Chronicles were the most remarkable phenomenon of ancient Russian literature. The first weather records date back to the 9th century, they were extracted from later sources of the 16th century. They are very brief: notes in one or two lines.

As a phenomenon on a national scale, chronicle writing appeared in the 11th century. People of different ages became chroniclers, and not only monks. A very significant contribution to the restoration of the history of the annals was made by such researchers as A.A. Shakhmatov (1864-1920) and A.N. Nasonov (1898 - 1965). The first major historical work was the Code, completed in 997. Its compilers described the events of the 9th-10th centuries, ancient legends. It even includes epic court poetry that praised Olga, Svyatoslav and especially Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, in whose reign this Code was created.

Nestor, a monk of the Kiev Caves Monastery, who by 1113 completed his work The Tale of Bygone Years and compiled an extensive historical introduction to it, must be attributed to figures of a European scale. Nestor knew Russian, Bulgarian and Greek literature very well, being a very educated person. He used in his work the earlier Codes of 997, 1073 and 1093, and the events of the turn of the XI-XII centuries. covered as an eyewitness. This chronicle gave the most complete picture of early Russian history and was copied over 500 years. It must be borne in mind that the ancient Russian annals covered not only the history of Russia, but also the history of other peoples.

Secular people were also engaged in writing chronicles. For example, Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh. It was in the composition of the chronicle that such beautiful works of his as “Instruction to Children” (c. 1099; subsequently supplemented, preserved in the list of 1377) have come down to us. In particular, in the "Instruction" Vladimir Monomakh holds the idea of ​​the need to repulse external enemies. In total, there were 83 "paths" - campaigns in which he participated.

In the XII century. chronicles become very detailed, and since they are written by contemporaries, the class and political sympathies of the chroniclers are very clearly expressed in them. The social order of their patrons is traced. Among the largest chroniclers who wrote after Nestor, one can single out the Kyivian Peter Borislavich. The most mysterious author in the XII-XIII centuries. was Daniil the Sharpener. It is believed that he owns two works - "Word" and "Prayer". Daniil Zatochnik was an excellent connoisseur of Russian life, knew church literature well, wrote in a bright and colorful literary language. He said the following about himself: “My tongue was like the reed of a scribe, and my lips were friendly, like the speed of a river. For this reason, I tried to write about the fetters of my heart and broke them with bitterness, as in ancient times they smashed babies against a stone.

Separately, it is necessary to highlight the genre of "walking", describing the travel of our compatriots abroad. Firstly, these are the stories of pilgrims who carried out their “walks” to Palestine and Pargrad (Constantinople), but gradually descriptions of Western European states also began to appear. One of the first was a description of the journey of Daniil, the abbot of one of the Chernigov monasteries, who visited Palestine in 1104-1107, spending 16 months there and participating in the Crusader wars. The most outstanding work of this genre is "Journey Beyond Three Seas" by the Tver merchant Athanasius Nikitin, compiled in the form of a diary. It describes many southern peoples, but mostly Indians. "Walking" A. Nikitin lasting six years took place in the 70s. 15th century

The "hagiographic" literature is very interesting, since in it, in addition to describing the life of canonized persons, a true picture of life in monasteries was given. For example, cases of bribery for obtaining this or that church rank or place, etc., were described. Here we can single out the Kiev-Pechersk Patericon, which is a collection of stories about the monks of this monastery.

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The world-famous work of ancient Russian literature was "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", the date of writing of which is attributed to 1185. This poem was imitated by contemporaries, it was quoted by Pskovians already at the beginning of the 14th century, and after the victory at Kulikovo Field (1380) in imitation of the "Word. ..” was written “Zadonshchina”. "The Word..." was created in connection with the campaign of the Seversk prince Igor against the Polovtsian Khan Konchak. Igor, overwhelmed by ambitious plans, did not unite with the Grand Duke Vsevolod the Big Nest and was defeated. The idea of ​​unification on the eve of the Tatar-Mongol invasion runs through the entire work. And again, as in the epics, here we are talking about defense, and not about aggression and expansion.

From the second half of the XIV century. Moscow chronicle is becoming increasingly important. In 1392 and 1408 Moscow chronicles are being created, which are of an all-Russian character. And in the middle of the XV century. the Chronograph appears, representing, in fact, the first experience of writing world history by our ancestors, and in the Chronograph an attempt was made to show the place and role of Ancient Russia in the world historical process.

