In general, a dog in a dream means a friend - good or bad - and is a symbol of love and devotion.

Seeing her in a dream portends hearing from a friend or meeting him.

Small dogs in a dream mean chores, worries, fuss.

A black dog in a dream means your friend who started something against you.

A white dog in a dream is your close friend.

And a red dog in a dream means a very close person, husband, wife, lover.

The breed and size of the dog in a dream characterizes your friends.

A poodle, spitz and other decorative dogs in a dream are a faithful and gentle friend.

A dog in a dream is a big and smart friend. But if in a dream he grins at you, then beware of him. This is no longer a friend, but an insidious enemy.

Hounds and hunting breeds in a dream mean mercenary people who will not hesitate to make money on you or deceive you for the sake of profit. But if in a dream you know that you have hunting dogs, then the dream predicts good luck or profit for you.

If in a dream dogs are chasing you, then you should beware of traps prepared for you by insidious enemies.

Guard dogs are loyal, devoted and strong friends who are ready to protect you in difficult times.

To meet a dog in a dream means receiving news from a loved one or friend.

A playing dog in a dream is a harbinger of a joyful or pleasant meeting.

A caressing dog means a devoted friend. However, if in a dream an unfamiliar dog caresses you, then you should be wary of deception or betrayal.

Caressing the dog yourself in a dream is a sign that you are trying to achieve the location of a loved one.

A snarling, barking, growling, attacking dog in a dream predicts quarrels, scandals, insults.

If you dream that a dog has bitten you, then you should not lend money to your friends, so as not to quarrel with them later because of this.

Sick dogs in a dream symbolize a decline in business or the loss of some property.

If in a dream you see that a small dog is sick, then sadness and disappointment await you.

The dream in which you saw that the dog is hiding from you, avoiding you or running away from you, portends a discord in relations with a close friend and his cooling towards you.

Hearing loud barking in a dream is a harbinger of success in business. If in a dream barking scared you, then the news will be unpleasant. Hearing the barking of several dogs in a dream is a big scandal or trouble.

If you dream that an accident occurred with some large red dog, as a result of which it died, then soon you will learn about the sudden death of a loved one who will die as a result of a similar accident.

Gnawing dogs in a dream - to a quarrel with a loved one.

If you dream that your dog was put on a chain or put on a collar, then know that your friend is not free from any obligations and you cannot count on his devotion.

If in a dream you manage to unhook the leash, remove the collar from the dog, then success in your personal life and victory over rivals await you.

A beautiful white dog in a dream portends receiving good news from a loved one.

A dirty, wet, unkempt white dog in a dream is your close friend who, because of you, got into an unpleasant position and had a lot of trouble in his family.

Angry dogs in a dream are your enemies. A mad dog in a dream is your fierce enemy. Often such a dream predicts that you will experience shame or humiliation caused by unfounded accusations.

A doghouse in a dream is a harbinger of the fact that you will soon find yourself in cramped circumstances and will be forced to reckon with it.

Riding a dog in a dream means the strength of your position and good luck in business.

Fighting dogs are rivals.

Walking with a dog in a dream is a sign of a pleasant pastime with your loved one.

If in a dream a dog protects you from enemies, then know that you have a friend whose help you can count on. See interpretation: animals.

Interpretation of dreams from the Family Dream Book

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Why do little dogs dream? It is impossible to unambiguously interpret such a dream: its interpretation depends on many factors. Therefore, try to remember what happened in the kingdom of Morpheus in great detail and choose the appropriate interpretation.

Interpretations of popular dream books

Let's try to figure out why small dogs dream, according to the authors of various dream books.

Look for a suitable prediction in the list:

1. Old Russian dream book. Dogs that appeared in a dream are a symbol of devotion and fidelity to people around. Think about it, does everyone deserve such an attitude? Perhaps your good relationship is used by unworthy people.
2. Dream Interpretation Longo. If you dreamed of small dogs that are cuddling, trying to lick your hand, this is a favorable sign. After a long search, you will finally be able to find a decent job or get a promotion at an existing one.
3. If you dream that the puppies are sleeping, problems with children are coming. They may get sick, which will cause you to postpone your scheduled activities or take sick leave at work.
4. Dream Interpretation of Simon Canonite. The authors of this dream book believe that seeing small dogs in a dream is a favorable sign. In real life, your efforts and efforts will bring worthy results, you will succeed and be rewarded
5. Italian dream book Meneghetti. According to the authors of this dream book, seeing a dog in a dream is not a very favorable sign. In real life, you are dependent on someone, you are in a subordinate position, which is why you cannot fully realize yourself. It is time to break free from the shackles, become an independent person and act in accordance with our own interests, not those of others.
6. The famous predictor Nostradamus believed that dogs dream of financial problems. Moreover, global - serious difficulties with money are coming, it can even reach the point that you will not know what to buy food for. Get ready to solve problems and eliminate all sorts of difficulties to stay afloat
7. In Tsvetkov's dream book it is indicated: they saw small dogs in a dream - win in some kind of life situation. Any difficulty is up to you, you can adequately solve any problem, success will accompany you in everything
8. The famous psychotherapist Freud believed that the most devoted pets dream of quarrels and conflicts. You will seriously quarrel with a person close and dear to you. The outcome of the quarrel depends only on you: it will turn out to make peace or you will have to leave forever
9. Loff's dream book indicates that homeless puppies dream of an impending insoluble conflict. A serious dispute will arise that cannot be resolved peacefully
10. In a Muslim dream book, a dog is considered the personification of an enemy, an ill-wisher. In real life, there is a person who intrigues you and tries to harm you.
11. If in a dream you beat small dogs, this is a favorable sign. In real life, you have good health, you are not afraid of illness. And minor ailments will pass quickly
12. According to the author of Miller's dream book, small dogs dream of favorable events and a successful outcome. Good luck will accompany you in everything - both in financial affairs and in your personal life. Seize the moment to achieve your goals
13. If a woman dreams of small dogs, she will soon meet her future husband. The marriage will be long, happy, the family will not need anything, you and your chosen one will have smart and obedient children

See in the video what else dogs can dream of:

Why do puppies dream - other interpretations

It is very important to remember what happened in a dream: how many puppies there were, how they behaved, what you did in a dream.

The meaning of your dream also depends on this. We offer the following interpretations set out in popular dream books:

1. The dog personifies the image of a close friend, a person devoted to you, a loving partner. Therefore, the more puppies there were, the more such people in your environment
2. What was the color of the puppies? Whites dream of prosperity and success, blacks promise trouble and failure in real life, redheads portend vivid emotions and passionate sexual adventures.
3. What size were the puppies in your dream? Large, thoroughbred dogs dream of the appearance in your life of a devoted and loving friend who will always come to the rescue in any, even the most difficult situation.
4. If the puppies were very small, in the near future you will find a reliable protector and patron who will offer his help in a difficult situation. Do not refuse and let this person prove himself, not forgetting to thank
5. If an unmarried girl dreams of puppies, she will soon meet a worthy man who in the future can become a reliable companion in her life. He will court long and hard to achieve the favor of his chosen one.
6. According to some authors, small dogs dream of unexpected gifts. Moreover, the more puppies there were in the dream, the greater the scale of the surprise. Get ready to rejoice and give thanks
7. If small dogs are angry in a dream, trying to bite or scratch you, this is an unfavorable sign that promises a betrayal of a loved one. Possible deception by a friend or betrayal of a loved one
8. The Egyptian dream book indicates that a dog bite in a dream warns: someone is trying to harm you with the help of magic. They try to talk to you, bewitch or jinx you. We recommend buying and wearing a reliable amulet that will protect against evil slander
9. If you dream of dead puppies, then you are a person with a well-developed intuition. Pay attention to your hunches and follow them

The solar system is a group of planets revolving in certain orbits around a bright star - the Sun. This luminary is the main source of heat and light in the solar system.

