, skills, finances, time, connections, etc. Using resources, a person worsens his condition, his efficiency and success decrease. To improve the condition, you need to restore and develop personal resources: physical, spiritual, intellectual, financial and social.

Physical Resources

Responsible for the physical state necessary to perform physical activities and impact on the environment with optimal efficiency. Recovery these resources require the following:

healthy eating. There are healthy and unhealthy foods. The use of junk food in the diet provokes many diseases: obesity, heart attacks and strokes due to high blood cholesterol, etc. It is necessary to minimize, and it is better to exclude from the diet such substances as salt, sugar, spicy, fatty, fried, etc. There are many methods of healthy eating, but very few people use them.

Rejection of bad habits. Smoking, alcohol, etc. also create health problems: lung cancer, liver cirrhosis, heart attack, etc. To ensure excellent health and longevity, these habits must be abandoned.

Rest. Doing work for a long time (12-14 hours a day) leads to overwork, stress, breakdowns and mental illness. Loading the body for a long time, diseases of the joints and muscles appear: arthrosis, arthritis, etc. To avoid such problems, regular rest is required. At least you need to sleep not 3-5 hours a day, but full 8. Rest is divided into passive and active. Passive rest (lie on the couch, watch TV, read a book ..) allows you to restore physical strength. Active recreation (sports, hobbies, walks, travel...) allows you to recover emotionally. The following principle can be applied: the best rest from work is to do other work. Switch between jobs with different workloads, for example, walking around different offices for several hours, you can sit at your desk for several hours and do paperwork, sort mail, write reports, etc.

For development physical resources, you need to perform physical exercises that increase the strength, endurance and flexibility of the body. Going to the gym or hiring an experienced trainer is not a prerequisite for this - it is enough to work out at home for 20-30 minutes a day. But many people deceive themselves by saying that such activities are not necessary to perform the main work, and therefore are useless. But they are greatly mistaken, because. these activities have a beneficial effect on health and prolong the period of normal functioning of the body.

Without developing physical resources, health will definitely deteriorate, which significantly reduces success and efficiency. And a reduction in life expectancy will lead to the fact that a person may not have time to realize his destiny.

Spiritual Resources

Spiritual resources determine the direction of a person's movement, the vector of development and form his inner core, which he holds on to every day when making decisions, making plans and setting goals.

Intellectual resources

For development these resources require a conscious, methodical and purposeful acquisition of experience. This happens in kindergarten, school, college, university and other educational institutions. But having received a diploma, people minimize or stop self-education. Continuous acquisition of experience is required for personal development and the fulfillment of creative activities in order to achieve the purpose of life and realize personal destiny.

Need regularly study practical manuals, books and magazines from the subject area, which corresponds to the personal purpose and vocation. This gives new knowledge and inspires to perform creative activities. The acquired knowledge must be applied in practice to acquire new skills and develop them into skills and competencies that allow you to engage in creative activities with optimal efficiency.

Financial resources

When a person reaches the next goal, he receives a certain result, which he can exchange for their universal counterpart - money. They are a kind of intermediary and allow you to exchange existing results for resources for new goals, which increases the efficiency and success of their achievement. Not only money is important, but also economic relations, which allow the exchange of results for money and money for resources. To increase the efficiency of such relations, there are financial institutions - banks, stock exchanges, markets, investment and insurance companies, etc., which unite people with results, money and resources into a single space, which significantly speeds up the exchange processes between them.

For development financial resources, it is necessary to constantly increase income and capital and reduce costs. The difference between income and expenses must always be invested to increase income: "capital must bring capital." At a minimum, you should start by putting aside a percentage of your income in a bank deposit. Generate ideas for starting new business and increasing return on investment. This will help the powerful service Free online organizer, diary, to-do and task planner, calendar - Personal goals.

The presence of developed financial resources makes a person free from money problems. He doesn't have to do unpleasant work just to get money for food and clothes. He can only focus on personal goals to achieve success and realize his destiny. Only under such conditions can a person experience happiness.

Social Resources

In order to achieve goals, a person needs a certain experience. If not, then he can purchase it on his own. But there is another option - to install social relations with people who already have this experience and who will help to deal with the problem, case or goal on mutually beneficial conditions. Interacting with such people, a person increases personal efficiency through mutual assistance.

For example, there is a car mechanic and an electrician. If the TV breaks down at the first one, and the car at the second one, they can help each other and the first one will repair the car, and the second one - the TV set, of course, on mutually beneficial terms.

The more connections a person has with different people with different experiences, the more social resources he has for a more successful and effective realization of his personal destiny.

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S. A. Kalashnikova

Chita, Russia

Personal resources and psychological health of a person: correlation of the content of concepts

The article analyzes the concept of "mental health" within the framework of the resource approach. The main parameters and corresponding meaningful characteristics of a person's psychological health are considered as a system of personal resources.

Key words: personal resources, resource approach, psychological health.

S. A. Kalashnikova

Personality Resources and Man's Psychological Health: Differentiation of the Notions

The article analyzes the notion psychological health within resource approach. The main characteristic and corresponding content characteristic of psychological health are viewed as a personality’s resource system.

Keywords: Personality resources, resource a

The concept of "resources" is used in various studies related to the study of psychic reality. In recent years, the resource approach, which has been developed in humanistic psychology, has become widespread in psychology. E. Fromm singled out three psychological categories, designated as human resources in overcoming difficult life situations:

Hope is what ensures readiness to meet the future, self-development and vision of its prospects;

Rational faith - awareness of the many opportunities and the need to discover and use these opportunities in time;

Mental strength (courage) - the ability to resist attempts to jeopardize hope and faith and destroy them, “the ability to say “NO” when the whole world wants to hear “YES”.

In modern psychology, the content of the concept of "resources" is being developed as part of the development of the theory of psychological stress. V. A. Bodrov defines it as follows: "Resources are those physical and spiritual capabilities of a person, the mobilization of which ensures the implementation of his program and methods (strategies) of behavior to prevent or relieve stress" .

In the resource concept of stress by S. Hobfall, resources are defined as something that is significant for a person and helps him adapt in difficult life situations. The resource approach considers various types of resources, both environmental and personal.

approach, psychological health.

V. A. Bodrov distinguishes human resources in accordance with their role in the regulation of stress coping processes: personal, social, psychological, professional, physical and material.

S. Hobfall refers to resources:

physical objects (income, house, transport, clothing, object fetishes) and intangible objects (desires, goals); external (social support, family, friends, work, social status) and internal intrapersonal variables (self-esteem, professional skills, optimism, self-control, life values, belief system, etc.); mental and physical conditions; volitional, emotional and energy characteristics that are necessary (directly or indirectly) for survival or maintaining health in difficult life situations or serve as a means of achieving personally significant goals.

One of the foundations of the resource approach is the principle of "conservation" of resources, which implies the ability of a person to receive, preserve, restore, increase and redistribute resources in accordance with their own values. Through this distribution of resources, a person has the opportunity to adapt to a variable range of conditions in the living environment.

It is obvious that different resources play different roles in a person's adaptation and overcoming difficult life events. The most significant, from our point of view, in the context of overcoming are personal and psychological resources. L. V. Kulikov refers to the most studied personal resources

© Kalashnikova S. A., 2011

active motivation to overcome, attitude to stress as an opportunity to gain personal experience and the possibility of personal growth; the strength of the self-concept, self-esteem, self-esteem, a sense of self-worth, "self-sufficiency"; active life attitude; positive and rational thinking; emotional-volitional qualities; health status .

Most of these qualities reflect the characteristics of a psychologically healthy person, identified by I. V. Dubrovina: self-sufficiency, a person’s interest in life, freedom of thought and initiative, dedication to any area of ​​​​scientific and practical activity, activity and independence, responsibility and ability to take risks, faith in oneself and respect for the other, legibility in the means of achieving the goal, the ability to have strong feelings and experiences, awareness of one's individuality and joyful surprise at the uniqueness of all the people around, creativity in various spheres of life and activity. The concept of "psychological health", according to I. V. Dubrovina, refers to the personality as a whole, in contrast to the term "mental health", which is primarily related to individual mental processes and mechanisms. Psychological health is considered in close connection with the highest manifestations of the human spirit and allows us to analyze the actual psychological aspect of mental health problems, in contrast to the medical, sociological, philosophical and other aspects.

In our opinion, the “highest manifestations of the human spirit”, in terms of content, are most adequately revealed in the concept of “vitality”, introduced into the scientific apparatus by S. Maddi. Hardiness is defined by the author as an integrative characteristic of a person responsible for the success of a person in overcoming life's difficulties. Hardiness refers to the psychological vitality and extended effectiveness of a person, being an indicator of a person's mental health.

In the interpretation of S. Muddy, resilience includes three relatively autonomous components:

Involvement in the process of life - the conviction that participation in what is happening gives the maximum chance to find something worthwhile and interesting for the individual. Engagement is based on self-confidence - a person's perception of his ability to successfully act in a given situation (self-efficacy);

Confidence in the controllability of significant events in one’s life and readiness to end them

trolling - the belief that the struggle allows you to influence the outcome of what is happening. The level of control is influenced by the style of thinking (an individual way of explaining the causes of events);

Acceptance of the challenge of life - the conviction of a person that all the events that happen to him contribute to his development through the acquisition of experience. Acceptance of a challenge (risk) is a person's attitude to the fundamental possibility of change.

In domestic studies, types of human resources are also distinguished, revealing the content of the concept of "hardiness". So, as important information and instrumental resources of a person they designate: the ability to control the situation; use of methods or methods to achieve the desired goal; ability to adapt, interactive techniques for changing oneself and the surrounding situation; ability for cognitive structuring and understanding of the situation.

Considering health as a harmonious balance of physiological, mental, social aspects of human existence, Ya. V. Malykhina points to the expediency of singling out a personal (belonging to an individual in a phenomenal and noumenal sense) preventive resource, and not a personal one (belonging to an individual only in a phenomenal, social sense). Personal (individual) preventive resource is considered as a set of individual abilities, the implementation of which allows maintaining the balance of adaptive-compensatory mechanisms. The well-functioning work of this complex ensures the mental, co-magical and social well-being of a person and, in accordance with the orientation of the personality, creates conditions for the discovery of his unique identity and subsequent self-realization.

L. A. Alexandrova proposes to consider resilience in the context of coping with life's difficulties as the ability of a person to transform the unfavorable circumstances of his development, which underlies coping behavior.

E. P. Belinskaya notes that modern psychological approaches to the problem of overcoming difficult life situations consider coping as a dynamic process, the course of which is determined not only by the characteristics of the situation itself and the personal characteristics of the subject, but by their interaction, which consists in the formation of a comprehensive cognitive assessment, including itself as an interpretation by the subject of the situation, and his

statements about oneself in it. In this context, of particular importance is the personal meaning of the situation when a person is able to perceive life's difficulties as opportunities.

As one of the components of resilience, L.A. Aleksandrova defines personal resources allocated by S. Maddy, which at the level of implementation are provided with developed coping strategies. The second component is the meaning that predetermines the vector of this resilience and human life as a whole. As a separate component of resilience, L.A. Aleksandrova singles out humanistic ethics, which sets the criteria for choosing meaning, ways to achieve it and solve life problems, leading us to the issue of psychological health.

In the theory of psychological health, the direction of development and the nature of the actualization of the human in a person are considered as criteria that determine it. In existential psychology, mental health is described through the concept of "the desire for meaning." According to the concept of V. Frankl, the driving force of behavior is the desire to find and realize the meaning of life existing in the outside world. V. Frankl singled out three ontological dimensions of a person: biological, psychological and spiritual. The spiritual dimension is, in his opinion, determining in relation to the underlying levels, and the meanings and values ​​of a person are localized in it. According to V. Frankl, the cardinal difference between man and animal is that he has a special spiritual aspiration given from above. A person has such a quality as the ability to be free from the natural task of life. Freedom is given to man for the realization of the highest goal - the meaning of life. "The eternal struggle of man's spiritual freedom with his inner and outer destiny is, in essence, human life."

A mentally healthy person, according to V. Frankl, develops in the direction of free self-determination of his individual life, based on the awareness of the objective inconsistency of his essence and the need to simultaneously implement its opposite requirements in his life (namely, natural predetermination and striving for meaning). Thus, healthy mental functioning is endowed with an independent value, and its sign is the maturity of the value-semantic dimension of the personality.

A multi-level model of mental health was proposed by B. S. Bratus, in which several levels of personality structure are distinguished,

each of which has its own understanding of mental health. Mental health "should be viewed not as a homogeneous entity, but as an entity with a complex, layered structure" .

Thus, the level of personal health is designated as the highest level of mental health, which is determined by the quality of a person's semantic relationships. The level of individual psychological health is manifested in the ability of a person to build adequate ways to implement semantic aspirations. The level of psychophysiological health is determined by the peculiarities of the internal, cerebral, neurophysiological organization of mental activity.

According to B. S. Bratus, each of these levels, having its own criteria, must also have its own flow patterns. Consequently, despite the interconnection and interdependence of levels, the most diverse options for their development, degree and quality of their health are possible. In other words, mental health, being a multi-level entity, can suffer at some levels while others are relatively intact.

B. S. Bratus suggests recalling the words of the German philosopher Herder that man is the first and only freedman of nature. Nature let go of man, gave him the very freedom that is our highest value and, at the same time, the heaviest burden. The human essence must be achieved, conquered. This process of appropriation by a person of himself, of his essence, is carried out by a unique tool - a personality. That is, a person is not self-sufficient, carrying the meaning of his existence in himself. Its meaning is acquired depending on the relationship with the essential characteristics of human existence. According to Bratus, the characteristics of a personality, its "normativity" or "anomaly" depends on how it serves a person.

In accordance with this, B. S. Bratus defines normal and abnormal development. "Normal development is such a development that leads a person to gaining a generic human essence." The author indicates the conditions (which are also criteria) of normative development. They are the attitude towards another person as a value in itself, as a being, embodying the potential of the “human” kind (the central system-forming relation); the ability to decenter, self-giving and love, as a way to implement this relationship; creative nature of life; the need for positive freedom;

ability to free will; the possibility of self-designing the future; internal responsibility to oneself and others, past and future generations; striving to find a common meaning in one's life.

VD Shadrikov uses the concept of "spiritual state" - a state that is formed on the basis of the spiritual values ​​of the individual and the desire to follow these values. The spiritual state is characterized by the expansion of consciousness, active involvement in the process of comprehending the truth of the subconscious, in connection with which the possibilities of understanding the problem are significantly increased; harmonization of the personality, elimination of contradictions with the environment, focus on achieving the truth, inner balance, a positive outlook on life, strengthening the will and its control on the part of the individual; the transition to figurative thinking, high productivity of the imagination, which expands the information capacity of consciousness; a sense of inner ak-

For each ontological dimension of a person (according to V. Frankl) and the levels of mental health corresponding to them (according to B. S. Bratus), meaningful characteristics can be determined that reflect certain psychological resources of a person. At the same time, the characteristics of the individual psychological and personal levels of health can be attributed to the personal resources themselves.

