MIKHAIL VASILIEVICH LOMONOSOV / (1711-1765) M.V. Lomonosov - Russian naturalist, philosopher, historian, linguist, poet. He studied at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, then at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. From 1736 to 1741 he trained in Germany, at the University of Marburg with the philosopher

PERTSOV, Vladimir Vasilyevich pop playwright 163 Rabbits are not only valuable fur, but also three or four kilograms of easily digestible meat. "Rabbits are not only valuable fur" (1986), pop miniature The miniature was originally written for a satirical film magazine

Russian pioneers in Kamchatka

Is it my side, side,

Unfamiliar side!

Why didn't I come to you myself,

Is it not a good horse that brought me:

Brought me, good fellow,

Agility, vivacity valiant.

(Old Cossack song)

When did the Russian people get to Kamchatka? Nobody knows exactly this yet. But it is absolutely clear that this happened in the middle of the 17th century. Earlier, we already talked about the Popov-Dezhnev expedition in 1648, when the Russian Kochi for the first time passed from the Arctic Sea to the Eastern Ocean. Of the seven koches that left the mouth of the Kolyma to the east, five died on the way. The sixth koch of Dezhnev was thrown onto the coast much south of the mouth of the Anadyr. But the fate of the seventh koch, on which Fedor Popov was with his Yakut wife and the Cossack Gerasim Ankidinov, picked up from the koch who died in the strait between Asia and America, is not exactly known.

The earliest evidence of the fate of Fyodor Alekseev Popov and his companions is found in S. I. Dezhnev’s reply to the governor Ivan Akinfov, dated 1655: “ And in the past year 162 (1654 - M.Ts.), I, Semeyka, went camping near the sea. And he defeated ... the Yakut woman Fedot Alekseev from the Koryaks. And that woman said that de Fedot and the service man Gerasim (Ankidinov. - M.Ts.) died of scurvy, and other comrades were beaten, and small people remained, and ran with one soul (that is, light, without supplies and equipment. - M.Ts.), I don’t know where"(18, p. 296).

Avachinskaya Sopka in Kamchatka

It follows from this that Popov and Ankidinov died, most likely, on the shore where they landed or where the koch was thrown. Most likely, it was somewhere much south of the mouth of the river. Anadyr, on the Olyutorsky coast or already on the northeastern coast of Kamchatka, since the Koryaks could capture a Yakut wife only in these areas of the coast.

Academician G.F. Miller, who was the first of the historians to carefully study the documents of the Yakutsk Voivodship Archive and found genuine replies and petitions from Semen Dezhnev, according to which he restored the history of this significant voyage to the extent possible, in 1737 wrote “News of the Northern Sea Route from the mouth of the Lena River for the sake of gaining Eastern countries." In this essay, the following is said about the fate of Fyodor Alekseev Popov: In 1654, he ran into the Koryak dwellings near the sea, from which all the peasants with their best wives ran away when they saw the Russian people; and left the old women and children; Deshnev found among them a Yakut woman who had previously lived with the aforementioned Fedot Alekseev; and that woman said that Fedotov’s ship was wrecked near that place, and Fedot himself, having lived there for some time, died with scurvy, and some of his comrades were killed by the Koryaks, and others in boats ran away to no one knows where. This befits a rumor circulating among the inhabitants of Kamchatka, which is confirmed by everyone who has been there, namely, they say that many years before the arrival of Volodimer Otlasov to Kamchatka, a certain Fedotov son lived there on the Kamchatka River at the mouth of the river, which is now it is called Fedotovka, and he had children with the Kamchadal woman, who were later beaten by the Koryaks near the Penzhinskaya Bay, where they crossed the river from Kamchatka. This Fedotov's son, in all appearances, was the son of the aforementioned Fedot Alekseev, who, after the death of his father, as his comrades were beaten by the Koryaks, fled in a boat near the shore and settled on the Kamchatka River; and back in 1728, when Captain Commander Bering was in Kamchatka, there were signs of two winters in which this Fedotov son lived with his comrades” (41, p. 260).

Koryaks

Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov (1711-1755), a well-known explorer of Kamchatka, who also worked as part of the academic detachment of the Bering expedition, also cited information about Fyodor Popov.

Stepan Petrovich Krasheshinnikov

He traveled around Kamchatka in 1737-1741. and in his work “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” noted: “But who was the first of the Russian people in Kamchatka, I do not have reliable information about that and only know that rumor ascribes this to the merchant Fedor Alekseev, whose name flows into the river. Kamchatka river Nikulya is called Fedotovshchina. They say that Alekseev, having set off on seven horses across the Arctic Ocean from the mouth of the river. Kovymi (Kolymy. - M.Ts.), during a storm he was abandoned with his koch to Kamchatka, where, after wintering, the next summer he rounded the Kuril Lopatka (the southernmost cape of the peninsula - Cape Lopatka. - M.Ts.) and reached by sea to Tigel (R. Tigil, the mouth of which is located at 58 ° N. Most likely, he could reach the mouth of the Tigil River from the eastern coast of the peninsula by land. - M.Ts.), where he was killed by the local Koryaks in winter (apparently, in the winter of 1649-1650 - M.Ts.) with all his comrades. At the same time, they say that they themselves gave a reason for the murder when one of them stabbed the other, because the Koryaks, who considered people who own firearms to be immortal, seeing that they could die, did not want to live with terrible neighbors and all of them (apparently, 17 people. - M.Ts.) were killed "(35, p. 740, 749).

Koryak warriors

According to Krasheninnikov, it was F. A. Popov who was the first Russian to winter on the land of Kamchatka, the first to visit its eastern and western coasts. Krasheninnikov, referring to the above message from Dezhnev, suggests that F. A. Popov and his comrades did not die on the river. Tigil, and on the coast between the Anadyr and Olyutorsky bays, trying to get to the mouth of the river. Anadyr.

A certain confirmation of Popov's stay with his comrades or other Russian pioneers in Kamchatka is that a quarter of a century before Krasheninnikov about the remains of two winter quarters on the river. Fedotovshchina, delivered by Russian Cossacks or industrialists, was reported in 1726 by the first Russian explorer of the Northern Kuril Islands, who was on the river. Kamchatka from 1703 to 1720 Yesaul Ivan Kozyrevsky: “In the past years, there were people in Kamchatka from Yakutsk on Koch. And those Kamchadals who were sitting in their amanats, they said. And in our years, they took yasak from these old people. Two cats said. And to know winter huts to this day” (18, p. 295; 33, p. 35).

From the evidence presented at different times (XVII-XVIII centuries) and quite different in meaning, it can still be argued with a high degree of probability that Russian pioneers appeared in Kamchatka in the middle of the XVII century. Perhaps it was not Fedot Alekseev Popov with his comrades, not his son, but other Cossacks and industrialists. On this occasion, modern historians do not have an unequivocal opinion. But the fact that the first Russians appeared on the Kamchatka Peninsula no later than the beginning of the 50s. XVII century, is considered an undoubted fact.

The question of the first Russians in Kamchatka was studied in detail by the historian B.P. Polevoy. In 1961, he managed to find a petition of the Cossack foreman I. M. Rubets, in which he mentioned his campaign "up the Kamchatka River." Later, the study of archival documents allowed B.P. Polevoy to assert that “Rubets and his companions were able to spend their wintering in 1662-1663. in the upper reaches of the river Kamchatka” (33, p. 35). He refers to Rubets and his comrades the message of I. Kozyrevsky, which is mentioned above.

Kamchadals

In the atlas of the Tobolsk cartographer S. U. Remezov, work on which he completed in early 1701, the Kamchatka Peninsula was also depicted on the “Drawing of the Land of the Yakutsk City”, on the northwestern coast of which at the mouth of the river. Voemlya (from the Koryak name "Uemlyan" - "broken line"), that is, near the modern river. A winter hut was depicted in Lesnaya and an inscription was given next to it: “R. Voemlya. Fedotov's winter hut used to be here. According to B.P. Polevoy, only in the middle of the twentieth century. managed to find out that "Fedotov's son" is a runaway Kolyma Cossack Leonty Fedotov's son, who fled to the river. Prodigal (now the river Omolon), from where he moved to the river. Penzhina, where in the early 60s. XVII century together with the industrialist Seroglaz (Sharoglaz), for some time he kept the lower reaches of the river under his control. Later he went to the western coast of Kamchatka, where he settled on the river. Voemle. There he controlled the passage through the narrowest part of Northern Kamchatka from the river. Lesnoy (r. Voemli) on the river. Karagu. True, the data on the stay of Leonty "Fedotov's son" on the river. Kamchatka B.P. Polevoy does not cite. Perhaps I. Kozyrevsky's information about both "Fedotov's sons" merged together. Moreover, according to the documents in the Rubets detachment, the kisser Fyodor Laptev was in charge of collecting yasak.

