fragmentation of Russia was (-o): command of the Novgorod "thousand" (militia) the prince was not a full-fledged master, he ruled the city, but served him. Archbishop: spiritual head, court, citywide treasury, "sovereign regiment" veche: 1. collection of taxes and implementation of the commercial court 2) conclusion of international treaties | 1) Igor Seversky Prince Novgorod - Seversky and Chernigov: in 1185 organized an unsuccessful campaign against the Polovtsians. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" |
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Vsevolod III Big Nest(1177-1212) The highest power became known as the "Grand Duke" Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir-on-Klyazma | |||
Name the prince who moved the capital of the North-Eastern | In the Novgorod Republic during the period of fragmentation, the leading | Igor Svyatoslavich (1150-1202) |
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Yuri Vsevolodovich | Daniel Galitsky “Do not crush the bees and do not eat honey.” Support for the squad in the fight against the nobility. |
The years of feudal fragmentation in Russia were the result of constant strife and disputes between the heirs of the Grand Duke, who claimed to own the best lands. Princely civil strife reached internal wars, which caused damage to the material wealth of Russia and entailed many victims. The result was the complete separation of the Russian lands into separate principalities with their own independent government. The development of each principality proceeded with characteristic features, depending on the geographical location, climate, neighboring states and historical events.
Largest lands | Galicia-Volyn principality (Chervonnaya Rus) | Novgorod land | Vladimir-Suzdal Principality |
|---|---|---|---|
Territory | North-eastern slopes of the Carpathians and between the rivers Dniester and Prut. | From the Arctic Ocean to the upper reaches of the Volga, from the Baltic to the Urals. | Interfluve of the Oka and Volga. |
economy | Rich fertile lands, established trade relations with Byzantium. | The main occupation is craft and trade. Trade was conducted mainly with German and Danish merchants, also with Byzantium, the countries of the East. | Under the influence of Dolgoruky's policy, the following developed: agriculture, cattle breeding, craft: pottery, blacksmithing, jewelry, construction; trade. |
Polit. system | Acute struggle between the boyars and the princes. The princes looked for support in the junior combatants (veche lads). | At the beginning of the 12th century, a republican form of government developed in Novgorod. The veche had the supreme power. The posadnik was the highest official. | Andrei was the first of the Russian princes who decided to start a fight against the specific system. The embodiment of unity. |
Rulers | Under the rule of Yaroslav Osmomysl, the principality began to consolidate, grow rich, and enjoy the respect of European rulers. Roman Mstislavich Volynsky - the union of the Galician and Volyn principalities. Daniil Galitsky began the reorganization of his squads, received support against the boyars: “If you don’t crush the bees, don’t eat honey”; one of the few who could resist the Mongol invasion. Under him, trade relations with many countries began to be established again. | The prince, along with his retinue, was invited from other lands. In Novgorod XII-XIII centuries. princes changed 58 times. The absence of their own princely dynasty made it possible to avoid fragmentation and maintain their unity. | Prince Yuri Dolgoruky fought for the mastery of the throne of Kyiv, the first annalistic mention of Moscow (1147) is associated with his name; Under Andrei Bogolyubsky, Vladimir on the Klyazma became the capital of the land, he fought a lot; under Vsevolod the Big Nest, the land reached its greatest power, he took the title of "Grand Duke". |
historical destiny | In the XIV century. Under the pressure of the Tatar hordes from the east and the Polish troops from the west, the former principality was divided between Poland, Lithuania and Hungary. | A strong northern city-state, not affected by the Tatar-Mongol invasion, relying on the volost militia, was soon able to stop the onslaught of the Swedish and German knights. | Fell under the pressure of the Mongol-Tatar hordes in the winter of 1238. and was thrown back in its development far back. |
Causes of feudal fragmentation. Many Russian pre-revolutionary historians explained the causes of feudal fragmentation by the large number of children of Russian princes, who divided their lands into separate principalities among their sons. Modern historical science believes that feudal fragmentation in Russia was a natural result of the economic and political development of early feudal society.
Economic factors of feudal fragmentation:
Subsistence economy and economic independence of estates, isolation of estates and communities, growth and strengthening of cities;
Political factors:
Tribal and territorial conflicts, strengthening of the political power of local princes and boyars;
External economic factors:
Temporary elimination of the Polovtsian danger (in 1111, Vladimir Monomakh defeated the Polovtsian khans. Some Polovtsian tribes migrated to the Caucasus).
The largest lands of Russia in the era of feudal fragmentation were: Vladimir-Suzdal principality, Galicia-Volyn principality, Novgorod feudal republic.
