Test questions on the subject

"Credit products and modern technologies"

Types and characteristics of credit products.

Stages of "life" of banking credit products.

The essence of the loan product and its purpose.

Stages of creating a new loan product.

Strategies for introducing new credit products.

Relationship between credit product and credit risk.

The main factors influencing the supply of SME loan products. Typical loan terms for SMEs.

Modern trends in the development of retail credit products. Typical terms of consumer loans.

Features of investment credit products. Typical conditions for investment loans.

Fundamentals of pricing of new credit products.

Modern trends in the development of credit products.

Stages of the relationship between the lender and the borrower (separately for legal entities, separately for individuals).

Qualitative characteristics and properties of the loan product.

A bank loan product is an intellectual product of a particular bank associated with the provision of a bank loan service. The financial result from the sale of a banking product is directly reflected in the profit of a credit institution. The product reflects the characteristics of the activities of a credit institution, the popularity of its brand, and its reputation in the market. The loan product offered on the market may contain the innovations of the seller's bank. In certain banking products, the loan service can be combined with other services (insurance, payments, realtor, concierge services).

Bank loan products are unified, within the categories of customers they are additionally grouped by target audiences and types. At the same time, each product has a set of specific characteristics: the conditions for granting a loan, collateral, lending limit, payment for a loan, and the procedure for repaying a loan.

For example, the conditions for granting a short-term loan for up to one year include: the client's bank accounts; positive credit history; satisfactory result of the analysis of the submitted project. The following are accepted as collateral: pledge of real estate, fixed assets of the client, inventory, property rights; pledge of liquid securities of Russian and foreign issuers; debt obligations of the borrower's counterparties.

The product, which includes a loan for up to seven years, is aimed at medium-sized businesses. The loan is provided for the purchase of equipment, vehicles, construction and self-propelled machinery, reconstruction, expansion of capacities. Depending on the structure of the transaction within the framework of long-term lending, the bank may provide a loan, a credit line, or open an unsecured letter of credit. As collateral for loans up to seven years, the bank accepts a pledge of property, including real estate and fixed assets (machinery and equipment).

Thus, a service is at the heart of a bank loan product. However, not all services are implemented in the form of a banking product. A banking product is characterized by a set of specific properties:

- it is offered on the market as a commodity, has value and use value;

- bears the brand of the bank;

- contains the intellectual component of the bank-seller associated with the creation of the product, the technology of creation;

- focused on a specific target audience, should be clear to her, accessible and in demand by her;

- has a set of inseparable properties or conditions that allow positioning this product on the market;

- the sale of the product is reflected in the financial results of the bank.

Creating and offering banking products on the market allows them to be unified, which reduces customer service costs, expands the range of services, allows them to be combined - ultimately providing comprehensive customer service, forming transparent relationships that are understandable to the client.

The development of the Russian banking system was accompanied by significant changes in the range of products and services offered. There are several such stages: the Soviet period; the period of formation of the system of Russian commercial banks; development of retail business of commercial banks; further development of banks based on the latest technologies.

2. Types and characteristics of loan products

Factors affecting the qualitative composition of banking credit products.

The quality of banking products and services is influenced by many different factors, but the most significant of them include:

Management decisions;

Corporate culture of the bank;

Continuous improvement of the bank's activities;

Professionalism of managers (employees) of the bank.

Management decisions made by the organization's managers (bank employees) must satisfy a number of mandatory requirements, including target orientation, validity, feasibility, targeting, competence, consistency, timeliness, and effectiveness. At the same time, any decision in the banking sector is associated with a certain risk.

The corporate culture of the bank should be understood as the values ​​of the bank established by the management and supported by the staff, including the behavior of the staff (especially with clients). The components of the bank's corporate culture, as a rule, are its mission and basic ones.

Continuous improvement of the bank's performance is a consequence of the bank's continuous striving to surpass the results it has achieved in various areas. The range of continuous improvements is extremely wide: from gradual (step by step) and never-ending improvements to periodically implemented breakthrough projects, that is, changes of a fundamental nature (innovations, innovations). Innovations are a source of constant renewal and serve as the basis for the development of banking business. They are expressed in innovative approaches, methods, techniques and means of solving urgent problems of management.

An important role in improving the activities of the bank in modern conditions is played by the use of information technology, which is commonly understood as the use of computerized telecommunications for collecting, storing and processing information.

Today, it is no longer possible to underestimate or even ignore the role of information technologies in improving the quality of banking products and services, since they allow eliminating organizational and informational gaps, duplication of functions of bank employees, irrational use of resources, increase the speed of managerial decision-making (for example, on issuing a loan to a client) .