The Tale of Bygone Years - It is customary to associate the beginning of Old Russian chronicle writing with a stable general text, which begins the vast majority of chronicles that have come down to our time. The text of The Tale of Bygone Years covers a long period - from ancient times to the beginning of the second decade of the 12th century. This is one of the oldest chronicle codes, the text of which was preserved by the chronicle tradition. In different chronicles, the text of the Tale reaches different years: before 1110 (Lavrentiev and related lists) or until 1118 (Ipatiev and related lists). This is usually associated with repeated editing of the Tale. The chronicle, which is usually called the Tale of Bygone Years, was created in 1112 by Nestor, who is supposedly the author of two well-known hagiographic works - Readings about Boris and Gleb and The Life of Theodosius of the Caves.

Chronicles that preceded the Tale of Bygone Years: the Novgorod I Chronicle preserved the text of the chronicle that preceded the Tale of Bygone Years. The Tale of Bygone Years was preceded by a set, which was proposed to be called the Initial. Based on the content and nature of the presentation of the chronicle, it was proposed to date it to 1096-1099. It was he who formed the basis of the Novgorod I chronicle. Further study of the Primary Code, however, showed that it was based on some kind of chronicle work. From this we can conclude that the basis of the Primary Code was some chronicle compiled between 977 and 1044. The most probable in this interval is considered to be 1037, under which the praise of Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich is placed in the Tale. The researcher suggested calling this hypothetical chronicle work the Most Ancient Code. The narrative in it has not yet been divided into years and was plot. Annual dates were introduced into it by the Kiev-Pechersk monk Nicoya the Great in the 70s of the 11th century. Chronicle Narrative Old Russian

Internal structure: The Tale of Bygone Years consists of an undated "introduction" and annual articles of varying length, content, and origin. These articles may be:

• 1) brief factual notes about a particular event;
• 2) an independent short story;
• 3) parts of a single narrative, spread over different years during the timing of the original text, which did not have a weather grid;
• 4) "annual" articles of complex composition.

The Lviv Chronicle is a chronicle covering events from ancient times to 1560. Named after the publisher N.A. Lvov, who published it in 1792. The chronicle is based on a set similar to the 2nd Sophia Chronicle (in part from the end of the 14th century to 1318) and the Yermolinskaya Chronicle. The Lvov Chronicle contains some original Rostov-Suzdal news), the origin of which may be associated with one of the Rostov editions of the all-Russian metropolitan codes.

The front annalistic code - the annalistic code of the 2nd floor. 16th century The creation of the code lasted intermittently for more than 3 decades. It can be divided into 3 parts: 3 volumes of a chronograph containing a summary of world history from the creation of the world to the 10th century, annals of the "old years" (1114-1533) and annals of the "new years" (1533-1567). At various times, the creation of the code was led by prominent statesmen (members of the Chosen Rada, Metropolitan Macarius, okolnichiy A.F. Adashev, priest Sylvester, clerk I.M. Viskovaty, etc.). In 1570, work on the vault was stopped.

The Lavrentiev Chronicle is a parchment manuscript containing a copy of the chronicle code of 1305. The text begins with The Tale of Bygone Years and brought to the beginning of the 14th century. The manuscript lacks news for 898-922, 1263-1283 and 1288-1294. Code 1305 was a grand princely Vladimir code compiled at a time when the prince of Tver was the grand prince of Vladimir. Mikhail Yaroslavich. It was based on the set of 1281, supplemented with 1282 chronicle news. The manuscript was written by monk Lavrenty in the Annunciation Monastery in Nizhny Novgorod or in the Vladimir Nativity Monastery.

The chronicler of Pereyaslavl-Suzdal is a chronicle monument preserved in one manuscript of the 15th century. titled Chronicler of the Russian Tsars. The beginning of the Chronicler (before 907) is found in another list of the 15th century. But actually the Chronicler of Pereyaslavl-Suzdal covers the events of 1138-1214. The chronicle was compiled in 1216-1219 and is one of the oldest of those that have survived to this day. The Chronicler is based on the Vladimir Chronicle of the beginning of the 13th century, close to the Radziwill Chronicle. This set was revised in Pereslavl-Zalessky with the involvement of local and some other news.

Chronicle of Abraham - all-Russian annals; compiled in Smolensk at the end of the 15th century. It received its name from the name of the scribe Abraham, who rewrote (1495) by order of the Smolensk Bishop Joseph Soltan a large collection, which included this chronicle. The Pskov collection, which united the news of various chronicles (Novgorod 4th, Novgorod 5th, etc.), served as the direct source of the Annals of Abraham. In the Chronicle of Abraham, the most interesting articles are 1446-1469 and legal articles (including Russkaya Pravda), connected with the Chronicle of Abraham.

Chronicle of Nestor - written in the 2nd half of the 11th - early 12th centuries. monk of the Kyiv cave (Pechersk) monastery Nestor chronicle, full of patriotic ideas of Russian unity. It is considered a valuable historical monument of medieval Russia.