The information of S.P. Krashennikov about the stay in Kamchatka of the participant of Dezhnev’s campaign “Thomas the Nomad” is confirmed. It turned out that Foma Semyonov Permyak, nicknamed "Bear" or "Old Man", participated in the Rubets campaign "up the Kamchatka River". He sailed with Dezhnev to Anadyr in 1648, then repeatedly walked along Anadyr, from 1652 he was engaged in the extraction of walrus ivory at the Anadyr corga discovered by Dezhnev. And from there in the autumn of 1662 he went with the Scar to the river. Kamchatka.

I also found confirmation of Krasheninnikov's story about strife among Russian Cossacks over women in the upper Kamchatka region. Later, the Anadyr Cossacks reproached Ivan Rubets for the fact that during a long campaign "with two women ... he was always ... in lawlessness and in fun, and with servicemen and merchants, and with hunters and industrial people, was not in the council about women" (33, p. .37).

Miller, Krasheninnikov, Kozyrevsky's information about the stay of the first Russians in Kamchatka could also apply to other Cossacks and industrialists. B.P. Polevoy wrote that the news of walrus rookeries on the coast of the southern part of the Bering Sea was first received from the Cossacks of the group of Fyodor Alekseev Chukichev - Ivan Ivanov Kamchaty, who went to Kamchatka from the winter hut in the upper Gizhiga through the northern isthmus from the river. Lesnoy on the river. Karagu "on the other side" (33, p. 38). In 1661, the entire group died on the river. Omolon when returning to Kolyma. Their killers, the Yukagirs, fled to the south.

Yukaghir warriors

From here, perhaps, come the stories about the murder of Russians returning from Kamchatka, which Krasheninnikov mentions.

The Kamchatka Peninsula got its name from the river. Kamchatka, crossing it from the southwest to the northeast. And the name of the river, according to the authoritative opinion of the historian B.P. Polevoy, with which most scientists agree, is associated with the name of the Yenisei Cossack Ivan Ivanov Kamchaty, who was mentioned earlier.

Kamchatka river

In 1658 and 1659 Kamchaty twice from the winter hut on the river. Gizhige proceeded south to explore new lands. According to B.P. Polevoy, he probably passed the western coast of Kamchatka to the river. Lesnoy, which flows into Shelikhov Bay at 59° 30 N. and along the river Karage reached the Karaginsky Bay. In the same place, information was collected about the presence of a large river somewhere in the south.

The following year, a detachment of 12 people headed by the Cossack Fyodor Alekseev Chukichev left the Gizhigin winter hut. The detachment also included I. I. Kamchaty. The detachment moved to Penzhina and proceeded south to the river, later called Kamchatka. The Cossacks returned to Gizhiga only in 1661.

It is curious that two rivers were given the same name "Kamchatka" by the nickname of Ivan Kamchatka: the first - in the mid-1650s. in the system r. The Indigirka is one of the tributaries of the Paderikha (now the Bodyarikha River), the second - at the very end of the 1650s. - the largest river of the peninsula, which was still very little known at that time. And this peninsula itself began to be called Kamchatka already in the 90s of the 17th century. (33, p.38).

Koryak shaman

On the "Drawing of the Siberian Land", compiled by decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1667 under the guidance of the stolnik and Tobolsk governor Peter Ivanovich Godunov, the river was first shown. Kamchatka. In the drawing, the river flowed into the sea in eastern Siberia between the Lena and the Amur, and the path to it from the Lena by sea was free. True, there was not even a hint of the Kamchatka Peninsula in the drawing.

In Tobolsk in 1672 a new, somewhat more detailed "Drawing of the Siberian Lands" was compiled. A “List from the drawing” was attached to it, which contained an indication of Chukotka, and the Anadyr and Kamchatka rivers were first mentioned in it: “... and against the mouth of the Kamchatka river, a pillar of stone came out of the sea, high without measure, and no one had been on it” (28, p. 27), that is, not only the name of the river is indicated, but also some information about the relief in the region of the mouth is given.

In 1663-1665. the previously mentioned Cossack I.M. Scar served as a clerk in the Anadyr prison. Historians I.P. Magidovich and V.I. Magidovich believe that it is according to his data that the course of the river. Kamchatka, in the upper reaches of which he wintered in 1662-1663, on the general drawing of Siberia, compiled in 1684, is indicated quite realistically.

Information about the river Kamchatka and the interior of Kamchatka were known in Yakutsk long before the campaigns of the Yakut Cossack Vladimir Vasilievich Atlasov, who, according to Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, "Kamchatsky Ermak", which in 1697-1699. actually annexed the peninsula to the Russian state. This is evidenced by the documents of the Yakut order hut for 1685-1686.

They report that during these years a conspiracy of Cossacks and service people of the Yakut prison was discovered. The conspirators were blamed for the fact that they wanted to “beat to death” the steward and governor Petr Petrovich Zinoviev and the city residents, “rob their stomachs”, as well as “rob” merchants and industrial people in the Gostiny Dvor.

In addition, the conspirators were accused of wanting to seize a gunpowder and lead treasury in the Yakut prison and flee for the "Nose", to the Anadyr and Kamchatka rivers. This means that the Cossack conspirators in Yakutsk already knew about Kamchatka and were going to flee to the peninsula, apparently by sea, as evidenced by the plans to "run by the nose", that is, for the Chukotka peninsula or the eastern cape of Chukotka - Cape Dezhnev, and not " for the Stone”, that is, for the ridge - the watershed between the rivers flowing into the Arctic Ocean and the rivers flowing into the Far Eastern seas (29, p. 66).

In the early 90s. 17th century Cossack campaigns began from the Anadyr prison to the south to explore the "new lands" on the Kamchatka Peninsula.

Anadyr prison

In 1691, a detachment of 57 people headed south from there, headed by the Yakut Cossack Luka Semyonov Staritsyn, nicknamed Morozko, and the Cossack Ivan Vasiliev Golygin. The detachment passed along the northwestern, and perhaps along the northeastern coast of Kamchatka, and by the spring of 1692 returned to the Anadyr prison.

In 1693-1694. Morozko and Golygin with 20 Cossacks again headed south and, "without reaching the Kamchatka River for one day," turned north. On the river Opuk (Apuka), which originates on the Olyutorsky ridge and flows into the Olyutorsky Bay, in the habitats of the “deer” Koryaks, they built the first Russian winter hut in this part of the peninsula, leaving two Cossacks and an interpreter taken from the local Koryak hostages Nikita Vorypaev (10, p. 186).

According to their words, no later than 1696, a “tale” was compiled, in which the first message about Kamchadals (Itelmens) that has survived to this day is given: “Iron will not be born from them, and they do not know how to smelt ores. And the prisons are spacious. And dwellings ... they have in those prisons - in the winter in the ground, and in summer ... above the same winter yurts above on poles, like storehouses ... And between the prisons ... they go two and three days, and five and six days ... Deer foreigners (Koryaks. - M.Ts.) are called those who have deer. And those who do not have deer, and those are called sitting foreigners ... Deer are honored most honestly ”(40, p. 73).

In August 1695, a new clerk (head of the prison), a Pentecostal, was sent from Yakutsk to the Anadyr prison with a hundred Cossacks. Vladimir Vasilievich Atlasov. The following year, he sent a detachment of 16 people under the command of Luka Morozko south to the coastal Koryaks, who penetrated the Kamchatka Peninsula to the river. Tigil, where he met the first settlement of Kamchadals. It was there that Morozko saw unknown Japanese letters (apparently, they got there from a Japanese ship nailed to the Kamchatka shores by a storm), collected information about the Kamchatka Peninsula, stretching far to the south, and about the ridge of islands south of the peninsula, that is, about the Kuril Islands.

At the beginning of the winter of 1697, a detachment of 120 people set off on reindeer against the Kamchadals, headed by V.V. Atlasov himself. The detachment consisted half of Russians, servicemen and industrial people, half of yasak Yukaghirs and arrived in Penzhina after 2.5 weeks. There, the Cossacks collected yasak by red foxes from foot (that is, settled, deer-less Koryaks, of which there were over three hundred souls). the mouth of the Olyutora River, which flows into the Olyutorsky Gulf of the Bering Sea. There the Koryaks-Olyutors, who had never seen Russians before, were explained. the Olyutors didn’t hunt them “because, according to Atlasov, they don’t know anything about sables.”