4. Stages of "life" of banking credit products.

The life cycle of a new loan banking product includes seven stages:

Development of a new banking loan product;

Access to the market;

Market development;

Market stabilization;

market decline;

The rise of the market;

Market fall.

The first stage is the most important, it determines the probability of further success in the implementation of a new loan product, its profitability, the volume of demand and the amount of money received from the sale of the product. In the process of developing a banking product, the producer carries out work on initiation, search for an idea, feasibility study and creation of a new product.

Initiation is an activity that consists in choosing the goal of innovation, setting goals, searching for an idea and turning it into a thing for sale, i.e. into the goods. The producer finances all expenses for the creation of a new credit banking product. At this stage, capital is invested, the return of which, together with income, will occur at subsequent stages.

The market entry stage shows the period of introduction of a new product into the economic life of investors-buyers.

The stage of market development is associated with an increase in the volume of sales of a banking product on the market. Its duration shows the time during which a new banking product is actively sold, and the market reaches a certain saturation limit with this product.

The stages listed, i.e. the market entry stage and the market development stage are associated with the promotion and diffusion of the banking product. Diffusion of innovation is the dissemination of an innovation that has already been mastered.

5. The essence of the loan product and its purpose

A loan product is a specific type of loan from a commercial bank, which is created on the basis of the bank's credit policy and is a subsystem of a loan that includes time and quantitative characteristics based on consumer preferences of customers. Credit is a broader concept that forms a definition based on the principles of credit theory: payment, urgency and repayment. Commercial bank loans include the following: unsecured loan, secured loan, secured loan, etc., and credit products should include both retail loan products (consumer credit, auto loan, mortgage, etc.), and corporate loan products (factoring, bank guarantee, overdraft, etc.).

Due to the fact that "credit service" and "credit product" are the main elements of supply and demand in the banking market of credit services to the population, it is necessary to distinguish between them. "Credit service" - a set of technologically sound banking operations aimed at meeting a specific typical customer need for credit resources for any needs (purchase of an apartment, furniture, etc.). "Credit product" - a set of complementary credit and banking services that meet the diverse interests and needs of the client in the lending process and position themselves on the market among the mass of similar products.

The efficiency of the bank and its competitiveness in the market largely depends on the introduction of new credit banking products. New products and technologies introduced to the market represent innovation.

6. Stages of creating a new loan product.

Step 1. Development of a concept for meeting the verbalized needs of the client, on the basis of which the task is to create a new or upgrade an existing banking product. The verbalized need of the client is expressed in the form of setting a business problem that needs to be solved by the client.

Step 2. "Business diagnostics of the client": assessment of the client's business potential based on data on its economic and marketing opportunities.

Step 3. Evaluation of the client's potential cash flows to form a conceptual model and develop an innovative banking product (IBP) project.

Step 4. Assessment of the impact of possible negative consequences of the UPS project on the critical financial and economic parameters of the bank.

Step 5. Determination of the economic content of the joint interests of the business of the bank and the client and the design of banking technology that ensures the balance of these interests.

If there is not enough information to develop a banking technology project, it is necessary to return to step 2 and conduct additional research, and then repeat the next steps.

Step 6. Checking the compatibility of the designed banking technology with the actual banking technological structure (banking procedures, rules, procedures, regulations, tariffs). If a result is obtained that unacceptably worsens the technological structure of the bank, it is necessary either to return to the previous steps in order to make the necessary changes, or to interrupt work on the project.

When checking this, the following must be taken into account:

Technical and procedural capabilities of the bank;

Possibilities for adjusting the designed banking technology within the framework of the existing technological structure of the bank or a specific regulation, as well as the following restrictions:

the needs of a problem client should not contradict the mission and strategy of the bank; the parameters of the banking technology being designed should not worsen the effectiveness of the bank's pricing and tariff policy.

Step 7. Imitation of the implementation of the designed banking technology in order to determine the relationships and interdependencies of banking structural units that provide comprehensive customer service.

If difficulties arise at this stage, then it is necessary to return to step 6 and try to correct the designed banking technology.

Step 8. Development of a client's payment scheme for services provided during the implementation of the business process of its service in accordance with the designed banking technology.

Step 9. Development of a contract for the sale of a banking product.