"The Tale of Bygone Years" called the oldest chronicle code, which is an integral part of most of the chronicles that have come down to us (and in total about 1500 of them have survived). "Tale" covers events up to 1113, but the earliest list was made in 1377 monk Lavrentiy and his assistants at the direction of the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod prince Dmitry Konstantinovich.

It is not known where this chronicle was written, which was called the Lavrentievskaya after the name of the creator: either in the Annunciation Monastery of Nizhny Novgorod, or in the Nativity Monastery of Vladimir. In our opinion, the second option looks more convincing, and not only because the capital of North-Eastern Russia moved from Rostov to Vladimir.

In the Vladimir Nativity Monastery, according to many experts, the Trinity and Resurrection Chronicles were born, the bishop of this monastery Simon was one of the authors of a remarkable work of ancient Russian literature "Kiev-Pechersk Patericon"- a collection of stories about the life and exploits of the first Russian monks.

It remains only to guess what kind of list from the ancient text the Laurentian Chronicle was, how much was added to it that was not in the original text, and how many losses it suffered - inEvery customer of the new chronicle strove to adapt it to his own interests and discredit opponents, which was quite natural in the conditions of feudal fragmentation and princely enmity.

The most significant gap falls on the years 898-922. The events of The Tale of Bygone Years are continued in this chronicle by the events of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus until 1305, but there are omissions here too: from 1263 to 1283 and from 1288 to 1294. And this despite the fact that the events in Russia before baptism were clearly repugnant to the monks of the newly brought religion.

Another well-known chronicle - Ipatievskaya - is named after the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma, where our remarkable historian N.M. Karamzin discovered it. It is significant that it was again found not far from Rostov, which, along with Kyiv and Novgorod, is considered the largest center of ancient Russian chronicle writing. The Ipatiev Chronicle is younger than the Laurentian Chronicle - it was written in the 20s of the 15th century and, in addition to the Tale of Bygone Years, includes records of events in Kievan Rus and Galicia-Volyn Rus.

Another chronicle worth paying attention to is the Radziwill Chronicle, which first belonged to the Lithuanian Prince Radziwill, then entered the Königsberg Library and, under Peter the Great, finally to Russia. It is a 15th century copy of an older copy from the 13th century. and tells about the events of Russian history from the settlement of the Slavs until 1206. It belongs to the Vladimir-Suzdal chronicles, is close in spirit to the Lavrentiev chronicle, but is much richer framed - it contains 617 illustrations.

They are called a valuable source "for the study of material culture, political symbols and art of Ancient Russia." Moreover, some miniatures are very mysterious - they do not correspond to the text (!!!), however, according to the researchers, they are more in line with historical reality.

On this basis, it was assumed that the illustrations of the Radziwill chronicle were made from another, more reliable chronicle, not subject to corrections by scribes. But we will dwell on this mysterious circumstance later.

Now about the chronology accepted in antiquity. First of all, it must be remembered that earlier the new year began on September 1 and March 1, and only under Peter the Great, from 1700, on January 1. Secondly, the reckoning was carried out from the biblical creation of the world, which happened before the birth of Christ by 5507, 5508, 5509 years - depending on which year, March or September, this event occurred, and in which month: before March 1 or before September 1 . The translation of the ancient chronology into the modern one is a laborious task, therefore special tables were compiled, which are used by historians.

It is generally accepted that chronicle weather records begin in The Tale of Bygone Years from 6360 from the creation of the world, that is, from 852 from the birth of Christ. Translated into modern language, this message reads as follows: “In the summer of 6360, when Michael began to reign, the Russian land began to be called. We learned about this because, under this king, Russia came to Constantinople, as it is written about this in the Greek annals. That is why from now on we will start and put the numbers.

Thus, the chronicler, in fact, established with this phrase the year of the formation of Russia, which in itself seems to be a very dubious stretch. Moreover, starting from this date, he names a number of other initial dates of the chronicle, including, in the entry for 862, Rostov is mentioned for the first time. But does the first annalistic date correspond to the truth? How did the chronicler come to her? Maybe he used some Byzantine chronicle in which this event is mentioned?

Indeed, the Byzantine chronicles recorded the campaign of Russia against Constantinople under Emperor Michael the Third, but the date of this event is not known. To deduce it, the Russian chronicler was not too lazy to give the following calculation: “From Adam to the flood of 2242, and from the flood to Abraham 1000 and 82 years, and from Abraham to the exodus of Moses 430 years, and from the exodus of Moses to David 600 years and 1 year , and from David to the captivity of Jerusalem 448 years, and from the captivity to Alexander the Great 318 years, and from Alexander to the birth of Christ 333 years, from the birth of Christ to Constantine 318 years, from Constantine to the aforementioned Michael 542 years.

It would seem that this calculation looks so solid that checking it is a waste of time. However, historians were not too lazy - they added up the numbers named by the chronicler and got not the year 6360, but 6314! An error of forty-four years, as a result of which it turns out that Russia went to Byzantium in 806. But it is known that Michael the Third became emperor in 842. So puzzle over, where is the mistake: either in a mathematical calculation, or did you mean another, earlier campaign of Russia against Byzantium?

But in any case, it is clear that it is impossible to use The Tale of Bygone Years as a reliable source when describing the initial history of Russia. And it's not just a clearly erroneous chronology. The Tale of Bygone Years has long deserved to be looked at critically. And some independent-thinking researchers are already working in this direction. So, in the journal "Rus" (No. 3-97), an essay by K. Vorotny "Who and when created the Tale of Bygone Years?" » credibility. To name just a few examples...

Why is there no information about the calling of the Varangians to Russia - such an important historical event - in the European chronicles, where this fact would have been drawn attention to? Even N.I. Kostomarov noted another mysterious fact: not a single chronicle that has come down to us mentions the struggle of Russia with Lithuania in the twelfth century - but this is clearly stated in the "Word of Igor's Campaign". Why were our annals silent? It is logical to assume that at one time they were significantly edited.

In this regard, the fate of VN Tatishchev's "History of Russia from Ancient Times" is very characteristic. There is a number of evidence that after the death of the historian, it was significantly corrected by one of the founders of the Norman theory, G.F. Miller, under strange circumstances, the ancient chronicles used by Tatishchev disappeared.

His drafts were later found, in which there is the following phrase:

“The monk Nestor was not well aware of the princes of the Russian old-timers.” This one phrase makes us take a fresh look at the Tale of Bygone Years, which is the basis of most of the chronicles that have come down to us. Is everything in it authentic, reliable, was it not deliberately destroyed those chronicles that contradicted the Norman theory? The real history of Ancient Russia is still not known to us, it has to be restored literally bit by bit.

Italian historian Mavro Orbini in his book " Slavic kingdom”, published back in 1601, wrote:

"The Slavic clan is older than the pyramids and so numerous that it inhabited half the world." This statement is in clear contradiction with the history of the Slavs, set out in The Tale of Bygone Years.

In working on his book, Orbini used almost three hundred sources., of which we know no more than twenty - the rest disappeared, disappeared, or maybe were deliberately destroyed as undermining the foundations of the Norman theory and calling into question the Tale of Bygone Years.

Among other sources used by him, Orbini mentions an annalistic history of Russia that has not come down to us, written by the Russian historian of the thirteenth century Jeremiah. (!!!) Many other early chronicles and works of our primary literature have also disappeared, which would help to answer where the Russian land came from.

A few years ago, for the first time in Russia, the historical study "Sacred Russia" by Yuri Petrovich Mirolubov, a Russian émigré historian who died in 1970, was published. He first drew attention to "boards of Isenbeck" with the text of the now famous Book of Veles. In his work, Mirolyubov cites the observation of another emigrant, General Kurenkov, who found the following phrase in one English chronicle: “Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no dress in it ... And they went across the sea to strangers.” That is, an almost verbatim coincidence with the phrase from The Tale of Bygone Years!

Yu.P. Mirolyubov expressed a very convincing assumption that this phrase got into our chronicle during the reign of Vladimir Monomakh, married to the daughter of the last Anglo-Saxon king Harald, whose army was defeated by William the Conqueror.

This phrase from the English chronicle, which fell into his hands through his wife, as Mirolyubov believed, was used by Vladimir Monomakh to substantiate his claims to the Grand Duke's throne. Court chronicler Sylvester respectively "corrected" Russian chronicle, laying the first stone in the history of the Norman theory. From that very time, perhaps, everything in Russian history that contradicted the “calling of the Varangians” was destroyed, persecuted, hidden in inaccessible hiding places.

Now let's turn directly to the chronicle record for 862, which reports on the "calling of the Varangians" and mentions Rostov for the first time, which in itself seems significant to us:

“In the summer of 6370. They expelled the Varangians across the sea, and did not give them tribute, and began to rule themselves. And there was no truth among them, and generation upon generation stood up, and there was strife among them, and they began to fight with themselves. And they said to themselves: "Let's look for a prince who would rule over us and judge by right." And they went across the sea to the Varangians, to Russia. Those Varangians were called Rus, just as others are called Swedes, and other Normans and Angles, and still other Gotlanders - that's how these were called. Chud Rus, Slavs, Krivichi and all said: “Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no order in it. Come reign and rule over us."

It was from this record that the Norman theory of the origin of Russia sprouted, degrading the dignity of the Russian people. But let's take a closer look at it. After all, it turns out to be nonsense: the Novgorodians expelled the Varangians across the sea, did not give them tribute - and immediately turn to them with a request to own them!

Where is the logic?

Given that our entire history was again ruled in the 17-18 century by the Romanovs, with their German academics, under the dictation of the Jesuits of Rome, the reliability of the current "sources" is not great.

Modern libraries are actively engaged in the study of the past of their region. They traditionally accumulate information from the history of cities and rural settlements: they make albums and folders of newspaper clippings, write down the memories of old-timers who witnessed various memorable events, collect manuscripts, diaries, letters, photographs of fellow countrymen.
At present, many libraries have started writing chronicles of their villages. We hope that the proposed methodological recommendations will help the chroniclers in their work, help in collecting and fixing materials on the history and modern life of the village.

What is a chronicle?

Every cultured person is well aware of the historical works of the 11th-17th centuries, in which the narration was conducted over the years. These chronicles are the most significant monuments of the social thought and culture of Ancient Russia.
Subsequently, the chronicles not only reflected historical information, but also included records of contemporary events for the chronicler over the years.
In our case, the chronicle is a handwritten text of the history and modern life of the village in chronological order.
The chronicle regularly records information about socially significant, extraordinary, political, economic, cultural and community events of this village:

statistics of births, marriages, divorces and deaths;

the total population of the village, the number of schoolchildren, conscripts, pensioners, other statistical information;

various information on the economy, culture, infrastructure of the settlement;

information about institutions and organizations located in the village, significant milestones and achievements in their activities, full names of leaders from the beginning of the activities of institutions and organizations to the present;

labor, combat, educational and other socially significant achievements of the villagers or other persons related to the rural settlement;

decisions of rural and higher administrations and bodies related to the life of the village;

publications in the media on issues related to the history and current situation of a rural settlement;

the most important events in the life of a rural school;

information about events and celebrations celebrated in the village, natural features and phenomena on its territory;

information about employment, folk crafts, hobbies and interests of the villagers;

economic activity of individuals and organizations in the village;

other events, facts, figures and dates of social significance for the area.

Founder of the chronicle, his duties

The founder of the chronicle is the administration of the local self-government body.

Her responsibilities include:

making a decision on the creation of the chronicle and the composition of the team of authors (compilers);

registration of this document;

providing compilers with information that is within the competence of the village administration;

assistance to compilers in collecting information from institutions, organizations and individuals related to this rural settlement;

check the availability of the chronicle as a document of the village administration within the prescribed time limits for the inventory.

The team of authors (compilers), their duties and reporting

The composition of the team of authors (compilers) is approved by the decision of the head of the local government. On a voluntary basis, local historians, representatives of the administration, librarians, teachers, war and labor veterans, villagers, and schoolchildren can enter it. It is advisable to involve local poets, artists, and photographers in compiling the chronicle.
Participants must be prepared in advance for this work - to help master the methodology of independent work with a book and archival sources, to teach them:

work deeper with historical literature;

record the memories of eyewitnesses on various media;

make a correct bibliographic record.

The work will require close contact with local and regional archives, museums, public organizations.
It is very important that the team of authors (compilers) of the chronicle have the opportunity to work with modern technical means: a computer, a scanner, a copier. With their help, any written or printed document, as well as a photo archive, will become available to anyone who wants to see it.
Within the deadlines set by the village administration, the compilers prepare a report on the work done and the prospects for further activities in creating the chronicle.

What is important for a chronicler?

It is fundamentally important for modern creators of the annals of their settlements to observe the principles of ethics and reliability when communicating with people who provide information:

feel responsible for the people they work with and whose lives and cultures they study: avoid moral harm or mistreatment, respect well-being, work for the long-term preservation of artifacts, actively consult with those they study to establish working relationships;

ensure that the research does not harm the safety, dignity or privacy of the people on whom the professional action is being taken;

find out if the persons who provided the information wish to remain anonymous or be known, and do everything to fulfill these wishes. At the same time, they should be warned about the possible consequences of such a choice: despite compliance with the conditions, anonymity may be revealed, and wide recognition may not take place;

Obtain prior consent of study subjects who may be affected by the study. This applies, first of all, to old-timers and veterans of rural settlements;

responsibly and in a timely manner to plan work on the creation of an annals, both now and in the future.

Thus, the modern chronicler is responsible not only to the people whom he touches with his research, but also for the truth of the information that he disseminates and ensures its correct understanding.

How to start work on the annals?

Preparation for the collection and systematization of materials:

preliminary acquaintance with the history of their area and the administrative-territorial position of the village;

a conversation with scientists and researchers involved in local history on the subject of methods for collecting materials and their systematization;

planning.

Study of literature and other information sources:

books, magazines, newspapers;

normative acts;

archives of your village and district;

regional and central archives;

family documents;

testimonies and memoirs of old-timers, settlers.

The structure of the chronicle, the order of its maintenance

The structure of the chronicle is developed by the team of authors (compilers) and approved by the head of the local administration. As a rule, the chronicle consists of two main parts:
1. History of the settlement.
2. Chronicle (chronicle) of the settlement.

In accordance with Russian legislation, the paper version of the rural chronicle, which is registered with the village administration, has the status of a document. All entries in the book are kept with the date of the event, the text of information about the past event.
Sources of information can be official and unofficial, written and oral, presented in the form of photo, video and audio recordings. Each source of information has its own value, degree of reliability and significance. Even a tablet on a grave monument, as a source of information, gives three types of information: date of birth, death and place of burial of a person.
The title page of the chronicle contains information about the modern name of the village, indicating the district, region and time when this document was started.
When the previous book of the annals is completely filled, work continues in the next one. In this case, on the title page of the chronicle, under the name of the settlement, its number is indicated (book 1, book 2, book 3, etc.).
The chronicle is filled in with black ink, even beautiful handwriting, medium-sized letters using various stencils. The text should not contain corrections, strikethroughs. Recordings are made on both sides of the sheet.
Pages are placed in the upper outer corner. Footnotes are given at the bottom of the sheet in smaller handwriting and are separated by a short line from the main text. Footnotes are marked with asterisks.
The value of the collected materials will be increased by the accompanying photo albums, originals (photocopies) of documents, samples of the folklore of the given area, audio and video sequences, separate review and thematic materials, which, due to their large volume, were not included in the text of the chronicle itself. These materials are stored as independent units. It is not allowed to paste photographs, documents, etc. into the chronicle book.

The section "History" contains a literary processed text of the history of the settlement from the moment of its foundation.
It is recommended that the following information be reflected in the historical reference:

the location of the settlement relative to the district center and the railway station;

location on the river bank or remoteness from it;

geographical location, natural and climatic conditions;

date of foundation of the settlement;

founder's name;

name changes;

the origin of the name, the legends associated with it, etc.

Reflection in the annals of modern village life

In the second part of the chronicle, on the second sheet of the chronicle book, the following information is placed: full name, position of the person responsible for maintaining the book, the period in which he kept records.
The chronicle of the modern life of the village begins with a brief overview of its socio-economic and cultural life: area, number of inhabitants, enterprises, organizations, institutions located on the territory of this settlement.
In the center of the line, numbers with the designation of the year of events (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, etc.) are highlighted in large print.
The date of the event is highlighted in red ink and a text-free field.

For example:
January 12 __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
In the upper part of the front side of the sheet, on the first line of the stencil, the year is affixed.
The records are kept in chronological order. At the beginning - events with known dates, at the end of the month - with unknown dates. If the month is unknown, the event is recorded at the end of the year. After that, orders, resolutions of the local administration are listed. Next is a brief statistical review (based on data from authorities, enterprises, institutions, organizations, etc.).
Entries in the chronicle book must be kept regularly (at least once a quarter) in chronological order.

About the electronic version of the annals

Simultaneously with the paper version of the chronicle, if possible, its electronic version is maintained. It should completely duplicate the paper text. Under this condition, the electronic version is a full-fledged author's copy of the annals.
If the paper version is lost, it must be restored on the basis of its electronic copy.
After completion and delivery to the village library of the next book of the annals, its electronic copy is recorded on digital media in two copies and then transferred one copy to the village library and local administration.

Collection and processing of materials

The main sources for creating chronicles are documentary sources obtained from archives and museums.
The collection of materials involves the identification of information about the village from books, collections, magazines, newspapers and various information materials. You need to be prepared for the fact that in many cases information will have to be collected literally bit by bit. It could be a chapter or paragraph from a book, just a few lines in a newspaper article, or one of the dates in a timeline.
The identification of information must begin with the study of the local history fund. Local history bibliographic manuals should be especially carefully studied, first of all, local history manuals prepared by employees of regional (inter-settlement) libraries, as well as publications of regional library centers (“Literature about the Altai Territory”, “Pages from the history of Altai”, etc.). The files of local, regional newspapers and magazines are closely looked through.
In order to fill in the "white spots" in the history of the settlement, to capture the knowledge of fellow villagers about their village with the greatest completeness and bring them to posterity, the local history fund is replenished with unpublished local history documents. These are typewritten and handwritten materials, photographs, archival documents or their copies, documents of local administrations, slides, video and audio recordings, illustrative material. These can be memoirs, diaries, letters, drawings, memoirs of old-timers, migrants, famous or well-known fellow countrymen - natives of the village - marked “from words”. The collection of such material from local residents is carried out on a voluntary basis. Each "contribution" is subject to processing: registration, editing and determining the place of storage in the fund.
Registration of such documents as a storage unit is carried out in a special notebook (book) or on a card. When registering, it is necessary to put down the number, inventory number of the received document, indicate its title, exact name, patronymic and surname of the author, type of document, annotation, method of acquiring the document (donated, discovered by accident, etc.). If this is a copy, then indicate the place where the original is stored, and also refer to the author who compiled the description.
If a link is given to an eyewitness account, then it is necessary to indicate his last name, first name, patronymic, year of birth and address of residence.
Documents are stored in folders. Photos - in envelopes, in a vertical position, each picture separately.

