The Russian Federation occupies a vast territory and is a major maritime power. The length of its water borders is almost forty thousand kilometers. From the north and east, our country borders only on the seas. They are different in size, depth and salinity level of the water. The possibility of navigation and other ways of using marine resources depend on these characteristics. The Russian Federation owns mainly marginal seas from the basins of three oceans: the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic. They occupy more than eight and a half million square kilometers. And our country carefully monitors the conservation of water resources and fights against their pollution. Even at school, each person gets acquainted with what seas wash Russia. But not all of them are familiar, for example, to residents of the middle lane.

What seas and oceans wash Russia?

The northern water area, which belongs to our country, is part of the Arctic Ocean basin. There are most of the seas. All of them, except Bely, are continental-marginal, and the boundaries between them are marked by islands and archipelagos. What seas wash Russia from the north? These are White, Chukchi, Barents, East Siberian, Laptev and Kara.

The largest and deepest seas washing the shores of our country are the Sea of ​​Japan, the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Bering Sea. They are located in the Pacific Ocean. What seas wash Russia yet? Our country owns several reservoirs of the Atlantic Ocean: Black, Azov and Baltic. These seas are inland.

In addition to these 12 reservoirs, the largest inland sea from the endorheic basin of Eurasia adjoins Russia. It is often called a lake because it does not connect to the ocean. This is the Caspian Sea.

Arctic Ocean Basin

What seas wash the coast of Russia from the north? Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Barents, Chukchi and White seas. These six seas make up the largest group and cover a large area - more than four million square kilometers. All of them are characterized by the fact that they are very small. In addition, they are marginal, because they are separated by islands or archipelagos. In some places it is even impossible to accurately determine the boundary between them. Only the White Sea is located in the depths of the mainland, but in terms of other characteristics it differs little from the rest.

What are the features of the northern seas of Russia?

• they are quite small; the deepest of them is the Laptev Sea; its average depth is about 500 meters;
• the water temperature in these places is very low, even in summer it rarely rises above 10 degrees, so in winter almost the entire surface of the northern seas is covered with ice;
• The economic importance of the Arctic Ocean basin is not very high: white whales, seals and some fish are caught in these waters.

Pacific Basin

From the east, the shores of Russia are washed by three seas: the Bering, the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Sea of ​​Japan. They are warmer than the waters of the Arctic Ocean. In addition, these reservoirs are much larger and deeper. By type, these seas are not quite marginal - they are limited to large islands. And the water exchange between them and the Pacific Ocean occurs through the straits.

By studying the features of these reservoirs, one can answer the question of which of the seas washing Russia is the deepest. This is the largest Bering Sea. Its depth reaches four thousand meters.

But otherwise, it has the same features as other seas of the Pacific Ocean, namely:

• high tides and low tides;
• many storms, strong winds, fogs and even tsunamis;
• perform useful functions: shipping and fishing are developed on these seas.

Atlantic Basin and Caspian

These are the warmest reservoirs in Russia. All three seas of the Atlantic Ocean - the Baltic, Black and Azov - are inland. They are quite small and communicate with the ocean through straits and other seas.

The Caspian Sea generally belongs to the endorheic Eurasian Basin. It is very similar in characteristics to Chernoye and Azov: the same shallow, warm, not very salty and rich in fish. In addition, these seas are widely used for shipping and tourism. The climate of the Baltic is more severe, the coasts are indented. But still, this sea is just as shallow, almost fresh, but rich in fish.

Why know what seas wash Russia?

The water resources of our country are of great economic importance. Russia has access to the seas of three oceans. They give it many advantages: they facilitate economic ties with other countries, provide opportunities for the development of recreation and tourism, and are of great commercial and raw material importance. Information about what seas and oceans wash Russia allows you to learn more about your native country, its economic activities, climatic conditions and tourism opportunities.

"Black and Azov Sea" - Completed by student 7 "A" Osmanova Khadyzha. Most often in the sea there are jellyfish with the names Aurelia and Cornerot. Fauna. Porpoise is a small dolphin up to 150 cm long. Jellyfish. Semi-anadromous species for breeding come from the sea into the rivers. Climate. The breeding period in the rivers and or on the sites usually does not exceed 1-2 months.

"Sea of ​​Azov" - Why did the ancient Greeks call the Kerch Strait the Cimmerian Bosporus? 2. coast of Turkey. Length 10-35 (sometimes up to 50) cm. Volga, Ural, Terek, Kura and others - rivers flowing into the Caspian Lake. Length 1.3-1.8 m. 8 species, mainly in the tropics and subtropics on lakes and sea coasts. Who leaves the coastal part of the sea 11-12 hours before the start of the storm.

"Caspian Sea" - Flora. The salt composition of the waters of the closed Caspian Sea differs from that of the ocean. Ruppia. Many oil and gas fields are being developed in the Caspian Sea. Eeling. The Caspian Sea is also inhabited by a marine mammal - the Caspian seal. Shipping. 3. Fishing and seafood.