It should be noted that innovative banking products, like all innovations in business, are characterized by an increased degree of risk of being unclaimed by the client. To reduce the likelihood of lack of demand and compensate for the costs of developing an individual banking product for a problem client, it is advisable to conclude a framework agreement on partnerships between the client and the bank. Under this agreement

it is necessary to provide for the conditions for the development of an innovative banking product and compensation for the bank's costs in the event that the client refuses to purchase the product developed at his request.

10. Current trends in the development of retail products. Typical terms of consumer loans.

The most popular banking product among customers today is a loan. The most common criteria for the competitiveness of credit products can be considered two parameters: their price and availability. Assessment of the competitiveness of credit products involves the simultaneous impact on both of the above factors in order to find the most optimal combination for a credit institution, a credit broker and a client. One of the significant factors that determine the consumer value of a loan product for a client is its cost.

Loan classification depends on the specific economic conditions of functioning in a particular country, the system of legislation and is an ordinary structure of credit relations. These include, in particular: usurious, commercial, banking, state, consumer, mortgage, international, blank, pawnshop, bill of exchange, investment.

The greatest distribution among lending to individuals occupies, of course, consumer lending. Under it in the Russian Federation it is customary to understand a loan provided to the population. Wherein consumer character is determined by the purpose of granting the loan itself.

Consumer credit is provided banks to the population to meet various consumer needs. Increasing the effective demand of the population, the loan allows you to get material benefits, goods without prior accumulation of funds. on the other hand, credit accelerates the sale of inventories and services, thereby ensuring expanded reproduction in the country's economy.

Consumer credit can be classified as directly credit for consumer needs(immediate needs, express loans, car loans) and investment loan(mortgage loans, loans for education, loans to farms).

consumer credit- a loan provided to the population to pay for consumer needs. He issued in cash and commodity forms. For the purchase of personal consumption items (refrigerators, televisions, radios, cameras, carpets, watches, cars, motorcycles), credit is provided by state and cooperative trade organizations in the form of a deferred payment. When selling goods on credit, the buyer pays in cash a part (25-50%) of the cost of the goods, the rest of the amount, depending on its type and price, is paid in installments in equal installments over several months (years) with payment percent. it commodity form of credit, based on its monetary form: trade organizations, if necessary, can obtain a loan from a bank for goods sold on credit.

Consumer credit also includes loans issued to citizens in cash for current needs by mutual aid funds at enterprises, organizations and institutions under the obligation to repay it from the salary of a member of the fund (interest-free). money loan Pawnshops give the population for consumer needs on the security of things. Loan data contribute to the acceleration of product sales, more complete and timely satisfaction of the constantly growing needs of the population in consumer goods at the expense of their future income.

The need for consumer credit is caused not only by the satisfaction of the consumer needs of the population, but also by the interests of producers in order to ensure the continuity of the reproduction process in the sale of goods.

Banks that try to protect themselves from credit risks as much as possible offer conditions for issuing a consumer loan that force the borrower to provide him with a full guarantee of repayment of the loan. Such conditions involve the provision of a full package of documents, the introduction of security, the provision of guarantors. As a result, the bank can offer its borrower long terms of financing and a large loan amount, which can help solve serious financial problems of the client. With regard to the interest rate, each lender has its own calculations and parameters, according to which the loan is subject to an interest payment. In many ways, the profitability of the lender depends on the amount of interest charges, and it is the amount of the interest rate that can reduce credit risk. Those banks that take relative financial risks offer more stringent consumer loan conditions, that is, they are ready to provide a loan without collateral with a minimum document requirement and a maximum restriction of requirements for the borrower's personality. As a result, a client who applies for such a loan product will have to repay the bank's credit risks by paying solid interest payments. Also, lenders can introduce additional loan payments, put forward additional restrictions, including for early repayment

11. Features of investment credit products. Typical conditions for investment loans.

An investment loan is a special type of loan that is not at all identical to long-term lending, although in most cases it still involves a longer period when using funds, in contrast to those programs that are issued for a short period of replenishment of working capital. It is worth noting that this type of lending is characterized by the presence of a project that will be financed, whether existing or new, and attracted borrowers of credit resources will be sent for its implementation. But at the same time, the bank that will act as an investor will take on most of the risks associated with how it will be implemented in the project.

As for the result of the decision made for a loan project, it depends on what income will be from the project. And the financial condition that the company currently has is taken into account, for the amount of profit, for the creditworthiness, stability, solvency of the company, and so on. The interest rate on an investment loan will depend on which bank you apply to. Only then can accounting for interest on investment loans be calculated based on the requirements of the bank and the borrower.

The main features of an investment loan are that long-term resources must be attracted, in other words, the borrower of the enterprise has the opportunity to finance current goals, and separately. There are types of investment loans: direct lending, financing of construction projects and project financing.

