What is the culture of speech. Culture of speech and culture of communication

- I'm sorry!

Unfortunately, we often hear this form of address. Speech etiquette and communication culture- not very popular concepts in the modern world. One will consider them too decorative or old-fashioned, the other will find it completely difficult to answer the question of what forms of speech etiquette are found in his daily life.

Meanwhile, the etiquette of speech communication plays a crucial role for the successful activity of a person in society, his personal and, building strong family and friendships.

The concept of speech etiquette

Speech etiquette is a system of requirements (rules, norms) that explain to us how to establish, maintain and break contact with another person in a certain situation. Norms of speech etiquette very diverse, each country has its own characteristics of the culture of communication.

speech etiquette - a system of rules

It may seem strange why you need to develop special rules of communication, and then stick to them or break them. And yet, speech etiquette is closely related to the practice of communication, its elements are present in every conversation. Compliance with the rules of speech etiquette will help you correctly convey your thoughts to the interlocutor, quickly reach mutual understanding with him.

Mastery speech etiquette requires knowledge in the field of various humanitarian disciplines: linguistics, psychology, cultural history and many others. For a more successful mastering of the skills of a culture of communication, such a concept is used as speech etiquette formulas.

Speech etiquette formulas

The basic formulas of speech etiquette are learned at an early age, when parents teach the child to say hello, say thank you, and ask for forgiveness for tricks. With age, a person learns more and more subtleties in communication, masters various styles of speech and behavior. The ability to correctly assess the situation, start and maintain a conversation with a stranger, correctly express one's thoughts, distinguishes a person of high culture, educated and intelligent.

Speech etiquette formulas- these are certain words, phrases and set expressions used for the three stages of conversation:

start a conversation (greeting/introduction)
main part
final part of the conversation

Starting a conversation and ending it

Any conversation, as a rule, begins with a greeting, it can be verbal and non-verbal. The sequence of greeting also matters, the younger one greets the elder first, the man - the woman, the young girl - the adult man, the junior - the senior. We list in the table the main forms of greeting the interlocutor:

AT end of conversation use formulas for ending communication, parting. These formulas are expressed in the form of wishes (all the best, all the best, goodbye), hopes for further meetings (see you tomorrow, I hope to see you soon, we'll call you), or doubts about further meetings (goodbye, do not remember dashingly).

The main part of the conversation

After the greeting, the conversation begins. Speech etiquette provides for three main types of situations in which various speech formulas of communication are used: solemn, mournful and work situations. The first phrases uttered after the greeting are called the beginning of the conversation. It is not uncommon for situations where the main part of the conversation consists only of the beginning and the end of the conversation following it.

speech etiquette formulas - set expressions

A solemn atmosphere, the approach of an important event suggest the use of speech turns in the form of an invitation or congratulations. At the same time, the situation can be both official and informal, and it depends on the situation which formulas of speech etiquette will be used in the conversation.

The mournful atmosphere in connection with the events that bring grief suggests condolences expressed emotionally, not on duty or dryly. In addition to condolences, the interlocutor often needs consolation or sympathy. Sympathy and consolation can take the form of empathy, confidence in a successful outcome, accompanied by advice.

In everyday life, the work environment also requires the use of speech etiquette formulas. Brilliant or, conversely, improper performance of assigned tasks can be a reason for or censure. When following orders, an employee may need advice, for which it will be necessary to ask a colleague. It also becomes necessary to approve someone else's proposal, give permission for execution or a reasoned refusal.

The request should be extremely polite in form (but without fawning) and understandable to the addressee, the request should be delicate. When making a request, it is advisable to avoid the negative form, use the affirmative one. Advice must be given non-categorically; addressing advice will be an incentive to action if it is given in a neutral, delicate form.

For the fulfillment of a request, the provision of a service, useful advice, it is customary to express gratitude to the interlocutor. Also an important element in speech etiquette is compliment. It can be used at the beginning, middle and end of a conversation. Tactful and timely said, he lifts the mood of the interlocutor, disposes to a more open conversation. A compliment is useful and pleasant, but only if it is a sincere compliment, said with a natural emotional coloring.

Situations of speech etiquette

The key role in the culture of speech etiquette is played by the concept situation. Indeed, depending on the situation, our conversation can change significantly. In this case, communication situations can be characterized by a variety of circumstances, for example:

personalities of interlocutors
place
time
motive

The personalities of the interlocutors. Speech etiquette is focused primarily on the addressee - the person being addressed, but the personality of the speaker is also taken into account. Accounting for the personality of the interlocutors is implemented on the principle of two forms of address - to You and to You. The first form indicates the informal nature of communication, the second - respect and great formality in conversation.

Place of communication. Communication in a certain place may require the participant to have specific rules of speech etiquette established for this place. Such places can be: a business meeting, a social dinner, a theater, a youth party, a restroom, etc.

In the same way, depending on the topic of conversation, time, motive or purpose of communication, we use different conversational techniques. The topic of conversation can be joyful or sad events, the time of communication can be conducive to being brief or to a detailed conversation. Motives and goals are manifested in the need to show a sign of respect, express a benevolent attitude or gratitude to the interlocutor, make an offer, ask for a request or advice.