It is believed that our system of planets was formed as a result of the explosion of one or more stars and this happened about 4.5 billion years ago. At first, the solar system was a collection of gas and dust particles, however, over time and under the influence of its own mass, the Sun and other planets arose.

Planets of the solar system

In the center of the solar system is the Sun, around which eight planets move in their orbits: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

Until 2006, Pluto also belongs to this group of planets, it was considered the 9th planet from the Sun, however, due to its considerable distance from the Sun and its small size, it was excluded from this list and called a dwarf planet. Rather, it is one of several dwarf planets in the Kuiper belt.

All the above planets are usually divided into two large groups: the terrestrial group and the gas giants.

The terrestrial group includes such planets as: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars. They are distinguished by their small size and rocky surface, and in addition, they are located closer than the others to the Sun.

The gas giants include: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. They are characterized by large sizes and the presence of rings, which are ice dust and rocky pieces. These planets are made up mostly of gas.

The sun

The sun is the star around which all the planets and moons in the solar system revolve. It is made up of hydrogen and helium. The Sun is 4.5 billion years old, only in the middle of its life cycle, gradually increasing in size. Now the diameter of the Sun is 1,391,400 km. In the same number of years, this star will expand and reach the orbit of the Earth.

The sun is the source of heat and light for our planet. Its activity increases or becomes weaker every 11 years.

Due to the extremely high temperatures on its surface, a detailed study of the Sun is extremely difficult, but attempts to launch a special apparatus as close as possible to the star continue.

Terrestrial group of planets

Mercury

This planet is one of the smallest in the solar system, its diameter is 4,879 km. In addition, it is closest to the Sun. This neighborhood predetermined a significant temperature difference. The average temperature on Mercury during the day is +350 degrees Celsius, and at night it is -170 degrees.

If we focus on the earth's year, then Mercury makes a complete revolution around the sun in 88 days, and one day there lasts 59 earth days. It was noticed that this planet can periodically change the speed of its rotation around the Sun, its distance from it and its position.

There is no atmosphere on Mercury, in connection with this, asteroids often attack it and leave behind a lot of craters on its surface. Sodium, helium, argon, hydrogen, oxygen were discovered on this planet.

A detailed study of Mercury presents great difficulties due to its close proximity to the Sun. Mercury can sometimes be seen from Earth with the naked eye.

According to one theory, it is believed that Mercury was previously a satellite of Venus, however, this assumption has not yet been proven. Mercury has no satellite.

Venus

This planet is the second from the Sun. In size, it is close to the diameter of the Earth, the diameter is 12,104 km. In all other respects, Venus is significantly different from our planet. A day here lasts 243 Earth days, and a year - 255 days. The atmosphere of Venus is 95% carbon dioxide, which creates a greenhouse effect on its surface. This leads to the fact that the average temperature on the planet is 475 degrees Celsius. The atmosphere also includes 5% nitrogen and 0.1% oxygen.

Unlike the Earth, most of whose surface is covered with water, there is no liquid on Venus, and almost the entire surface is occupied by solidified basaltic lava. According to one theory, there used to be oceans on this planet, however, as a result of internal heating, they evaporated, and the vapors were carried away by the solar wind into outer space. Near the surface of Venus, weak winds blow, however, at an altitude of 50 km, their speed increases significantly and amounts to 300 meters per second.

There are many craters and hills on Venus, reminiscent of terrestrial continents. The formation of craters is associated with the fact that earlier the planet had a less dense atmosphere.

A distinctive feature of Venus is that, unlike the other planets, its movement does not occur from west to east, but from east to west. It can be seen from Earth even without the help of a telescope after sunset or before sunrise. This is due to the ability of its atmosphere to reflect light well.

Venus has no satellite.

Earth

Our planet is located at a distance of 150 million km from the Sun, and this allows us to create on its surface a temperature suitable for the existence of water in liquid form, and, therefore, for the emergence of life.

Its surface is 70% covered with water, and it is the only one of the planets that has such an amount of liquid. It is believed that many thousands of years ago, the steam contained in the atmosphere created the temperature on the Earth's surface necessary for the formation of water in liquid form, and solar radiation contributed to photosynthesis and the birth of life on the planet.

A feature of our planet is that under the earth's crust there are huge tectonic plates that, moving, collide with each other and lead to a change in the landscape.

The diameter of the Earth is 12,742 km. An Earth day lasts 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds, and a year - 365 days 6 hours 9 minutes 10 seconds. Its atmosphere is 77% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and a small percentage of other gases. None of the atmospheres of other planets in the solar system has such an amount of oxygen.

According to scientists, the age of the Earth is 4.5 billion years, about the same time its only satellite, the Moon, exists. It is always turned to our planet with only one side. There are many craters, mountains and plains on the surface of the Moon. It reflects sunlight very weakly, so it can be seen from Earth in a pale moonshine.

Mars

This planet is the fourth in a row from the Sun and is 1.5 times more distant from it than the Earth. The diameter of Mars is smaller than Earth's and is 6,779 km. The average air temperature on the planet ranges from -155 degrees to +20 degrees at the equator. The magnetic field on Mars is much weaker than that of the Earth, and the atmosphere is quite rarefied, which allows solar radiation to freely affect the surface. In this regard, if there is life on Mars, it is not on the surface.

When surveyed with the help of rovers, it was found that there are many mountains on Mars, as well as dried riverbeds and glaciers. The surface of the planet is covered with red sand. Iron oxide gives Mars its color.

One of the most frequent events on the planet are dust storms, which are voluminous and destructive. Geological activity on Mars could not be detected, however, it is reliably known that significant geological events took place on the planet earlier.

The atmosphere of Mars is 96% carbon dioxide, 2.7% nitrogen and 1.6% argon. Oxygen and water vapor are present in minimal quantities.

A day on Mars is similar in duration to that on Earth and is 24 hours 37 minutes 23 seconds. A year on the planet lasts twice as long as the earth - 687 days.

The planet has two moons Phobos and Deimos. They are small and uneven in shape, reminiscent of asteroids.

Sometimes Mars is also visible from Earth with the naked eye.

gas giants

Jupiter

This planet is the largest in the solar system and has a diameter of 139,822 km, which is 19 times larger than the earth. A day on Jupiter lasts 10 hours, and a year is approximately 12 Earth years. Jupiter is mainly composed of xenon, argon, and krypton. If it were 60 times larger, it could become a star due to a spontaneous thermonuclear reaction.

The average temperature on the planet is -150 degrees Celsius. The atmosphere is made up of hydrogen and helium. There is no oxygen or water on its surface. There is an assumption that there is ice in the atmosphere of Jupiter.