Atlasov then sent half of the detachment south along the eastern coast of the peninsula. D. i. n. M. I. Belov noted that, according to an inaccurate report by S. P. Krasheninnikov, this party was commanded by Luka Morozko. But the latter at that time was in the Anadyr prison, where, after Atlasov left for the campaign, he remained for him the clerk of the prison. In the campaign of Atlasov, the Cossacks left in Kamchatka by Morozkaya and the interpreter Nikita Vorypaev could take part, and not himself (10, p. 186, 187).

Atlasov himself with the main detachment returned to the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and headed along the western coast of Kamchatka. But at that time, part of the Yukaghirs of the detachment rebelled: “On the Palan River, they betrayed the great sovereign, and after him Volodimer (Atlasov. - M.Ts.) came and went around from all sides, and began to shoot from bows and 3 people of the Cossacks were killed, and he Volodimer was wounded in shti (six. - M.Ts.), and servicemen and industrial people were wounded. Atlasov with the Cossacks, having chosen a convenient place, sat down in the "siege". He sent a faithful Yukaghir to inform the detachment sent to the south about what had happened. “And those servicemen came to us and rescued us from the siege,” he later reported (32, p. 41).

Then he went up the river. Tigil to the Middle Range, crossed it, leaving in June-July 1697 to the mouth of the river. Kanuchi (Chanych), which flows into the river. Kamchatka. A cross was hoisted there with the inscription: “In the year 205 (1697 - M.Ts.), on July 18, the Pentecostal Volodimer Atlasov and his comrades put up this cross”, which survived until S. P. Krasheninnikov came to these places 40 years later (42 , p. 41). Having left their deer here, Atlasov with service people and with yasak Yukaghirs and Kamchadals "got into boats and sailed down the Kamchatka River to the bottom."

The attachment of part of the Kamchadals to Atlasov's detachment was explained by the struggle between various native clans and groups. Explained Kamchadals from the upper reaches of the river. Kamchatka asked Atlasov to help them against their own relatives from the lower reaches of the river, who attacked them and plundered their villages.

Atlasov's detachment sailed for "three days", explaining the local Kamchadals and "smashing" the unsubdued. Atlasov sent a scout to the mouth of the river. Kamchatka and made sure that the river valley was relatively densely populated - in a section about 150 km long there were up to 160 Kamchadal prisons, each of which lived up to 200 people.

Then Atlasov's detachment returned up the river. Kamchatka. Having crossed the Seredinny ridge and found that the Koryaks had stolen the deer left by Atlasov, the Cossacks set off in pursuit. It was possible to beat off the deer after a fierce battle already on the coast of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk, during which about 150 Koryaks fell.

Atlasov again descended along the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk to the south, walked for six weeks along the western coast of Kamchatka, collecting yasak from the Kamchadals he met along the way. He reached the river Ichi and moved even further south. Scientists believe that Atlasov reached the river. Ninguchu, renamed the river. Golygin, named after a Cossack who got lost there (the mouth of the Golygina River near the mouth of the Opala River) or even somewhat to the south. Only about 100 km remained to the southern tip of Kamchatka.

Kamchadals lived on Opal, and on the river. Golygina, the Russians already met the first "Kuril peasants - six prisons, and there are a lot of people in them." The Kurils, who lived in the south of Kamchatka, are the Ainu - the inhabitants of the Kuril Islands, mixed with the Kamchadals. So what exactly is r. Golygin was meant by Atlasov himself, reporting that “against the first Kuril River on the sea, I saw as if there was an island” (42, p. 69).

Undoubtedly, from R. Golygina, at 52°10 s. sh. Atlasov could see the northernmost island of the Kuril ridge - Alaid (now Atlasov Island), on which the volcano of the same name is located, the highest in the Kuril Islands (2330 m) (43, p. 133).

Atlasov island

Returning from there to the river. Icha and putting a winter hut there, Atlasov sent to the river. Kamchatka detachment of 15 servicemen and 13 Yukaghirs, led by the Cossack Potap Serdyukov.

cabin

Serdyukov and the Cossacks were held in the Verkhnekamchatsky prison founded by Atlasov in the upper reaches of the river. Kamchatka for three years.

Upper Kamchatka jail

Those who remained with Atlasov “gave him a petition for their hands, so that they could go from that Igireka to the Anadyr jail, because they had no gunpowder and lead, there was nothing to serve with” (42, p. 41). On July 2, 1699, Atlasov’s detachment, consisting of 15 Cossacks and 4 Yukagirs, returned to Anadyr, delivering a yasak treasury there: 330 sables, 191 red foxes, 10 gray foxes (something in between red and silver fox), parka (clothing) sable. Among the collected furs were 10 skins of sea beavers (sea otters) and 7 patches of beavers, previously unknown to Russians.

Atlasov brought the Kamchadal "prince" to the Anadyr jail and took him to Moscow, but in the Kaygorod district on the river. Kame "foreigner" died of smallpox.

In the late spring of 1700, Atlasov reached Yakutsk with the collected yasak. After the interrogations of the “tales” were removed from him, Atlasov left for Moscow. On the way to Tobolsk, the well-known Siberian cartographer Semyon Ulyanovich Remezov, the son of the boyar, met Atlasov's "skasks". Historians believe that the cartographer met with Atlasov and with his help made one of the first detailed drawings of the Kamchatka Peninsula.

In February 1701, in Moscow, Atlasov submitted his “skals” to the Siberian order, which contained the first information about the relief and climate of Kamchatka, about its flora and fauna, about the seas washing the peninsula, and their ice regime, and, of course, a lot of information about the indigenous inhabitants of the peninsula.

It is interesting that it was Atlasov who reported some information about the Kuril Islands and Japan, which he collected from the inhabitants of the southern part of the peninsula - the Kuril people.

Atlasov described the local residents whom he met during a campaign around the peninsula: “And in Penzhin the Koryaks live, empty-bearded, with a fair-haired face, medium height, they speak their own special language, but there is no faith, but they have their own Sheman brothers: they will lure you out of than they need, they beat tambourines and shout. And the clothes and shoes are worn by deer, and the soles are seals. And they eat fish and every animal and seal. And their yurts are reindeer and rugged (suede, made from reindeer skins. - M.Ts.).

Koryaks

And behind those Koryaks live foreigners Lutorians (Olyutors. - M.Ts.), and the language and everything is similar to Koryak, and their yurts are earthen similar to Ostyak yurts. And behind those, the Luthor people live along the rivers of Kamchadala in age (growth. - M.Ts.) are small with medium beards, their faces resemble Zyryans (Komi. - M.Ts.). They wear clothes with sable and fox and deer, and they push that dress with dogs. And their yurts are earthen in winter, and summer ones are on poles, three sazhens high from the ground (about 5-6 m. - M.Ts.), paved with boards and covered with spruce bark, and they go to those yurts by stairs. And yurts from yurts poblisk, and in one place there are a hundred yurts, 2, and 3, and 4 each.

But they feed on fish and animals, but they eat raw, frozen fish, and in winter they store raw fish: they put it in pits and cover it with earth, and that fish will wear out, and when they take it out, they put the fish in logs and heat the water and that fish with that water they stir and drink, and a stinking spirit emanates from that fish, which, out of necessity, a Russian person can endure with urine.

And those Kamchadals make wooden dishes and clay pots themselves, and they have other dishes made of gesso and olive oil, but they say that they come to them from the island, and they don’t know under what state that island is under” (42, p. 42, 43 ). Academician L. S. Berg believed that it was “obviously, about Japanese lacquerware, which from Japan first came to distant smokers, then to neighbors, and these brought it to southern Kamchatka” (43, p. 66, 67) .

Atlasov reported that Kamchadals had large canoes up to 6 sazhens (about 13 m) long and 1.5 sazhens (3.2 m) wide, accommodating 20-40 people.

He noted the peculiarities of their tribal system, the specifics of economic activity: “They do not have a great state over themselves, only whoever they have in which family is richer is more revered. And generation after generation they go to war and fight. “And in battle, they are brave at times, and at other times they are bad and hasty.” They defended themselves in prisons, throwing stones from them at enemies with slings and hands. The Cossacks called Kamchadal “yurts” ostrogs, that is, dugouts fortified with an earthen rampart and a palisade.

Such fortifications began to be built by the Kamchadals only after the appearance of Cossacks and industrialists on the peninsula.

Atlasov told how the Cossacks mercilessly dealt with the recalcitrant “foreigners”: “And Russian people approach those prisons from behind shields and light the prison, and stand against the gate, where they (foreigners. - M.Ts.) run, and in those At the gates, many of the foreign opponents are beaten. And those prisons are made of earth, and the Russian people proceed to those and tear the ground with a spear, and foreigners will not be allowed to climb the prison from the pisks ”(43, p. 68).