An investment loan is a type of bank loans that are provided to legal entities. Such a loan helps in the modernization of existing production or equipping a newly created one. To obtain this type of loan, it is necessary to provide the bank with a production program, the essence of which is the effect obtained as a result of the use of investments. Loans allocated within the framework of investment lending are provided for a period of 3-15 years. During this period, the investment program can be successfully implemented, and the planned result can be achieved. At the same time, credit institutions assist the borrower in the implementation of the investment program. Banks provide advisory services and legal support while controlling the intended use of the loan.

To obtain an investment loan, you need to submit an application and the appropriate package of documents. Usually, in addition to the investment program, the submitted documentation should include the balance sheet of the enterprise for the last year of operation. As collateral, an enterprise can provide that which is on its balance sheet:

Real estate (workshops, warehouses, office premises);

working capital;

Movable property (various equipment and vehicles);

If the company does not have a sufficient amount of its own assets, it can attract a guarantor. Investment loans are exclusively targeted. The loan cannot be used for other purposes. This is closely monitored by bank representatives. The borrower is given the right to choose the term for which the loan funds are allocated to him. Such a policy of the bank contributes to the optimization of the process of equipment or re-equipment of production.

Features and trends in the development of mortgage lending.

A mortgage is a type of pledge of real estate (land, enterprises, structures, buildings, other objects directly related to land) in order to obtain a cash loan.

A mortgage loan is a special form of credit associated with the provision of loans secured by real estate - land, industrial and residential buildings, etc.

The subject of a mortgage may be property associated with land - a building, structure, apartment, enterprise (its structural subdivisions) as an integral property complex.

The objects of a mortgage loan are residential buildings, apartments, industrial buildings, structures, shops, land plots, etc.

A mortgage loan can be obtained both against the security of the real estate you already own, and against the security of the purchased property - both finished and under construction. The loan can be secured by an apartment, a house or a land plot. A mortgage loan can also be used for other purposes - for example, to renovate an apartment.

In a mortgage, you can purchase both primary (new buildings) and secondary housing, as well as a number of other types of real estate.

The use of real estate pledge (mortgage) is important both for the state economy and for business entities and citizens. In practice, this tool is most often used to secure obligations under loan agreements. At the same time, through the widespread use of this institution, an economic effect is achieved: there is an increase in the volume of attracting investments, a revival of financial turnover in the economy. The introduction of mortgages is also essential for the development of the banking system, increasing the stability and liquidity of capital.

In accordance with the strategy for the development of mortgage lending in the Russian Federation until 2030, the prospects are:

primary market.

The market for housing mortgage lending until 2030 must be developed at a sustainable pace. The volumes of issuance of mortgage loans should exceed the volume of repayment, which will contribute to the growth of the portfolio of mortgage loans. It is assumed that a mortgage loan will become the main mechanism for acquiring housing as property, housing prices, conditions for mortgage lending and household incomes will allow 60 percent of the population to purchase housing. It is envisaged that the level of monthly income of the borrower will exceed at least 3 times the level of monthly expenses for repayment of a mortgage housing loan for the purchase of housing that meets the standards for providing living quarters. The most common mortgage loan parameters include a term of up to 30 years, a fixed interest rate at the level of the consumer price index plus 2-3 percentage points, an initial payment of at least 30 percent (in the absence of mortgage insurance) and an annuity loan repayment procedure with the possibility of using flexible management schemes debt. The share of loans with mortgage insurance and a down payment of 10 percent will be up to 20 percent of the housing mortgage lending market. Obtaining a mortgage housing loan by a borrower will become a standard process.

It is envisaged to reduce the time for collecting the necessary documents and making a decision to one week while improving the quality of decisions made. Increasing information availability, accumulation and generalization of statistics on the housing mortgage lending market will allow banks to approach the assessment of borrowers in a more differentiated way. In addition to primary lenders, mortgage brokers will be present in the primary market, directly interacting with borrowers and providing them with consulting services, including selection and completion of documents.