Any national speech etiquette imposes certain requirements on the representatives of their culture, and has its own characteristics. The very appearance of the concept of speech etiquette is associated with an ancient period in the history of languages, when each word was given special meaning, and there was a strong belief in the effect of the word on the surrounding reality. And the emergence of certain norms of speech etiquette is due to the desire of people to bring certain events to life.

But the speech etiquette of different nations is also characterized by some common features, with a difference only in the forms of implementation of the speech norms of etiquette. In each cultural and linguistic group there are formulas of greeting and farewell, respectful appeal to elders by age or position. In a closed society, a representative of a foreign culture, not familiar with the characteristics national speech etiquette, appears to be an uneducated, ill-mannered person. In a more open society, people are prepared for differences in the speech etiquette of different peoples; in such a society, imitation of a foreign culture of speech communication is often practiced.

Speech etiquette of our time

In the modern world, and even more so in the urban culture of the post-industrial and information society, the concept of a culture of speech communication is changing radically. The speed of changes taking place in modern times threatens the very traditional foundations of speech etiquette, based on ideas about the inviolability of the social hierarchy, religious and mythological beliefs.

Studying the norms speech etiquette in the modern world turns into a practical goal focused on achieving success in a particular act of communication: if necessary, attract attention, demonstrate respect, inspire confidence in the addressee, his sympathy, create a favorable climate for communication. However, the role of national speech etiquette remains important - knowledge of the characteristics of a foreign speech culture is a mandatory sign of fluency in a foreign language.

Russian speech etiquette in circulation

Main feature Russian speech etiquette can be called its heterogeneous development throughout the existence of Russian statehood. Serious changes in the norms of Russian language etiquette took place at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The former monarchical system was distinguished by the division of society into estates from nobles to peasants, which determined the specifics of treatment in relation to the privileged estates - master, sir, gentleman. At the same time, there was no single appeal to representatives of the lower classes.

As a result of the revolution, the former estates were abolished. All appeals of the old system were replaced by two - a citizen and a comrade. The appeal of a citizen has acquired a negative connotation, it has become the norm in the use of prisoners, convicted persons, detainees in relation to representatives of law enforcement agencies. The address comrade, on the contrary, was fixed in the meaning of “friend”.

In the days of communism, only two types of address (and in fact, only one - comrade), formed a kind of cultural and speech vacuum, which was informally filled with such addresses as man, woman, uncle, aunt, boy, girl, etc. They remained and after the collapse of the USSR, however, in modern society they are perceived as familiarity, and testify to the low level of culture of the one who uses them.

In post-communist society, the old types of address gradually began to reappear: gentlemen, madam, mister, etc. As for the address, comrade, it is legally fixed as an official address in power structures, the armed forces, communist organizations, in the collectives of factories and factories.

In preparing the article, materials from the Online Encyclopedia Around the World and the RGIU Library were used.

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Culture of speech and language

concept a culture of speech quite versatile and directly related to language. We convey our thoughts and feelings to the interlocutor using words familiar to both. In this case, the language is symbolic mechanism to express the essence of the transmitted information.

In another sense, language is also way of thinking. If you think about it, you will understand that a person has no other thoughts than those formed with the help of familiar words of one or more languages.

The implementation of mental activity is carried out through speeches, which represents the language in action. This may be oral communication, writing on paper or other media.

Two definitions of speech culture

A set of language tools and qualities that allow you to effectively influence the addressee in order to solve communicative problems.
The ability to best influence an interlocutor or a group of people in a certain situation, demonstrating good command of the literary language.

Sound culture of speech and its development

The sound component of speech has always been relevant, its practical significance is undeniable today.

Learning Aspects sound culture of speech at the physical, physiological and linguistic levels, it contributes to the disclosure of the regular principles of its formation and development. Each language has its own set of sounds and has a number of features. For example, the Russian language has the following distinctive qualities:

melodiousness of vowel sounds;
consonants have a peculiar pronunciation and are often pronounced softly;
variety of intonation.

The sound culture of speech provides for the correct selection and pronunciation of sounds, the training of clear diction and expressiveness. It obeys all phonetic and orthoepic rules. Its structure is divided into the following main sections:

Culture of speech pronunciation - competent reproduction of sounds and clear articulation, which is formed on the basis of delivered speech breathing and training of the vocal apparatus;
Speech hearing is a complex of phonemic, rhythmic and pitch hearing.

Based on this, in the sound culture of speech, effective work should be carried out in 2 directions: the development of speech perception and speech motor apparatus. In the educational process, special attention should be paid to the formulation of orthoepically correct speech, its distinctness and expressiveness. In general, the culture of verbal communication should be considered part of etiquette.

Communication culture

For a normal existence, a person needs communication. It permeates the spiritual world, provides material activity and social adaptation. Spending a long time in seclusion or imprisonment is a real test. Communication is the main need of mankind. It provides the origins for the reproduction, organization and expression of personality. Communication hunger is deadly for babies.