The parameters and content characteristics of psychological health must be considered as a system. The systematic approach opens up the possibility of studying mental reality, taking into account the complex of determinants, the source of which is the reality of a particular person, presented in the content of real activity, in the acting personality itself, in the one experienced here and now.

activity, the unity of mental, moral, spiritual qualities, the desire for spiritual progress, etc. In contrast to the “spiritual state”, it is proposed to consider the “clinical state”, characterized by fixation on the idea, one-sided orientation of thinking and emotions, narrowing of consciousness. The spiritual state is at the same time a motivational state, but unlike biological motivations, it will be a spiritual motivation generated by the spiritual values ​​of the individual.

A healthy person is a person who is spiritually developed, morally oriented: “...

moral orientation is not only external pressure, but is the essence, the guiding thread of normal development, is a criterion and reflection of personal health. .

reality. On this basis, the interaction of a person and the living environment is seen as a continuous process of spatio-temporal "deployment" of a person, represented in the content and direction of activity in real life situations, ensuring the correspondence of the lifestyle to the image of the world changing in the process of life activity through the transformation of the value-semantic subsystem of the personality.

Thus, personal resources can be represented as a system of human abilities to eliminate contradictions with the living environment, to overcome adverse life circumstances through the transformation of the value-semantic dimension of the personality, which sets its direction and creates the basis for self-realization.

Table 1

Parameters and content characteristics of human psychological health from the point of view of the resource approach

Ontological dimensions of a person (V. Frankl) Levels of mental health (B. S. Bratus) Psychological resources

Spiritual dimension Level of personal health Moral orientation (BS Bratus). Spiritual state (V. D. Shadrikov). Humanistic ethics (L. A. Aleksandrova)

Psychological dimension The level of individual psychological health Vitality (S. Maddy, L. A. Aleksandrova). Personal preventive resource (Y.V. Malykhina)

Biological dimension Level of psychophysiological health Functional potential providing a high level of activity implementation (V. A. Bodrov)

Bibliography

1. Alexandrova L. A. On the components of the resilience of the personality as the basis of its psychological security in the modern world // News of the Taganrog State University. radio engineering university 2005. V. 51. No. 7. S. 83-84.

2. Belinskaya E. P. Coping as a socio-psychological problem // Psych. research: electron. scientific magazine 2009. No. 1 (3). URL: http//psystady.ru (accessed 07/18/2010).

3. Bodrov V. A. The problem of overcoming stress. Part 2. Processes and resources for coping with stress // Psikhol. magazine 2006. V. 27. No. 2. S. 113-122.

4. Bratus B. S. Personality anomalies. M.: Thought, 1988. 302 p.

5. Bratus B.S. Is Moral Psychology Possible? // Man. 1998. No. 1. S. 50-59.

6. Kulikov L. V. Psychohygiene of personality. SPb., 2004. 464 p.

7. Maddy S. R. Meaning formation in the decision-making process // Psychological journal. 2005. V. 1. No. 6. S. 87-101.

8. Malykhina Ya. V. Socio-psychological aspects of systemic prevention of the “general deviant syndrome”: author. ... cand. dis. psychol. Sciences. St. Petersburg: RPGU 2004.

9. Workshop on health psychology / ed. G. S. Nikiforova. St. Petersburg: Piter, 2005. 351 p.

10. Practical psychology of education: textbook. allowance / ed. I. V. Dubrovina. St. Petersburg: Pi-

ter, 2004. 592 p.

11. Frankl V. Man in search of meaning. M.: Progress, 1990. 175 p.

12. Shadrikov VD Spiritual abilities // Psychology of personality in the works of domestic psychologists. SPb., 2000. S. 420-426.

13. Shuvalov A. V. Psychological health of a person: an anthropological approach // Vestn. practical psychol. image. 2008. No. 4 (17). pp. 18-24.

ISSN 1029-3388

Lavrik A.B.

PERSONAL RESOURCES AS AN INTEGRAL CHARACTERISTIC OF PERSONALITY

In recent years, the resource approach, which originated in humanistic psychology, has become widespread in psychology, in which an important place has been occupied by the study of the constructive beginning of the personality, which makes it possible to overcome difficult life situations. Therefore, the issue of psychological resources is actively covered in the literature, starting with the mechanisms of psychological defense and coping behavior, and ending with such concepts as personal adaptive potential, personal potential, as well as stress resistance and resilience.

In modern psychology, the content of the concept of "resources" is being developed as part of the development of the theory of psychological stress. V.A. Bodrov defines it as follows: "Resources are those physical and spiritual capabilities of a person, the mobilization of which ensures the implementation of his program and methods (strategies) of behavior to prevent or relieve stress" .

There are two classes of resources: personal and environmental (in other words, psychological and social). Personal resources (psychological, professional, physical) represent the skills and abilities of a person, environmental resources reflect the availability of help for the individual (instrumental, moral, emotional) in the social environment (from family members, friends, colleagues) and material support for the life of people who have survived stressed or under stressful conditions.

In the resource concept of stress by S. Hobfall, resources are defined as something that is significant for a person and helps him adapt in difficult life situations. Within the framework of the resource approach, various types of resources, both environmental and personal, are considered. In the concept of S. Hobfall, the loss of resources is considered as the primary mechanism that triggers stress reactions. When there is a loss of resources, other resources perform the function of limiting the instrumental, psychological and social impact of the situation. The loss of internal and external resources entails the loss of subjective well-being, is experienced as a state of psychological stress, and negatively affects the state of health of the individual.

A.G. Maklakov introduces the concept of "personal adaptive potential", which is meaningfully revealed within the framework of the concept of adaptation. The author considers the ability to adapt both as an individual and personal property of a person, considers it as a process and as a property of a self-regulating system, consisting in the ability to adapt to changing external conditions.

It is obvious that different resources play different roles in a person's adaptation and overcoming difficult life events. L.V. Kulikov refers to the most studied personal resources: active motivation to overcome, attitude to

stress as an opportunity to gain personal experience and the possibility of personal growth; the strength of the self-concept, self-esteem, self-esteem, a sense of self-worth, "self-sufficiency"; active life attitude; positive and rational thinking; emotional-volitional qualities; physical resources - the state of health and attitude to it as a value.

Most of the listed qualities with the characteristics of a psychologically healthy person (highlighted by I.V. Dubrovina): self-sufficiency, a person’s interest in life, freedom of thought and initiative, dedication to any area of ​​​​scientific and practical activity, activity and independence, responsibility and ability to take risks, faith in oneself and respect for the other, legibility in the means of achieving the goal, the ability to have strong feelings and experiences, awareness of one's individuality and joyful surprise at the uniqueness of all the people around, creativity in various spheres of life and activity - are personal resources.

Researchers also talk about individual psychological resources, which include personality characteristics and properties, and socio-psychological resources, which are usually understood as the benefits that money provides, social support (social relationships and relationships), social skills and power. Very important, according to M. Argyle, are social skills. In particular, extroverts who have more developed social skills are happier due to self-confidence. Happiness has also been found to be related to cooperativeness, leadership qualities, and heterosexual skills [ibid]. They allow for preferred relationships with other people, while individuals who have difficulty communicating or lack social skills often live in social isolation and loneliness. Physical attractiveness as a resource can also be significant, especially for young women, as it promotes popularity with the opposite sex, with employers, which contributes to career growth.

Psychological resources are traditionally considered in connection with the study of the constructive beginning of the personality, carried out within the framework of the humanistic trend in psychology. The most important direction of research in this sense is to study how people cope with difficult life events, due to what qualities and properties they overcome stress. In this regard, the problem of coping behavior develops, personal characteristics are revealed that either contribute to or hinder the individual in coping with extreme life situations.

An important role in this regard has a holistic study of personality. As L.I. Antsyferova, a personality with its own special life world, in which its individual history is contained "in the sediment", acts as a mediator of events, subjecting them to mental processing before choosing the appropriate type of strategy for coping with them. In addition, it is also important to take into account the level of “biographical stress” in a person: only in this case it is possible to determine whether this or that technique is a typical response for a person to a difficult life problem, or whether it acts as a situation-specific one.

The probability of developing mental stress with an increase in frustration tension depends on the characteristics of the individual, who has a specific set of psychological traits. Similar features were designated by different authors as “feeling

coherence property”, which increases the resources of confronting stressful situations, then as “personal endurance”, understood as the potential ability to actively overcome difficulties. Personal resources are largely determined by the ability to build integrated behavior. The higher the ability to integrate behavior, the more successful the overcoming of stressful situations. Other theoretical constructs are also used. This is the psychological content of the concept of passionarity introduced by L. N. Gumilyov by the representatives of the St. Leontiev based on the synthesis of philosophical ideas of M. K. Mamardashvili, P. Tillich, E. Fromm and V. Frankl.

The concept of personal adaptive potential comes from the concept of adaptation and operates with terms traditional for this scientific paradigm. A. G. Maklakov considers the ability to adapt not only an individual, but also a personal property of a person. Adaptation is considered by him not only as a process, but also as a property of a living self-regulating system, consisting in the ability to adapt to changing external conditions. The adaptive abilities of a person depend on the psychological characteristics of the individual. It is these features that determine the possibilities of adequate regulation of physiological states. The more significant the adaptive abilities, the higher the probability that the human body will maintain normal performance and high efficiency of activity when exposed to psychogenic environmental factors.

D. A. Leontiev, in turn, introduces the concept of personal potential as a basic individual characteristic, the core of personality. Personal potential, according to D. Leontiev, is an integral characteristic of the level of personal maturity, and the main phenomenon of personal maturity and the form of manifestation of personal potential is just the phenomenon of self-determination of personality. Personal potential reflects the degree to which a person overcomes given circumstances, ultimately, the person's overcoming of himself, as well as the measure of his efforts to work on himself and on the circumstances of his life.

One of the specific forms of manifestation of personal potential is the overcoming by a person of unfavorable conditions for his development. These unfavorable conditions can be set by genetic characteristics, somatic diseases, or they can be caused by external unfavorable conditions. There are obviously unfavorable conditions for the formation of personality, they can really fatally affect development, but their influence can be overcome, mediated, the direct connection is broken due to the introduction of factors of additional dimensions into this system, primarily self-determination based on personal potential.

The effects of personal potential are denoted in psychology by such concepts as will, ego strength, internal support, locus of control, action orientation, etc. . Most accurately, according to D.A. Leontiev, the content of the concept of “personal potential” corresponds to the concept of hardiness introduced by S. Maddy, which is defined not as a personal quality, but as a system of attitudes and beliefs, to a certain extent amenable to formation and development, as a basic personality characteristic that mediates the impact on her consciousness and behavior of all kinds of favorable and unfavorable circumstances, from somatic problems and

Scientific and practical journal "Humanization of Education" No. 1/2014

diseases to social conditions. Hardiness is defined by the author as an integrative characteristic of a person responsible for the success of a person in overcoming life's difficulties. Hardiness refers to the psychological vitality and extended effectiveness of a person, being an indicator of a person's mental health.

In general, the resource approach opens up the possibility of studying mental reality in the system of interaction "man - living environment", taking into account the complex of determinants, the source of which is the reality of a particular person, represented in the content of real activity, in the personality itself, in the reality experienced here and now. The interaction of a person and the living environment occurs in specific life situations and is a trigger for certain personal resources. Personal resources are manifested in the interaction of a person and the living environment as a continuous process of spatio-temporal "deployment" of a person, represented in the content and direction of activity in real life situations.

Thus, personal resources as intrapersonal qualities of a person contribute to smoothing out the contradictions between the personality and the living environment, overcoming adverse external circumstances through the transformation of the value-semantic subsystem of the personality, which sets the vector of its direction, the basis for self-realization.

Bibliographic list

1. Antsyferova, L.I. Personality in difficult life conditions: rethinking, transformation of situations and psychological protection [Text] / L.I. Antsyferova // Psychological journal. - 1994. - No. 1 .S. 3-16.

2. Argyle, M. Psychology of happiness [Text] / M. Argyle. - 2nd ed. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003. - 271 p.

3. Bodrov, V.A. The problem of coping with stress. Part 2. Processes and resources to overcome stress [Text] / V.A. Bodrov // Psychological journal. - 2006. - T. 27. - No. 2. - S. 113-122.

4. Kulikov, L.V. Psychohygiene of personality [Text] / L.V. Kulikov. - St. Petersburg, 2004. - 464 p.

5. Leontiev, D.A. Personal in personality: personal potential as the basis of self-determination [Text] / D.A. Leontiev // Uchenye zapiski of the Department of General Psychology of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov. Issue. 1 / Ed. B.S. Bratusya, D.A. Leontiev. - M.: Meaning, 2002. - S. 56-65.

6. Maklakov, A.G. Personal adaptive potential: its mobilization and forecasting in extreme conditions [Text] / A.G. Maklakov // Psychological journal. - 2001. - T. 22. - No. 1. - S. 16-24.

7. Muzdybaev, K. The strategy of coping with life's difficulties. Theoretical analysis [Text] / K. Muzdybaev // Journal of sociology and social anthropology. - Volume 1. - 1998. - No. 2. - S. 100-109.

8. Workshop on health psychology [Text] / ed. G.S. Nikiforova. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005. - 351 p.

9. Practical psychology of education [Text]: Proc. allowance / ed. I.V. Dubrovina. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2004. - 592 p.

10. Psychology [Text]: Textbook / ed. A.A. Krylova. - M., 1999. - 584 p.

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12. Maddi, S.R., Khoshaba, D.M. Hardiness and Mental Health // Journal of Personality Assessment. -1994. - Oct. - Vol. 63. - No. 2. - R 265-274.

Resources are
recoverable and not. Non-renewable resources include time and partially health.
external (money, time) and internal (health, energy)

There are two classes of resources

1. Personal Resources(psychological, professional, physical) represent the skills and abilities of a person,

1. Environment Resources reflect the availability of personal assistance (instrumental, moral, emotional) in the social environment (from family members, friends, colleagues

Resource usage
Resources can be spent or invested, you can earn them on your own and honestly, or at the expense of others.

Spending- this is an inappropriate use of resources, spending, destruction of resources.

Contribution- this is the use of resources aimed at achieving a certain result (as an option - to restore this or another resource).

Resource state (or - to be in a resource) - the presence of physical, mental and spiritual strength and energy to solve the upcoming tasks.

Types of resource states

The main types of resource are physical, psychological, personal and spiritual resources.

Physically the resource state is a well-rested, well-rested, physically alert person.

Psychologically resource state - a state of confidence, a cheerful mood, when a person feels vitality and energy, the ability to complete a task.
A person in spirit or not, believes in himself or is convinced that nothing will come of it, a maestro in depression or in the arms of an inspired muse - all these are different descriptions of the presence or absence of a psychological resource.

How to upload your own resource

When they want to help a person, they try to increase his resource state, when they want to interfere, they try to take him out of the resource state.

There are many ways:
Warmer. To warm the soul - with spiritual intonations, warm words, gratitude.
warmer. Cheer up - with your own cheerfulness, lively intonations, energetic formulations, faith in success. If necessary, warm up: “What is sitting down ?! Work!". Adults who remember what duty is - to be reminded of their high debt. Sometimes - to scare, anger, use high-tone negative emotions.
Toilet bowl. Help to speak out, get rid of fears or other disturbing experiences.
golden mirror. Increase self-confidence: praise and compliments. “You are doing well”, “You look great!”, “You will succeed!”
Business Support. Help to master the necessary skills: simply explain clearly, support in the first attempts, celebrate successes.

- The role of the Dreamer, the role of the Realist and the role of the Critic.
In this strategy, only the beginning is set: we always start with the Dreamer, with turning off internal criticism and starting the free flight of fantasy. The dreamer must work out the material that the Critic and the Realist will process,

Thinking through your new projects, use this strategy: first, allow yourself to dream freely, assuming that everything works out, that you have unlimited time, money, that all people meet your halfway, luck is your friend ... - dreaming is useful.
When you have been dreaming, you have created a project that inspires you - turn on a realist: think, as a person of business, what steps can and should be taken to implement this project. Where to get time, money, material base, which of the people can and should be connected - all the details and details. Do not think about the difficulties and possible failures yet, just describe step by step how you will do it all and achieve everything. Tell several ways and ways, determine the dates and deadlines, name your first steps. Fine!
And when you understand what it might look like in reality, take a critical look at your project: think about where there may be failures and errors, where you need to "lay straws", what difficulties you need to think about again. A critic is not a critic, treat your project positively.

- Flow state (inspiration)

According to Csikszentmihalyi, a list of several activity traits can be identified that contribute to the experience of the flow state:

Clear goals (distinct expectations and rules).
Concentration and focus of attention - a high degree of concentration on a limited area of ​​attention (a person engaged in an activity has the opportunity to concentrate on it and dive deep into it).
Loss of sense of self-awareness - fusion of action and awareness.
Distorted perception of time.
Direct and immediate feedback (successes and failures in the process are obvious, so behavior can be changed as needed).
The balance between the level of the subject's ability and the difficulty of the task (the activity does not turn out to be too easy or difficult for the subject).
A sense of complete control over a situation or activity.
The activity itself is perceived as a reward, so it is effortless.

Techniques commonly used in the process

rehabilitation and psychotherapy

F.E. Vasilyuk (1984), dividing the concepts of stress, frustration, conflict and crisis, substantiates four categorical fields corresponding to the life worlds - vitality, activity, consciousness and will. In our opinion, the resources for coping with extreme situations are conveniently attributed to these categorical fields. Accordingly, it is possible to divide the techniques often used in the process of rehabilitation and psychotherapy, depending on which coping resources they are aimed at maintaining. Many techniques of body psychotherapy (for example, E.S. Mazur, 2003), focusing techniques (Yu. Dzhendlin, 2000) are aimed at maintaining vitality - interest, desire, activity. Their main goal is to awaken in a person the desire to live, to cope with the situation, in order to then rely on this desire, interest when working with traumatic experiences. Reliance on activity during rehabilitation implies an emphasis on the activity of a person in overcoming difficulties, on his desire to act and win. “Try to do it” - this technique is often used not only in behavioral psychotherapy, but also in cognitive, art therapy, body psychotherapy, gestalt therapy. Finally, consciousness includes an understanding of how and why I act in a given situation, a choice, an agreement on conflicting motives. This categorical field includes some techniques of psychoanalysis, existential psychotherapy, humanistic psychotherapy. Work in this field is an attempt to realize that emotion, affect, guilt, experience are some phenomena that have their own causes and effects. Then they cease to obscure everything around (as, for example, the phenomena of "invasion" of memories, feelings of guilt, fear), and further rehabilitation or psychotherapeutic work is possible. As an illustration, we can recall the widespread technique of situational reconstruction (for example, S. Maddi, 1997, 1998) - the event is considered in an extended perspective, its causes and possible consequences are considered and analyzed, which leads to a reassessment of the threat and negativity of the event itself, its role in life the person as a whole.

The search for psychological resources and reliance on these resources, as a rule, is a key moment in both self-regulation and rehabilitation in extreme conditions.

? How specifically to search, how to self-regulate?

1. If a person is convinced of his ability to control what is happening, is ready to act actively and overcome difficulties, and these beliefs remain unshakable in extreme conditions, it is enough for him to rely on these psychological resources. If (much more often) this is not the case, a painstaking search for psychological resources is needed that will allow you to restore and maintain confidence and self-control.

1. There is, however, a second variant of self-regulation - when relying not on psychological resources, but through the existence itself. The personality accepts its responsibility for what is happening and what will happen - and the attitude of the motivational-semantic sphere of the personality - self-regulation is addressed. Acting in extreme conditions, contrary to experiences, a person changes, forms his own beliefs and dispositions.

The concept of "resources"

used in various studies related to the study of psychic reality. In recent years, it has become widespread in psychology resource approach, which originated in humanistic psychology, in which an important place was occupied by the study of the constructive beginning of the personality, which makes it possible to overcome difficult life situations.

E. Fromm identified three psychological categories, designated as human resources in overcoming difficult life situations:

Hope is what ensures readiness to meet the future, self-development and vision of its prospects, which contributes to life and growth;

Rational faith - awareness of the existence of many opportunities and the need to discover and use these opportunities in time;

Mental strength (courage) - the ability to resist attempts to jeopardize hope and faith and destroy them, turning them into naked optimism or irrational faith, "the ability to say" no "when the whole world wants to hear" yes ".

V.A. Bodrov defines it as follows: “Resources are those physical and spiritual capabilities of a person, the mobilization of which ensures the implementation of his program and methods (strategies) of behavior to prevent or relieve stress”

N.E. Vodopyanova gives the following definition of resources: these are “internal and external variables that contribute to psychological stability in stressful situations; these are emotional, motivational-volitional, cognitive and behavioral constructs that a person actualizes to adapt to stressful / stressful work and life situations, these are “means (tools) used by him to transform interaction with a stressful situation

In the resource concept of stress by S. Hobfall resources are defined as something that is significant for a person and helps him to adapt in difficult life situations. Within the framework of the resource approach, various types of resources, both environmental and personal, are considered. S. Hobfall refers to resources: material objects (income, house, transport, clothing, object fetishes) and intangible (desires, goals); external (social support, family, friends, work, social status) and internal intrapersonal variables (self-esteem, professional skills, optimism, self-control, life values, belief system, etc.); mental and physical states; volitional, emotional and energy characteristics that are necessary (directly or indirectly) for survival or maintaining health in difficult life situations or serve as a means of achieving personally significant goals. One of the foundations of the resource approach is the principle of "conservation" of resources, which implies the ability of a person to receive, preserve, restore, increase and redistribute resources in accordance with their own values. Through this distribution of resources, a person has the opportunity to adapt to a variable range of conditions in the living environment. In the concept of S. Hobfall, the loss of resources is considered as the primary mechanism that triggers stress reactions. When there is a loss of resources, other resources perform the function of limiting the instrumental, psychological and social impact of the situation. The loss of internal and external resources entails the loss of subjective well-being, is experienced as a state of psychological stress, and negatively affects the health of the individual.

L.V. Kulikov the most studied personal resources include active motivation to overcome, attitude to stress as an opportunity to gain personal experience and the possibility of personal growth; the strength of the self-concept, self-esteem, self-esteem, a sense of self-worth, "self-sufficiency"; active life attitude; positive and rational thinking; emotional-volitional qualities; physical resources - the state of health and attitude to it as a value

I.V. Dubrovina: self-sufficiency, a person's interest in life, freedom of thought and initiative, enthusiasm for any area of ​​​​scientific and practical activity, activity and independence, responsibility and ability to take risks, faith in oneself and respect for another, legibility in the means of achieving a goal, the ability to have strong feelings and experiences, awareness of one's individuality and joyful surprise at the uniqueness of all the people around, creativity in various spheres of life and activity

D.A.Leontiev introduces the concept of “personal potential”. The effects of personal potential are denoted in psychology by such concepts as will, ego strength, internal support, locus of control, action orientation, etc.

In the interpretation of S. Muddy, resilience includes three relatively autonomous components:

Involvement in the process of life is the conviction that participation in what is happening gives the maximum chance to find something worthwhile and interesting for the individual. Engagement is based on self-confidence - a person's perception of his ability to successfully act in a given situation (self-efficacy);

Confidence in the control of significant events in one's life and readiness to control them - the conviction that the struggle allows you to influence the outcome of what is happening. The level of control is influenced by the style of thinking (an individual way of explaining the causes of events);

Accepting the challenge of life is a person's conviction that all the events that happen to him contribute to his development through the acquisition of experience. Acceptance of a challenge (risk) is a person's attitude to the fundamental possibility to change

L.V. Kulikov means: the ability to control the situation; use of methods or methods to achieve the desired goal; ability to adapt, readiness for self-change, interactive techniques for changing oneself and the surrounding situation, activity to transform the situation of interaction between the individual and the stressful situation; ability for cognitive structuring and understanding of the situation

As one of the components of resilience, L.A. Aleksandrova defines personal resources allocated by S. Maddy, which at the level of implementation are provided with developed coping strategies. The second component is the meaning that predetermines the vector of this resilience and human life as a whole. As a separate component of L.A. Aleksandrova highlights humanistic ethics, which sets the criteria for choosing meaning, ways to achieve it and solve life's problems.

Personal resources can be represented as a system of human abilities to the elimination of contradictions between the individual and the living environment, overcoming adverse life circumstances through the transformation of the value-semantic dimension of the individual, which sets its direction and creates the basis for self-realization.

An actual direction in the study of personal resources is the study of their psychological structure, functioning mechanisms, dynamic characteristics, as well as the development of research methods that are adequate to the content of the studied mental reality.