Speaking about the combat capabilities of local residents, Atlasov noted: “... they are much afraid of a fiery gun and call Russian people fiery people ... and they cannot stand against a fiery gun, they run back. And in the winter the Kamchadals on skis go out to fight, and the Koryak reindeer on sledges: one rules, and the other shoots from a bow.

And in the summer they go out to fight on foot, naked, and some in clothes” (42, pp. 44, 45). “But their guns are whale bows, stone and bone arrows, and iron will not be born to them” (40, p. 74).

He reports about the peculiarities of the family structure among the Kamchadals: “and everyone has wives according to their urine - one, and 2, and 3, and 4 each.” “But there is no faith, only shamans, and those shamans have a difference with other foreigners: they wear their hair for debts.” Atlasov's translators were Koryaks who lived with the Cossacks for some time and mastered the basics of the Russian language. “And they (Kamchadals. - M.Ts.) don’t have any cattle, only dogs, the size of which is against the local ones (that is, they are the same as those here in Yakutsk. - M.Ts.), only they are much shaggy, the wool on them is a quarter long arshin (18 cm. - M.Ts.) ". “And sables are hunted with kulems (special traps. - M.Ts.) near rivers, where there are a lot of fish, and other sables are shot at a tree” (42, p. 43).

Atlasov assessed the possibility of spreading arable farming in the Kamchatka land and the prospects for trade exchange with the Kamchadals: “But in the Kamchadal and Kuril lands, it’s hard to plow bread, because the places are warm and the lands are black and soft, only there is no livestock and there is nothing to plow, and foreigners do not sow anything they don’t know” (43, p. 76). “And they need goods for them: adhere to azure (blue beads. - M.Ts.), knives.” And in another place, the “skaski” adds: “... iron, knives and axes and palm trees (wide iron knives. - M.Ts.), because iron will not be born from them. And they are against taking sables, foxes, large beavers (apparently, sea beavers. - M.Ts.), otters.

In his report, Atlasov paid considerable attention to the nature of Kamchatka, its volcanoes, flora, fauna, and climate. He reported about the latter: “Winter in the Kamchatka land is warm compared to Moscow, and the snows are small, and in the Kuril foreigners (that is, in the south of the peninsula. - M.Ts.) the snow is less. And the sun in Kamchatka in winter is twice a day long against Yakutsky. And in the summer in the Kuriles, the sun goes directly against the human head and there is no shadow against the sun from a person” (43, p. 70, 71). Atlasov's last statement is actually incorrect, because even in the very south of Kamchatka the sun never rises above 62.5° above the horizon.

It was Atlasov who first reported on the two largest volcanoes in Kamchatka - Klyuchevskaya Sopka and Tolbachik, and in general about Kamchatka volcanoes: “And from the mouth to go up the Kamchatka river for a week there is a mountain, like a bread stack, large and much higher, and another near it is like a haystack and much higher, smoke comes out of it during the day, and sparks and a glow at night. And the Kamchadals say, if a person ascends to half of that mountain, and there they hear a great noise and thunder, which is impossible for a person to endure. And above half of that mountain that people ascended, they didn’t come back, and they don’t know what happened to people there ”(42, p. 47).

“And from under those mountains a spring river came out, the water in it is green, and in that water, as they throw a penny, you can see three fathoms deep.”

Atlasov also paid attention to the description of the ice regime near the coast and in the rivers of the peninsula: “And on the sea near the luthors (that is, the olutors. - M.Ts.) ice moves in winter, but the whole sea does not freeze. And against Kamchatka (rivers. - M.Ts.) there is ice on the sea, he does not know. And in summer nothing happens to ice on that sea. ” “And on the other side of that Kamchadal land on the sea in winter there is no ice, only from the Penzhina river to Kygylu

(Tyagilya. - M.Ts.) On the shores, the ice is small, but nothing happens to ice in the distance from Kygylu. And from the Kygyl River to the mouth of the course, it is a quick walk to the Kamchatka River, through a stone, that is, through the mountains. - M.Ts.), on the 3rd and 4th day. And Kamchatka to the bottom to swim in a tray to the sea for 4 days. And near the sea there are many bears and wolves. “But whether there are silver ores or any other, he does not know and does not know any ores” (43, p. 71, 72).

Describing the forests in Kamchatka, Atlasov noted: “And the trees grow - small cedars, the size of a juniper, and there are nuts on them. And there are a lot of birch, larch, spruce forests on the Kamchadal side, and on the Penzhina side, along the rivers, there are birch and aspen forests. He also listed the berries found there: “And in Kamchatka and in the Kuril land, berries - lingonberries, wild garlic, honeysuckle - are smaller in size than raisins and are sweet against raisins” (43, p. 72, 74).

His observation and meticulousness in describing berries, herbs, shrubs, and animals previously unknown to Russians is striking. For example: “And there is grass, foreigners call agate, it grows tall to the knee, like a twig, and foreigners tear the grass and peel off the skin, and intertwine the middle with tall basts and dry it in the sun, and when it dries, it will be white and eat the grass, it tastes sweet , and then the grass will be crushed, and it will become white and sweet, like sugar ”(43, p. 73). From the grass agatka - "sweet grass" the locals extracted sugar, and the Cossacks subsequently adapted to drive wine from it.

Atlasov especially noted the presence off the coast of Kamchatka of sea animals and red fish important for fishing: they stab them with spears and beat them on the nose with sticks, but those sea otters cannot run, because their legs are the smallest, and the banks are hard, strong (made of small stones with sharp edges. - M.Ts.) ”(43, p.76) ).

sea ​​otters

He especially noted the spawning of fish from the salmon species: “And the fish in those rivers in the Kamchatka land is sea, a special breed, it looks like salmon, and is red in summer, and larger than salmon, and foreigners (Kamchadals. - M.Ts.) it is called sheepskin (Chinook, among the Kamchadals of Chovuicha, the best and largest of the Kamchatka anadromous, that is, from the fish entering the rivers from the sea for spawning. - M.Ts.). And there are many other fish - 7 different genera, but they do not resemble Russian fish. And there is a lot of that fish going to the sea along those rivers, and that fish does not return to the sea, but dies in those rivers and in the backwaters. And for that fish, the beast is kept along those rivers - sables, foxes, otters ”(43, p. 74).

Atlasov noted the presence in Kamchatka, especially in the southern part of the peninsula, of many birds. His “tales” also speak of seasonal flights of Kamchatka birds: “And in the Kuril land (in the south of the Kamchatka peninsula. - M.Ts.) in winter there are a lot of ducks and gulls near the sea, and along the rzhavtsy (swamps. - M.Ts. .) there are many swans, because those rusty people do not freeze in winter. And in the summer those birds fly away, and a small number of them remain, because in summer it is much warmer from the sun, and it rains and thunders a lot, and lightning happens often. And he expects that that land moved much at noon (to the south. - M.Ts.) ”(43, p. 75). Atlasov so accurately described the flora and fauna of Kamchatka that later scientists easily established the exact scientific names of all the species of animals and plants he noted.

In conclusion, let us give a well-aimed and capacious, in our opinion, characterization of the “Kamchatka Yermak”, which was given to him by Academician L. S. Berg: “Atlasov is a completely exceptional personality. A poorly educated man, at the same time he possessed a remarkable mind and great powers of observation, and his testimony, as we shall see later, contains a mass of valuable ethnographic and geographical data in general. None of the Siberian explorers of the 17th and early 18th centuries, not excluding Bering himself, gives such meaningful reports. And the moral character of Atlasov can be judged by the following. Granted after the conquest of Kamchatka (1697-1699) as a reward with a Cossack head and sent back to Kamchatka to complete his enterprise, on the way from Moscow to Kamchatka he decided on an extremely presumptuous deed: being in August 1701 on the Upper Tunguska River, he plundered the following merchant goods on ships. For this, despite his merits, he was put, after torture, in prison, where he spent until 1707, when he was forgiven and again sent as a clerk to Kamchatka. situation. Here, on a little developed territory, surrounded by peaceful and non-peaceful local tribes and criminal groups from the Cossacks and "dashing people", there were three clerks at once: Vladimir Atlasov, who had not yet been formally dismissed from his post, Peter Chirikov and newly appointed Osip Lipin. In January 1711, the Cossacks revolted, Lipin was killed, and Chirikov, tied up, was thrown into the hole. The rebels then rushed to Nizhnekamchatsk to kill Atlasov. As A.S. wrote about this. Pushkin, “... before reaching half a verst, they sent three Cossacks to him with a letter, instructing them to kill him when he began to read it ... But they found him sleeping and stabbed him to death. So Kamchatka Yermak died!..»

Tragically ended the earthly path of this outstanding man, who annexed Kamchatka to the Russian state, equal in area to the Federal Republic of Germany, Austria and Belgium combined.