Communication culture built on the basis of the following principles:

The instrumental principle is the possession of skills, forms and methods of communication for expressing thoughts and establishing a communicative process;
The principle of expediency - the ability to build communication in such a way as to achieve maximum effect in accordance with personal and social goals;
The ethical principle is the ability to share views, respect the interests of the interlocutor, and not stick only to one's own opinion and defend one's own position only;
The aesthetic principle is the ability to focus on communication as an important process that needs constant improvement and development of new forms.

Communication culture- this is an important element of the general culture of a person, which must be instilled from an early age, properly educated and improved all the time. Each person in the subconscious must form an ideal image, in accordance with which there will be a desire to speak beautifully, build speech correctly, and communicate culturally.

Key aspects of speech culture

The culture of speech has its own aspects that help to reveal its essence. The fundamental ones are:

Regulatory aspect;
ethical aspect;
communicative aspect.

The centerpiece is normative aspect. It is customary to understand the norm as a set of correct language means that act as ideal samples. It is mandatory and affects the language comprehensively. It prescribes the rules fixed by the language system as a whole.

Ethical component gives a rationale for the word in a moral and ethical context. Speech ethics establishes the rules of communication in accordance with moral norms and cultural traditions. Such requirements as clarity, clarity and understandability are prescribed for the expression of thoughts.

Parity, being the most important ethical principle, is present at different stages of the conversation. In this case, great importance is given to the look, facial expressions, gestures and smile. Attention signals can also be manifested through regulatory cues. A good interlocutor can not only support the conversation, he is able to offer an interesting topic and set the right tone for the conversation. He knows how to win over from the first minutes of communication.

Communicative aspect, being in close connection with the function of the language, imposes its own requirements on the quality of speech interaction. A high culture of speech is a set of communicative qualities that are reflected in the sphere of communication. Following language norms is important, but not sufficient. You need to be able to find the exact means for expressing thoughts. At the same time, they must be expressive, logical and appropriate for the effective implementation of the tasks of communication. Communicative expediency is an important theoretical category of speech culture.

Speech culture norms

The culture of speech obliges each individual to adhere to certain norms. They are needed in order to preserve the integrity of the literary language and its intelligibility for all speakers.

Main norms of speech culture are:

Lexical norms- correct word usage, without going beyond the literary language. The difference between words that are close in meaning can be understood by referring to dictionaries and reference books. Compliance with such norms will exclude lexical errors;
Grammar norms- word formation, morphology and syntax. They are described in textbooks and grammar references;
Stylistic norms- are prescribed by genre laws and follow from the features of the functional style. These norms can be found in the explanatory dictionary, textbooks on stylistics and speech culture. Examples of stylistic errors: lexical insufficiency and redundancy, stylistic inappropriateness, ambiguity.

Written speech is subject to spelling and punctuation norms. Separately for oral speech, the norms of pronunciation, intonation and stress are established. Compliance with key or minor norms has a great influence on the quality of speech culture in general. The slightest violation of them can form an unpleasant impression on the addressee. The listener is easily distracted and the speech "flies past the ears."

The culture of writing

The letter can be considered as an independent system of the communicative process. Written speech embraces a statistical space, not a temporal one. This allows the writer to think over his speech, return to what was written, correct and rebuild the text, and make the necessary clarifications. It can take a long time to find a form of presentation and effective expression of thought.

The culture of writing reflects a person's thoughts with the help of graphic signs. The presentation of the text is carried out through the use of literary language. If necessary, technical terms, business vocabulary or colloquialisms can be used.

As a rule, such a culture of speech provides for a high level of human education. He must skillfully use words to:

building complex structures;
conveying the finest mood;
reproduction of speech intonation;
expressions of emotional shades of transmitted information.

With these qualities and abilities, you can convey the essence, convey the right mood and feelings to any listener. Masters of this craft can describe the sound of music, display shades of colors, depict natural phenomena and plunge the reader into a fantasy world.

The culture of speech of modern children

The cultural image of the modern child is far from ideal. The reason for the violation of the speech culture of children is non-compliance with literary norms and the influence of distorted language forms. The Russian language in the information age is under serious pressure, changing beyond recognition.

The speech culture of modern children is a rather plastic environment that instantly reacts to all changes, including unfavorable ones. That is why the state of speech culture today is under close attention. Measures are being taken against the clogging of speech coming from the mouths of children. Unfortunately, now it is “not fashionable” to speak a normal language among young people.

Formation and education of speech culture

The most important intellectual indicator of a person and his culture is speech. In general, it is valuable for society that each individual strives for its improvement. The richer and more figurative the speech, the more significant the person looks and feels.

Alas, not all families pay enough attention to cultural communication. Each child needs to be conveyed that speech culture is a reflection of the spiritual culture of a person. The beauty and grandeur of the native word ennobles feelings and puts thoughts in order.

The work of educators and speech therapists in kindergarten and school is focused on correcting the pronunciation of sounds and correct word stress. This is not enough for formation of beautiful and correct speech. Sound culture is only a part of the general culture of speech. Pronunciation classes are important, but this is only a small part of a vast science. The school curriculum is a continuation of the formation of a culture of speech in children. Here, a large number of hours are devoted to both oral and written speech.

The educational process is always the most fruitful when children are engaged not only at school, but also at home. Parents should show by their own example that the culture of verbal communication adorns interpersonal relationships and facilitates mutual understanding. The treasures of the richest treasury of the Russian language can be acquired with the help of a living word, which children should hear from adults every day.