Secondary mortgage market

It is assumed that the attraction of long-term resources to the mortgage market will be carried out by banks both independently by accumulating long-term liabilities, and through the capital market by issuing mortgage-backed securities and other mortgage-backed debt obligations from the balance sheets of banks and through special mortgage agents, as well as through resale of pools of mortgages to refinancing organizations. In the long term, up to 60 percent of the market will be funded through the issuance of mortgage-backed securities. It is assumed that a model of a 2-tier refinancing system will be developed. The refinancing market will be represented by major players whose equity capital will allow them to accumulate large volumes of mortgage pools in order to make a profit and subsequently securitize assets. Refinancing organizations will accumulate pools of mortgages and raise money from the capital market for those banks whose scale of activity and (or) experience does not allow them to carry out securitization on their own. At the same time, large banks will independently raise capital from the market both through the deposit base, which will be predominantly medium and long-term, and through the issuance of mortgage bonds. Attracting funds to the mortgage market must be carried out both from domestic and foreign markets. At the same time, in the domestic market, the main share of investors should be conservative institutional investors, which will make it possible to raise funds for long periods at low rates. Additional development will be given to the investment of funds in mortgage-backed securities by individuals due to lower deposit rates, which will contribute to the growth of the domestic mortgage-backed securities market.

The modern capitalist world assumes that the money that the consumer has accumulated over a certain period of activity should work and bring him additional or basic income. For such purposes, funds can be deposited in depository accounts or invested in something.

In order to make deposits, you need to have at least some basic level of knowledge in this area. In addition, you need to familiarize yourself with the peculiarities in the activities of objects in the particular sector of the economy where you are going to invest. Now let's look at a few basic terms that will help you better understand the principle of the investment process itself.

The concept of investment goods is one of the fundamental in macroeconomics. It should be understood almost literally - these are goods that are purchased at the expense of financial investments and are used in the enterprise for the production of other goods and services. They are also used to expand production, increase its volume, increase capacity and modernize. All investment goods within a country collectively form its production capacity. The same applies to a single plant or holding, for example.

• Buildings necessary for organizing the manufacturing process of any product - workshops, railway stations, etc.;
• Ways of communication of various production capacities with warehouses and places of sale of goods - highways, highways, railways, waterways. Also, for some sectors of the economy, it is important to have gas pipelines, the construction of which is also carried out with invested funds;
• Mechanisms and equipment, on which the process of processing and manufacturing of products will actually take place;
• Office buildings and buildings of a state nature, which are needed not for production, but for the sale of goods, and, therefore, obtaining funds to continue production.

What are investment products

Investment products are objects in which an investor can invest his savings. The choice of such products is quite wide - you can make deposits in shares, securities, invest through banks or PAMM accounts. In order for these deposits to generate income, you need to choose an option that will be protected from fraudulent schemes.

There are several criteria for choosing an investment product. For example:

• An assessment of the reliability of a company offering you to invest in something. If a company is at the bottom of the rating list, this indicates its low level of reliability and makes you wonder whether it is worth cooperating with it;
• Legislative consolidation or prospectus. These documents describe the very essence of the investment product and are mandatory for it. If they are not there, then the investment product is not registered anywhere;
• A subjective, but often fundamental factor is the quality of service. If at the office of the company you were rude, rude and received at the wrong time, then there will be no desire to cooperate with this organization.

What is investment services

Investment services can be provided by various organizations. For example, this type of financial services includes investment consulting, that is, providing information of interest about investments, assistance in developing a behavior strategy with an assessment of the features of the investment sector, as well as the risks inherent in this process.

Most often they talk about banking investment services. They include:

• Redemption of securities in the financial market or sale to the first owner. In this case, the bank acts as an assistant and intermediary between the issuer, which places its shares, and the final investor, acquiring these shares;
• Mergers, acquisitions of companies and holdings, as well as their structural reorganization associated with such restructuring. In this case, the bank does not manage the portfolio, but finds a buyer for the shares, develops algorithms and plans to change the structural organization;
• Trust management. The client transfers to the bank the authority to manage the portfolio of shares. At the same time, the bank independently studies the peculiarities of the market, monitors its trends and risks;
• Brokerage in the implementation of the purchase / sale of some securities. The purchase is most often made at the expense of the client, but sometimes the bank can give him a loan to buy shares.

To expand production, the enterprise must have sufficient financial resources. One of the sources of their replenishment is the attraction of loans, including in the form of an investment loan.

Features of an investment loan

An investment loan is a type of loan issued by financial and credit institutions (FKU) for a specific purpose and for a ready-made investment program on the terms of repayment, payment, urgency and asset backing. The borrower is an organization that is in the process of expansion, reconstruction or modernization. Peculiarities:

1. The key concept is the project . Unlike a consumer loan, the bank first checks the investment program.
2. Goals . The allocation of funds is strictly targeted, it is allowed only for the modernization, reconstruction and expansion of the business.
3. Restrictions. The loan is issued no less than the payback period of the project. The Bank cannot set the interest on the loan above the level of the planned profitability of the project.
4. Privileges . Under the state program, certain categories of applicants are provided with loans on special terms. A grace period is often offered for loan repayments.