Vladimir-Suzdal land. In the north-east of Russia there were fertile lands, "opolye". The most important occupation of the population is agriculture. Crafts and trade play a significant role (the Volga trade route). The most ancient cities of the principality: Rostov (former capital), Suzdal, Murom. The principality gained independence during the reign of Vladimir Monomakh's son Yuri Dolgoruky (1154-1157). He managed to subjugate Kyiv. On the eve of 1147 in the annals for the first time there is a mention of Moscow (on the site of the estate of the boyar Kuchka, confiscated by Yuri Dolgoruky).
Galicia-Volyn principality. It occupied the territory from the Carpathians to Polissya, located on fertile black earth fields interspersed with forests and mountains. On the territory of the principality, rock salt was mined. The principality actively traded with other countries. The main cities are Galich, Vladimir-Volynsky, Przemysl. The rise of the principality took place in the second half of the 12th century under Prince Yaroslav Osmomysl (reigned 1152-1187). Volyn lands were annexed to Galicia in 1199 under Prince Roman Mstislavich (reigned 1170-1205).
This prince captured Kyiv in 1203 and assumed the title of Grand Duke. Under his leadership, successful wars were waged with the Poles, Polovtsy, an active struggle for supremacy over Russian lands. The eldest son of Roman Mstislavich, Daniil Romanovich (reigned 1221-1264), who inherited the principality, went down in history as a militant claimant to the Russian throne with Russian, Polish, and Hungarian princes. He strengthened his position in 1238, and in 1240 he occupied Kyiv and subsequently united South-Western Russia and Kyiv land. After the conquest of Russia by the Mongol-Tatars, Daniil Romanovich found himself in vassal dependence on the Golden Horde, but together with Andrei Yaroslavich persistently opposed it.
Novgorod feudal republic. The possessions of Veliky Novgorod stretched from the White Sea to the Northern Urals. The city was at the crossroads of trade routes. The commercial occupations of the population are hunting, fishing, salt making, iron production, beekeeping. Novgorod, before other lands, began the struggle for independence from Kyiv, revolting in 1136. The boyars, which had significant economic power, managed to defeat the prince in the struggle for power, as a result of which a special political system developed in Novgorod - feudal democracy (boyar republic), in which the Veche was the supreme governing body.
The highest official (head of government) in the Novgorod administration was the posadnik (from the word "plant"). The court obeyed him. The head of the militia was appointed - the thousand; he was in charge of the commercial court. Veche elected the head of the Novgorod church - the bishop (archbishop), who disposed of the treasury and controlled the external relations of Novgorod.
Rice. 2. Scheme of the political structure of the Novogorodsk Boyar Republic
To control the militia during military campaigns, the Veche invited the prince; the prince with his retinue maintained order in the city. The prince was instructed: “Without a posadnik, you, prince, do not judge courts, do not keep volosts, do not give letters.” It is symbolic that the residence of the prince was located outside the Kremlin (on Yaroslav's courtyard - the Trade side, and later - on Gorodische). The cities of the Novgorod land - Pskov, Torzhok, Lagoda, Izborsk and others had political self-government and were vassals of Novgorod.
2. Topic: Feudal fragmentation in Russia.
Fill in the table: Political organization of the Novgorod principality.
job title
From among whom were elected
Main functions
veche
State self-government body
The population of the city gathered
Discussed issues of war and peace
prince
warlord
Called to reign by the boyars
Managed military operations
posadnik
Head of the government
Elected from the most influential boyars
Issues of mountain devices, court, conclusion of agreements with the prince, participation in military campaigns, diplomatic negotiations
thousand
Posadnik's assistant
Elected from non-Yarsk population
Control over the tax system, participated in the commercial court, dealt with foreigners
archbishop
Gl novgorod church
He was elected by the veche, only then he was approved by the metropolitan
Official representative of the republic in its foreign relations
Forms of political structure in Russia. Distribute the cities according to the forms of political structure: Golden Horde, Suzdal, Novgorod, Byzantium, Genoa, Galich, Pskov, Vladimir, Venice, Volyn.
Galich, Volyn
Analogy: Golden Horde
Limited monarchy
Vladimir, Suzdal
Analogy: Byzantium
feudal division. Fill the table
Independence of the boyars-patrimonials in their lands
Strengthening the economic and political power of the cities-centers of the princely-boyar power
The decline of the Kyiv land from the raids of the steppes, civil strife and the fall of the value of the path from the Varangians to the Greeks.