Vladimir Vasilievich Atlasov

(c. 1661 - 1664 - 1711)

Russian explorer, Siberian Cossack. In 1697-1699 he made campaigns in Kamchatka. He gave the first information about Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. Killed during a riot of service people.

The second discovery of Kamchatka was made at the very end of the 17th century by the new clerk of the Anadyr prison, the Yakut Cossack Vladimir Vasilyevich Atlasov.

He was originally from Veliky Ustyug. From a bad life he fled to Siberia. In Yakutsk, a poor Ustyug peasant quickly rose to the rank of Pentecostal, and in 1695 he was appointed clerk of the Anadyr prison. He was no longer young, but he was bold and enterprising.

In 1695, Atlasov was sent from Yakutsk to the Anadyr jail with a hundred Cossacks to collect yasak from the local Koryaks and Yukaghirs. At that time, they said about Kamchatka that it was vast, rich in fur-bearing animals, that the winter there was much warmer, and the rivers were full of fish. There were Russian service people in Kamchatka, and on the "Drawing of the Siberian Land", compiled back in 1667 by order of the Tobolsk governor Peter Godunov, the Kamchatka River is clearly marked. Apparently, having heard about this land, Atlasov no longer parted with the idea of ​​finding his way into it.

In 1696, being the clerk of the Anadyr prison, he sent a small detachment (16 people) under the command of the Yakut Cossack Luka Morozko south to the coastal Koryaks living on the Apuk River. The inhabitants of this river, which flows into the Olyutorsky Gulf, apparently knew well about their neighbors from the Kamchatka Peninsula and told Morozko about them. Morozko, a resolute and courageous man, penetrated the Kamchatka Peninsula and reached the Tigil River, which runs down from the Sredinny Ridge to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, where he found the first Kamchadal settlement. Returning, he reported a lot of interesting information about the new rich land and the people inhabiting it. The explorers learned from the population of the peninsula that behind the new open land in the ocean there is a whole range of inhabited islands (the Kuril Islands). Morozko brought with him "unknown letters" given to him by the inhabitants of Kamchatka. Modern scholars suggest that these were Japanese documents picked up by Kamchadals from a wrecked Japanese ship. He finally convinced Atlasov of the need to equip a strong detachment and go to those desired lands himself.

Atlasov was going to at his own peril and risk. The Yakut governor Mikhail Arseniev, foreseeing the undoubted danger of such an enterprise, gave Atlasov the go-ahead in words - no written orders, instructions. The governor also did not give money for equipment, and Atlasov got them - where by persuasion and promises to return a hundredfold, and where under bonded records.

At the beginning of 1697, on a winter campaign against the Kamchadals, Vladimir Atlasov himself set out on deer with a detachment of 125 people, half Russian, half Yukaghir.

For two and a half weeks, the detachment went on reindeer to the Koryaks living in the Penzhina Bay. Collecting yasak from them with red foxes, Atlasov got acquainted with the life and life of the population, which he described as follows: "hollow-bearded, fair-haired face, medium height." Subsequently, he gave information about the weapons, dwellings, food, footwear, clothing and crafts of the Koryaks.

He passed along the eastern shore of the Penzhinskaya Bay and turned east "through a high mountain" (the southern part of the Koryak Highlands), to the mouth of one of the rivers flowing into the Olyutorsky Bay of the Bering Sea, where he "tendered and greeted" the Olyutorsky Koryaks with yasak and brought them under "High Tsar's hand" .

Here the detachment was divided into two parties: Luka Morozko and "30 servicemen and 30 Yukagirs" went south along the eastern coast of Kamchatka, Atlasov with the other half returned to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and moved along the western coast of the peninsula.

Everything went well at first - calmly and peacefully, but one day the Koryaks opposed paying yasak, approached from different sides, threatening with weapons. The Yukaghirs, sensing a dangerous force, betrayed the Cossacks and, united with the Koryaks, suddenly attacked. In a fierce battle, three Cossacks died, fifteen were injured, Atlasov himself was wounded in six places.

The detachment, having chosen a convenient place, sat down in the "siege". Atlasov sent a faithful Yukaghir to inform Morozko of what had happened. "And those service people came to us and rescued us from the siege," he reports about the arrival of Morozko, who, having received the news, interrupted his campaign and hurried to the rescue of his comrades.

The united detachment went up the Tigil River to the Sredinny Range, crossed it and penetrated the Kamchatka River in the area of ​​Klyuchevskaya Sopka. At the exit to the Kamchatka River, at the mouth of the Kanuch River, in memory of the exit, the detachment put up a cross. This cross at the mouth of the Krestovka River, as the Kanuch River later became known, was seen 40 years later by the explorer of Kamchatka, Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov. He also reported the inscription on the cross: "7205, on July 18, the Pentecostal Volodimer Atlasov put this cross with his comrades 65 people." This was in 1697.

According to Atlasov, the Kamchadals, with whom he first met here, “they wear clothes of sable, and fox, and deer, and they push that dress with dogs. and covered with spruce bark, but they go up the stairs to those yurts. And the yurts are not far from the yurts, and in one place there are a hundred [hundreds] of yurts, two and three and four each. And they eat fish and beasts, and they eat raw, frozen fish. And in winter they store raw fish: they put it in pits and cover it with earth, and that fish will wear out. and they drink. And a stinking spirit comes from that fish ... And their guns are whale bows, stone and bone arrows, and iron will not be born to them.

But the collection of yasak among the Itelmens did not go well - "they did not store animals in reserve", and they had a difficult time, because they fought with their neighbors. They saw strong allies in the Cossacks and asked for support in this war. Atlasov decided to support them, hoping that things would go better with yasak in the lower reaches of Kamchatka.

The people of Atlasov and the Kamchadals got into boats and sailed down Kamchatka, the valley of which was then densely populated: "And how they sailed along Kamchatka - there are many foreigners on both sides of the river, great settlements." Three days later, the allies approached the prisons of Kamchadals, who refused to pay yasak: there were more than 400 yurts. "And he de Volodimer with their servants, Kamchadals, smashed and beat small people and burned their settlements."

Down the Kamchatka River to the sea, Atlasov sent one Cossack for reconnaissance, and he counted from the mouth of the Elovka River to the sea - in a section of about 150 kilometers - 160 prisons. Atlasov says that 150-200 people live in each prison in one or two winter yurts. In winter, Kamchadals lived in large ancestral dugouts. "Summer yurts near prisons on poles - every person has his own yurt". The valley of lower Kamchatka during the campaign was relatively densely populated: the distance from one great "posada" to another was often less than one kilometer. According to the most conservative estimate, about 25 thousand people lived in the lower reaches of Kamchatka. "And from the mouth to go up the Kamchatka River for a week, there is a mountain - like a stack of bread, great and much high, and another near it - like a haystack and much high - smoke comes out of it during the day, and at night sparks and a glow ". This is the first news about the two largest volcanoes in Kamchatka - Klyuchevskoy Sopka and Tolbachik - and about Kamchatka volcanoes in general.

The richness of the rivers amazed Atlasov: “And the fish in those rivers in Kamchatka is marine, a special breed, it looks like salmon and is red in summer, and larger than salmon, and foreigners call it sheep. fish do not resemble. And there is a lot of that fish from the sea along those rivers, and that fish does not return to the sea in the sea, but dies in those rivers and in the factories. And for that fish, the keeper along those rivers is a beast - sables, foxes, vidras. "

Having collected information about the lower reaches of the Kamchatka River, Atlasov turned back. Beyond the pass across the Sredinny Ridge, he began to pursue the reindeer Koryaks, who had stolen his reindeer, and caught them near the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. "And they fought day and night, and a hundred and a half of their Koryaks were killed, and the deer were beaten off, and they fed on it. And other Koryaks fled through the forests." Then Atlasov turned south again and walked for six weeks along the western coast of Kamchatka, collecting yasak "with caress and greetings" from the oncoming Kamchadals. Even further south, the Russians met the first "Kuril men [Ainu], six prisons, and there were a lot of people in them ..." didn’t touch, it turned out that the Ainu “have no belly [property] and nothing to take yasak; and there are a lot of sables and foxes in their land, only they don’t hunt them, because sables and foxes won’t get anywhere from them”, i.e. There is no one to sell them to.

Atlasov walked along the western coast of Kamchatka to the Ichi River and built an ostrog here. From the Kamchadals, he learned that there was a prisoner on the Nana River, and ordered him to be brought to him. This captive, whom the Pentecostal incorrectly called an Indian from the Uzakin state, as it turned out later, turned out to be a Japanese named Denbey from the city of Osaka, thrown out during a shipwreck to Kamchatka.