"Baltic Sea" - I can contribute to the improvement of the environmental situation in the Baltic Sea. Least approval in Latvia, Lithuania and Russia. In your opinion, what is the average ecological state of the entire Baltic Sea? I influence the state of the ecology of the Baltic Sea. Ways of financing: increase in water fees.

"White Sea" - Temperature regime. 8th grade student Maria Martynova. The shores of the sea (Onega and Kandalaksha bays) are indented by numerous bays and bays. The greatest depth of the sea is 340 meters, the average is 67 meters. Every year for 6-7 months the sea is covered with ice. Relief of the bottom of the sea. White Sea. Main ports: Arkhangelsk, Severodvinsk, Onega, Belomorsk, Kandalaksha, Kem, Mezen.

"Sea of ​​Russia" - Caspian Lake-Sea Baikal Ladoga Onega. Baltic Sea Black Sea. Lakes of Russia. Lake Kopytko is a favorite vacation spot for residents and guests of our city. Seas of the Pacific Ocean. Seas, lakes and rivers of Russia. Rivers of Russia. Seas of the Arctic Ocean. Seas of the Atlantic Ocean. Rivers Ust - Labinsk - Kuban and Laba.

In total there are 9 presentations in the topic

Sea- a part of the ocean with its own regime, formed under the influence of local conditions and free or difficult water exchange with adjacent oceanic (marine) areas. The sea directly or through the straits communicates with them and is separated from them by ridges of islands and underwater rises (thresholds). The main feature of the sea is its inherent hydrometeorological conditions.

The main features of the seas

The sea is a regional complex natural object. Unlike the ocean, whose nature is determined mainly by planetary processes, the main features of the sea, due to its smaller than oceanic dimensions, are formed under the influence of regional factors. Of these, the most significant are: geographical location, the degree of isolation of the sea from neighboring basins, river runoff, and water circulation. The main features of the sea include the presence of a basin (depression), a threshold that separates it from the adjacent areas of the ocean or another sea (although there are seas without these features), and independent circulation of water.

The basin of the sea, in which all oceanological processes take place, usually has a more or less developed shelf and continental slope. The oceanic bed is found only in very deep (more than 2000 m) seas. The bottom of shallow seas with depths up to 200-300 m is the shelf, and deep (up to 2000-2500 m) - the underwater margin or foot of the mainland.

The sea is separated from the adjacent waters by the shores of the continents, islands or underwater rapids in the straits. The wider the sea is open towards the ocean, the more it is subject to its influence, which affects the climatic and hydrological indicators of the sea. Thus, the Barents Sea differs markedly from the Siberian seas located to the east of it. It is heated by warm Atlantic waters, and most of it does not have a permanent ice cover. Novaya Zemlya prevents the penetration of warm Atlantic waters into the Siberian seas. The same island, as well as the Svalbard and Franz Josef Land archipelagos, block the access of the ice of the Arctic Ocean to the Barents Sea.

The more complex the connection between the sea and the ocean, the stronger the dependence of the natural features of the sea on local conditions - climate and physical and geographical features of the adjacent land. Thus, the White Sea, surrounded by land on almost all sides, is more severe than the Barents Sea, located to the north and freely connected with the ocean. The Sea of ​​Okhotsk lies south of the Bering, but colder than it, since the first of them deeply protrudes into the region of the Asian continent, which is strongly cooled in winter, and is "covered" from the warm Pacific waters by the cold Kamchatka current.

The nature and volume of water exchange between the sea and neighboring basins depend on the width and depth of the straits that connect the sea with adjacent areas. The threshold in the strait, hindering water exchange, increases the isolation of the sea, which in turn affects its hydrological conditions. Thus, the Sea of ​​Japan is isolated from the deep Pacific waters. For this reason, the water temperature in the deep layers of the Sea of ​​Japan is low. Despite the position close to the subtropics, this sea is the coldest of all the seas washing the Far Eastern coast of Russia.

The depth of the threshold to a certain extent determines the features of the vertical structure of the waters in the sea, its difference from the structure of the adjacent regions of the ocean. So, in the Sulu Sea, the depth of the threshold of the deepest strait is 400 m. Ocean water enters the sea with characteristics characteristic of a 400 m horizon (temperature 10.5 °, salinity 34.45-34.47‰). These indicators are observed in the sea from the horizon of 400 m to the bottom (the greatest depth of the sea is 5500 m). True, such conditions are created only in the seas, where convective mixing does not capture the deep layers. If in a separate sea the density mixing penetrates to the bottom, then its own water mass is formed in it.

The most complete definition of the concept of "water mass" belongs to A.D. Dobrovolsky (1961): “A water mass should be called a certain relatively large volume of water that forms in a certain area of ​​the World Ocean - the focus, the source of this mass, which has for a long time an almost constant and continuous distribution of physical, chemical and biological characteristics that make up a single complex and spreading as a whole. The main indicators of the water mass are its temperature and salinity, although some other hydrochemical characteristics are often used, for example, the amount of dissolved oxygen.

The structure of the waters of the seas is formed by various geographical types of water masses, which are formed under the influence of regional climatic factors.

Continental runoff is one of the most important factors determining the hydrological features of the sea. Its influence is most noticeable and varied in seas isolated from the World Ocean and in seas with severely limited water exchange. Thus, due to the large river runoff, the salt composition of the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea differs from the oceanic one in an increased content of carbonates and a reduced concentration of chlorides. To a lesser extent, this is also characteristic of the Black and Azov Seas (see Table).

Salt composition of the World Ocean, inland seas and river waters (% same)
And he	Ocean	Black Sea	Sea of ​​Azov	Caspian Sea	Aral Sea	River waters of Russia
Na++K+	39,5	39,1	39,0	32,2	29,6	10,6
Ca 2+	1,7	2,0	2,2	3,8	7,6	28,6
Mg2+	8,8	8,9	8,8	14,0	12,8	11,0
Cl - + B - 2	45,2	44,8	44,5	34,7	29,1	8,4
SO-4	4,6	4,7	4,8	14,6	19,6	10,6
HCO-3	0,2	0,5	0,7	0,7	1,3	30,8

Getting into the sea, river water reduces the salinity not only of the estuarine areas, but also of spaces that are significantly remote from them. At a salinity less than 24.7‰, the water temperature at the highest density is higher than its freezing point. Such waters are called brackish, and the seas are called brackish waters, respectively. These include the Caspian, Black, Baltic Seas. In areas with a strong influence of river runoff, other things being equal, ice formation begins earlier than in water areas with “marine” salinity (greater than 24.7‰).

With a larger volume of runoff, the water level at the estuarine seaside slightly rises, and a runoff current is formed. For example, in the Kara Sea, abundant continental runoff (mainly the Yenisei and Ob rivers) forms a layer of water about 1.5 m thick, which creates a steady flow along the coast of Taimyr to the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago.

A significant difference in the salinity of freshened and underlying sea waters determines the greater vertical stability of the water layers, which makes it difficult for them to mix.

Despite natural differences, the seas show common features of water circulation, which are more or less influenced by local factors. In all seas, as a result of the influence of atmospheric pressure and wind, wind currents are formed in the surface layers. Due to the small size of the seas in relation to the scale of atmospheric dynamic processes, coasts have a strong influence on wind currents. Bends of the coastline, protruding far into the sea, deflect the current from the direction of the wind.

In the coastal zone of many seas, there is usually some rise in level compared to open spaces, which contributes to the development of cyclonic circulation in the upper layers in the Northern Hemisphere. Depending on the local features of the sea, the circulation of water is characterized by varying stability, intensity, speed of movement of water, etc. In some areas, the main streams branch, and local eddies are formed, which have different sizes and lifetimes.

In shallow, significantly separated seas, currents on the surface change quite rapidly in time and are determined by the synoptic situation over the sea.

The circulation of waters in the seas, widely and freely connected with the ocean, depends not only on the action of the wind, but also on ocean currents. Water exchange through the straits significantly affects the nature of the circulation of waters even of large seas. The movement of sea waters is greatly influenced by tides, which in some cases even change the direction of the prevailing water transport.

Brief description of sea waters

The territory of the Russian Federation is washed by the waters of 12 seas belonging to three oceans, as well as the waters of the inland Caspian Sea.

The total length of the country's maritime borders is estimated at more than 44 thousand km. The total area of ​​the sea area falling under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation is at least 7 million km2. At the same time, 60% of the total river flow enters the marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean. In table. 2.21 provides a description of the seas washing the territory of Russia.

Table 2.21. Characteristics of the seas washing the territory of the Russian Federation

	Area, thousand km 2	Volume, thousand km 3	Depths, average/max., m	Runoff, km 3 /year	Inflowing rivers	Characteristics
Arctic Ocean Basin
Barents					Pechora, Indiga	Communication with the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, narrow straits - with the Kara Sea
					Northern Dvina, Onega, Mezen, Niva	Communication with the Barents Sea through the Gorlo Strait, the White Sea-Baltic Canal - with the Baltic, the Volga-Baltic Waterway - with the Azov, Caspian and Black Seas
					Ob, Yenisei, Pyasina, Pur, Taz, Taimyr	The Vilkitsky, Shokalsky, Red Army straits communicate with the Laptev Sea; communication with the central basin of the Arctic is open, wide
Laptev					Khatanga, Anabar, Olenyok, Lena, Yana	The Straits of Sannikov, Eterikan and Dmitry Laptev communicate with the East Siberian Sea; communication with the central basin of the Arctic is open, wide
East Siberian					Indigirka, Alazeya, Kolyma, Big Chukochya	The Long Strait communicates with the Chukchi Sea, is open to the north and has extensive connections with the Arctic Basin
Chukchi					Amguema, Kamchatka	Wide connection with the Arctic Basin
Pacific Basin
Beringovo					Anadyr and Velikaya	Coastline 13300 km, open connection with the Pacific Ocean, with the waters of the Arctic basin - through the narrow Bering Strait
Okhotsk					Cupid, Hunt	Coastline 10444 km. Through 19 Kuril straits it communicates with the Pacific Ocean, through the relatively shallow (up to 100 m) Laperouse and Tatar straits - with the Sea of ​​Japan
Japanese						It is connected with the Sea of ​​Okhotsk by the Nevelskoy and La Perouse straits, with the Pacific Ocean by the Tsugaru Strait and with the East China Sea by the Korea Strait.
Atlantic Ocean basin
Baltic						The length of the coastline in the Leningrad region is about 350 km, Kaliningrad - 160 km. Connection to the Atlantic Ocean via the North Sea
					Danube, Dniester, Dnipro	The length of the coastline is 4090 km, within Russia - about 500 km. Connection by the Kerch Strait with the Sea of ​​Azov, the Bosphorus Strait - with the Sea of ​​Marmara, with the Atlantic Ocean - through the Sea of ​​Marmara and the Mediterranean
inland seas
Caspian					Volga, Ural, Terek, Kura, Sulak	The length of the coastline is about 7 thousand km, within Russia - 695 km
Azov					In the north-east: Wet Elanchik, Mius, Sambek, Don, Kagalnik, Wet Chuburka, Eya; in the southeast: Protoka, Kuban	Deeply cut into the land. The territory of Russia includes mainly the eastern part of the sea

About 60% of the total runoff of the country's rivers enters the marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean. The total catchment area of ​​the marine basins of this ocean in Russia is about 13 million km 2, or almost three-quarters of the state's territory.

In table. 2.22 presents the water balance for Russia as a whole and in the context of the basins of some seas.

Table 2.22. Water balance in Russia as a whole and in the context of the basins of some seas

	Elements of water balance						Runoff coefficient
	volume, km 3
			evaporation			evaporation
Beloe, Barents (F = 1192 thousand km 2) *
Kara (F = 6579 thousand km 2) *
Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi (F = 5048 thousand km2)*
Bering, Okhotsk, Japanese (F = 3269 thousand km 2)
In Russia

* Excludes major islands in the Arctic Ocean.

Sea water quality

Eutrophication of marine and coastal ecosystems is a new and unexpected problem that no one suspected 30 years ago. Today it has become obvious that the increase in toxic phytoplankton occurs with increasing intensity. Strong eutrophication is observed in closed and semi-enclosed seas, for example, in the Black Sea. Since the Stockholm conference, changes in natural sedimentation have become one of the main threats to the inhabitants of coastal ecosystems. Urbanization processes lead to an increase in the areas of residential and industrial areas, which, in turn, can lead to a change in natural sediment flows.

According to observations made by organizations of the system of Roshydromet and the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, as well as monitoring of the state of the geological environment of the continental shelf (GMGSSH) of the North-West of Russia, carried out by the Center for Monitoring the Geological Environment of the Shelf FGUNPP "Sevmorgeo" at federal test sites in the waters of the Barents, White and Baltic Seas quality marine ecosystems are assessed as follows.

Arctic Ocean Basin

Barents Sea

In general, the geoecological situation has retained its features compared to 2006. The conducted geological and geophysical studies made it possible to state that in the Barents Sea, despite the intense technogenic load, the upper horizons of the geological environment (bottom sediments and Quaternary formations of the Holocene age) are practically not disturbed. There is no pollution in most of the water area, and before the start of the stage of exploitation of oil and hydrocarbon raw materials on the Barents Sea shelf, it comes to the disposal of oilmen in a state close to its original appearance.

According to measurements in 2007 in Pechora Sea, in contrast to 2006, the content of this type of pollutant in the near-bottom water layer increased, which reflects an increase in the pressure on the marine environment during the development of the Varandey onshore oil field (Fig. 2.11).

Rice. 2.11. Changes in the average content of heavy metals in the bottom water of the Pechora Sea in 2001-2007, mg/l

In bottom sediments, as well as in near-bottom waters, in 2007 the content of heavy metals increased and practically approached the level of the approximate permissible concentration (Fig. 2.12).

Rice. 2.12. Change in average concentrations of heavy metals in the bottom sediments of the Pechora Sea in 2002-2007, mg/g

The specific activities of the technogenic radionuclide cesium-137 are at the background level, and the increased values ​​at stations 570 and 574 are determined by the higher content of the clay fraction in the bottom sediments.

Pollution of the Kola Bay is formed under the influence of the runoff of large rivers, as well as industrial and domestic wastewater coming from 40 enterprises, cities and towns located on the banks of the bay. The largest volume of effluents comes from enterprises and vessels of the fishing fleet, the ministries of defense, transport and municipal services.

The oxygen regime in the bay is satisfactory, the content of dissolved oxygen in the 0-bottom layer varied within 8.63-13.30 mgO 2 /dm 3 . Saturation of waters with oxygen is good - 89-123% (2007). At the same time, the pH of sea waters fluctuated within 6.43-8.06. The value of total alkalinity in the waters of the bay increases in the direction from south to north as salinity increases. Alkalinity increases with depth, which is determined by the predominance of sea waters and a decrease in the influence

The Kola Bay is at the same time a place of unloading of the land water system, an area of ​​intensive navigation, a location of a number of large civil and military ports and small parking lots.

A threatening source of oil pollution is sea transportation, which is growing due to the redistribution of transportation volumes and an increase in oil production in the Arctic regions.

In the waters of the Kola Bay, especially in the waters of ports, the presence of an oil slick can be visually constantly detected.

Receipt of oil products with wastewater, according to incomplete reports of enterprises, in the period 2002-2007. decreased from 58 to 28 tons/year, but in addition to organized discharge, there is constant pollution of the bay from a large number of ships and various floating facilities. With a formal reduction in the flow of petroleum hydrocarbons with wastewater, their concentration in the waters of the bay tends to increase, increasing from 0.06 mg/dm 3 in 2003 to 0.35 mg/dm 3 in 2005.

A slight increase in the concentrations of a number of heavy metals in the western part of the Murmansk Trench is associated with their drift with the North Cape Current from Norway and England. The increase in the concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in bottom sediments can be unequivocally associated with the increasing intensity of tanker transportation of petroleum products.

Relative to the background values ​​of the selected heavy metals for the Barents Sea, the bottom sediments of the Kola Bay are significantly more polluted. The highest KPH values ​​above 2.0 were found in the area of ​​the commercial and fishing ports of Murmansk (stations 510, 511).

For the first time in the history of observations, the change in the average content of heavy metals in the bottom water (mg/l) of the Kola Bay turned out to be below the MPC, which clearly indicates a decrease in the level of pollution by heavy metals in the water column due to a decrease in the discharge of untreated wastewater. However, this reduction is achieved mainly by reducing the content of zinc and lead.

White Sea. High and extremely high levels of water pollution in the Dvina Bay were not observed during the observation period.

According to the results of hydrochemical surveys of the Dvina Bay, the oxygen regime was satisfactory. The content of oxygen dissolved in water averaged 9.48 mg/l with a range of concentration fluctuations of 6.58-11.20 mg/l. The saturation of the water masses of the bay with oxygen varied within 62-100%, the minimum value (62%) was recorded in June at station No. 12 at a depth of 10 m. Compared to the previous year, the oxygen regime did not change significantly.

Water pollution with oil products was insignificant. The average concentration was 0.03 mg/L. The maximum concentration of 0.19 mg/l (3.8 MPC) was determined in June at station No. 16 in the bottom water layer. Compared to the previous year, the level of pollution of the waters of the Dvina Bay with oil products has slightly decreased. The average content of nitrites was 1.0 μg/l; no excess of MPC for nitrites was noted. The maximum concentration, 3.5 µg/l, was recorded in June at station No. 19 in the bottom water layer.

The results of observations in the White Sea confirmed the earlier conclusion that the geological environment of this sea basin is one of the most favorable in the North-West of Russia. The most unfavorable in terms of the manifestation of exogenous processes, including pollution of bottom waters and bottom sediments, are:

The apex of the Kandalaksha Bay, where polymetallic anomalies have been found in bottom sediments, which may be associated with mineralization on the adjacent shores of the Kola Peninsula. The appearance of anomalous values ​​of strontium can be considered characteristic, which is most likely associated with the transshipment of apatite in the Kandalaksha port. This is evidenced by the spatial relationship of these anomalies, the complex nature of the anomalies, where there are also elevated concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons and a number of heavy metals.

The mouth of the Northern Dvina, where a powerful marginal filter in its delta, retains most of the pollutants that accumulate in the interisland channels. Excessive masses of phenols enter the sea proper, forming distinct jet anomalies from the mouth to the central part of the basin. Elevated concentrations of other elements were not found within the delta front of the Northern Dvina.

In the Kandalaksha Bay, it was possible to document the fact of groundwater infiltration into the bottom layer of the sea basin. This indicates a wider than previously thought development of water exchange processes in water areas with underground horizons.

In general, the nature of the White Sea ecosystem retains its stability and, in terms of pollution, it is much cleaner than the Baltic Sea, including the Gulf of Finland, as well as certain areas of the Barents Sea. The content of oil products in the bottom waters of the White Sea is low (Fig. 2.13).

Rice. 2.13. Changes in the content of oil products in bottom water in the central part of the White Sea in 2001-2007, mg/l

The presence of an increased level of water pollution by phenols at the outlet of the Kandalaksha Bay (station 306) and above the Solovetsky Islands indicates the impact of municipal runoff (Fig. 2.6.4).

Rice. 2.6.4. Changes in the content of phenols in bottom water in the central part of the White Sea in 2005-2007, mg/l

In contrast to the increased average level of pollution by oil products of the entire White Sea, due to high values ​​in the Onega, Dvina and Kandalaksha bays, in the central part in 2007 a decrease in the level of pollution is observed.

In this part of the White Sea in 2007, a decrease in the level of phenol pollution of bottom waters was observed.

The most polluted waters with heavy metals and oil products are observed at the exit from the Kandalaksha Bay and in the central part of the White Sea. Pollution of bottom sediments with oil products is significantly below the minimum allowable level (MRL).

Laptev sea. In 2007, the monitoring of the degree of pollution of sea waters on the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in the system of Roshydromet and Rosvodresursy was not carried out.

On the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), observations of the waters of the Neelov Bay (Laptev Sea) are carried out, but not as sea waters, but as a surface water body (reservoir).

Sea of ​​Okhotsk. In 2007, there were no observations of the degree of pollution of sea waters in the territory of the Magadan region in the system of Roshydromet and Rosvodresursy.

Japanese Sea. The coastal waters of the sea are characterized by a high level of oil pollution, exceeding the MPC by 10 or more times. The level of pollution of sea waters with oil products increased compared to 2006 in the Golden Horn Bay (from 3.2 to 4.8 MPC), in Diomede Bay (from 2.4 to 4.2 MPC), in the Eastern Bosporus Strait (from 2 up to 3 MPC), in the Amur Bay (from 1.2 to 3.6 MPC). In Ussuriysky Bay and Nakhodka Bay, OHC pollution remained at the 2006 level and exceeded the MPC by 1.4 times. The excess of MPC by petroleum hydrocarbons was observed in 87.5% of the samples of the Eastern Bosporus Strait; in 96% - Golden Horn bays; in 93.8% - Diomede bays; in 99.2% - in the Amur Bay; 38.9% - in the Ussuriysky Bay and 95.1% - in the Nakhodka Bay. Compared to the previous year, there was an increase in the average annual concentrations of pesticides: DDE - 2 times in the Golden Horn Bay and 6 times in the Nakhodka Bay, DDD - 2 times in the Golden Horn and Diomede Bays, the East Bosphorus Strait, Nakhodka Bay and 5 times in the Ussuriysky Bay, DDT - 1.8 times in the Golden Horn Bay and in the Ussuriysky Bay. In the Amur Bay, the average annual concentrations of DDT increased by 3 times.

According to the results of a comprehensive assessment and individual hydrochemical indicators, in 2007 the quality of the waters of the Amur Bay and Diomid Bay deteriorated. The quality of the waters of the Diomede Bay moved from class IV "polluted" to class V "dirty", and the quality of the Amur Bay - from class III "moderately polluted" to class IV "polluted".

The water quality of the Ussuriysky Bay and the Nakhodka Bay has not changed and belongs to the III class "moderately polluted". The quality of the waters of the Eastern Bosporus Strait still belongs to the class IV "polluted", and the Zolotoi Rog bays - to the V class "dirty". The water pollution index of the Eastern Bosporus Strait and the Golden Horn Bay increased compared to 2006.

Atlantic Ocean basin

Baltic Sea. The Russian part of the Baltic Sea is divided by natural and artificial barriers into the upper (Neva Bay) and lower (eastern part of the Gulf of Finland) regions. These areas differ significantly in abiotic conditions and structural and functional characteristics of the ecosystem.

Neva Bay- the shallowest and desalinated part of the Gulf of Finland. Hydrochemical and hydrophysical properties of water are determined by the influence of the river runoff. Neva and economic activities on the coastal territory. The salinity of the water north of the Sea Canal was 0.07%. During 2007, in the eastern part of the Neva Bay near the southwestern coast of Vasilievsky Island, hydrotechnical work was carried out to reclamate a new territory for the construction of the Marine Passenger Terminal. As a result of hydrotechnical works related to the alluvium of a new territory, in the Neva Bay to the north and south of the Sea Canal, the transparency of the water has sharply decreased (in May-October 2007, in most cases, the transparency of the water in the larger area of ​​the Neva Bay was only 0.3- 0.1m). The effect of these hydrotechnical works on the decrease in transparency and increase in water turbidity extended to the shallow zone of the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland. Pollution of the water area of ​​the Neva Bay with heavy metals is determined to the greatest extent by the excess of MPC with copper, zinc and manganese. High BOD5 values ​​were recorded in the southern resort area. The average concentration for the year was 4.04 mgO 2 /dm 3 . The highest values ​​of BOD 5, which exceeded the normative value by more than two times, were recorded in July and October. The content of total (dissolved) phosphorus was significantly lower than in previous years. The average concentration of total phosphorus for the entire water area of ​​the Neva Bay was 9 µg/dm 3 (414 samples). This may be due to the fact that in 2007 large-scale hydrotechnical work was carried out in the Neva Bay with the removal of soil and the formation of a large amount of suspended particles, on which a significant amount of dissolved phosphorus was sorbed. In 2006-2007 The waters of the Neva Bay are characterized as “moderately polluted”, III class, according to the WPI value (1.56).

The greatest negative changes in the geological environment in 2007 occurred in the Neva Bay during the creation of a new harbor for the passenger terminal in front of Vasilyevsky Island. A sharp increase in the amount of suspended material was recorded here, which led to a decrease in oxygen in the bottom water layer and an increase in the total mineralization of waters;

In 2007, the upward trend in the level of pollution of bottom sediments by oil products continued (almost 2.5 times higher than the MPC). The level of concentrations of oil products in the bottom waters slightly decreased compared to 2006, but it was below the MPC, i.e. there was practically no pollution.

Construction sands and iron-manganese nodules are mined in the Russian part of the Gulf of Finland. The negative impact of these processes is the formation of large volumes of suspended matter in the aquatic environment during their extraction, and, as a result, the contamination of vast shelf areas with heavy metals and other pollutants.

There is a significantly higher level of pollution by the specific activity of cesium 137 of the bottom sediments of the Gulf of Finland relative to other seas of the north-west of Russia. At st. 93 (to the north of Moshchny Island), an absolute anomaly of 1150 Bq/kg remains from year to year, which is the "Chernobyl trace".

AT Curonian Lagoon during the entire period of research, the oxygen content was within the normal range (7.3-12.9 mg/l). Significant fluctuations in the concentration of ammonium nitrogen (0.011-0.915 mg/l) were noted. Nitrate nitrogen concentrations did not exceed MPC. The content of oil products in the surface layer varied from 0 to 0.2 mg/l; detergents (surfactants) - from 0 to 0.07 mg/l. In 2007, the most polluted areas of the Curonian Lagoon were the southwestern and southeastern ones.

Kaliningrad (Vistula) Bay- Russian and Polish parts of the bay, respectively. The waters of the Kaliningrad Bay are more exposed to the action of sea waters than the waters of the Curonian Lagoon. At the mouth of the river Pregoly there were cases of high and extremely high water pollution. The concentration of nitrite nitrogen varied in the range of 0.011-0.024 mg/l. The content of nitrate nitrogen did not exceed the MPC level. The concentrations of ammonium nitrogen varied from 0.013 to 2.4 mg/l. The content of detergents in the water for the entire observation period ranged from 0.029 to 0.23 mg/l. In the Kaliningrad Bay, the most polluted areas are the mouth of the Pregol River and the northeastern part of the bay, the hydrochemical regime of which is significantly affected by the waters of the Pregol River. The water at the mouth of the Pregol River and the northeastern part of the bay is characterized as "dirty" and "very dirty", in the rest of the bay - as "conditionally clean" and "clean".

Black Sea. In 2007, observations were made of the quality of the marine environment in the area of ​​deep-sea outlets in the Anapa-Adler section. The monitoring results showed that the concentrations of pollutants in sea water did not exceed the MPC. The impact of discharges from deep-sea outlets on the quality of the marine environment has not been identified.

inland seas

Caspian Sea. In the coastal regions of the Republic of Dagestan, observations were made near the cities of Makhachkala, Kaspiysk, Izberbash, Derbent, in the mouth sections of the Terek, Sulak, Samur rivers, as well as in the open part of the Middle Caspian in the section from about. Chechen to the Mangyshlak peninsula. The average content of petroleum hydrocarbons (OH) in all surveyed areas varied within 0.4-1.6 MPC. The maximum concentration was recorded in the area of ​​the city of Kaspiysk. Average concentrations of ammonium nitrogen did not exceed 1 MPC, phenols - 1.0-6.0 MPC. In 2007, the seaside waters of the river. The Terek was assessed as "moderately polluted", in the area of ​​the cities of Makhachkala, Derbent, Kaspiysk, Izberbash, the seaside of the Sulak and Samur rivers - "polluted".

Sea of ​​Azov. In 2007, pollution of the waters and bottom sediments of the Sea of ​​Azov was the lowest since 1998, approximately at the level of 1995. The most polluted are coastal waters in areas of active economic activity and the mouths of inflowing rivers.

The average value of salinity in the Russian part of the Azov Sea was 6.63 0 / 00 - at the level of 2006. In the Kerch Strait, the average annual salinity was 11.86 0/00.

The average annual values ​​of dissolved oxygen at observation points in 2007 varied within 5.52-9.47 mg/dm 3 . One of the main problems was an episodic sharp decrease in the oxygen content in the water (on average for the Sea of ​​Azov - more than 20%). In the eastern part of the Taganrog Bay, as the most shallow water area, it led to "excessive phenomena" of fish. Such a low oxygen content was due to extremely high temperatures in summer.

The main amounts of biogenic pollution enter watercourses with domestic wastewater, as well as in the form of surface runoff from the territories of agricultural facilities and settlements. Municipal wastewater is highly enriched in phosphorus, and this is the main reason for the local accumulation of labile phosphorus compounds in areas where people and animals are concentrated. Excessive input of phosphorus into the environment causes algae bloom, which affects not only the organoleptic properties of water, but also greatly worsens the oxygen regime of the reservoir after their mass death.

In 2007, practically in all areas of the sea, a decrease in the content of phosphates was noted, with the exception of the Eastern region of the Taganrog Bay, where an increase in concentration was noted due to the introduction of phosphates by the river flow of the Don (in the delta, concentrations of phosphates were noted - 2-3 MPC). At a distance of 10-15 km from the delta, concentrations decrease and do not exceed the MPC standard for phosphate phosphorus.

The decrease in the content of phosphate phosphorus in the water of the Sea of ​​Azov is associated with its consumption by aquatic organisms, as well as the transition to bottom sediments during the formation of insoluble forms. At present, human economic activity is the dominant factor in the formation of river runoff by phosphate compounds.

The average annual concentration of oil products in the Sea of ​​Azov has significantly decreased compared to 2006 in all areas; over the past 3 years, the MPC standard has not been exceeded.

Excesses of maximum allowable concentrations (1.2-2.0 MPC) in the Sea of ​​Azov were recorded episodically for nickel, vanadium and molybdenum.

The average annual concentrations for almost all ingredients (including those exceeding MPCs) decreased compared to previous years of observations.

In 2007, the water pollution index (WPI) decreased in most sections due to a decrease in the concentrations of oil products and most heavy metals.

Water areas near large settlements (the cities of Taganrog, Yeysk, Primorsko-Akhtarsk, Temryuk) are subject to the greatest anthropogenic impact. This is due to the removal of pollution from the waters of rivers and estuaries contaminated with discharges from rice paddies, the flow of runoff from adjacent fields and sewage from sea and fish ports, fish factories, as well as the removal of pollution from storm waters of residential areas of cities and towns. In 2007, coastal waters near large settlements of the Azov region were of 3 quality classes - “moderately polluted”.

Presentation on the topic "The seas washing the borders of Russia" in geography for schoolchildren. Consists of twenty-eight slides. Author - Ishmuratova Liliya Malikovna

Fragments from the presentation:

Goals and objectives:

• Get acquainted with the features of the seas and oceans washing the territory of Russia
• Consider the natural resources of the seas of Russia and the environmental problems of the seas

Arctic Ocean

Characteristics of the seas of the Arctic Ocean

• All seas are marginal, except for the White
• All seas are located on the continental shelf, so they are shallow
• The salinity of the seas is below the oceanic
• The climate of the seas is harsh, only part of the Barents Sea does not freeze
• The Northern Sea Route passes through the seas of the Arctic Ocean - the shortest route from the Baltic Sea to Vladivostok
• Ice moves under the influence of winds and currents in a clockwise direction - it drifts. Ice collide, forming heaps of ice - hummocks

Pacific Ocean

Characteristics of the seas of the Pacific Ocean

• All the seas of the Pacific Ocean are marginal and are separated from the ocean by a chain of islands.
• All have significant depths, since they have almost no shelf zone
• The seas are located in the zone of the Pacific Ring of Fire, in the area of ​​​​the boundaries of the lithospheric plates, therefore tsunamis are frequent here, and volcanoes along the coasts, the coasts of the seas are mountainous
• The nature of the Bering and Okhotsk Seas is harsh. The seas freeze, and in summer the water temperature is not higher than +12C. Only the southernmost one, the Sea of ​​Japan, does not freeze. Typhoons and severe storms are frequent here. The Sea of ​​Okhotsk has the highest tides in Russia

Atlantic Ocean

Characteristics of the seas of the Atlantic Ocean

• All seas are internal, that is, they are connected to the ocean by narrow straits and are surrounded on all sides by land
• Deep - the Black Sea (maximum depth - 2210 m), and Azov - the shallowest sea in Russia - the greatest depth is 15 m, the average is 5-7 m.
• The Black Sea is located in a tectonic basin
• The Baltic and Azov seas are covered with ice for a short time. Bays freeze in the Baltic, and the Black Sea is the warmest sea in Russia and ice occurs only in its northern bays
• The Black Sea is contaminated from a depth of 200 m with poisonous hydrogen sulfide and from a depth of 200 m is devoid of life
• Caspian Sea - lake internal runoff basin

Most, most, most

• The deepest sea in Russia is the Bering Sea (the greatest depth is 5500 m)
• The largest in area is Beringovo
• The shallowest - Azov (maximum depth - 15 m)
• The smallest in area - Azov
• The coldest is East Siberian (in summer the water temperature is +1 C)
• The cleanest - Chukotka
• The warmest is the Black Sea

Sea resources

• The Barents Sea is the richest in biological resources of the seas of the Arctic Ocean
• Richer in the resources of the Pacific Ocean
• The Caspian Sea contains 80% of the world's sturgeon stocks
• Caught in the Baltic Sea
• The Sea of ​​Azov is an important fishing area
• The Black Sea does not have an important commercial value, but fishing is also carried out here.
• Kislogubskaya tidal power plant (Barents Sea)
• The seas have rich mineral resources

The Black Sea has the richest recreational resources

• Anapa
• Tuapse

Main sources of marine pollution

• Effluent from industrial enterprises coming with river water - 40%
• Sea transport - 30%
• Accidents of tankers - oil tankers
• Accidents of oil pipelines laid on the bottom of the seas

Ways to improve the environmental situation

• Use non-waste production along coasts and river banks
• Construction of treatment facilities
• Avoid high concentration (accumulation of industrial enterprises) on the coasts of the seas
• Creation of protected water areas (marine reserves and sanctuaries)

Sea comparison plan

• Which ocean basin does it belong to
• marginal or inland
• Coastline (indented, none, bays, peninsulas)
• Depths
• Salinity
• Water temperature (ice)
• Sea resources
• Ecological problems

Comparative characteristics of the Black and Kara seas

Black Sea

• Atlantic Ocean basin
• inland sea
• Izrezana, Crimean Peninsula
• 1315 m
• January - 1° +7°, July +25°
• Recreational resources
• Ecological problems

Kara Sea

• Arctic Ocean Basin
• Outskirts
• Heavily indented, the Yamal, Gydan, Taimyr Peninsulas
• 111 m
• 7-33‰
• January –1.5°, July+1º+4º
• biological resources
• Ecological problems