Chronicle - a monument of spiritual culture

Significant assistance in replenishing the historical part of the chronicle can be provided by the use of the Internet, electronic catalogs, full-text databases, etc.
The information presented in the annals refers to materials of high demand. In order to widely popularize the information collected in it and at the same time preserve the original documents, the compilers can propose the creation of printed publications based on these materials.
The information presented on the pages of newspapers, magazines, on radio and television will raise the authority and significance of both the chronicle itself and its creators, and will attract new interested persons to work on the restoration and study of the history of their small Motherland.
The electronic version of the chronicle can be legitimately placed on the Internet, providing access to it to as many people as possible who are interested in this topic.
The created chronicle of the village is not just a listing of historical events. This is a monument of Russian spiritual culture. She is unique.

1. To help the local history work of libraries / Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation; State. Pub. ist. b-ka; comp. E. V. Besfamilnaya. - M., 1992. – 83 p.
2. Zakharova, G. We keep a chronicle / G. Zakharova, E. Zubkova // Chronicles of a local historian. - 2008. - No. 3. - P. 13–16; No. 4. - P. 10–12; No. 5. - P. 13-18.
3. Chronicle of the village: method. recommendations / comp. I. A. Stupko; resp. for issue T. A. Maksoeva; Irkut. region publ. b-ka them. I. I. Molchanov-Sibirsky. - Irkutsk: [b. and.], 1996. - 6 p.
4. Compilation of the chronicle of settlements: (from work experience) / G. N. Reznichenko, L. A. Zakharova; Ryazan. UNB, Starozhylovskaya Central District Hospital. - Ryazan: [b. and.], 2002. - 5 p.
5. Tolkunova, V. Return to the "small motherland": [experience of the department. local historian. Bibliography Vladimir. OUNB] / V. Tolkunova // Library. - 1995. - No. 10. - P. 83–84.
6. Udalova, L. Chroniclers of professional affairs / L. Udalova // Bibliopole. - 2006. - No. 12. - P. 12–14.
7. Churochkin, B. Chronicle art / B. Churochkin // Chronicle of local history. - 2009. - No. 4. - P. 8–21.
8. Shadrina, L. V. In my village - my destiny: (from the experience of local lore. Baklushin activities. Historical local lore. library named after F. F. Pavlenkov Bolshesonov. district) / L. V. Shadrina // To the librarian for implementation in practice. - Perm, 2001. - Issue. 28. – P. 4–20.
9. Chronicles: [Electronic resource] // Access mode: http://interpretive.ru/dictionary
10. Chronicles: [Electronic resource] // Access mode: http://his95.narod.ru/leto.htm

UDC 9(s) + 913
BBC 63.3(2) + 26.891
________________________________________
Production and practical edition
How to make a chronicle of your village: guidelines
Compiled by: L. I. Lukyanova, E. M. Terentyeva
Responsible for the release of L. V. Farafonova
Proofreader M. V. Sigareva
Computer layout by S. N. Arsentiev
Signed for publication on 28.01.2011. Format 60×84 1/16. Conv. oven l. 0.70.
Circulation 1 copy. Order No. 559.
GUK "Altai Regional Universal Scientific Library named after V.I. V. Ya. Shishkov. 656038, Barnaul, st. Youth, 5.
© GUK "Altai Regional Universal Scientific Library. V. Ya. Shishkova

  CHRONICLE(from other Russian summer - year) - a historical genre of ancient Russian literature of the XI-XVII centuries, which is a weather record of events.

The text of the annals is divided into articles corresponding to one year. Replenished over the centuries with more and more news, the chronicles are the most important sources of scientific knowledge about Ancient Russia.

Most often, the compiler or copyist of the chronicle was a learned monk. By order of the prince, bishop or abbot of the monastery, he spent many years writing chronicles. It was customary to start the story about the history of their land from ancient times, gradually moving on to the events of recent years. Therefore, the chronicler relied on the works of his predecessors.

If the compiler of the chronicle had at his disposal not one, but several chronicle texts at once, then he “brought together” (connected) them, choosing from each text what he considered necessary to include in his own work. Often, when mixing and rewriting chronicle texts, they changed a lot - they were reduced or expanded, replenished with new materials. But at the same time, the chronicler tried to convey the text of the predecessors as accurately as possible. The composition or gross distortion of chronicle news was considered a grave sin.

The chronicler considered history to be a manifestation of the will of God, punishing or pardoning people for their deeds. The chronicler saw his task in conveying to the descendants the deeds of God. When describing the events of his time, the chronicler was guided by his own records, memoirs or testimonies of the participants in the events, the stories of informed people, sometimes he could use documents stored in the princely or episcopal archives. The result of this great work was the annalistic code. After some time, this code was continued by other chroniclers or was used in compiling a new code.

The chronicle carried the memory of the past, was a textbook of wisdom. The rights of dynasties and states were substantiated on the pages of chronicles.

Creating a chronicle was not only difficult, but also expensive. Until the appearance in the XIV century. chronicle papers were written on parchment - specially dressed thin skin. There are two known chronicles (Radzivillovskaya and the Facial Code), in which the text is accompanied by colorful miniatures.

The first chronicles in Russia began to be created no later than the 1st floor. XI century, however, only the vaults of the 2nd floor have come down to us. the same century. The center of early chronicle writing was Kyiv, the capital of the Old Russian state, but short chronicles were also kept in other cities. The first chronicle, divided into annual articles, was a code compiled in the 70s. 11th century within the walls of the Kiev Caves Monastery. Its compiler, as researchers believe, was the abbot of this monastery Nikon the Great (? -1088). The work of Nikon the Great formed the basis of another chronicle collection, which arose in the same monastery in the 90s. 11th century In the scientific literature, this collection received the conditional name of the Initial (fragments of the Initial Code were preserved as part of the Novgorod First Chronicle). The unknown compiler of the Primary Code not only supplemented Nikon's code with news in recent years, but also expanded it by attracting chronicle records from other Russian cities, as well as materials, including, presumably, the works of Byzantine chroniclers. The third and most significant monument of early chronicle writing was The Tale of Bygone Years, created in the 10s. 12th century

After the collapse of the Old Russian state, chronicle writing continued in many Russian principalities. The annalistic monuments of the Russian lands of the era of fragmentation differ in their literary style, range of interests, and methods of work. The verbose chronicle of Southern Russia is not at all like the laconic and businesslike Novgorod. And the annals of the North-East are distinguished by their tendency to eloquent philosophizing. Local chroniclers began to close themselves within the boundaries of individual principalities and looked at all events through the prism of the political interests of their prince or city. Princely annals, telling about the life and exploits of one or another ruler, became widespread. Chronicle monuments of this time are the Ipatiev, Novgorod First and Laurentian Chronicles.

Mongol-Tatar invasion of the 30s. 13th century dealt a strong blow to the annals of Russia. In many cities, chronicle writing was interrupted altogether. The centers of chronicle work during this period were the Galicia-Volyn land, Novgorod, Rostov.

In the XIV century. an independent chronicle appeared in Moscow. In this century, the princes of Moscow have become the most powerful rulers in the north-east of Russia. Under their hand, the gathering of Russian lands and the struggle against the Horde dominion began. Along with the revival of the idea of ​​a single state, the idea of ​​an all-Russian chronicle gradually began to revive. One of the first all-Russian annalistic collections of the period of the formation of the Russian state was the Moscow collection of 1408, the initiative to create which belonged to Metropolitan Cyprian. The creator of the code of 1408 drew on chronicle materials from many Russian cities - Tver and Veliky Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod and Ryazan, Smolensk and, of course, Moscow itself. The code of 1408 was preserved in the Trinity Chronicle early. XV century, which died in the Moscow fire of 1812. Unifying ideas also appeared in subsequent Moscow vaults of the XV century. They substantiated the idea that the princes of Moscow are the legitimate sovereigns and heirs of all the lands that previously constituted Kievan Rus. Gradually, the Moscow chronicle became more and more solemn and official. In the XVI century. in Moscow, grandiose in terms of volume chronicle codes were created (Nikon Chronicle, Facial Code, etc.). In them, the Muscovite state was portrayed not only as the successor of Kievan Rus, but also as the heir to the great kingdoms of the past, the only stronghold of the Orthodox faith. Entire artels of scribes, editors, scribes and artists worked on the creation of chronicle vaults in Moscow. At the same time, the chroniclers of that time gradually lost their religious awe before the truth of the fact. Sometimes, when editing, the meaning of chronicle messages changed to the opposite (this was especially true of stories about recent events). Having survived the heyday in the middle. XVI century., Moscow chronicle already in the 2nd half. century has declined. By this time, local chronicle traditions were also interrupted or crushed. The compilation of chronicles continued into the 17th century, but by the 18th century. this genre of historical literature was gradually fading into the past.