"But the polonenik, whom the sea brought by the sea on a bus, does not know what language he speaks. But if a Greek would do: lean, his mustache is small, his hair is black." Nevertheless, Atlasov managed to find a common language with him. He found out and in the most detailed way wrote down a lot of interesting and extremely important information for the Russian state: “They don’t use sables and no animals. And they wear clothes woven with all kinds of brocade, quilted on cotton paper ... Beads and they take seals and kalan fat from foreigners, and whether they bring them to them - foreigners do not know how to say.

Peter the Great, apparently having learned from Atlasov about Denbey, gave a personal instruction to quickly deliver the Japanese to Moscow. Through the Siberian Order, a "mandate memory" was sent to Yakutsk - an instruction to service people accompanying Denbey. Arriving at the end of December 1701, the "foreigner Denbey" - the first Japanese in Moscow - was introduced to Peter in Preobrazhensky on January 8, 1702. Of course, there were no translators who knew Japanese in Moscow, but Denbey, who lived among the servicemen for two years, spoke a little Russian.

After a conversation with a Japanese, on the same day, the tsar's "nominal decree" followed, which said: "... evo, Denbey, in Moscow to teach Russian literacy, where decently, but as soon as he gets used to the Russian language and literacy, and he, Denbey, to give three or four people out of the Russians to teach - to teach them the Japanese language and literacy ... How will he get used to the Russian language and literacy and teach the Russians to rob their language and literacy - and let them go to the Japanese land ". Denbey's students subsequently participated in the Kamchatka expeditions of Bering and Chirikov as translators.

Even before the conversation with the tsar, Denbey's "tale" was also recorded in the Siberian order. In addition to the adventures of Denbey himself, it contained a lot of valuable information on the geography and ethnography of Japan, data on the social life of the Japanese.

But Atlasov did not recognize all this. From the bank of the Icha, he went steeply to the south and entered the land of the Ainu, completely unknown to the Russians: "... they are similar to Kamchadals, only they are blacker in appearance, and their beards are no less."

In the places where the Ainu lived, it was much warmer, and there were much more fur-bearing animals - it seemed that a good yasak could be collected here. However, having taken possession of the village fenced with a palisade, the Cossacks found only dried fish in it. The people here did not store furs.

It is difficult to say exactly how far south of Kamchatka Atlasov climbed. He himself calls the river Bobrovaya, but already at the beginning of the next century, no one knew a river with that name. It is assumed that Atlasov spoke about the Ozernaya River, where sea otters - sea beavers - often came from the sea. But he went further than Ozernaya - to the Golygina River and wrote in his "tales" that "against her in the sea there is, as it were, an island." Indeed, from the mouth of this river one can clearly see the first island of the Kuril chain with the highest of all the Kuril volcanoes. Next was the ocean.

They returned to their winter hut on Icha in late autumn. The deer, on which Atlasov counted very much, fell, and food was scarce for people. Fearing hunger, Atlasov sent twenty-eight people to the west - to the Kamchatka River, to the Itelmens, recent allies, hoping that they would remember the help of the Cossacks and would not let them die of hunger. With the onset of warm weather, he himself moved north - back to Anadyr. The Cossacks were tired of long wanderings, of half-starving life and of the expectation of hidden danger. They spoke more insistently about the return. And although Atlasov was not a gentle man, he yielded. I understood how right the Cossacks were.

Atlasov left 15 Cossacks in the Upper Kamchatka prison, led by Potap Seryukov, a cautious and not greedy man who traded peacefully with the Kamchadals and did not collect yasak. He spent three years among them, but after his shift, on the way back to the Anadyr jail, he and his people were killed by the rebellious Koryaks. Atlasov himself set off on the return journey.

On July 2, 1699, only 15 Cossacks and 4 Yukagirs returned to Anadyr. The addition to the sovereign's treasury was not too large: 330 sables, 191 red foxes, 10 gray-scented foxes, "yes, Kamchadal sea beavers, called sea otters, 10, and those beavers have never been exported to Moscow," he said in one of his replies to the Yakut governor Anadyr clerk Kobylev. But before that he wrote: "... Pentecostal Volodimer Otlasov came to the Anadyr winter hut from the newly found Kamchadal land, from the new rivers of Kamchatka ..."

For five years (1695-1700) Atlasov traveled more than eleven thousand kilometers.

From Yakutsk, Atlasov went with a report to Moscow. On the way, in Tobolsk, he showed his materials to S. U. Remezov, who made with his help one of the detailed drawings of the Kamchatka Peninsula. In Moscow, Atlasov lived from the end of January to February 1701 and presented a number of "tales", fully or partially published several times . They contained the first information about the relief and climate of Kamchatka, about its flora and fauna, about the seas surrounding the peninsula, and about their ice regime. In the "skats" Atlasov reported some information about the Kuril Islands, quite detailed news about Japan and brief information about the "Great Land" (North-West America).

He also gave a detailed ethnographic description of the population of Kamchatka. Academician L. S. Berg wrote about Atlasov: “A poorly educated man, he ... had a remarkable mind and great powers of observation, and his testimony ... contains a lot of valuable ethnographic and geographical data. None of the Siberian explorers of the 17th and early 18th centuries. ..does not provide such meaningful reports."

"Skaski" Atlasov fell into the hands of the king. Peter I highly appreciated the information obtained: new distant lands and seas adjacent to them opened up new roads to the eastern countries, to America, and Russia needed these roads.

In Moscow, Atlasov was appointed head of the Cossacks and again sent to Kamchatka. On the way, at the Angara, he seized the goods of a deceased Russian merchant. If you do not know all the circumstances, the word "robbery" could be applied to this case. However, in reality, Atlasov took away the goods, having compiled their inventory, only for 100 rubles - exactly the amount that was provided to him by the leadership of the Siberian order as a reward for the trip to Kamchatka. The heirs filed a complaint, and the "Kamchatka Yermak", as the poet A. S. Pushkin called him, after interrogation under the supervision of a bailiff, was sent to the Lena River to return the goods he had sold for his own benefit. A few years later, after the successful completion of the investigation, Atlasov was left with the same rank of the Cossack head.

In those days, several more groups of Cossacks and "eager people" penetrated Kamchatka, built the Bolsheretsky and Nizhnekamchatsky prisons there and began to rob and kill Kamchadals.

When information about the Kamchatka atrocities reached Moscow, Atlasov was instructed to restore order in Kamchatka and "deserve the former guilt." He was given full power over the Cossacks. Under the threat of the death penalty, he was ordered to act "against foreigners with kindness and greetings" and not to offend anyone. But Atlasov had not yet reached the Anadyr prison, when denunciations rained down on him: the Cossacks complained about his autocracy and cruelty.

He arrived in Kamchatka in July 1707. And in December, the Cossacks, accustomed to free life, rebelled, removed him from power, chose a new boss and, in order to justify themselves, sent new petitions to Yakutsk with complaints about Atlasov’s insults and the crimes allegedly committed by him. The rebels put Atlasov in a "kazenka" (prison), and his property was taken away to the treasury. Atlasov escaped from prison and appeared in Nizhnekamchatsk. He demanded from the local clerk to surrender to him the command over the prison; he refused, but left Atlasov at will.

Meanwhile, the Yakut governor, having reported to Moscow about road complaints against Atlasov, sent in 1709 to Kamchatka as a clerk Peter Chirikov with a detachment of 50 people. On the way, Chirikov lost 13 Cossacks and military supplies in clashes with the Koryaks. Arriving in Kamchatka, he sent 40 Cossacks to the Bolshaya River to pacify the southern Kamchadals. But those large forces attacked the Russians; eight people were killed, the rest almost all were injured. For a whole month they sat in a siege and with difficulty escaped. Chirikov himself with 50 Cossacks pacified the eastern Kamchadals and again imposed tribute on them. By the autumn of 1710, Osip Mironovich Lipin arrived from Yakutsk to replace Chirikov with a detachment of 40 people.

So there were three clerks in Kamchatka at once: Atlasov, who had not yet been formally removed from his post, Chirikov and the newly appointed Lipin. Chirikov surrendered Verkhnekamchatsk to Lipin, and in October he sailed in boats with his people to Nizhnekamchatsk, where he wanted to spend the winter Lipin also arrived in Nizhnekamchatsk on business in December.

In January 1711, both returned to Verkhnekamchatsk. On the way, the rebellious Cossacks killed Lipin. They gave Chirikov time to repent, while they themselves rushed to Nizhnekamchatsk to kill Atlasov. "Before reaching half a verst, they sent three Cossacks to him with a letter, instructing them to kill him when he began to read it ... But they found him sleeping and stabbed him to death."