Jupiter has a huge number of satellites - 67. The largest of them are Io, Ganymede, Callisto and Europa. Ganymede is one of the largest moons in the solar system. Its diameter is 2634 km, which is approximately the size of Mercury. In addition, a thick layer of ice is visible on its surface, under which there may be water. Callisto is considered the oldest of the satellites, since it is its surface that has the largest number of craters.

Saturn

This planet is the second largest in the solar system. Its diameter is 116,464 km. It is most similar in composition to the Sun. A year on this planet lasts quite a long time, almost 30 Earth years, and a day is 10.5 hours. The average surface temperature is -180 degrees.

Its atmosphere consists mainly of hydrogen and a small amount of helium. Thunderstorms and auroras often occur in its upper layers.

Saturn is unique in that it has 65 moons and several rings. The rings are made up of small ice particles and rock formations. Ice dust perfectly reflects light, so the rings of Saturn are very clearly visible in a telescope. However, he is not the only planet to have a diadem, it is just less noticeable on other planets.

Uranus

Uranus is the third largest planet in the solar system and the seventh from the sun. It has a diameter of 50,724 km. It is also called the "ice planet", as the temperature on its surface is -224 degrees. A day on Uranus lasts 17 hours, and a year is 84 Earth years. At the same time, summer lasts as long as winter - 42 years. Such a natural phenomenon is due to the fact that the axis of that planet is located at an angle of 90 degrees to the orbit, and it turns out that Uranus, as it were, "lies on its side."

Uranus has 27 moons. The most famous of them are: Oberon, Titania, Ariel, Miranda, Umbriel.

Neptune

Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun. In its composition and size, it is similar to its neighbor Uranus. The diameter of this planet is 49,244 km. A day on Neptune lasts 16 hours, and a year is equal to 164 Earth years. Neptune belongs to the ice giants and for a long time it was believed that no weather events occur on its icy surface. However, it has recently been found that Neptune has raging eddies and wind speeds the highest of the planets in the solar system. It reaches 700 km / h.

Neptune has 14 moons, the most famous of which is Triton. It is known that it has its own atmosphere.

Neptune also has rings. This planet has 6.

Interesting facts about the planets of the solar system

Compared to Jupiter, Mercury appears to be a dot in the sky. These are actually the proportions in the solar system:

Venus is often called the Morning and Evening Star, since it is the first of the stars visible in the sky at sunset and the last to disappear from visibility at dawn.

An interesting fact about Mars is the fact that methane was found on it. Due to the rarefied atmosphere, it is constantly evaporating, which means that the planet has a constant source of this gas. Such a source can be living organisms inside the planet.

Jupiter has no seasons. The biggest mystery is the so-called "Great Red Spot". Its origin on the surface of the planet is still not fully understood. Scientists suggest that it is formed by a huge hurricane that has been rotating at a very high speed for several centuries.

An interesting fact is that Uranus, like many planets in the solar system, has its own system of rings. Due to the fact that the particles that make up them reflect light poorly, the rings could not be detected immediately after the discovery of the planet.

Neptune has a rich blue color, so it was named after the ancient Roman god - the master of the seas. Due to its remote location, this planet was one of the last to be discovered. At the same time, its location was calculated mathematically, and over time it could be seen, and it was in the calculated place.

Light from the Sun reaches the surface of our planet in 8 minutes.

The solar system, despite its long and thorough study, is still fraught with many mysteries and mysteries that have yet to be revealed. One of the most fascinating hypotheses is the assumption of the presence of life on other planets, the search for which is actively continuing.

Planet Mercury

The planet MERCURY has attracted the attention of people since the earliest times with its rapid visible movement. That is why it was called Mercury. So the Romans called the Greek god Hermes - the messenger of the gods.

In winged sandals on his feet, with a winged helmet on his head and with a rod in his hands, the god Hermes rushed with the speed of thought from the heights of Olympus to the most remote lands of the whole world.

The god Hermes was also considered the patron saint of travelers. On all roads and crossroads, and even in front of the doors of houses in Ancient Greece, stone pillars with the head of Hermes were placed. He was the patron saint of travelers not only during their lifetime, but even after their death. With his rod, he closed people's eyes, and they fell asleep in a deep sleep. After that, he accompanied the souls of the dead to the gloomy underground kingdom of Hades.

Being the patron of trade, the god Hermes helped merchants to get profits and collect wealth. He created letters and numbers, taught people to write, read, count and measure. Therefore, he was also revered as the god of eloquence, and at the same time he was the god of lies, deceit and theft. Hermes was considered an unusually skilled thief, unsurpassed in cunning and dexterity. As a joke, he once stole a rod from his father, the thunderer Zeus, from the god Poseidon he stole his trident, from the god of war Ares - a sword, and from Apollo - a bow and golden arrows.

Wit, cunning and extraordinary ability to steal Hermes showed immediately after his birth. As soon as he was born, his mother Maya swaddled him and left him in the cradle to sleep, and Hermes immediately decided to steal the cows from the herd of Apollo, which grazed in the green valley of Pieria. He got out of the cradle so quietly that even his mother, who was sleeping next to him, did not hear anything. Like a whirlwind, Hermes rushed to Pieria, selected fifteen of the best cows from the herd there and, tying branches to their feet so that the cows covered their tracks when walking, drove the prey to the Peloponnese. By evening, he, along with the cows, was already in Boeotia. There, at the crossroads, he noticed an old man sitting. Hermes suggested that he choose and take the best cow for himself, but on the condition that the old man would not tell anyone that he had seen Hermes leading the cows along the road. The old man was delighted, chose the best cow from the herd and solemnly swore that he would not tell anyone anything. Hermes went on with the herd and soon found himself in a cool forest. Then it occurred to him to check whether the elder would keep his promise. He changed his appearance and, taking a few cows and leaving the rest to graze in a grove, he came back to that old man in a different way and asked him: “Tell me, grandfather, have you seen a boy walking here with cows? If you tell me the truth and tell me which way he went, I will give you two cows.”

The old man was delighted with the opportunity to get two cows and, not remembering this promise, said that quite recently a boy with cows passed along this road and headed towards that forest.

Hermes turned green with anger and turned the old man into a rock so that he would forever be silent and remind everyone that the person who gave the word should never break it.

After that, Hermes continued on his way and led the cows to Pylos. When he got there, he sacrificed two cows to his father Zeus, and drove the rest into the cave so that they had to back away. Thus, the tracks of the cows showed that they were leaving the cave, and not entering it. After that, Hermes quickly returned to his mother, wrapped himself in diapers and fell asleep as if nothing had happened. When his mother understood the reason why her son was not with her for so long, she began to reproach him and scold him for this trick. She reminded him of the well-aimed arrows of Apollo, with the help of which he punished the guilty. Hermes calmly replied to his mother that he was not afraid of Apollo at all. If Apollo decides to offend him, then Hermes will rob him of the sanctuary of Apollo in Delphi in revenge.

A little time passed and Apollo appeared to claim his cows. Hermes pretended to sleep in his cradle. But Apollo woke him up and began to ask where the boy had taken his cows. The adult god swore for a long time with the young god, but Hermes stubbornly insisted that he had not seen any cows and did not know where they could be. The mother of Hermes also intervened, and, finally, Apollo simply pulled the boy out of the cradle and forced him to take him to the cave to take the cows from there.