A small principality is much easier to manage, monitor and maintain in order
land crushing
The emergence of conflicts between the princes and the local boyars
Weakening of the defense capability of Russia.
Positive Aspects of Fragmentation
Negative Aspects of Fragmentation
Growth of cities, crafts, trade
Rise of urban culture
- Cult and economic development of individual lands
Weak central government
Independence of local princes and boyars
The collapse of an integral state, vulnerability to external enemies.
What cities were part of these principalities, the prince who ruled in this principality.
Cities included in it
Princes who ruled in this principality
Vladimir-Suzdal
principality
Beloozero, Yaroslavl, Rostov, Kostroma, Galich, Nizh Novgorod, Suzdal, Tver, Moscow, Kolomna
Yuri Dolgoruky (1096-1149) - at the same time the Kyiv prince.
Andrei Bogolyubsky (1111-1174) - son of Yuri Dolgoruky,
Vsevolod the Big Nest (1176-1212) - son of Yuri Dolgoruky
Yuri Vsevolodovich (1218-1238)
Galicia - Volyn
Principality
Volodymyr - Volynsky, Lutsk, Przemysl, Cherven, Buzhsk, Tikhoml.
Vladimir Yaroslavovich - Rostislav Vladimirovich
In 1199, the unification of the Galician and Vladimir principalities by Roman Mstislavovich
Daniel Romanovich (1229-1264)
Yaroslav Osmomysl (1152-1187)
Novgorod Republic
1136-1478
Novgorod, Pskov, Izborsk, Ladoga
Alexander Nevsky (1252-1263)
Chernigov, Kursk, Novgorod-Seversky, Putivl, Lyubech, Starodub, Tmutarakan, Kozelsk, Murom, Ryazan
Svyatoslav
Oleg Svyatoslavovich
Svyatoslav Olegovich
Igor Svyatoslavovich
Yuri Igorevich (1235-1237)
Vladimir-Suzdal principality:
- Yury Dolgoruky (1096-1149) - the son of Vladimir Monomakh, at the same time the Kyiv prince, received his nickname as he constantly sought to expand his possessions. He founded a number of cities in 1152 - Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Yuryev-Polsky, Dmitrov. Under him, Moscow was first mentioned in the annals, where he invited Prince Svyatoslav of Novgorod-Seversky. He captured Kyiv three times (1149, 1150, 1155), the people of Kiev did not like him at one of the feasts, he was poisoned.
- Andrey Bogolyubsky (1111-1174) - the son of Yuri Dolgoruky, Vladimir made the capital where, according to legend, he transferred the miraculous icon of the Mother of God from Kyiv. Under him, the Assumption Cathedral, the Golden Gate, powerful stone fortifications in Vladimir were erected. Residence in Bogolyubovo, where he built the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl
- Vsevolod Big Nest (1176-1212) - son of Yuri Dolgoruky. As a child, he was expelled from the Suzdal land by his brother Andrei Bogolyubsky, lived in Byzantium from 1161-1168. Under Vsevolod, his power extended to Kyiv, Chernigov, Murom, Novgorod
Yuri Vsevolodovich (1218-1238)
Galicia-Volyn principality
- Vladimir Yaroslavovich - son of Yaroslav the Wise
- Rostislav Vladimirovich - son of Vladimir Yaroslavovich
In 1199, the unification of the Galician and Vladimir principalitiesRoman Mstislavovich
- Daniel Romanovich Galitsky (1230-1264) - a talented politician and commander, won back his lands from Poland and Hungary. Recognizing himself as a vassal of the Golden Horde, he retained a certain independence. Later, he established contacts with Rome, agreed to a union with the Catholic Church (recognition of the basic tenets of Catholicism while maintaining Orthodox rites) and received a royal title, which angered the Horde. Unreliable co-workers left Daniel and he had to confront the Horde alone, which led to the decline of the principality
- Yaroslav Osmomysl (1152-1187) - fought with Dolgoruky, although he was married to his daughter Olga. In international politics, he mainly resorted to weapons. Successfully fought with the Polovtsians. Established good relations with Byzantium, Poland, Hungary. Osmomysl = eight meanings, that is, he knew 8 languages, another interpretation = sharp-minded, that is, wise. Novgorod Republic
Novgorod Republic
1136 Vsevolod Mstislavovich was expelled by the Novgorodians, and his son Vladimir was accepted
Alexander Nevsky (1252-1263)
Chernihiv-Seversk Principality
Svyatoslav
Oleg Svyatoslavovich
Svyatoslav Olegovich
Igor Svyatoslavovich
Yuri Igorevich (1235-1237)