So the Kamchatka Yermak perished. According to one version, the Cossacks came to V. Atlasov at night; he leaned over the candle to read the false charter they had brought, and was stabbed in the back.

Two "Skaski" by Vladimir Atlasov have been preserved. These first written reports about Kamchatka are outstanding for their time in terms of accuracy, clarity and versatility of the description of the peninsula.

1651 April 5- Mikhail Stadukhin and his companions, in search of a way to the famous Penzhina River, after almost two months of hungry wanderings, reached the Aklen River, the right tributary of the Penzhina. They built small kochi and rafted to the mouth of the river. There they built sea kochi. Sailing from Penzhina to Gizhiga, the Stadukhians rounded the Taigonos Peninsula and saw the coast of Kamchatka. These were the first Russians who managed to see the western coast of the peninsula. In good weather, from the tip of the Taigonos Peninsula, you can see the island of Alaid (volcano), located in the Kuril chain.

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1699 July 2- 15 Cossacks and 4 Yukagirs from the 125th expedition of V. Atlasov to Kamchatka returned to Anadyr.

In 1696, being the clerk of the Anadyr prison, Atlasov sent a small detachment (16 people) under the command of the Yakut Cossack Luka Morozko to the south to the Primorye Koryaks living on the Apuk River. The inhabitants of this river, which flows into the Olyutorsky Bay, apparently knew well about their neighbors from the Kamchatka Peninsula and told Morozko about them. Morozko, a resolute and courageous man, penetrated the Kamchatka Peninsula and reached the Tigil River, which runs down from the Sredinny Ridge to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, where he found the first Kamchadal settlement. At the beginning of 1697, on a winter campaign against the Kamchadals, Vladimir Atlasov himself set out on deer with a detachment of 125 people, half Russian, half Yukaghir. For two and a half weeks, the detachment went on reindeer to the Koryaks living in the Penzhina Bay. Subsequently, he gave information about the weapons, dwellings, food, footwear, clothing and crafts of the Koryaks. Having collected information about the lower reaches of the Kamchatka River, Atlasov turned back. Atlasov walked along the western coast of Kamchatka to the Ichi River and built an ostrog here. It is difficult to say exactly how far south of Kamchatka Atlasov climbed. They returned to their winter hut on Icha in late autumn. The deer, on which Atlasov counted very much, fell, and food was scarce for people. Fearing hunger, Atlasov sent twenty-eight people to the west - to the river - Kamchatka, to the Itelmens, recent allies, hoping that they would remember the help of the Cossacks and would not let them die of hunger. With the onset of warm weather, he himself moved north - back to Anadyr

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1701 February 10- This day can be considered the date of birth of "Tales" about the land of Kamchatka, which the service people of the Siberian order began to write down according to the researcher of the peninsula Vladimir Atlasov. Atlasov spoke about the appearance of a distant country, volcanoes. similar in his opinion to stacks and stacks of bread, about sea beavers, fish, lands "black and soft", inhabitants, their clothes, dwellings, customs. Undoubtedly, Atlasov also told the story of his wanderings around Kamchatka and its annexation to Russia. "Skaski" then came to Europe and were widely used by Western geographers. Atlasov (according to some documents Otlasov) Vladimir Vasilievich (born around 1661-64), Russian explorer, Siberian Cossack. In 1697-99 he made campaigns in Kamchatka and "explained" (imposed tribute) on the local peoples. For the annexation of Kamchatka to Russia, he received the rank of Cossack head. He was killed during a riot of service people in Kamchatka in 1711.

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1701, December 29- In Moscow, in the Siberian order, Tatekawa Denbei was interrogated - a Japanese whom the first explorer of Kamchatka Atlasov met there, taught him to speak Russian. Denbey described Kamchatka and gave the first information about Japan. A year later, Denbey appeared before Peter the Great, then he was baptized and taken into the house by Prince Matvey Gagarin, the governor of Siberia.

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1709 March 21 Georg Wilhelm Steller, traveler and naturalist, was born. Participated in the Second Kamchatka Expedition. In 1740-41 and 1742-1743 he conducted research in Kamchatka, in 1741 he participated in the voyage of Vitus Bering to the shores of America, wintered (1741-1742) on Bering Island (Commander Islands) and gave the first description of it; there he created the work "On Marine Animals" (1753), in which he first described the sea cow. S. belongs to the works "Journey from Kamchatka to America with Captain-Commander Bering" (1793) and "Description of the Land of Kamchatka" (1774). Died November 23, 1746

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1711 November 11- Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov, traveler, explorer of Kamchatka, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, was born. (The new encyclopedia "National History" gives other dates of Krasheninnikov's life - born on 29 (18). 10.1713, d. 23 (12). When he was already graduating from the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow, M. V. Lomonosov entered the same place, with whom he later became close while working at the Academy of Sciences. In 1732, among the five graduates of the academy, Krasheninnikov was summoned to St. Petersburg to participate in Bering's 2nd Kamchatka expedition. The way to the Far East was long, the foreign academicians who were part of the expedition decided to stay in Yakutsk to work in the archives, and only Stepan Petrovich went to Kamchatka, reaching it on the sailing boat Fortuna. With the help of local service people, he comprehensively explored the peninsula. Krasheninnikov was the first to describe the eruption of Klyuchevskaya Sopka, discovered the Valley of Geysers, which was discovered again only two hundred years later. Upon his return from the expedition (out of ten years, it took only six to get there and back), he was in charge of the Botanical Garden at the Academy of Sciences, became the rector of the Academic University and continued to write the main work of his life, "Description of the Land of Kamchatka", which was published only after his death. . An island near Kamchatka, a cape and a mountain on the peninsula are named after him. Died February 23 (new style), 1755

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1717 July 8- The expedition of Kuzma Sokolov and helmsman Nikifor Treska arrived from Kamchatka to Okhotsk, having examined the western coast of the peninsula from 58 to 55 degrees north latitude. and wintered there. Thus, the path from Kamchatka to Okhotsk was opened - a settlement founded in the Khabarovsk Territory by the Cossacks in 1614.

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1719 January 13- Peter I ordered lieutenant Ivan Evreinov and surveyor Fyodor Luzhin to find out if Asia borders on America. In the instructions given to him that day, it was said: “You go to Tobolsk, and from Tobolsk, taking the escort, go to Kamchatka and further where you are indicated, and describe the places there: did America come together with Asia, which must be very carefully done, not only south and north, but also east and west, and put everything on the map properly. The royal envoys traveled by sea from Okhotsk to Kamchatka, wintered there, went to sea in the spring of 1721, walked about 500 km along the Kuril ridge, mapped the islands they visited, collected yasak from the local population and brought him into Russian citizenship. But during a storm, their ship lost all anchors, which forced them to return to the shores of Kamchatka, and then to Okhotsk. In May 1722, Evreinov in Kazan gave Peter I a map of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands, but the main goal was not achieved. Three years later, shortly before his death, the Russian emperor summoned Vitus Bering to him and instructed him to complete what he had begun.

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1728 July 14- The port of Nizhnekamchatsk left the boat "Saint Gabriel" under the command of Vitus Bering. Instead of passing from Kamchatka to the south (this direction was the first in the instructions) or to the east, V. Bering sent the ship north along the coast of the peninsula (incorrect - he himself soon admitted this - having understood Peter's thought), and then north east along the mainland. As a result, more than 600 km of the northern half of the eastern coast of the peninsula were photographed, the Kamchatsky and Ozernoy peninsulas, as well as the Karaginsky Bay with the island of the same name, were identified. The sailors also put on the map 2500 km of the coastline of Northeast Asia. Along most of the coast they noted high mountains, and covered with snow in summer, rising in many places directly to the sea and rising above it like a wall.

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1728 July 14- In the First Kamchatka expedition to determine the maritime borders of Asia, V. Bering on the boat "St. Gabriel" began to map the Pacific coast of Northeast Asia, including the Kamchatka peninsula, until August 17 discovered the Kamchatka and Karaginsky bays with the island of Karaginsky, Cross Bay, Providence Bay and St. Lawrence Island.

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1732, July 23- From the coast of Kamchatka towards the Bering Strait, the boat "St. Gabriel" set off under the command of surveyor M. Gvozdev and navigator I. Fedorov. The task of the sailors was to survey the American coast and the strait. A month later, the ship approached Cape Princes Ulsky. He headed south, the sailors saw a small piece of land, but because of the strong excitement they did not bother him. It was later named King Island by Captain Cook. Moving on, "St. Gabriel" reached the wooded shores of Norton Bay, from there turned back to Kamchatka. Thus, Gvozdev and Fedorov visited both sides of the Bering Strait and collected all the materials to put it on the map.