Types and forms of lending

An investment loan is represented by several types and can be issued in various forms. In practice, the following types of loans are distinguished:

• design - development of a new direction of activity;
• expansionary - modernization and development of existing production;
• construction - for the implementation of projects for the reconstruction and construction of commercial real estate.

In turn, each species is classified according to various characteristics and is presented in several forms:

• by sources of financing: international, commodity, banking, state (tax);
• by composition of creditors: with one lender and syndicated (a group of creditors);
• by periodicity: one-time, cyclical, seasonal, periodic;
• by method of transfer: one-time or in the form of a credit line.

A separate form of investment can be called leasing, which involves the rental of equipment and premises. Under the terms of the agreement, the borrower may be granted the right to buy out the used property. In this case, the enterprise may start using expensive equipment without paying the full price for it. As a rule, various forms of lending are involved in the implementation of large investment projects. For example, equipment leasing and a credit line for the construction of production facilities.

State tax credit - a shift in the deadlines for fulfilling the obligations imposed on the taxpayer under the NKRF. During the validity period of the concluded agreement, the enterprise reduces income tax payments until the provided limit is reached. Then begins the period of reimbursement of funds and accrued interest. It is provided to companies in the implementation of large investment projects as a form of support for economic development.

A bank loan is the provision of funds by credit institutions through one-time loans, credit lines or underwriting. A one-time loan involves a single transfer of the entire amount of the investment loan. Credit line - receiving funds in installments. Underwriting is the redemption of bonds issued by the borrower.

Investments can be issued by credit lines of the following types:

1. Simple. The borrower uses the bank's funds for a specified period.
2. Onkolnaya. The borrower operates with a renewable limit of funds on demand, that is, has the right to independently choose the time of transfer and the amount within the framework of the agreement. Renewal is provided upon partial repayment of the debt.
3. Revolver. In the form of an agreed chain of loans provided to the borrower within the contractual time frame. The tranche is transferred after the repayment of the previous one or in addition to it.
4. Contocorrect. Line with a renewable limit. Lending to the borrower is carried out on a combined account (loan and settlement), where the debit reflects the obligations of the debtor, and the credit - his free cash. Any receipts to the credit account repay the corresponding share of the account-correct credit.

In order to modernize and reconstruct finished production, an enterprise can open a mortgage loan for the construction and repair of commercial real estate, raise funds for the purchase of vehicles, equipment and technologies.

Basic conditions

The regulatory and legal framework governing relations in the field of investment lending is represented by codes, federal laws and regional legislative acts. In particular, the grounds for granting loans for investments are specified by laws 261-FZ of November 23, 2009, 392-FZ of December 3, 2011, in terms of tax credits, including the NKRF (Article 67).

Who can receive funds

Tax residents of the Russian Federation are allowed to use the loan product. These may be representatives of small and medium-sized businesses, large companies, including those with foreign capital.

Financial resources with a high probability of approval are provided to organizations that have been successfully operating in the real sector of the economy for more than 1-2 years and have practical experience in implementing development and modernization projects.

You can receive funds on preferential terms with participation in special programs with state support. The main condition for granting a loan is employment in the field of:

• development and implementation of innovations;
• organization of experimental design, research work;
• implementation of socially significant (resource-saving) projects or services;
• works under the state order;
• implementation of projects in the agro-industrial complex.

The right to apply for an investment loan is also granted to residents of special zones of territorial development.

Requirements for applicants and documents

The main object of evaluation is an investment project, which justifies in detail the viability of a business idea, however, certain requirements are also imposed on the borrower.

The main conditions for obtaining a loan for investments are:

• tax residency of the Russian Federation;
• preparation of an investment program (a detailed business plan, including project documentation and a feasibility study (FS);
• no negative points in the credit history;
• sustainable financial performance over several years;
• providing with own funds up to half of the cost of the project;
• availability of assets to secure a loan or guarantee;
• confirmation of contractual obligations with suppliers (technology, equipment, raw materials for the project, etc.).

The package of documents should give an idea of ​​the company's development trends during the entire period of the proposed loan and the implementation of the investment plan. The bank evaluates the overall “viability” of the program, the balance of future cash flows, the amount of resources to repay the loan, etc.

Basic list of documents:

• application for the provision of investment loans;
• copies of the certificate of registration, licenses, statutory documents certified by a notary;
• business plan (feasibility study) with information on payback, expected profitability and frequency of financial flows;
• annual balance with all applications;
• confirmation of the availability of other sources of raising funds;
• information about third-party credit commitments;
• documents on the ownership of the property transferred as collateral;
• contracts with contractors and suppliers, approved plans for reconstruction, capital construction or re-equipment;
• conclusions of public services.

Loan terms and interest rates

An investment loan by banks of the Russian Federation is issued on individual terms, since each business project is unique, has its own implementation conditions, profit volume and payback period. Based on the forecast data of the investment program, the financial institution establishes the procedure for calculating interest, the period, methods and terms of debt repayment.

The bank calculates the loan term based on three indicators: the expected payback period (plan execution), the grace period and the specific repayment period calculated taking into account depreciation and the estimated profit of the enterprise.

Ci=Sr+Pp+Pk

Ci is the period of use of the loan for investments;

Ср is the period of execution of the business plan;

Пп - grace period of crediting;

Pk - the period of repayment of the debt.

The repayment period of the debt, respectively, is equal to:

Pk=K/(A+Pr

K is the total amount of the loan and accrued interest;

A - depreciation payments transferred on account of repayment;

Pr - the amount of profit for the period.

Grace period - a period of time during which banks do not charge or significantly underestimate the interest on the loan to the borrower. Its duration is also calculated individually and can range from 1 month to 1-3 years.

The enterprise begins to extinguish the debt on an investment loan after the implementation of all points of the program. The term of the loan is usually equal to or longer than the projected regulatory payback period, adjusted for credit risks and the current economic situation.

Credit can be issued under the following conditions:

• for a period of 3 to 10 years, in exceptional cases up to 12-15 years;
• in the amount of 500 thousand rubles and up to the limit due to the solvency of the borrower;
• the interest rate is calculated according to the formula: CBRF refinancing rate (7.5% as of March 2018) plus 5%-12% depending on the lending period and the riskiness of the project;
• payment in a one-time tranche or in the form of a revolving (non-revolving) credit line;
• the bank has the right to set one-time commissions for transferring funds in favor of the borrower and for individual loan transactions in the amount of 0.1% to 2.5% of the loan amount;
• debt repayment using differentiated or annuity payments with the development of an individual schedule.

For a tax credit (for income), the conditions are slightly different:

1. The term of the grant is from 1 to 5 years. If you have the status of a resident of special zones of territorial development, the period increases to 10 years.
2. The interest rate is differentiated. The range of values ​​is from 0.5 to 0.75 shares of the CBRF refinancing rate (7.5%).

Residents of special territorial development zones may be exempted from paying interest on the tax credit.

For large enterprises, representatives of small and medium-sized businesses that implement business ideas in the agro-industrial complex, interest rates have been significantly reduced, and a grace period is provided for repaying an investment loan.

Is it profitable to take a loan for investment

Attracting borrowed funds for investments has its obvious pluses and hidden minuses.

Advantages:

1. Efficient disbursement of funds. The terms of the loan require the development of an accurate and verified feasibility study that takes into account all the nuances of the project.
2. Various loan terms. Terms of investment loans are developed individually for each project.
3. Increasing profit. The increase in assets, combined with a competent implementation plan, contributes to the growth of project revenues.
4. Cash flow planning. Within the framework of the credit line, the enterprise can ensure the uninterrupted supply of working capital to its production.
5. Investment control method. A rigid feasibility study will allow you to quickly see deviations in the implementation of the project and financial "holes" that are pulling money out of the project.

In the process of attracting investment loans, the bank, on the one hand, takes a neutral position, excluding its participation in the project management and profit sharing. On the other hand, the borrower has the right to delegate to the bank a share of authority in terms of cost control or to grant the right to trust operations that stimulate the profitability of the project.

Business investment loans can be obtained, for example, in or.

Flaws:

1. Bankruptcy risk. There are several parties in the project, and success depends on the coordination of their actions. The lack of a clear plan at times increases the risk of failure.
2. duration of attraction. Consideration of the application, evaluation of the project and the borrower is carried out in several stages. As a result, the process takes longer than the evaluation of a conventional loan.
3. High price. The Bank insures its risks on long-term loans, so the cost of borrowings under standard terms is quite high.
4. Big package of documents. The lender evaluates all the nuances of the project, therefore, has the right to request various documents that go beyond the basic package.

Bank investment products are a fairly new opportunity offered by financial institutions of various levels. Their essence is quite extensive, because there are many options for working with investments, but the role of the bank in most cases is approximately the same - mediation. He himself will relatively rarely risk his own funds, preferring to use the money of clients and for this providing them with a part of the income received.

Features and causes of appearance

The need for such a tool as investment products has arisen relatively recently. Up to this point, banks have been quite successful at making profits by taking out loans at a low interest rate and then providing them to their own customers at a higher rate. In addition, these organizations actively used their own funds, because the rate on a deposit is always less than on a loan. However, the situation on the market gradually stabilized, and now, if it is possible to earn on such a difference, then only relatively small, by the standards of banks, money. As a result, financial institutions began to look for alternative ways of existence and came to the conclusion that the sale of investment products is the most profitable method to earn money and carry out further activities.

Investment and services

Not all banks provide at least some of the possible services, there are a lot of varieties. For example, most often the investment products of a financial institution consist exclusively of trust management services. That is, the bank simply takes the client's money and, with his consent, begins to use it on the stock exchange.

As a rule, the organization prefers not very profitable, but reliable projects that will most likely consistently generate a certain income. This approach allows you to pay the client in time and in full, and he, in turn, will risk his own money less. However, this is far from the only way to work with this financial instrument. The Bank may also accept securities, which it will subsequently place on the stock exchange and dispose of them at its own discretion, but with the consent of the owner. Also, a financial institution can simply provide services for the purchase or sale of those same securities at the request of customers. Among other things, the bank itself can issue securities, issue loans for implementation, and so on.

Implementation and creation of the product

In order for a financial structure to have the opportunity to use investment products in its activities to generate income, it must first meet certain requirements. So, the very first stage is obtaining a state license. Without this important document, any such activity cannot be considered legal, and the client should ideally immediately clarify the existence of this paper and demand its presentation. Most banks do this without prompting, posting such licenses for the public to see. It is not too easy to get a document, and you still need to prove that in the process of working with investments, the organization will not burn out, will be able to make a profit, and so on.

The next stage can be considered the bank's entry into the international trading platform. In some cases, he must also provide access to it for his own clients, but this is not always done already. It cannot be said that this is a difficult stage, because such sites are interested in a constant increase in the number of players, but some efforts will still have to be made.

After all this is done, you need to hire or train specialists who know exactly how to work in this direction and make a profit. Otherwise, instead of the expected income, you will get solid expenses, and for the bank this is almost fatal.

As a consequence of this requirement, it becomes necessary to create a certain structure in the organization, which will deal with it on the one hand, and provide investment products to potential clients on the other. As a rule, such structures are divided into at least two more branches, but these are already features of the activities of each individual bank.

The last stage is the technical side of the issue. A bank can be registered in the system, obtain all the required licenses, hire excellent specialists and attract a huge number of clients for servicing, but if these very specialists are not physically able to work with trading floors, all of the above actions will turn out to be pointless.

Possible problems

Like everyone, there are certain problems. So, it is more risky in comparison with classical income generating systems, there are many legislative restrictions, as well as tight control by the Central Bank. The latter can simply prohibit the most profitable (but also risky) transactions, as this will violate the overall stability of the country's financial system.

Investment loan products

This is another option for the activities of a banking-type financial organization, which is often offered to legal entities. Its essence lies in the fact that the bank acts as an intermediary between the client and the object of investment, issuing a loan to the first, and at the expense of him making an investment. A rather risky system, however, with luck and / or accurate calculation, it allows the legal entity to quickly repay the debt, the investment object - to receive the required amount, and the bank - its part of the profit. In general, usually all parties are satisfied with the transaction, if it went well and there were no problems.

Advantages

The benefits that new investment products provide are quite numerous. The first of these can be considered the amount of profit received. It is clear that the bank receives, as a rule, more income than the client himself. But it also carries risks on its own (at least in most cases). The second advantage is the help of specialists. Theoretically, anyone can independently become a player on the stock exchange and invest at their own discretion. However, in fact, such an approach will most often lead to the fact that a person or legal entity will simply lose his money if he does not use the services of specially trained employees.

Flaws

Naturally, there are always disadvantages. So, investment products still remain not only the most profitable financial instrument of all existing, but also the most dangerous in terms of possible risks. Most often, the bank still returns to the client the amount that he deposited, but you can not wait for the profit. Moreover, in some cases, when the organization's income situation is very difficult, it can take a very long time to return the money.

Results

In general, taking into account all of the above, we can conclude that investments are profitable investments, but only subject to the availability of guarantees for income generation and the general reasonable disposal of funds received from clients by the bank. Unfortunately, most often all this can only be determined empirically or, at best, from the reviews of other people or organizations that have already risked their money.