Essay on the subject: Rhetoric

Prepared by a 1st year student of the faculty of SEP, gr.105

Moscow Pedagogical State University

Moscow 2003

Introduction.

In the literary language, pronunciation, as well as the choice of words and the use of grammatical forms, is subject to certain rules and norms.

With the correct, uniform pronunciation, people understand each other faster, it facilitates communication between people, so you need to monitor your pronunciation, you need to correctly pronounce sounds, their combinations, correctly distinguish stressed syllables, that is, you must obey the pronunciation standards that are established in the literary language.

Pronunciation norms do not remain unchanged. Under the influence of written speech and local pronunciation, they are somewhat modified. In this regard, in the modern Russian literary language, some words allow a double pronunciation; for example, in the word bakery, the combination ch can be pronounced as it is written, but you can also pronounce sh; the word can be pronounced differently with stress on the second syllable (otherwise), and with stress on the first syllable (otherwise).

There is a very useful reference dictionary "Russian literary pronunciation and stress", compiled under the guidance of R. I. Avanesov and S. I. Ozhegov. It contains the rules of Russian pronunciation and more than 50 thousand words indicating their literary pronunciation. In case of doubt, the correct pronunciation of a word should be consulted in the indicated book.

Speech etiquette and communication culture.

Our society, which in many respects has not yet come to the norms of a hostel, has already felt the need for a culture of behavior and communication. Every now and then there are announcements, advertising messages that electives with the names “Etiquette”, “Business Etiquette”, “Diplomatic Etiquette”, “Business Communication Etiquette”, etc. are opening in lyceums, colleges, gymnasiums, schools. This is connected with the need for people to learn how to behave in a given situation, how to correctly establish and maintain speech, and through it business, friendly, etc. contact.

The broad concept of culture necessarily includes what is called the culture of communication, the culture of speech behavior. To master it, it is important to understand the essence of Russian speech etiquette.

In communication, people convey to each other this or that information, these or those meanings, they tell something, encourage something, ask about something, perform certain speech actions. However, before proceeding to the exchange of logical and meaningful information, it is necessary to enter into speech contact, and this is done according to certain rules. We hardly notice them, because they are familiar. It is just the violation of the unwritten rules that becomes noticeable, the seller turned to the buyer on “you”, the acquaintance did not say hello at the meeting, they did not thank someone for the service, they did not apologize for the misconduct. As a rule, such non-fulfillment of the norms of speech behavior turns into an insult, and even a quarrel, a conflict in the team. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the rules for entering into verbal contact, maintaining such contact - after all, business relations are impossible without this. It is clear that awareness of the norms of communication and speech behavior is useful to everyone, and especially to people of those professions that are associated with speech. These are teachers, and doctors and lawyers, and service workers and businessmen, and just parents.

The rules of speech behavior are regulated by speech etiquette, a system of set expressions that has developed in language and speech, used in situations of establishing and maintaining contact. These are situations of appeal, greetings, farewell, apologies, gratitude, congratulations, wishes, sympathy and condolences, approval and compliments, invitations, suggestions, requests for advice, and many others. etc. Speech etiquette covers everything that expresses a benevolent attitude towards the interlocutor, which can create a favorable climate for communication. A rich set of language tools makes it possible to choose a form of communication that is appropriate for the speech situation and favorable for the addressee, you or you, to establish a friendly, relaxed or, on the contrary, the official tone of the conversation.

It is important to emphasize that speech etiquette conveys social information about the speaker and his addressee, about whether they know each other or not, about the relationship of equality / inequality by age, official position, about their personal relationships (if they are familiar), about how setting (formal or informal) communication takes place, etc. So, if someone says to another - Good health! - then there is no doubt that this is an elderly resident of the village or a native of it. If someone throws - Hello! - it means that the situation is informal, they are in equal, relaxed friendly relations. But imagine that "Hi!" The student will tell the teacher

Thus, the choice of the most appropriate expression of speech etiquette constitutes the rules (and art) of entering into communication. Wed an example of a situation in which the hero of the story, an intellectual, must establish business contact (and, above all, verbal contact) with a person of a different social environment, and even involved in unseemly deeds:

I waited aside - until he was free, until the departing people disappeared into the car, and the mourners dispersed along the train through the windows of the compartment. And then he came out of the vestibule, out of breath, shoving the tip into his pocket. A sort of reddish kid, a kind of cunning cat with shifty eyes. I almost made a mistake - I almost turned to him on "you" and even almost apologized for the trouble.

Hi Iron, how are you? I told him as unceremoniously as possible.

Things are like in Poland: whoever has a cart, that is a pan - he answered briskly, as if we had known each other for a hundred years. (Ch. Aitmatov).

If the hero, following his own habits, addressed the interlocutor as “you”, and even with an apology for the anxiety, the addressee would immediately understand that he was a stranger, which means that there was nothing to talk about with him! It can be concluded that in the language signs of speech etiquette, social signals such as one's own - someone else's acquaintance - unfamiliar distant - close, etc., on the one hand, and equal - older - younger in age and / or position are embedded, and in speech are implemented - with another. It is clear that any society at any moment of its existence is heterogeneous, many-sided, and that for each layer and layer there is both its own set of etiquette means and neutral expressions common to all. And there is an awareness that in contacts with a different environment, it is necessary to choose either stylistically neutral or means of communication characteristic of this environment. So, if among teenagers it is possible to call Hey, you!, then a teenager will turn to an adult differently.

Using the expressions of speech etiquette, we perform relatively simple speech actions - we address, greet, thank ... But why are there so many ways to do this in the language? After all, we have up to forty expressions used in greetings (the Japanese have more than fifty!), Many forms of farewell, gratitude, etc. And how many opportunities to fulfill the request: I ask you to do this; Please do not make noise; Do it please; If it's not difficult for you, move over please; Could you move over?; Is it difficult for you to move?; Don't have something to write down? - and so on up to forty models. And the thing is that we choose each expression taking into account who - to whom - where - when - why, why says. So it turns out that complex linguistic social information is embedded just in speech etiquette to the greatest extent.

Let's ask ourselves why the expressions of speech etiquette have "magic power", why their correct use brings people satisfaction and failure to perform in the right situation leads to resentment? It seems that it is possible to single out several essential features of speech etiquette that explain its social sharpness.

The first sign is associated with the unwritten requirement of society for the use of signs of etiquette. If you want to be "one's own" in a given group - large or small, national, social - perform the appropriate rituals of behavior and communication. Wed an example of such a ritual:

A klaxon is heard from afar, excitement is noticeable among the walkers. A large limousine is approaching. On one of the wings flutters a red flag with a purple tint with a red cross on a white background. Everyone around squats and then sits cross-legged on the side of the road. In the back seat of the limousine, a massive figure can be seen - King Tubow IV. He is supposed to be greeted seated with folded hands. These are not just customs, this is a law, the observance of which is strictly checked by local policemen. And in the same way, ordinary people of Tonga greet aristocrats. ("Around the world").

The social purpose of ritual signs of etiquette is brought up in people from early childhood.

The second sign is related to the fact that the performance of signs of etiquette is perceived by the addressee as social “stroking”. Let's explain this with an example from the field of biology. In one of the experiments, the scientists wanted to find out whether touching, licking, searching, etc., are in the animal community. only a hygienic necessity or is it the “social” need of animals for contacts. Two groups of rat pups were taken, one of which was constantly stroked by the laboratory staff. These rat pups grew up to be larger, smarter, disease-resistant animals than those that were not petted or petted. The researchers concluded that the need for touch in caresses in animals is as significant as other vital needs. This need is even more developed in humans. Psychologists, teachers know how important it is to approve, stroke a child and an adult in time! Linguists thought about this and found that the language responded to such a need and created a system of verbal “strokes” - speech etiquette: Hello - be healthy; Thank you - thank you. Thank you - God bless you for a good deed; Excuse me - I admit my guilt and ask you to take away my sin, etc. Here is a typical dialogue that friends exchange when they meet:

Hi, how are you?

It's all right, and you?

Too. Well everything!

There is no other information except that “I notice you, I recognize you, I recognize you, I want contacts with you, I wish you well” in such an exchange of remarks, and nevertheless this is a very important ritual of “strokes”. Here you get New Year's cards. As a rule, they are stereotyped: Congratulations… I wish you happiness, health, success… But how homeless and cold it is without these congratulations, without signs of attention, without “strokes”! And this information should be taken precisely as a sign of social contacts and it should be understood that the question “How is your health?” does not imply a story about your illnesses. This is not a meaningful question from a doctor or an interested relative, this is a sign of social “stroking”, contact on the go ...

The third important feature of speech etiquette is that the pronunciation of an etiquette expression is a speech action, or a speech act, that is, the performance of a specific task with the help of speech. It is known that for the implementation of many actions, states, speech is not needed. You sew, or cut, or saw, or walk, and you don't have to say anything to "produce" it. But there are some actions that can be performed only with the help of one tool - language, speech. How to carry out the action "advice" or "promise" or "gratitude"? To do this, I must say I advise, I promise, I thank ... Studies have revealed that there are up to a thousand names of speech actions recorded in dictionaries, but there are a great many ways of direct expression. As mentioned above, we have up to forty greetings alone. In each situation of speech etiquette, one can find statements combined into a systematically organized communicative semantic group. For example, in a group called “Gratitude” we meet: Thank you; Thanks; I am (so) grateful to you; I am grateful to you; I want to thank; I would like to thank... Let me thank you; Please accept my gratitude, etc. Moreover, some expressions are used mainly with you-form, others - with you- and you-forms. It is important to consider that the chosen expression is pronounced when the interlocutors “I” and “you” meet “here” and “now”, therefore, all expressions are characterized by a real modality of correspondence to the situation of direct communication, the present tense of the moment of speech, regardless of the form of the sentence, including with the subjunctive or imperative mood of the verb. And since the pronunciation of the expression of speech etiquette is the matter itself, and socially and personally significant, it is clear how important speech etiquette is.

The fourth feature is related to the third and concerns the very structure of statements in which “I” and “you” are open: I thank you; Excuse me. This is an open, explicit representation of the communicants in the grammar of the sentence, but there can also be a hidden, implicit, semantic representation of them, as in gratitude Thank you or sorry, which, due to synonymy, functional equivalence with those presented earlier, contain in the deep structure of the “I” of the speaker and “you” of the addressee (I tell you) thank you. Since the communicants are open in the structure of the expressions of speech etiquette, the power of its influence is clearly manifested.

The fifth important feature of speech etiquette can be considered its connection with the category of politeness. On the one hand, politeness is a moral quality that characterizes a person for whom showing respect for people has become a familiar way of communicating with others as a daily norm of behavior. On the other hand, it is an ethical category abstracted from specific people, which is also reflected in the language, which, of course, should be studied by linguistics. Politeness needs to be expressed, demonstrated in communication (like love), because if I respect someone in my soul, but I don’t show it in any way, respect for the person will be clearly unrealized. This is especially important in an official speech situation or when communicating with strangers. Coming into contact with relatives, friends, acquaintances, we, knowing in advance the “measure” of love and respect for each other, have many ways to emphasize this, but with strangers, the measure of a good relationship is politeness, and here speech etiquette is indispensable. From the point of view of verbal behavior, politeness implies “non-damage” by speech (otherwise - not an insult), showing signs of attention, approval (if possible) of a partner and at the same time diverting compliments from oneself, showing modesty in self-esteem and even some underestimation of one’s own merits, a manifestation of tact that does not allow intruding into the personal sphere of the interlocutor, asking immodest questions, a manifestation of the desire to provide a service, to help someone who needs it. Polite people in different situations and in relation to different partners behave correctly, courteously, gallantly. But inept and inappropriate politeness is perceived as mannerism, ceremony. At the same time, one must understand that there is politeness sincerity coming from a pure heart, and there is politeness a mask that hides other relationships behind an external manifestation. In fleeting communication with strangers, people come into contact mainly only with their social roles: the seller is the buyer, the doctor is the patient, the lawyer is the visitor, the employee is the petitioner, the passenger is the passenger, the cashier is buying the ticket, etc. In these situations, the politeness of the mask is better, than open rudeness - this is how Americans smile at everyone and everyone, this is how they greet a seller in Western Europe.

The manifestations of rudeness are manifold. This is arrogance and arrogance, and arrogance, this is an insult, an offense. It is impolite to fail to comply with the rules of speech etiquette (they pushed and did not apologize), the wrong choice of expression in this situation and for this partner (the student says to the teacher - Great!), To offend the partner with the help of words that have a negative connotation. This is the use of words such as sat down (instead of sitting down), put on (put on), shoved (put) and many others. etc. Impolite statements are built mainly with you-forms:

What did you put on the child's head! Why did you swell so much water in the soup? (examples of E. A. Zemskoy)

It is unlikely that you-forms are appropriate here, except perhaps in the extreme irritation of the speaker, communicating with an unpleasant person, for example, a daughter-in-law with an unloved mother-in-law (What did you put on the child?) In this case, the effect of impoliteness is further enhanced. Resentment can be inflicted by a negative assessment of a third person close to the addressee (friend, wife, child, etc.) and simply by the direct use of a curse. You need to learn that rudeness cannot be answered with rudeness - this gives rise to a whole stream of rudeness and can involve others in a scandal. A correct, and under an hour emphatically polite answer, as a rule, puts a rude person in his place. Speech etiquette serves as an effective means of removing speech aggression.

The sixth essence sign is related to the fact that speech etiquette is an important element of the culture of the people, a product of human cultural activity and an instrument of such activity. Speech etiquette, as can be seen from the foregoing, is an integral part of the culture of human behavior and communication. In the expressions of speech etiquette, social relations of a particular era are fixed. Wed: Thank you most humbly; Your humble servant; I bow low; I strike with my forehead, on the one hand, and the Gracious Sovereign; Your Grace and more others on the other. The formulas of speech etiquette are fixed in proverbs, sayings, phraseological expressions: Welcome; You are welcome to our hut; Enjoy Your Bath; Long time no see! And so on. Being an element of national culture, speech etiquette is distinguished by bright national specifics. According to B. Bgazhnokov (author of the book “Adyghe Etiquette”, Nalchik, 1978), the Circassians have an extremely common Russian Hello, there are many ways to greet, depending on who you greet, a man or a woman, an old man or a young man, a rider or a foot, a shepherd or blacksmith. A wide variety of well-wishing greetings can be found among the Mongols, and these greetings vary depending on the season. In autumn, for example, they ask: Is the cattle fat?; Are you having a good time in autumn? In spring: Do you meet spring safely? Winter: How do you winter? And the most common greeting - awareness of the affairs (even of urban residents) is a stereotype that reflects the nomadic lifestyle of pastoralists: How do you roam? How are your livestock? And the Chinese greeting contains the question: Are you full? Have you already had lunch (dinner)? The whole history of the people rises behind such stereotypes! Wed certificate. I. Ehrenburg: A European extends his hand in greeting, while a Chinese, Japanese or Indian is forced to shake the limb of a stranger. If a visitor would stick his bare foot to Parisians or Muscovites, it would hardly cause delight. A resident of Vienna says “I kiss your hand”, without thinking about the meaning of his words, and a resident of Warsaw, when he is introduced to a lady, mechanically kisses her hand. The Englishman, indignant at the tricks of his competitor, writes to him: “Dear sir, you are a swindler”, without “dear sir” he cannot begin the letter. Christians, entering a church or church, take off their hats, and a Jew, entering a synagogue, covers his head. In Catholic countries, women should not enter the temple with their heads uncovered. In Europe, the color of mourning is black, in China it is white. When a Chinese man sees for the first time how a European or an American goes hand in hand with a woman, sometimes even kissing her, it seems to him extremely shameless. In Japan, you cannot enter a house without taking off your shoes; in restaurants, men in European suits and socks sit on the floor. In a Beijing hotel, the furniture was European, but the entrance to the room was traditionally Chinese - the screen did not allow you to enter directly, this is due to the idea that the devil is going straight, and according to our ideas, the devil is cunning, and it doesn’t cost him anything to bypass any partition. If a guest comes to a European and admires a picture on the wall, a vase or other trinket, then the host is satisfied. If a European begins to admire a little thing in the house of a Chinese, the owner gives him this item - this is required by politeness. My mother taught me that you shouldn’t leave anything on a plate at a party. In China, no one touches the cup of dry rice served at the end of the meal - you need to show that you are full. The world is diverse and it is not worth puzzling over this or that custom, if there are other people's monasteries, then, therefore, there are other people's charters. (“People, years of life”).

Some of the described customs are outdated, some may be perceived subjectively, but in general, the pictures of the national specifics of customs and rituals are very characteristic. In Russian everyday life, speech etiquette also has its own national specificity, which foreigners who study Russian face. Suffice it to mention at least the appeal by name to the patronymic, which other peoples do not have. And in general, the whole system of appeals is clearly nationally specific. Now, due to social changes, we have a change of some appeals. The sociological center of the Ostankino television and radio company conducted a survey of Muscovites regarding their preferences in the choice of addresses. Here are the data obtained comrade - 22%, mostly people of middle and older age, mainly with secondary and incomplete secondary education, more often men; citizen, citizen-21%, approximately the same social composition of the respondents; male, female - 19%, mainly people with incomplete secondary and primary education, more often service workers; sir, madam - 17%, educated people, more often employees, more often women; sir, madam - 10%, the social composition of the respondents is not indicated. It is worth reflecting on this, because appeal is the most massive and most striking etiquette sign.

Of course, you need to study speech etiquette when studying foreign languages, but you also need to know your own, Russian, and you need to teach it from early childhood, in the family, in kindergarten, at school, and even at the university, already professionally orienting in accordance with what speech situations will be the most typical in a person's work activity.

“Oratory is the art of practical verbal influence, enabling us to masterfully use the word as an instrument of thought and persuasion. The field for rhetorical activity is boundless: how should a teacher organize his speech? how to confess love? how to speak in parliament These and many other questions should be answered by the science, forgotten in the country and in need of rehabilitation - rhetoric. For many centuries, it has been the norm of culture, one of the classical humanities, studying the person acting by speech and recommending the rules of skillful, expedient and convincing speech.

What was the impetus for the revival of rhetoric and increased attention to the disciplines taught at philological faculties? Note that today these subjects have become popular in political science, and in financial and economic, and even in engineering and technical, faculties of universities. The fact is that in recent decades, the communication and, accordingly, the language situation in society has changed dramatically. New ways of storing and processing verbal information have emerged, in which auditory and audiovisual sources of speech (radio, television, telephone communications) have come to dominate, that is, oral speech in its completely new varieties. Visual sources of speech acquired new qualities, significantly expanding and enriching the situational and thematic areas of application of written speech (for example, written speech functioning in a computer). And if, until recently, the problems of forming speech skills were relevant, as a rule, for specialties related to the so-called humanitarian cycle, and for teaching Russian as a non-native language, today, almost the entire education system faces the task of developing the skills and abilities of oral creativity.

It is impossible not to mention one more, no less important factor that influenced the extreme urgency of the problem of the culture of communication in our country. The fact is that in addition to the global scientific and technological processes that have covered the vast majority of regions of the world, we have added purely specific ones - the democratization of public life, social and, accordingly, speech activation of huge segments of the population (with all the ensuing processes in the language itself)

Today, it is important not only to be able to construct one's oral statement, convincingly defending one's own position (naturally, in compliance with the rules of the culture of speech communication), but also to be able to understand someone else's speech and adequately respond to it. Moreover, if during contact communication the listener can to some extent regulate the pace of new information by asking the interlocutor (lecturer) again, asking him to speak more slowly, comment on some not very clear statement, then with distant perception of speech (radio, television) there is no such possibility . The listener is forced to perceive speech at a pace, language design and volume that do not take into account his individual capabilities.

In connection with the foregoing, we recall that “ancient rhetoric, focused mainly on court and ceremonial speeches, was reworked in the Middle Ages, counting mainly on writing letters and sermons, and in the Renaissance and classicism, in relation to any artistic prose”

To the greatest regret, modern rhetoric - in terms of its content and the methods of speech creation used - continues to remain approximately at the same level as it was centuries ago. It does not take into account, firstly, new tasks and historical realities, and secondly, the results of research in related fields of knowledge, for example, linguodidactics data on the temporal characteristics of speech and the optimal duration of texts in various situations and from different sources of information, linguistics data on the specifics lexical and grammatical formulation of thought in certain situations of communication. But such information obtained as a result of scientific research has long been successfully used by specialists in the field of teaching non-native languages.

Can a manual designed to develop the skills of using speech as the main tool, an instrument of influence and obtaining information, not contain information that full-fledged listening (listening and understanding speech) takes 20 minutes for contact and 5-7 minutes for distance communication, and optimal for the listeners is the pace of their own speaking, and it is from here that the need for interphrase pause arises so that during the pause the listeners have time to comprehend the information. In rhetoric manuals, as a rule, only well-known truths about the need to express one’s thoughts “with feeling, sensibly, with arrangement” are given, or it is indicated that “where words fly off too easily and smoothly, be on your guard, because the horse carrying trolley with a load, walks at a slow pace.

Conclusion.

The language of any nation is its historical memory, embodied in the word. Thousand-year-old spiritual culture, the life of the Russian people are reflected in the Russian language, in its oral and written forms, in monuments of various genres - from ancient Russian chronicles and epics to works of modern fiction in a peculiar and unique way. And, therefore, the culture of languages, the culture of the word, appears as an inseparable bond of many, many generations.

The native language is the soul of the nation, its primary and most obvious sign. In the language and through the language, such important features and traits as national psychology, the character of the people, the way of thinking, the original uniqueness of artistic creativity, the moral state and spirituality are revealed.

Emphasizing the spirituality of the Russian language, K. D. Ushinsky wrote: “In their language, the people, over the course of many millennia and in millions of individuals, have combined their thoughts and their feelings. The nature of the country and the history of the people, reflected in the human soul, were expressed in the word. A person disappeared, but the word he created remained an immortal and inexhaustible treasury of the national language ... Inheriting the word from our ancestors, we inherit not only the means to convey our thoughts and feelings, but we inherit these very thoughts and these feelings.

To know the expressive means of the language, to be able to use its stylistic and semantic riches in all their structural diversity - every native speaker should strive for this.

Bibliography

Oganesyan S.S. Culture of speech communication // Russian language at school. No. 5 - 1998

Skvortsov L.I. Language, communication and culture // Russian language at school. No. 1 - 1994

Formanovskaya N.I. Culture of communication and speech etiquette // Russian language at school. No. 5 - 1993

The culture of speech is, first of all, the spiritual culture of a person and the level of his general development as a person; it testifies to the value of the spiritual heritage and cultural heritage of mankind.

We can say that the culture of speech is an expression of love and respect for the native language, which is naturally connected with the history of the native country and its spiritual wealth.

And in addition to the main components of cultural speech - literacy and compliance with the generally accepted norms of the literary language - such language tools as vocabulary, phonetics and style are of decisive importance.

Cultural speech and culture of speech

In order for speech to be truly cultural, it must be not only correct, but also rich, which largely depends on the person's lexical knowledge. To do this, you need to constantly replenish your vocabulary with new words, read works of different stylistic and thematic directions.

It is important to highlight for yourself the keywords of a particular topic, memorize successful and unusual statements and phraseological turns. But in order to most correctly use the vocabulary and expressions, it is necessary to constantly develop both oral and written speech.

With the help of this, the direction of one's own thoughts changes, which are subsequently formed into words. It is necessary to try to find a common language with different people and to allocate for yourself different topics for conversation.

The concept of speech culture

After all, the concept of speech culture is associated not only with linguistic abilities, but also with the general culture of the individual, with her aesthetic and psychological perception of the world and people.

The culture of speech develops in a person a higher level of spirituality and nobility, and this concept is a condition not only for an educated and highly developed person, but also a necessity for any cultured and attentive person.

After all, human speech is the most frequently used and urgently needed way of expressing oneself for a person, and by making his speech richer and more interesting, a person learns to express himself and his opinion more fully.

Human communication

To communicate with other people, it is extremely important to maintain a culture of speech, which in this case consists in politeness, attentiveness, the ability to support any conversation and support the interlocutor.

It is the culture of speech that makes communication easier and freer, because then it becomes possible to express your opinion, and at the same time not offend or offend anyone.

It is also important to note that cultural speech contains not only the spiritual wealth of our ancestors, who created such a wealth of words and expressions, but also a kind of magic and magic of the traditions and customs of the people to whom the language belongs.

Beautiful, well-chosen words contain power, more powerful than any physical force, and this feature of the language has been tested by time.

The level of speech culture partially reflects the way of life of a person, and to a greater extent - the way of life of entire peoples. And it is in our power and ability to correctly use the spiritual and cultural heritage of speech, which, in spite of everything, continues to develop and enrich itself.

Portal for the student. Self-training

What is the culture of speech. Culture of speech and culture of communication

The concept of speech etiquette

Speech etiquette formulas

Starting a conversation and ending it

The main part of the conversation

Situations of speech etiquette

Speech etiquette of our time

Russian speech etiquette in circulation

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