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1737, December 20- The Admiralty Board considered the reports of V. Bering with the appendix to them the materials of the cartographic study of the coast of the Arctic Ocean and decided to continue work on the study of the sea coast in that area to Kamchatka. The Board approved more detailed and precise instructions for the heads of the detachments, appointed Kh. Laptev as the head of the detachment that mapped the coast between the mouths of the Lena and the Yenisei.

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1739 May 21- 4 ships left Bolsheretsk in the direction of Japan under the command of M. Spanberg. Their goal was to find a way to Japan and establish contact with the Japanese. Spanberg reached the Sendai Bay between 38 degrees and 38 degrees 15 minutes East, but did not establish relations with the Japanese and returned to Kamchatka.

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1739 July 16- Three ships of the expedition of M. Spanberg, which left Kamchatka for the shores of Japan, approached the island of Honshu and followed south along its eastern coast for six days. Spanberg was supposed to establish relations with the Japanese, but did not land and, having rounded the South Kuril Islands, turned back to Kamchatka.

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1741, August 10— After a three-week voyage along the coast of Alaska in the Second Kamchatka Expedition, V. Bering decided to return to Kamchatka. "St. Peter constantly maneuvered against a strong headwind and moved forward little, and scurvy intensified.

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1741, August 29- V. Bering's ship "St. Peter" on the way to Kamchatka after traveling along the coast of Alaska near its southwestern tip "treeless and deserted islands", on one of which the first victim of the expedition, sailor Nikita Shumagin, was buried two days later. There "St. Peter" stood for a week, and during this time the Russians first met with the local "Americans" - the Aleuts, as they began to be called a few years later. Bering named the islands after Shumagin.

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1741 November 4- On the Bering ship "St. Peter" they saw high mountains covered with snow in the distance. The sailors decided that they had approached Kamchatka, and, not finding a convenient harbor, they anchored at some distance from the coast, near the rocks. The anchor ropes broke twice. Unexpectedly, a high wave threw the ship over a breaker into a bay, relatively calm and deep enough. It was exceptional luck after so many misfortunes, people hurried to go to land. Bering and his associates were returning to their homeland after sailing to the shores of Alaska, which began on June 4, 1741. On the coast of an unknown land, sailors dug six rectangular holes in the sand for housing and covered them with sails. When the transportation of patients and supplies to the shore ended, only 10 people were still on their feet. Twenty died; the rest suffered from scurvy. Sick V. Bering lay for a whole month in a dugout, half covered with sand, believing that it was warmer that way. On December 6, 1741, he died. The land to which his ship nailed later received his name - Fr. Bering, and the whole group was dubbed the Commander Islands, in honor of the deceased captain-commander.

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1743, September 2- After the repair of the boat, V. Khmetevsky and A. Shaganov, members of the Great Northern Expedition, continued to carry out a detailed survey of the shores of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bOkhotsk, which they started on June 28. However, soon the shortage of provisions and strong winds forced V. Khmetevsky to complete the inventory. The boat moved to the southeast, crossed Shelikhov Bay and after a four-day passage touched the coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula near 59 degrees N. sh.

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1752, September 24- M. Lomonosov received the manuscript of the book "Description of the land of Kamchatka" for review. "The book sent to me by Professor Krasheninnikov I recognize as worthy of publication," Lomonosov praised the work. Stepan Krasheninnikov became a professor of botany and other parts of natural history from a simple and poor family thanks to his abilities, diligence and perseverance. He came to Kamchatka in 1737 with the expedition of Professor Gmelin. He lived there for 8 years, collecting information about its geography, history, flora, fauna, customs of Kamchadals. These materials became the basis of the book. Moreover, while working on it, Krasheninnikov not only strove for an accurate presentation of the facts, but also for clarity and expressiveness of style, more than once rewriting individual episodes or entire chapters. S. P. Krasheninnikov died at the age of 43 just on the day when the last sheet of the main work of his life was printed.

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1758, September 2– The first fishing boat in the history of Kamchatka “St. Julian" went out to the open sea. Sailor on "St. Juliana" was Yarensky townsman Stepan Glotov.

Moscow townsman Ivan Nikiforov, although he did not have his own funds to organize fishing expeditions for beaver fur to the Aleutian Islands, was destined to write a very important page in the annals of glorious events in the conquest of the Great Ocean: he built the first fishing boat "Saint Julian" in Kamchatka. Before him, fisheries went out on shitikas, which, as we say, were “sewn” with rods, whalebone or belts, and Nikiforov built a “carnation”, that is, a vessel on nails, with wooden fasteners. Gvozdennikov were larger and more reliable, and not thirty industrialists, but twice as many, went out to sea on them ... Nikiforov had golden hands, but there were no golden chervonets, and therefore he was forced to hand over “St. Julian" for rent to Nikifor Trapeznikov.

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1758 September 11- Sailors of the fishing boat "St. Julian" under the command of Stepan Glotov began to winter on the Medny Island of the Commander Archipelago

“Last September 2, 758, ... entered ... from the Nizhnekamchatka mouth into the open Pacific Sea on a sea voyage to explore new islands and peoples, safely escorted by this ship Evo Glotov. Precisely at the time of that nautical voyage that had begun, from the beginning autumn weather, on the ninth day, it drifted to the small island of Copper lying near the called Commander Island (k), where, by the grace of God, the bailiff, wintered and contented themselves, firstly, with food, preparing this is for a future voyage to search for distant unknown islands. And then they industrialized beavers, queens and koshlak 83 and blue foxes 1263, which are all covered in clothes and blankets. And later, when sailing from the Kamchatka Estuary, after the ship was thrown out to this Mednaya Island, from the autumn unrest prescribed cruel in the sea, the former two anchors were torn off and carried away to the sea, for which they and other companions by common consent, to save the ship and people, so that in the time of the intentional search for the islands in the sea did not die untimely, they took from the Commander Island the broken package boat of the former Kamchatka expedition of the lying iron in a strip and in fact, as if in buots and hooks, weighing 15 pounds, and forged through considerable labor two anchors, which are now with that ship there are, the fact that both of them had one paw during the unrest was torn off "href="http://www.npacific.ru/np/library/publikacii/pokoriteli/09.htm"> source

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1760, September 25- The fishing boat "St. Gavriil" under the command of Gavriil Pushkarev

Here Pushkarev met with his old acquaintances - members of the crew of the boat "St. Vladimir. Dmitry Paikov was about to leave the inhospitable island: on the eve of the Aleuts, for unknown reasons, twelve people were killed in his place. Parish "St. Gabriel" changed the sailor's plans. It was decided to organize a "warehouse company". This meant that half of the people from St. Vladimir" switched to "St. Gabriel, and vice versa. Each vessel subsequently conducted an independent fishery, and the production was divided equally. In 1761 the ships went east. "St. Vladimir" reached the island of Kodiak, where the Russians had not yet been. "St. Gabriel "came first to Umnak, then crossed the Isanot Strait and landed on the" hardened "shore of America - Alaska, which he mistook for a large island. Russian industrialists have not yet been here either. But neither in Kodiak nor in Alaska did the industrialists succeed. Friendly relations with the inhabitants in January 1762 were replaced by hostile ones, and again, due to the old cause of violence against women, the party of industrialists, headed by Pushkarev himself. As a result, eight industrialists were killed and as many wounded. In revenge, the industrialists killed seven Aleutian hostages (amanats). This was the first time hostages had been killed. As a result of armed clashes, the Gabriel weighed anchor and on May 26, 1762 set off on a return voyage. Going back to Umnak, Pushkarev captured at least 20 Aleuts, most of them girls. With this cargo, "St. Gabriel" to Kamchatka, but on September 25 it crashed in one of the bays of the Shipunsky Peninsula

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1762 June 21- Nikita Shalaurov set off on his ship from the mouth of the Kolyma to the east ... On a map published in 1727 in Amsterdam against Cape Chukotsky Nos (Dezhnev), a note was placed: "The Russians, leaving the Lena and other rivers east of the Lena, passed here on their ships, going to trade to the commanders. this was evidence that it was possible to pass from Siberia to Kamchatka by sea. The details of the voyage have not been preserved, but the navigator-industrialist Shalaurov decided to prove that it could be. He started his journey from Yakutsk in 1757, wintered four times. the last time in Nizhnekolymsk... Having traveled 420 miles to the east, Shalaurov encountered heavy ice near Shelaginsky Cape, which did not allow him to move on. In 1764, the stubborn Shalaurov repeated the voyage and even rounded the Shelaginsky Cape, but again fell into ice captivity. The team got ashore, but did not survive the winter, dying from hunger and cold. So tragically ended one of the very first attempts to find a way from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific.