Siberia occupies a vast geographical area of Russia. Once it included such neighboring states as Mongolia, Kazakhstan and part of China. Today this territory belongs exclusively to the Russian Federation. Despite the huge area, there are relatively few settlements in Siberia. Most of the region is occupied by tundra and steppe.
Description of Siberia
The whole territory is divided into Eastern and Western regions. In rare cases, theologians also define the Southern region, which is the highlands of Altai. The area of Siberia is about 12.6 million square kilometers. km. This is approximately 73.5% of the total. It is interesting that Siberia is larger in area than Canada.
Of the main natural zones, in addition to the Eastern and Western regions, the Baikal region is distinguished and the largest rivers are the Yenisei, Irtysh, Angara, Ob, Amur and Lena. Taimyr, Baikal and Ubsu-Nur are considered the most significant lake areas.
From an economic point of view, cities such as Novosibirsk, Tyumen, Omsk, Ulan-Ude, Tomsk, etc. can be called the centers of the region.
Mount Belukha is considered the highest point in Siberia - over 4.5 thousand meters.
Population history
Historians call the Samoyed tribes the first inhabitants of the region. This people lived in the northern part. Due to the harsh climate, reindeer herding was the only occupation. They ate mainly fish from adjacent lakes and rivers. The Mansi people lived in the southern part of Siberia. Their favorite pastime was hunting. The Mansi traded in furs, which were highly valued by Western merchants.
The Turks are another significant population of Siberia. They lived in the upper reaches of the Ob River. They were engaged in blacksmithing and cattle breeding. Many Turkic tribes were nomadic. Buryats lived a little to the west of the mouth of the Ob. They became famous for the extraction and processing of iron.
The most numerous ancient population of Siberia was represented by the Tungus tribes. They settled in the territory from the Sea of Okhotsk to the Yenisei. They made a living by reindeer herding, hunting and fishing. The more prosperous were engaged in handicrafts.
There were thousands of Eskimos on the coast of the Chukchi Sea. These tribes had the slowest cultural and social development for a long time. Their only tools are a stone ax and a spear. They were mainly engaged in hunting and gathering.
In the 17th century, there was a sharp jump in the development of the Yakuts and Buryats, as well as the northern Tatars.
Native people
The population of Siberia today is made up of dozens of peoples. Each of them, according to the Constitution of Russia, has its own right to national identification. Many peoples of the Northern region even received autonomy within the Russian Federation with all the ensuing branches of self-government. This contributed not only to the lightning-fast development of the culture and economy of the region, but also to the preservation of local traditions and customs.
The indigenous population of Siberia mostly consists of Yakuts. Their number varies within 480 thousand people. Most of the population is concentrated in the city of Yakutsk - the capital of Yakutia.
The next largest people are the Buryats. There are more than 460 thousand of them. is the city of Ulan-Ude. The main property of the republic is Lake Baikal. Interestingly, this region is recognized as one of the main Buddhist centers in Russia.
Tuvans are the population of Siberia, which, according to the latest census, numbers about 264 thousand people. In the Republic of Tuva, shamans are still revered.
The population of such peoples as the Altaians and the Khakasses is almost equally divided: 72 thousand people each. The indigenous inhabitants of the districts are adherents of Buddhism.
The Nenets population is only 45 thousand people. They live on Throughout their history, the Nenets were famous nomads. Today, their priority income is reindeer herding.
Also on the territory of Siberia live such peoples as Evenki, Chukchi, Khanty, Shors, Mansi, Koryaks, Selkups, Nanais, Tatars, Chuvans, Teleuts, Kets, Aleuts and many others. Each of them has its own centuries-old traditions and legends.
Population
The dynamics of the demographic component of the region fluctuates significantly every few years. This is due to the mass relocation of young people to the southern cities of Russia and sharp jumps in birth and death rates. There are relatively few immigrants in Siberia. The reason for this is the harsh climate and specific conditions for life in the villages.
According to the latest data, the population of Siberia is about 40 million people. This is more than 27% of the total number of people living in Russia. The population is evenly distributed across the regions. In the northern part of Siberia, there are no large settlements due to poor living conditions. On average, there is 0.5 sq. km of land.
The most populous cities are Novosibirsk and Omsk - 1.57 and 1.05 million inhabitants respectively. Further along this criterion are Krasnoyarsk, Tyumen and Barnaul.
Peoples of Western Siberia
Cities account for about 71% of the total population of the region. Most of the population is concentrated in the Kemerovo and Khanty-Mansiysk districts. Nevertheless, the Republic of Altai is considered to be the agricultural center of the Western Region. It is noteworthy that the Kemerovo District ranks first in terms of population density - 32 people/sq. km.
The population of Western Siberia is 50% of able-bodied residents. Most of the employment is in industry and agriculture.
The region has one of the lowest unemployment rates in the country, with the exception of Tomsk Oblast and Khanty-Mansiysk.
Today the population of Western Siberia is Russians, Khanty, Nenets, Turks. By religion, there are Orthodox, Muslims, and Buddhists.
Population of Eastern Siberia
The share of urban residents varies within 72%. The most economically developed are the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region. From the point of view of agriculture, the Buryat district is considered the most important point in the region.
Every year the population of Eastern Siberia becomes less and less. Recently, there has been a sharp negative trend in migration and birth rates. It is also the lowest in the country. In some areas, it is 33 square meters. km per person. The unemployment rate is high.
The ethnic composition includes such peoples as Mongols, Turks, Russians, Buryats, Evenks, Dolgans, Kets, etc. Most of the population is Orthodox and Buddhists.
FUR TRADE IN SIBERIA
In the history of the country, furs (it was called skora, "soft junk") have always played an important role. In ancient Russia, they paid tribute with it, gave out salaries, presented gifts to foreign sovereigns, their own and foreign subjects. Suffice it to say that in 1635 the Shah of Persia received live sables in gilded cages from Moscow as a return gift. In the XI-XII centuries, furs served as money. Furs were a currency commodity. In exchange for it, various goods were received from abroad, including silver for minting domestic coins (our own raw materials were discovered in the country only at the beginning of the 18th century). Furs also played a significant role in the revenue side of the state budget. In the 1640-50s, its share there was 20 percent, and in 1680 it was at least 10 percent. Its role was also significant in Russia's exports.
Great demand for furs, especially for sable, greatly increased with the discovery in the middle of the XVI century. Russia's trade with Western Europe through the White Sea, led to its rapid "industry" in European and then in Asiatic Russia. If the maximum average annual production of Siberian sable fell on the 40s of the XVII century. and was equal to 145 thousand pieces, then in the 90s of the same century it fell to 42.3 thousand pieces. In just 70 years (1621-1690) 7,248,000 sables were mined in Siberia.
On the importance of fur trade in the development of Siberia in the 17th century. the very symbolism of her coat of arms from the charter of 1690 testifies: two sables pierced by two crossed arrows and holding in their teeth the "crown of the Siberian kingdom".
From the fur trade in the 17th century. began the development of capitalist relations in Siberia.
The first Russian settlers of Western Siberia, regardless of their former economic specialties, were forced to engage in fur trade to one degree or another. It was only in exchange for trade products that it was possible to obtain from Russian and Central Asian merchants who came to Siberia the items necessary for life and employment in agriculture and industry. Gradually, Russian peasants and townspeople withdrew from active participation in hunting. It became predominantly the lot of professionals from the Russian and indigenous population of Western Siberia.
For fur trade, the hunter needed equipment, which was called supper. It consisted of a "reserve" (food) and an "industrial plant". The minimum set of dinners for the hunting season included about 20 pounds of rye flour, a pound of salt, 2 axes, 2 knives, 10 fathoms of seine nets, arable land for two, a three-pound copper cauldron, zipuns, a caftan or fur coat, 10 arshins of homespun cloth, 15 arshins of canvas, 2 shirts, trousers, a hat, 3 pairs of mittens, 2 pairs of special shoes (Ouledi), skin for Ouledi, a blanket for two, 10 kamys (skin from the legs of a deer or other animals for lining skis), less often a dog, a net for catching sable and squeaker. In the Mangazeya district, dinner cost in the 1920s and 1940s from 25 to 35 rubles. In Tobolsk it was cheaper.
Those who obtained furs at their own supper were called their own suppers, and at someone else's, they were called swindlers. The prankster was a hired person, i.e. hired to work for an entrepreneur. Relations between them were regulated by an oral or (more often) written agreement, which provided for the swindler to fish at the master's dinner with the return to the owner of 2/3 of the production, the personal dependence of the swindler on the owner for the entire period of the contract (usually for one, two years), the same for both parties. penalty for breach of contract. Pokrut in the fur trade of Western Siberia at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries. was medieval in form capitalist hiring. Most often, the employers were capitalist merchants, who, along with organizing their own fur extraction, were also engaged in buying up furs from the hunters-owners.
In the private extraction of West Siberian furs, small-scale commodity trade dominated, and the main earner was the homeowner.
Furs were hunted by those and other artels, from 2-3 to 30-40 people, more often of a mixed composition. Rarely hunted individually. Large parties were subdivided into parts that fished independently in the place allotted by the leader. They preferred to hunt year after year in the same area of the original fishery. All fishing parties, regardless of their composition, size and presence of subdivisions, were organized on an equalizing principle. Everyone contributed the same share in food and equipment (the hosts contributed for the swag) and received an equal share with everyone (the swag, as we have already noted, gave two-thirds of the share to the owner). Such an organization, developed spontaneously, without removing social conflicts, eliminated intra-artel competition and contributed to a more even "industrial" of land. The division of labor strictly carried out within the artels increased the yield of hunting.
They hunted in two ways: they tracked the beast, more often with a dog, and shot it from a bow (gun) or caught it in nets; they hunted the beast with unauthorized tools - kulems (stationary pressure traps), crossbows, traps, etc. Aboriginal population of Western Siberia in the 17th century. self-propelled guns were not used at all.
Sable hunting brought the greatest benefit. This animal lived in large numbers in the forests of Western Siberia, and its fur had excellent qualities and unlimited market demand. The more valuable and expensive species of fur-bearing animals (otters, beavers and foxes) did not differ in mass and ubiquity. Other low-valued, although numerous, furs (squirrel, ermine) were also unprofitable for the Russian professional trade.
Aboriginal hunters dominated the production of West Siberian sables. They accounted for more than 85 percent of the total number of sable skins (the share of Russian hunters was slightly more than 13 and 16 percent). This was determined by the fact that the permanent Russian population of Western Siberia, occupied mainly by arable farming, crafts, and trade, did not hunt much; hunters who came from beyond the Urals, mainly from the Northern and Central Pomorye, preferred to hunt the more valuable East Siberian sable.
When harvesting more than 30 percent of the autumn number of sables, the fishery exceeded the natural increase and became predatory. This happened in Western Siberia from the end of the 20s to the middle of the 30s, and in Eastern Siberia from the end of the 60s of the 17th century. As a result, the sable almost completely disappeared.
In 1650, the government banned Russian sable hunting in the Ket district in order to ensure yasak collection, and in 1656, the Angara tributaries, Rybnaya, Chadobets, Kata and Kova, were declared protected areas. In 1678, Russian industrialists in Yakutia were forbidden to harvest sable in the yasak lands along the Lena, Vitim, Peleduy, Olekma, May, Aldan, Uchur, Tontora, "and along other rivers." In 1684, the government banned sable hunting in the counties that were part of the Yenisei category and in Yakutia.
This decree was implemented most consistently only in the Mangazeya and Yenisei districts, where the history of Russian sable hunting and private entrepreneurship ended there. In the Yakutsk and Ilimsk districts, Russian industrialists continued to hunt despite the prohibitions against her "under the death penalty."
The Siberian order drew attention to the elimination of this violation, including instructions on this matter in letters and orders to governors. So, in the "Instruction on the position of the Yakut governors", dated 1694, we read: "... make an order for a strong one: along the rivers, along the Lena, along the Olekma, along the Aldan, along Vitim, along Uchar, along Tontota, along Maya, along Yadoma and other side rivers where yasak foreigners live and trade in yasak, and do not order trading and industrial people to go along those rivers, but industrial people go to crafts in those places so that yasak people from fishing their tightness and yasak collection of shortages It was". In 1700, some relief was made: in the royal charter, the Yakut voivode was instructed to release industrialists to sable fishing, "applying to the state there," if this did not interfere with the yasak fishing.
The government regulation of the fur trade continued in the future. In 1706, sable hunting was allowed, but to a limited number of industrialists, with the obligatory sale of all obtained skins to the treasury. In 1727, the decree of 1684 was canceled, but in 1731 sable hunting in areas where yasak people hunted was again prohibited. In the 19th century The number of sables in the Yenisei Territory recovered so much that commercial hunting for them was again allowed.
in Siberia until the 20th century. there was no complete ban on sable hunting. The rehunting of animals again led to the fact that the export of sable skins from Siberia in the first decade of the 20th century. did not exceed 20 thousand, by 1917 - 8 thousand pieces per year. By the 80s of the XX century. thanks to the planned regulation of production, artificial resettlement, top dressing, etc. the area (427 out of 448 million hectares) and the number (500-600 thousand) of the Siberian sable were almost restored. Its average annual production in 1959-1969. amounted to more than 173 thousand pieces. per year, and in 1980, 133 thousand sable skins were harvested. The maximum number of sable skins (200,000 pieces) was given in the 1961/62 season, which was at the level of the highest sable production in Siberia in the 17th century.
The fur trade in the USSR annually produced over 150 million skins of fur animals, which in 1972 amounted to 7-8 percent of the fur production in the country (including products from cage production, sheep breeding and sea fishing). The range of mined furs included over a hundred species. In terms of quantity and quality of furs, the USSR had no equal in the world. Western Siberia accounted for 12-13 percent of all-Union purchases of commercial furs. In 1971, commercial furs accounted for 7.6 percent (30 million rubles) of the total value (385 million rubles) of all furs purchased throughout the country. Only at one international fur auction in Leningrad in January 1974 were sold furs worth 25 million dollars. On the international fur market, the USSR firmly held the leading position: the volume of our exports was approaching 60 million rubles. in year. In the foreign trade of the USSR, furs occupied one of the first three places in the 1920s and 1940s, second only to the export of wheat and, in some years, oil products.
reindeer breeding
Reindeer breeding is the only branch of agriculture in the circumpolar Arctic region, in which only the indigenous peoples of the North are practically employed. The uniqueness of reindeer breeding is that it remains not only a branch of the economy, but also a way of life for families of reindeer herders. In Russia, it is called an "ethno-preserving industry", the role of which in the preservation of the traditional cultures of the indigenous peoples of the North can hardly be overestimated.
The economic importance of reindeer breeding as a supplier of marketable meat products in modern conditions is insignificant. However, reindeer meat has specific nutritional properties that have not yet been fully studied, in addition, valuable raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry can be obtained by slaughtering reindeer. Reindeer milk also has a rich set of useful properties. Therefore, in the future, the importance of reindeer breeding as a source of valuable types of biological raw materials will grow. In the budget of family farms in the tundra, forest-tundra, and many areas of the taiga, reindeer herding still retains a leading role.
The peculiarity of reindeer husbandry in Russia in comparison with other countries is the variety of its forms and methods. Deer in our country graze on the territory of more than three million square kilometers in the tundra, forest-tundra, taiga and mountainous areas. Unlike other countries, representatives of many peoples are engaged in reindeer herding in Russia. 16 of them are included in the official list of indigenous peoples of the North. In addition, certain groups of Komi and Yakuts are engaged in reindeer breeding, but they are not included in this list, since their number exceeds 50 thousand people. Russians (except for some very few groups) are not directly involved in reindeer herding, but they often work in reindeer herding enterprises in administrative positions or as specialists. The diversity of forms of reindeer husbandry, the preservation in Russia of the rich and diverse experience and traditions of various indigenous peoples is a valuable component of the world cultural heritage.
The Nenets, the most numerous indigenous people involved in reindeer breeding in the tundra, have developed very close ties with these animals. The presence of their own herd is the main condition for their survival, and its size is an indicator of social status. Increasing your herd is the main concern of the Nenets reindeer breeder. The reforms of recent years, which stimulate the development of private business, turned out to be generally favorable for the development of the Nenets reindeer husbandry.
Among other tundra peoples, ties with deer are not as strong as among the Nenets. For example, another largest reindeer herding people of the tundra - the Chukchi - is divided into reindeer herders and sea hunters. In various historical periods, depending on changes in natural and economic conditions, a significant part of the Chukchi switched from reindeer herding to sea hunting and vice versa. The possibility of a transition from reindeer herding to hunting and fishing is also characteristic of many other reindeer herding peoples. This transition is still taking place in areas where the number of domestic reindeer continues to decline.
Taiga reindeer husbandry differs significantly from tundra. Herds are small: usually several hundred animals. There are no long migrations. “Free” or “free-camp” grazing methods are used, when animals graze themselves, without a person, periodically approaching the house or camp of reindeer herders. In a number of places, keeping deer in fences is practiced.
Taiga reindeer breeding has historically developed as a transport industry. In the past, reindeer in the taiga zone were widely used to transport mail and cargo, and reindeer herding farms received large incomes from the rental of reindeer. With the spread of mechanical transport, this source of income has ceased, and now deer are used as transport only by indigenous hunters. They also provide hunter-herder families with meat and skins. The main income of reindeer hunters is not from the sale of meat, but from hunting products (mainly furs - sable), obtained with the help of deer.
Artistic crafts of Siberia
Since ancient times, the peoples of Siberia have developed traditional art crafts. The decorative art of indigenous peoples bears the imprint of their historical and economic fate and is rooted in ancient times.
In the past, folk art did not have independent works of art - it served decorative purposes. Almost all indigenous peoples of Siberia had wood carving. Dishes, wooden household items among the Yakuts and Buryats were decorated with carvings. The nomadic and hunting lifestyle in the past determined the desire for artistic design of hunting clothes and hunting equipment. The ancient art of Siberians is the carving of mammoth bones.
Women of almost all nations were engaged in decorating clothes - artistic abilities were highly valued earlier when choosing a bride. Both men's and women's costumes were decorated with embroidery, applique on clothes and shoes. Felt carpets were also decorated with applique. Now these folk crafts have no industrial significance, but have been preserved mainly in the manufacture of souvenirs.
According to researchers from different areas, the indigenous peoples of Siberia settled in this territory in the Late Paleolithic. It was this time that is characterized by the greatest development of hunting as a craft.
Today, most of the tribes and nationalities of this region are small and their culture is on the verge of extinction. Next, we will try to get acquainted with such an area of \u200b\u200bthe geography of our Motherland as the peoples of Siberia. Photos of representatives, features of the language and housekeeping will be given in the article.
Understanding these aspects of life, we are trying to show the versatility of peoples and, perhaps, arouse in readers an interest in travel and unusual experiences.
Ethnogenesis
Almost throughout Siberia, the Mongoloid type of man is represented. It is considered its homeland. After the beginning of the retreat of the glacier, people with such facial features populated the region. In that era, cattle breeding was not yet developed to a significant extent, so hunting became the main occupation of the population.
If we study the map of Siberia, we will see that they are most represented by the Altai and Ural families. Tungus, Mongolian and Turkic languages on the one hand - and Ugrian-Samoyed on the other.
Socio-economic features
The peoples of Siberia and the Far East, before the development of this region by Russians, basically had a similar way of life. First, tribal relations were common. Traditions were kept within individual settlements, marriages were tried not to spread outside the tribe.
Classes were divided depending on the place of residence. If there was a large water artery nearby, then settlements of settled fishermen were often found, in which agriculture was born. The main population was engaged exclusively in cattle breeding, for example, reindeer breeding was very common.
It is convenient to breed these animals not only because of their meat, unpretentiousness in food, but also because of their skins. They are very thin and warm, which allowed such peoples as, for example, the Evenks, to be good riders and warriors in comfortable clothes.
After the arrival of firearms in these territories, the way of life has changed significantly.
Spiritual sphere of life
The ancient peoples of Siberia still remain adherents of shamanism. Although it has undergone various changes over the centuries, it has not lost its strength. The Buryats, for example, first added some rituals, and then completely switched to Buddhism.
Most of the remaining tribes were formally christened after the eighteenth century. But this is all official data. If we drive through the villages and settlements where the small peoples of Siberia live, we will see a completely different picture. Most adhere to the centuries-old traditions of their ancestors without innovation, the rest combine their beliefs with one of the main religions.
Especially these facets of life are manifested on national holidays, when attributes of different beliefs meet. They intertwine and create a unique pattern of the authentic culture of a particular tribe.
Aleuts
They call themselves Unangans, and their neighbors (Eskimos) - Alakshak. The total number barely reaches twenty thousand people, most of whom live in the northern United States and Canada.
Researchers believe that the Aleuts formed about five thousand years ago. True, there are two points of view on their origin. Some consider them an independent ethnic formation, others - that they stood out from the environment of the Eskimos.
Before this people became acquainted with Orthodoxy, of which they are adherents today, the Aleuts professed a mixture of shamanism and animism. The main shaman costume was in the form of a bird, and wooden masks depicted the spirits of various elements and phenomena.
Today, they worship a single god, which in their language is called Agugum and is in full compliance with all the canons of Christianity.
On the territory of the Russian Federation, as we will see below, many small peoples of Siberia are represented, but these live in only one settlement - the village of Nikolsky.
Itelmens
The self-name comes from the word "itenmen", which means "a person who lives here", local, in other words.
You can meet them in the west and in the Magadan region. The total number is a little over three thousand people, according to the 2002 census.
In appearance, they are closer to the Pacific type, but still have clear features of the northern Mongoloids.
The original religion - animism and fetishism, Raven was considered the ancestor. It is customary to bury the dead among the Itelmens according to the rite of "air burial". The deceased is hung up to decay in a domino on a tree or placed on a special platform. Not only the peoples of Eastern Siberia can boast of this tradition; in ancient times it was common even in the Caucasus and North America.
The most common trade is fishing and hunting for coastal mammals such as seals. In addition, collecting is widespread.
Kamchadals
Not all peoples of Siberia and the Far East are aborigines, an example of this can be the Kamchadals. Actually, this is not an independent nation, but a mixture of Russian settlers with local tribes.
Their language is Russian with admixtures of local dialects. They are distributed mainly in Eastern Siberia. These include Kamchatka, Chukotka, Magadan region, the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk.
Judging by the census, their total number fluctuates within two and a half thousand people.
Actually, as such Kamchadals appeared only in the middle of the eighteenth century. At this time, Russian settlers and merchants intensively established contacts with the locals, some of them entered into marriages with Itelmen women and representatives of the Koryaks and Chuvans.
Thus, the descendants of these intertribal unions today bear the name of Kamchadals.
Koryaks
If you start listing the peoples of Siberia, the Koryaks will not take the last place on the list. They have been known to Russian researchers since the eighteenth century.
In fact, this is not a single people, but several tribes. They call themselves Namylan or Chavchuven. Judging by the census, today their number is about nine thousand people.
Kamchatka, Chukotka and the Magadan region are the territories of residence of representatives of these tribes.
If we make a classification based on the way of life, they are divided into coastal and tundra.
The first are nymylans. They speak the Alyutor language and are engaged in sea crafts - fishing and seal hunting. The Kereks are close to them in terms of culture and way of life. This people is characterized by a sedentary life.
The second are the Chavchyv nomads (reindeer herders). Their language is Koryak. They live in the Penzhina Bay, Taigonos and adjacent territories.
A characteristic feature that distinguishes the Koryaks, like some other peoples of Siberia, are the yarangas. These are mobile cone-shaped dwellings made of skins.
Mansi
If we talk about the indigenous peoples of Western Siberia, it is impossible not to mention the Ural-Yukagir. The most prominent representatives of this group are the Mansi.
The self-name of this people is "Mendsy" or "Voguls". "Mansi" means "man" in their language.
This group was formed as a result of the assimilation of the Ural and Ugric tribes in the Neolithic era. The former were sedentary hunters, the latter were nomadic pastoralists. This duality of culture and economic management persists to this day.
The very first contacts with the western neighbors were in the eleventh century. At this time, the Mansi get acquainted with the Komi and Novgorodians. After joining Russia, the colonization policy intensifies. By the end of the seventeenth century they were pushed back to the northeast, and in the eighteenth they formally adopted Christianity.
Today there are two phratries in this people. The first is called Por, he considers the Bear his ancestor, and the Urals form its basis. The second is called Mos, its founder is a woman Kaltashch, and the majority in this phratry belongs to the Ugrians.
A characteristic feature is that only cross-marriages between phratries are recognized. Only some indigenous peoples of Western Siberia have such a tradition.
Nanais
In ancient times, they were known as golds, and one of the most famous representatives of this people was Dersu Uzala.
Judging by the census, there are a little over twenty thousand of them. They live along the Amur in the Russian Federation and China. The language is Nanai. On the territory of Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is used, in China - the language is unwritten.
These peoples of Siberia became known thanks to Khabarov, who explored this region in the seventeenth century. Some scientists consider them to be the ancestors of the settled farmers of the Duchers. But most are inclined to believe that the Nanais simply came to these lands.
In 1860, thanks to the redistribution of borders along the Amur River, many representatives of this people found themselves overnight citizens of two states.
Nenets
Listing the peoples, it is impossible not to dwell on the Nenets. This word, like many names of the tribes of these territories, means "man". Judging by the data of the All-Russian population census, more than forty thousand people live from Taimyr to them. Thus, it turns out that the Nenets are the largest of the indigenous peoples of Siberia.
They are divided into two groups. The first is the tundra, whose representatives are the majority, the second is the forest (there are few of them left). The dialects of these tribes are so different that one cannot understand the other.
Like all the peoples of Western Siberia, the Nenets bear the features of both Mongoloids and Caucasoids. Moreover, the closer to the east, the less European signs remain.
The basis of the economy of this people is reindeer herding and, to a small extent, fishing. Corned beef is the main dish, but the cuisine is replete with raw meat from cows and deer. Thanks to the vitamins contained in the blood, the Nenets do not get scurvy, but such exoticism is rarely to the taste of guests and tourists.
Chukchi
If we think about what peoples lived in Siberia, and approach this issue from the point of view of anthropology, we will see several ways of settlement. Some tribes came from Central Asia, others from the northern islands and Alaska. Only a small fraction are local residents.
The Chukchi, or luoravetlan, as they call themselves, are similar in appearance to the Itelmens and Eskimos and have facial features like those of theirs. This suggests reflections on their origin.
They met the Russians in the seventeenth century and fought a bloody war for more than a hundred years. As a result, they were pushed back beyond the Kolyma.
The Anyui fortress became an important trading point, where the garrison moved after the fall of the Anadyr prison. The fair in this stronghold had a turnover of hundreds of thousands of rubles.
A richer group of Chukchi - chauchus (reindeer herders) - brought skins here for sale. The second part of the population was called ankalyn (dog breeders), they wandered in the north of Chukotka and led a simpler economy.
Eskimos
The self-name of this people is the Inuit, and the word "Eskimo" means "one who eats raw fish." So they were called by the neighbors of their tribes - the American Indians.
Researchers identify this people as a special "Arctic" race. They are very adapted to life in this territory and inhabit the entire coast of the Arctic Ocean from Greenland to Chukotka.
Judging by the 2002 census, their number in the Russian Federation is only about two thousand people. Most of them live in Canada and Alaska.
The religion of the Inuit is animism, and tambourines are a sacred relic in every family.
For lovers of the exotic, it will be interesting to learn about the igunaka. This is a special dish that is deadly for anyone who has not eaten it since childhood. In fact, this is the rotting meat of a dead deer or walrus (seal), which was kept under a gravel press for several months.
Thus, in this article we have studied some of the peoples of Siberia. We got acquainted with their real names, peculiarities of beliefs, housekeeping and culture.
Buryatsthis is another Siberian people with its own republic. The capital of Buryatia is the city of Ulan-Ude, located to the east of Lake Baikal. The number of Buryats is 461,389 people. In Siberia, Buryat cuisine is widely known, rightfully considered one of the best among ethnic ones. The history of this people, its legends and traditions is quite interesting. By the way, the Republic of Buryatia is one of the main centers of Buddhism in Russia.
national dwelling
The traditional dwelling of the Buryats, like all pastoral nomads, is the yurt, called ger among the Mongolian peoples (literally, dwelling, house).
Yurts were installed both portable felt and stationary in the form of a frame made of timber or logs. Wooden yurts, 6 or 8 coal, without windows. The roof has a large opening for smoke and lighting to escape. The roof was installed on four pillars - tengi. Sometimes the ceiling was arranged. The door to the yurt is oriented to the south. The room was divided into the right, male, and left, female, half. There was a hearth in the center of the dwelling. Shops lined the walls. On the right side of the entrance to the yurt there are shelves with household utensils. On the left side - chests, a table for guests. Opposite the entrance is a shelf with burkhans or ongons.
In front of the yurt, a hitching post (serge) was arranged in the form of a pillar with an ornament.
Thanks to the design of the yurta, it can be quickly assembled and disassembled, it is light in weight - all this is important when moving to other pastures. In winter, the fire in the hearth gives warmth, in summer, with an additional configuration, it is even used instead of a refrigerator. The right side of the yurt is the male side. A bow, arrows, a saber, a gun, a saddle and harness hung on the wall. The left one is female, there were household and kitchen utensils. The altar was located in the northern part. The door of the yurt has always been on the south side. The lattice frame of the yurt was covered with felt, soaked in a mixture of sour milk, tobacco and salt for disinfection. They sat on quilted felt - sherdag - around the hearth. Among the Buryats living on the western side of Lake Baikal, wooden yurts with eight walls were used. The walls were built mainly from larch logs, while the inner part of the walls had a flat surface. The roof has four large slopes (in the form of a hexagon) and four small slopes (in the form of a triangle). Inside the yurt there are four pillars on which the inner part of the roof rests - the ceiling. Large pieces of coniferous bark are laid on the ceiling (with the inside down). The final coating is carried out with even pieces of turf.
In the 19th century, wealthy Buryats began to build huts borrowed from Russian settlers, with elements of the national dwelling preserved in the interior decoration.
Traditional cuisine
From time immemorial, foods of animal and combined animal and vegetable origin have occupied a large place in the food of the Buryats: milk foam, rme, arbin, s mge, z heitei zedgene, goghan, as well as drinks hen, zutaraan sai, aarsa, x renge, tarag, horzo, togoonoy arhi (tarasun) - an alcoholic drink obtained by distilling kurunga). For future use, sour milk of a special sourdough (kurunga), dried compressed curd mass - khuruud was prepared.
Like the Mongols, the Buryats drank green tea, into which they poured milk, put salt, butter or lard.
Unlike Mongolian cuisine, a significant place in the Buryat cuisine is occupied by fish, berries (bird cherry, strawberries), herbs and spices. The Baikal omul, smoked according to the Buryat recipe, is popular.
The symbol of Buryat cuisine is buuzy (the traditional name is buuza), a steamed dish. Corresponds to Chinese baozi. (dumplings)
National clothes
Outerwear
Each Buryat clan (obsolete - tribe) has its own national dress, which is extremely diverse (mainly for women). The national dress of the Trans-Baikal Buryats consists of degel - a kind of caftan made of dressed sheepskins, which has a triangular notch on the top of the chest, pubescent, as well as sleeves tightly wrapped around the hand brush, with fur, sometimes very valuable. In summer, the degel could be replaced by a cloth caftan of the same cut. In Transbaikalia, dressing gowns were often used in the summer, for the poor - paper, and for the rich - silk. In rainy times, a saba, a kind of overcoat with a long kragen, was worn over the degel in Transbaikalia. In the cold season, especially on the road - daha, a kind of wide dressing gown, sewn from dressed skins, with wool outward.
Degel (degil) is pulled together at the waist with a belt sash, on which a knife and smoking accessories were hung: flint, ganza (a small copper pipe with a short shank) and a tobacco pouch. A distinctive feature from the Mongolian cut is the chest part of the degel - enger, where three multi-colored stripes are sewn into the upper part. At the bottom of the yellow-red color - hua ungee, in the middle of the black color - hara ungee, various on the top; white - sagan ungee, green - nogon ungee or blue - huhe ungee. The original version was - yellow-red, black, white. The history of entering these colors as insignia goes back to ancient times by the end of the 4th century AD. e., when the proto-Buryats - the Xiongnu (Huns) in front of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov split into two directions; the northern ones adopted the black color and became the black Huns (hara hunud), while the southern ones adopted the white color and became the white huns (sagan khunud). Part of the Western (Northern) Xiongnu remained under the rule of the Xianbei (proto-Mongols) and adopted hua ungee - yellow-red color. This division by colors later formed the basis for the formation of clans (omog) - Huasei, Khargana, Sagangud.
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 slide
Description of the slide:
Indigenous peoples of Siberia in the modern world. Municipal budgetary educational institution "Gymnasium No. 17", Kemerovo Compiled by: teacher of history and social studies Kapustyanskaya T.N.
2 slide
Description of the slide:
The largest peoples before Russian colonization include the following peoples: Itelmens (indigenous inhabitants of Kamchatka), Yukaghirs (inhabited the main territory of the tundra), Nivkhs (inhabitants of Sakhalin), Tuvans (the indigenous population of the Republic of Tuva), Siberian Tatars (located on the territory of Southern Siberia from Ural to the Yenisei) and the Selkups (inhabitants of Western Siberia).
3 slide
Description of the slide:
4 slide
Description of the slide:
The Yakuts are the most numerous of the Siberian peoples. According to the latest data, the number of Yakuts is 478,100 people. In modern Russia, the Yakuts are one of the few nationalities that have their own republic, and its area is comparable to the area of an average European state. The Republic of Yakutia (Sakha) is territorially located in the Far Eastern Federal District, but the ethnic group "Yakuts" has always been considered an indigenous Siberian people. The Yakuts have an interesting culture and traditions. This is one of the few peoples of Siberia that has its own epic.
5 slide
Description of the slide:
6 slide
Description of the slide:
The Buryats are another Siberian people with their own republic. The capital of Buryatia is the city of Ulan-Ude, located to the east of Lake Baikal. The number of Buryats is 461,389 people. In Siberia, Buryat cuisine is widely known, rightfully considered one of the best among ethnic ones. The history of this people, its legends and traditions is quite interesting. By the way, the Republic of Buryatia is one of the main centers of Buddhism in Russia.
7 slide
Description of the slide:
Tuvans. According to the latest census, 263,934 identified themselves as representatives of the Tuvan people. The Tyva Republic is one of the four ethnic republics of the Siberian Federal District. Its capital is the city of Kyzyl with a population of 110 thousand people. The total population of the republic is approaching 300 thousand. Buddhism also flourishes here, and the traditions of the Tuvans also speak of shamanism.
8 slide
Description of the slide:
The Khakass are one of the indigenous peoples of Siberia, numbering 72,959 people. Today they have their own republic as part of the Siberian Federal District and with the capital in the city of Abakan. This ancient people has long lived on the lands to the west of the Great Lake (Baikal). It has never been numerous, which did not prevent it from carrying its identity, culture and traditions through the centuries.
9 slide
Description of the slide:
Altaians. Their place of residence is quite compact - this is the Altai mountain system. Today Altaians live in two constituent entities of the Russian Federation - the Republic of Altai and the Altai Territory. The number of the ethnos "Altaians" is about 71 thousand people, which allows us to talk about them as a fairly large people. Religion - Shamanism and Buddhism. The Altaians have their own epic and a pronounced national identity, which does not allow them to be confused with other Siberian peoples. This mountain people has a long history and interesting legends.
10 slide
Description of the slide:
The Nenets are one of the small Siberian peoples living compactly in the area of the Kola Peninsula. Its number of 44,640 people makes it possible to attribute it to small nations, whose traditions and culture are protected by the state. The Nenets are nomadic reindeer herders. They belong to the so-called Samoyedic folk group. Over the years of the 20th century, the number of Nenets has approximately doubled, which indicates the effectiveness of state policy in the field of preserving the small peoples of the North. The Nenets have their own language and oral epic.
11 slide
Description of the slide:
Evenks are a people predominantly living on the territory of the Republic of Sakha. The number of this people in Russia is 38,396 people, some of whom live in areas adjacent to Yakutia. It is worth saying that this is about half of the total ethnic group - about the same number of Evenks live in China and Mongolia. Evenks are the people of the Manchu group, which do not have their own language and epic. Tungus is considered the native language of the Evenks. Evenks are born hunters and trackers.
12 slide
Description of the slide:
The Khanty are the indigenous people of Siberia, belonging to the Ugric group. Most of the Khanty live in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, which is part of the Ural Federal District of Russia. The total number of Khanty is 30,943 people. About 35% of the Khanty live on the territory of the Siberian Federal District, and their lion's share falls on the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The traditional occupations of the Khanty are fishing, hunting and reindeer herding. The religion of their ancestors is shamanism, but recently more and more Khanty consider themselves Orthodox Christians.
13 slide
Description of the slide:
The Evens are a people related to the Evenks. According to one version, they represent an Evenk group, which was cut off from the main halo of residence by the Yakuts moving south. For a long time away from the main ethnic group, the Evens made a separate people. Today their number is 21,830 people. The language is Tungus. Places of residence - Kamchatka, Magadan region, Republic of Sakha.
14 slide
Description of the slide:
The Chukchi are a nomadic Siberian people who are mainly engaged in reindeer herding and live on the territory of the Chukchi Peninsula. Their number is about 16 thousand people. The Chukchi belong to the Mongoloid race and, according to many anthropologists, are the indigenous aborigines of the Far North. The main religion is animism. Indigenous trades are hunting and reindeer herding.
15 slide
Description of the slide:
The Shors are a Turkic-speaking people living in the southeastern part of Western Siberia, mainly in the south of the Kemerovo region (in the Tashtagol, Novokuznetsk, Mezhdurechensk, Myskovsky, Osinnikovsky and other regions). Their number is about 13 thousand people. The main religion is shamanism. The Shor epic is of scientific interest primarily for its originality and antiquity. The history of the people dates back to the VI century. Today, the traditions of the Shors have been preserved only in Sheregesh, since most of the ethnic group moved to the cities and largely assimilated.
16 slide
Description of the slide:
Mansi. This people has been known to Russians since the foundation of Siberia. Even Ivan the Terrible sent an army against the Mansi, which suggests that they were quite numerous and strong. The self-name of this people is Voguls. They have their own language, a fairly developed epic. Today, their place of residence is the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. According to the latest census, 12,269 people identified themselves as belonging to the Mansi ethnic group.
17 slide
Description of the slide:
Nanais are a small people living along the banks of the Amur River in the Far East of Russia. Relating to the Baikal ethnotype, the Nanais are rightfully considered one of the most ancient indigenous peoples of Siberia and the Far East. To date, the number of Nanais in Russia is 12,160 people. The Nanais have their own language, rooted in Tungus. Writing exists only among the Russian Nanais and is based on the Cyrillic alphabet.