They walked for a long time and only in the evening they reached the right place. Hermes, having shown Apollo a cave, sat down on one of the hillocks and began to play the lyre, which he had made himself. The gentle music enchanted Apollo, and he forgot his anger. He gave Hermes his cows in exchange for this lyre. So Apollo received a lyre, which he later often played and amused people. And around the world in his winged sandals, young Hermes flew at the speed of thought - the messenger of the Olympian gods, the patron of travelers, merchants, thieves, deceivers and orators.

Planet Venus

VENUS - the brightest celestial body after the Sun and the Moon - is apparently the first planet ("wandering star") that people discovered in the most ancient times. With its bright brilliance, it attracted the eyes of people in the morning, before sunrise, like Zornitsa, and in the evening, after sunset, like Vespers (evening star).

The visible brilliance of Venus gives her some mysterious beauty and charm, which is why she got this name. So the ancient Romans called the Greek goddess of beauty and love Aphrodite.

According to one version of the ancient Greek myth, Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus and the nymph (oceanid) Dione. According to another, more common version of the myth, she was the daughter of Uranus (Heaven), born from the snow-white foam of the frisky waves of the sea, and was born near the island of Cythera. A light breeze, gently picking up the newly born goddess Aphrodite, carried her to the island of Cyprus. There the young Ores dressed her in golden robes and crowned her head with a wreath of fresh flowers.

Surrounded by her companions - Ores and Charites - the goddesses of beauty and grace, Aphrodite shone with beauty and charm. Where she passed, the rays of Helios flashed even brighter, the grass rose to growth, and the flowers blossomed and exuded a wondrous aroma. When she appeared, birds began to sing even more cheerfully, and predatory animals - lions, tigers, hyenas - surrounded Aphrodite and meekly licked her tender hands.

Eros (Eros) and Gimerot took Aphrodite to Olympus, and there the gods solemnly met her. From the heights of Olympus, the eternally young and most beautiful goddess Aphrodite rules over the world. Since then, both gods and mortals have been subject to her power. She awakens passionate love in the hearts of everyone with the help of her son Eros.

Eros was a cheerful, playful and playful boy. On his golden wings he flew like a light breeze over land and over the seas. He always had a small golden bow in his hands, and a quiver of arrows hung from his shoulder. No one could defend himself against the well-aimed arrows of Eros, because the cunning boy knew how to deftly hide, and no one had ever seen him. As soon as the arrow of Eros pierced the heart of a god or a mortal man, love flared up in him, and he began to live in joy and happiness, intoxicated with wondrous hopes and dreams. But the arrows of Eros also brought love torment, suffering and even death with unrequited love. More than once, the playful shooter pierced the heart of the great ruler of Heaven and Earth - Zeus - and caused him mental suffering.

Zeus knew that the son of Aphrodite, Eros, would cause suffering and misfortune to many people in the world. Therefore, he wanted the boy to be killed at his birth. But Aphrodite, having learned about the intentions of Zeus, hid her son in impenetrable forests, where two lionesses fed baby Eros with their milk. Eros grew up and, as a messenger of Aphrodite, began to sow love, joy and happiness among people with his arrows, but sometimes brought them love torment and suffering.

The planet Mars

The planet MARS has long attracted the attention of people with its highly visible blood-red color. For this color, she received the name - Mars. So the ancient Romans called the ancient Greek god of war Ares.

The god Ares, the son of Zeus and Hera, loved nothing but war. Nothing pleased his heart so much as fierce battles and bloody wars between peoples. Armed with a sword and a huge shield, with a helmet on his head, he rushed furiously among the fighters and rejoiced violently, watching the bloodied warriors fall with groans and sobs. He triumphed when he managed to pierce a warrior with his sword and see hot blood pouring from his wounds. Blinded by his cruelty, the god Ares killed indiscriminately, and the more corpses he saw on the battlefield, the more joy he experienced at the same time.

Nobody liked the god Ares. Even Zeus told him more than once that if Ares had not been his son, he would have ended up in gloomy Tartarus long ago and suffered there along with the titans. Only two faithful assistants and companions were with Ares - the goddess of discord Eris and the goddess Enyuo, who sows murders in the world. Only they loved Ares and obediently fulfilled all his desires, going wherever he sent them to sow discord and murder among people. And after them, in the whirlwind of war, the god Ares himself moved, rejoicing at the sight of the blood shed before his eyes.

More than once, the god Ares suffered defeat and was forced to leave the battlefield defeated. And his warlike daughter of Zeus, Pallas Athena, won, won with wisdom and consciousness of her strength. She calmly stood before the ferocious Ares, covered with a brilliant helmet and a huge shield, and with her long sharp spear she put Ares to flight and forced him to flee into the mountains. As soon as the god of war himself fled from the battlefield, the war ended, and people again began to live in peace and prosperity.

Moons of Mars

In 1877, during the great opposition of the planet Mars, the American astronomer Asaph Hall discovered two satellites of this planet. According to the traditions that existed in astronomy, he gave them the names Phobos and Deimos (Fear and Horror).

Both satellites of Mars are relatively small celestial bodies. They are accessible for observation only with the help of large telescopes, which were not available in the 17th and 18th centuries, so it seems surprising that even at the beginning of the 17th century. Johannes Kepler suggested that the planet Mars has two satellites (that is, approximately 270 years before their actual discovery!). Even more surprising is that 150 years before the discovery of the satellites of Mars, in 1727, the brilliant English satirist Jonathan Swift quite accurately indicated the distance from Mars to both of its satellites.

And now the satellites of Mars attract the attention of astronomers. Due to the tidal influence on the satellites, Phobos is approaching Mars, and Deimos is moving away from Mars. Calculations show that in about a hundred million years, Phobos will approach Mars so much that it will cross the dangerous Roche limit, and this will end its existence, since tidal forces will “tear” it into pieces of various sizes. From the debris, approximately the same ring will be obtained, which “decorates” the planet Saturn.

According to ancient Greek mythology, the god of war Ares (Mars) had two sons who accompanied him everywhere. One of the sons was named Phobos (Fear), and the other was Deimos (Horror). Together with their father, both sons always took part in wars and battles.

According to another version of the myth, Phobos and Deimos are the names of the horses harnessed to the war chariot of the god of war Ares. These horses rushed with insane speed, so that sparks fell from under their hooves, and the chariot flew with thunder and crackle across the battlefield. In it stood the cruelest of the gods, Ares, enjoying the blood shed before his eyes.

Planet Jupiter

The calm and strong golden visible brilliance gives the planet JUPITER majesty and grandeur, especially under good viewing conditions. Therefore, apparently, she received the name Jupiter - as the Romans called the ancient Greek god Zeus - the ruler of Heaven and Earth, gods and mortals. With his lightning, he destroyed anyone who violated the order and law established by him in the world. Therefore, the ancient Greeks called him the Thunderer Zeus (see the constellation Leo).

Moons of the planet Jupiter

The era of telescopes in astronomy began on that clear and frosty night on January 7, 1610, when Galileo Galilei pointed his small spotting scope at the heavenly bodies. Near the planet Jupiter, he noticed four faint "stars", which after some time he confidently identified as satellites of the planet.

In the course of 282 years, only four satellites of Jupiter, discovered by Galileo, were known. The fifth moon of Jupiter was discovered by the American astronomer Edward Barnard in 1892. Charles Perrine in 1904 and 1905. discovered the sixth and seventh satellites, F. J. Mellot in 1908 - the eighth satellite of Jupiter. The next four satellites of this planet were discovered by S. B. Nicholson in 1914, in 1938 (two satellites) and in 1951. In September 1974, the American astronomer Charles Cowell discovered the thirteenth satellite, and about a year later (in October 1975) the fourteenth satellite of Jupiter.

Fourteen satellites revolve around this planet. They are numbered with Roman numerals in the order in which they were discovered. Only the first five satellites have names. Perrine, Mellot and Nicholson, who increased the number of discovered satellites from 5 to 12, did not use the right of discoverers and did not give names to their finds.

According to tradition, in astronomy, the names of the planets, with a few exceptions, are taken from Roman mythology, and the names of the satellites from Greek mythology (also with a few exceptions). According to this tradition, the names of the first five moons of Jupiter (Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto and Amalthea) are associated with Zeus (or Jupiter in Roman mythology).

The first satellite of Jupiter was named Io, the daughter of the river god Inach, the first king of Argolis. This is how her tragic life and fate are described in ancient Greek myth.

Young Io was beautiful. Her beauty could only be matched by that of the most beautiful goddess. Once, from the heights of Olympus, Zeus saw Io in the garden of his father's palace. Fascinated by her divine beauty and youthful charm, he immediately turned into a dark cloud and descended to the girl. But the jealous wife of Zeus Hera found out about it. Blinded by jealousy, she decided to destroy her rival. To save his beloved, Zeus turned her into a snow-white cow with big beautiful eyes. Hera, hiding her anger, asked Zeus to give her this cow, because she supposedly liked her very much. Zeus could not refuse Hera. But as soon as Hera became the mistress of Io, she immediately subjected her to terrible torment. Hera gave the cow under guard to the stout-eyed Argus (the personification of the starry sky) and ordered him to keep Io in one place on the top of a high mountain. Day and night she stood motionless and suffered terribly, but she could not tell anyone about her torment, as she was deprived of the gift of speech and only mooed plaintively.

Zeus saw the suffering of Io. One day he called the messenger of the gods Hermes and ordered him to steal Io. Hermes immediately rushed to carry out the assignment and soon was already on the top of that mountain where the guard Argus guarded Io. Hermes sat down next to Argus, began to tell various fables and put Argus to sleep with them. As soon as he fell asleep and closed his last eye, Hermes cut off his head with one blow of his huge sword. The freed Io was finally able to descend the mountain.

Having freed Io from the ever-vigilant Argus, Zeus could not save her from the malice of his jealous wife. On the contrary, Hera's hatred for Io became even greater. She sent a monstrous gadfly to Io, who, with his long sharp sting, bit her so that she had to run and did not have a moment's rest. Pursued by a gadfly, driven to madness by unbearable torments, covered in sweat and foam, bloodied, Io rushed from country to country. The furious running through plains and valleys, over high mountains and dense forests did not save her from the gadfly, whose pitiless sting drove her farther and farther. There is almost no country left on Earth through which the unfortunate Io would not rush in her terrible run. Finally, she reached the Far North and found herself at the rock, to which the titan Prometheus, the benefactor of people, was chained. He predicted to Io that the end of her suffering would come after she reached Egypt. He showed Io the path she had to take to reach that distant land. Having listened to the words of Prometheus, Io rushed to the south, but the gadfly did not leave his victim ... Io had to go through many more countries, cross many seas, until, finally, she reached Egypt. There, on the banks of the blessed Nile, Zeus returned her human form. Again the young girl shone with her divine beauty. From Zeus, Io gave birth to a son Epaphus - the first king of Egypt, the founder of a glorious generation of heroes, among whom was the most famous and illustrious hero - Hercules, who freed Prometheus.

The second satellite of Jupiter is named after Europe, the daughter of King Agenor, who competed with the immortal goddesses with her beauty. Enchanted by her, Zeus turned into a bull and kidnapped Europa, taking her to the island of Crete (see about the constellation Taurus).

Jupiter's third moon is named after Ganymede, the son of the Trojan king Laomedon.

Beautiful and slender, like the god Apollo, was the young Ganymede. He herded his father's flocks on the evergreen slopes of the Ida mountain ranges. But Zeus sent his eagle, who kidnapped Ganymede and brought him to the gods on Olympus. Zeus rewarded Ganymede with immortality and made him his butler. During the feasts that the gods often arranged on various occasions, Ganymede, along with the eternally young Hebe - the daughter of the goddess Hera - brought ambrosia and nectar to the gods (see the constellation Aquarius).

Planet Saturn

The slow apparent movement of this planet against the background of the zodiac constellations and its calm yellowish brilliance give it a certain majesty. Therefore, she was given the name SATURN - as the Romans called the ancient Greek god Kronos.

After Uranus (Sky) became the ruler of the world, he took the blessed Gaia (Earth) as his wife. And twelve children were born to them (six sons and six daughters) - mighty and ferocious titans.

In addition to the titans, Gaia also gave birth to three giants - the Cyclopes. Each of them had one eye in the middle of the forehead, and with their appearance they instilled fear in everyone. Uranus hated them, locked them in the dark bowels of the Earth and did not allow them to appear in the white world. Suffering tore the heart of the goddess Gaia at the sight of how her children, the Cyclopes, were tormented. Gaia failed to appease her formidable husband Uranus, and one day she called her children - the titans - and asked them to take power away from their father Uranus. The titans did not dare to rebel against their father. Only the youngest of the titans, Kronos, listened to his mother's advice. By cunning, he defeated Uranus and took power over the world into his own hands.

Satellites of the planet Saturn

The planet Saturn has ten satellites that can only be observed with powerful telescopes. These satellites are numbered according to their distance from the planet, and not in the order of their discovery, as, for example, the moons of Jupiter.

In 1655, the Dutch scientist Christian Huygens discovered the first moon of Saturn. He named him the Titan. The first director of the Paris Observatory, Jean Dominique Cassini, discovered the following four satellites - in 1671 Iapetus, in 1672 Rhea, in 1684 Tethys and Dion. The English astronomer William Herschel in 1789 discovered two more satellites - Mimas and Enceladus, and in 1848 the American astronomer George Bond discovered another one and named it Hyperion. In 1898, the American astronomer Edward Pickering discovered another satellite and gave it the name Phoebe, and in 1966, the famous French planetary explorer O. Dollfuss discovered Janus.

In the names of Saturn's satellites, the tradition of names in astronomy is preserved to the greatest extent. Most of the satellites, as you can see, are named after the titans - brothers and sisters of Saturn (Kronos), who himself was a titan. Therefore, the first discovered satellite of Saturn was named after Titan, the brother of Saturn. Subsequently discovered new satellites of Saturn were called by their own mythological names of titans and titanides.

When Kronos defeated his father Uranus, a few drops of blood flowed from the body of the vanquished. From these drops, Gaia gave birth to giants - monsters who had huge snakes instead of legs. The heads of the giants were overgrown with thick black hair and from a distance looked like terrible black swirling clouds. The strength of the giants was indescribable, and, most importantly, they were invulnerable to the weapons of the gods. Only a mortal could kill them. The giants began to fight with the Olympic gods in order to seize power over the world from them. But Hercules, who was helped by the gods Apollo, Hephaestus, Dionysus and Pallas Athena, killed the giants to one and all. With a deadly arrow, he struck down the giant Mimas. Another giant - Enceladus, to escape from the well-aimed arrows of Hercules, rushed to run. But Pallas Athena overtook him and filled up the whole island of Sicily. Under this island, the giant Enceladus is still located. Two of Saturn's ten moons, Mimas and Enceladus, are named after these two giants.

Tethys is named after the titanide Tethys, sister and wife of Oceanus.

The satellite of Dion is named after the nymph (oceanids) Dione. From her marriage with Zeus, Dione gave birth to the goddess of love and beauty, Aphrodite.

The satellite of Rhea is named after the wife of Kronos (Saturn) - the mother of Zeus (Jupiter).

The Hyperion satellite got its name from the titan Hyperion. From the marriage of Hyperion with the goddess Theia, Helios (Sun), Selene (Moon) and Eos (Dawn) were born.

The satellite Iapetus is named after the titan Iapetus - the father of Atlas (Atlas), who supported the vault of heaven on his shoulders on the western edge of the Earth, the brother of Prometheus - the benefactor of people.

Phoebe's satellite is named after the titanides Phoebe, the daughter of one of the titans.

Janus is named after Janus, the god of time. He had two faces: one turned to the past, and the other to the future. The month of January, which begins the year, is also named after Janus. Mythology does not connect Saturn (Kronos) and Janus. But since Janus was revered from the very beginning as the god of light and the Sun, he has the right to be on a par with Saturn's satellites - Hyperion and Phoebe. Janus, being the god of time, is a relative of Kronos (Saturn), that is, time.

Planet Uranus

The planet Uranus is invisible to the naked eye, so people did not know anything about it until almost the end of the 18th century. On March 13, 1781, the English astronomer William Herschel discovered it by accident in the constellation of Gemini with the help of his telescope, which gave a magnification of 227 times. At first, Herschel did not assume that it was a planet. But he soon became convinced that the object he discovered was not a star, but a planet of the solar system, because, in addition to the clearly visible disk of the planet (in the visual field of the telescope), he also noticed its slow movement against the starry background.

Taking advantage of the discoverers' right to name the celestial objects they discovered, Herschel named the new planet "George's Star" (GEORGIUM SIDUS) and presented it as a gift to the English King George III. But this name violated astronomical traditions to such an extent that astronomers all over the world, despite the enormous authority of their colleague Herschel, did not accept it. The new planet was given the name Uranus, taken from ancient Greek mythology, according to which the goddess Gaia (Earth), powerful and strong, who gave and gives life to everything that only grows and lives in the world, gave birth to an endless blue Sky (Uranus), stretched over her, like a roof.

Moons of the planet Uranus

The planet Uranus has five moons, which are numbered according to their distance from Uranus, not according to the order in which they were discovered.

In 1787, William Herschel discovers two satellites (III and IV). The next two satellites were discovered by the English astronomer William Lassell (I and II) in 1851, and in 1948 D. Kuiper discovers the last known fifth satellite of the planet Uranus.

In the names of the satellites of the planet Uranus, not only is the astronomical tradition of using mythological names not preserved, but it is not taken into account at all. In essence, Herschel laid the foundation for a new tradition - to call the satellites of the planet Uranus after the names of characters from Shakespeare's famous comedies.

Herschel named the two satellites of Uranus discovered by him Oberon and Titania, taking these names from Shakespeare's comedy A Midsummer Night's Dream. It is interesting that astronomers, who are zealots of tradition in astronomy, have adopted these names. Why? Because Herschel, when naming these satellites, was guided by the following considerations. The English title of this comedy by Shakespeare "Midsummer Night's Dream" literally translates as "A dream at night in the middle of summer", that is, a dream on the night of the summer solstice. And according to the beliefs of many nations, on the night of the summer solstice, miracles occur in nature and people can see the invisible.

According to mythology (but not Greek), Oberon was the king of the elves, and Titania was his wife. They quarreled when they discussed the question of whether there are faithful husbands and wives. They should have reconciled only if they found at least one such exemplary couple.

And such a couple was found: they were Rezia, the daughter of the Caliph of Baghdad, and Huon, a knight of Charlemagne. Each of them was subjected to all sorts of love temptations and trials, but in spite of everything, they remained faithful to each other. Oberon praised them for this and made peace with Titania.

The two moons of Uranus discovered by Lassell were given the names Ariel and Umbriel by the astronomer. The name Ariel (a spirit in Norse mythology) Lascell took from Shakespeare's comedy The Tempest. As for the name Umbriel, it is not entirely clear where it comes from, but its origin can be associated with the word umbra - shadow.

The fifth satellite of the planet Uranus, discovered by Kuiper, was named after Miranda, the heroine of Shakespeare's comedy The Tempest, the daughter of the Duke of Milan. The good spirit of Ariel served him.

As you can see, the names of the satellites of the planet Uranus can be considered Shakespearean.

Planet Neptune

Some time after the discovery of the planet Uranus and the calculation of its orbit around the Sun, it was found that the differences between the previously calculated and observed positions of Uranus grow with time. This alarmed astronomers, they were increasingly concerned about the question of the causes of these differences.

It was found that the movement of Uranus around the Sun depends not only on Jupiter and Saturn, but also on some celestial body, still unknown. Two scientists - the Frenchman Urbain Le Verrier and the Englishman John Adams - began to study the perturbations of Uranus in order to calculate the current position on the celestial sphere of an unknown planet that is not visible to the naked eye.

Based on the position of the unknown planet previously calculated by Le Verrier, it was discovered on September 23, 1846 by Johann Galle at the Berlin Observatory. The planet discovered “on the tip of a pen” was given the name Neptune. So the Romans called the ancient Greek god Poseidon - the owner of the seas and the deep sea.

Moons of the planet Neptune

In 1846, William Lassell discovered the first satellite of Neptune, which he named Triton. According to tradition, this was the most appropriate name for Neptune's moon.

Triton was the son of Poseidon (Neptune). Among the many gods surrounding the throne of Poseidon in his golden palace at the bottom of the sea, Triton occupied the first place. In his hands he held a huge shell. When Triton blew into this shell, thunder was carried far over all the seas and a terrible storm began to rage.

In 1949, Kuiper discovered the second satellite of Neptune and named it Nereid.

The sea god Nereus had fifty beautiful daughters - Nereids. One of them - Amphitrite - was abducted by Poseidon (Neptune) and became his wife (see the constellation Dolphin). Neptune and Amphitrite lived in a fabulously beautiful palace in the depths of the sea. Therefore, it would be more correct to call the second satellite of Neptune Amphitrite - the name of Neptune's wife.

Planet Pluto

After the discovery of the planet Neptune and taking into account its gravitational influence on the motion of Uranus, some weak deviations remained unexplained. The American astronomer Percival Lovell suggested that these deviations are caused by the influence of another planet on Uranus, more distant than Neptune. In 1915, he carried out theoretical studies of an unknown planet on the basis of unexplained deviations in the motion of Uranus in its orbit around the Sun. These studies by Lovell probably prompted the American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh to search more persistently for an unknown planet in the zone of the zodiac constellations, and on March 13, 1930, in a photograph of the constellation Gemini, he discovered an unknown object of the fifteenth magnitude. This object turned out to be a new, hitherto unknown planet in the solar system.

Moving in its orbit around the Sun at the very edge of the solar system, this planet seems to be floating in cold and darkness. Therefore, it was called Pluto - as the Romans called the ancient Greek god Hades - the ruler of the gloomy underground kingdom of the shadows of the dead, where the rays of Helios never penetrate.

Minor planets (asteroids)

The creator of the heliocentric system, the great Polish scientist Nicolaus Copernicus, taking the distance from the Earth to the Sun (astronomical unit) as a unit, first calculated the distances from the Sun to Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Kepler, an ardent follower of Copernicus, was strongly impressed by the fact that Jupiter is very far from Mars. There seemed to be some kind of "void" between these planets, and he made an intuition that in this "void" there must be some unknown invisible planet.

Kepler's assumption was confirmed after the German astronomer, mathematician and physicist Johann Daniel Titius proposed a rule of thumb about the distances of the planets from the Sun in 1772. Four years later Johann Bode published this rule and it became known as the Titius-Bode rule. It consists in the following regularity: if to each member of the series 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, ... add the number 4 and divide the newly obtained number by 10, then the members of the new series are 0.4; 0.7; 1.0; 1.6; 2.8; 5.2; 10.0, ... approximately express (in astronomical units) the distances from the Sun to Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn ... In this series, the number 2.8 supposedly expresses the distance from the Sun to an invisible planet located between Mars and Jupiter .

Doubts about the correctness of this rule, as well as that there is an invisible planet between Mars and Jupiter, completely disappeared in 1781, when William Herschel discovered the planet Uranus, located at a distance of 19.2 astronomical units from the Sun. According to the Titius-Bode rule, the distance from Uranus to the Sun is calculated as 19.6 astronomical units. This fact served as an impetus for the search for an invisible planet. Since the end of the XVIII century. astronomers zealously began to "scour" the zodiac constellations with their telescopes and look for an invisible planet. It was discovered by the Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi on January 1, 1801 as a faint "star" of magnitude 7m.6 in the constellation Taurus.

For six weeks, Piazzi regularly observed a "star" that was not listed in the star catalogs. Piazzi noticed that she was slowly moving from west to east in relation to the "neighboring" stars, but due to illness, Piazzi was forced to interrupt his observations. When he recovered and tried to find this "star", he did not find it. No matter how carefully he looked through the telescope at the area in which he had last observed her, he could not find her anywhere, as if she had disappeared without a trace. Where did she go?

The answer to this question was given by the then young mathematician Carl Gauss, who developed a method for calculating the orbit of rotation of a celestial body around the Sun (the smallest for three accurate observations of this celestial body made at three different times). Based on Piazzi's observations, Gauss calculated the orbit of the "star" he had discovered. It turned out that this is not a comet, as Piazzi had previously assumed, but a small celestial body with an orbit passing between Mars and Jupiter, at an average distance of 2.8 astronomical units from the Sun. According to the calculated orbit, Gauss compiled the ephemeris of the celestial body discovered by Piazzi. On its basis, exactly a year later, on January 1, 1802, the “Piazzi star” was again discovered by the German physician and amateur astronomer Heinrich Olbers exactly in the place that Gauss had previously calculated. There was no longer any doubt that the "Star of Piazzi" was a minor planet named Ceres.

Olbers began regular observations of Ceres. A little time passed, and on March 28, 1802, "not far" from Ceres, he discovered another small planet similar to it, which was called Pallas. Its orbit of revolution around the Sun also ended up between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The most interesting thing was that its orbit approximately coincided with the orbit of Ceres. This led Olbers to the idea that both discovered small planets - Ceres and Pallas - are in fact fragments of some large planet that revolved around the Sun in an orbit lying between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. For unknown reasons, the planet split apart. Developing this idea further, Olbers suggested that between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter there should be a large number of fragments of the broken planet. This assumption of his gave a new impetus to the search for small planets between Mars and Jupiter. The results were not long in coming.

In 1804, K. Gardin discovered the minor planet Juno, and three years later Olbers discovered Vesta.

An increasing number of astronomers and observatories are involved in the search for minor planets. The increase in the power of telescopes played a huge role. All this contributed to the fact that by the end of the XIX century. 452 minor planets were discovered. When astronomers began to use photography and special methods for detecting small planets, the number of discoveries increased dramatically. To date, they all have their own numbers and are included in a special catalog of over 1800 units.

Asteroids are usually invisible to the naked eye, and in the visual field of a modern telescope they are visible as faint "stars". The very name of the minor planets - asteroids (stellar) - shows that their size is very small compared to the size of the large planets. The largest of the minor planets, Ceres, for example, has a diameter of 770 km. It is followed by Pallas (490 km), Vesta (390 km), Albert (230 km), Melpomene (230 km), Eumonia (230 km), Juno (190 km), etc. Asteroids discovered in recent decades have diameters less than 1-2 kilometers.

The apparent brilliance of a large number of asteroids changes over time, as if they begin to “blink”. This phenomenon is explained by their irregular and elongated shape and their own rotation around the axis.

The largest asteroids are also the brightest. Their magnitudes fluctuate between 6m and 8m, while the asteroids discovered in recent years are very faint (from 13m to 15m). In the future, no doubt, even smaller asteroids will be discovered. How many asteroids are there in the solar system? There is no definitive answer to this question yet. The results of research by different scientists vary greatly, but still it can be assumed that the number of asteroids is in the range from 10,000 to 100,000. It is obvious, however, that about two thousand discovered asteroids represent a small part of all asteroids in our solar system.

Observing and photographing any asteroid with a modern telescope is not difficult. Difficulties come when it is necessary to prove that the fixed asteroid is really new, and not one of the already discovered ones. This makes it necessary to photograph the asteroid regularly, night after night, and to determine its coordinates at the moments of observation from the images. According to the coordinates, then the orbit of the asteroid around the Sun is calculated and its ephemeris is compiled. Further observations of the asteroid are carried out on the basis of the compiled ephemeris, then the differences between the previously calculated and photographed positions of the asteroid are analyzed, and its orbit is refined. These observations continue for a long time, but only on their basis it is proved that this asteroid is really new. Only after that the asteroid is assigned a number and a name, and it is entered into the catalog of minor planets.

In accordance with the tradition adopted in astronomy, the minor planets are called female names, which are taken from Greek and Roman mythology. But as early as 1890, all suitable names were exhausted. Therefore, newly discovered asteroids began to be assigned the names of prominent astronomers, remarkable scientists and great historical figures, the names of cities and states, geographical regions, etc. Together with the name, each asteroid also receives an individual number, which is assigned to it in the order of discovery and placed in brackets ( after the name of the asteroid).

With a continuously growing number of asteroids, maintaining a strict tradition in their naming becomes difficult. Some asteroids that differ significantly from others (for example, in their orbits) were given masculine names. So, for example, the asteroids that form the Jupiter group are named after the heroes of the Trojan War. These 14 asteroids are collectively known as "Trojans" - Achilles (588), Patroclus (617), Hector (624), Nestor (659), Priam (884), Agamemnon (911), Odysseus (1143), Aeneas (1172) , Anchises (1173), Troilus (1208), Ajax (1404), Diomedes (1437), Antilochus (1583) and Menelaus (1647).

Trojans form two groups. The first is located in front of Jupiter, and the other - after it, while each group is located at the top of an equilateral triangle formed by this group, the Sun and Jupiter. In other words, each of the Trojan groups is equally distant from the Sun and Jupiter.

The "Trojan" asteroids that are in the group in front of Jupiter are named after the Achaean heroes, and those behind the planet are called the names of the Trojan heroes.

It is impossible to tell all the myths and legends associated with the names taken from mythology for several hundred asteroids, so we will give only a few of them.

The asteroid Ceres (1) is named after the goddess Ceres. So the Romans called the ancient Greek goddess of fertility Demeter, the patroness of agriculture and the mother of Persephone, or, as the Romans called her, Proserpina (see the constellation Virgo).

The asteroid Pallas (2) is named after the goddess Pallas Athena.

Zeus married the goddess of wisdom, Metis. But the goddesses of fate, the Moira, predicted that Zeus would have a daughter and a son from Metis, who would take away his power over the world. To avoid this, Zeus put Metis to sleep with gentle caresses and swallowed her before she gave birth to his daughter, the goddess Pallas Athena. A little time passed, and Zeus felt an unbearable pain in his head. To get rid of her, he called his son Hephaestus and ordered him to cut his head. Hephaestus waved his sharp sword and cut his father's head, without causing him any pain, of course. From the head of Zeus came the goddess Pallas Athena. On her head was a golden helmet, and in her hands she held a sharp spear and a shiny shield.

For the ancient Greeks, the goddess Pallas Athena was one of the main deities. People treated her with special respect. According to their beliefs, she was the goddess of wisdom, who taught people crafts and sciences. Thanks to her, the Greeks became fearless sailors and mastered the fine arts. She taught women how to weave linen and skillfully and deftly do all the housework. But not only this was given by the goddess Athena Pallas to the Greeks. She even defeated the lord of the seas, Poseidon, in a dispute over who would own Attica. According to the decision of Zeus, the power over Attica was to belong to one of the gods who would bring the best gift to the inhabitants of this country. Poseidon struck a rock with his trident, and from there he hammered a spring of pure, like a tear, water - a symbol of the fact that the inhabitants of Attica will become fearless sailors and will own all the seas. And Athena Pallas tore the ground with a spear, and in the dug place a green olive tree grew, strewn with fruits. This tree was supposed to bring wealth to the Greeks and provide food. The gift of Pallas Athena turned out to be more valuable, and she became the owner of Attica. Therefore, one of the cities of Attica bears her name - Athens.

Pallas Athena was the patroness of cities and Greek heroes, whom she admonished with wise advice and who always came to the rescue when mortal danger threatened their lives.

The asteroid Juno (3) is named after the goddess Juno. So the Romans called the goddess Hera - the wife of Zeus, the patroness of marriage and family.

The asteroid Vesta (4) was named after the ancient Roman goddess Vesta - (among the ancient Greeks Hestia) - the goddess of the hearth and sacrificial fire. The Greeks also revered her as the patroness of cities and the state. Evidence of her strength is that the goddess Aphrodite, who aroused love in the hearts of both mortals and gods, could not subjugate only Hestia, Pallas Athena and Artemis to her power.

The asteroid Hebe (6) was named after the eternally young and carefree Hebe - the daughter of Zeus and Hera. According to the beliefs of the ancient Greeks, Hebe personified a cheerful free youth. When Hera's hatred for Hercules faded, she gave him her daughter Hebe as a wife.

The asteroids Melpomene (18), Calliope (22), Thalia (23), Euterpe (27), Urania (30), Polyhymnia (33), Erato (62), Terpsichore (81) and Clio (84) are given the names of the Muses who always accompanied the god Apollo.

In spring and summer, when green forests cover Helikon, near the sacred spring of Hippocrene and on Mount Parnassus, from where the clear waters of the Kastalsky spring flow, the god Apollo accompanied by playing the lyre the magical dances of nine muses - patrons and inspirers of poetry, art and science, charming and carefree daughters Zeus and Mnemosyne, They were the companions of Apollo, who often accompanied them when the Muses sang their wondrous songs. When they sang and danced, and Apollo played his lyre, even the gods on Olympus fell silent and listened to them with rapture.

Slowly and majestically, the god Apollo appears, crowned with a laurel wreath, with a golden lyre on his shoulder, and behind him, shining with his youth and divine charm, nine muses dancing and singing: Calliope - the muse of epic poetry, Erato - the muse of love songs, Melpomene - the muse tragedy, Thalia the muse of comedy, Terpsichore the muse of dancing, Euterpe the muse of lyric poetry, Urania the muse of astronomy, Clio the muse of history, and Polyhymnia the muse of sacred hymns.

The asteroids Themis (24) and Dike (99) are given the names of the goddess of justice and the goddess of justice (see the constellation Libra).

The asteroid Proserpina (26) got its name in honor of the daughter of Zeus and Demeter Persephone, whom the Romans called Proserpina (see the constellation Virgo).

The asteroid Amphitrite (29) was given the name of the wife of the god Poseidon Amphitrite (see the constellation Dolphin).

The asteroids Bvfrosina (31) and Aglaya (96) were given the names of Charites, or Graces, Euphrosyne and Aglaya. According to the beliefs of the ancient Greeks and Romans, they were the goddesses of ideal female beauty and charm, the personification of harmony and joy in the world.

The asteroid Daphne (41) was named after the nymph Daphne, daughter of the river god Peneus.

This is what the myth of the tragedy of Daphne tells.

Tall and slender, seducing everyone with her beauty, Daphne walked carelessly through the green glades of the Tembi Valley, where the Peney River flowed. She collected flowers, wove them into wreaths, which she loved to decorate her head with, chased butterflies. Her carefree laugh echoed through the wooded hills.

Once Daphne decided to climb the high mountain Ossa, blue in the distance. Daphne flew there like a bird and began to climb the wooded slope of the mountain. Finally, tired, she sat down to rest in a small forest clearing, overgrown with wonderful beautiful flowers. I suddenly heard magical sounds - someone was playing the lyre. Daphne listened. But soon the sounds died away. She stood up and began to look in the direction from which the music had recently flowed. She saw that a handsome, slender young man with a radiant face and with a lyre on his shoulder was descending from the mountain slope towards her. It was the god Apollo himself. Daphne was frightened, rushed to run from the mountain closer to her native Tembi valley, to her father, the river god Peneus, for protection. The young man ran after her, begging her to stop, called his name, but Daphne ran even faster. She had already reached the river when Apollo almost overtook her. Then Daphne, bursting into tears, begged her father Peneus to save her from the persecuting young man. And at the same moment a thick haze came running, hiding Daphne from the eyes of Apollo. After a while, the fog cleared, and in the place where Daphne had been before, an amazing tree with green leaves grew up - which the wind moved quietly, and they made a slight noise, as if they were talking to each other. Apollo realized that the god Peneus turned his daughter Daphne into this tree, and named this tree after her - Daphne - a laurel tree. Since then, it has become Apollo's favorite tree, from its branches he made a crown that he never took off his head. Laurel branches began to reward the winners of sports games and competitions. For them, the laurel wreath was the only and highest award.

The name of the asteroid Pandora (55) recalls the misfortunes and troubles that Zeus brought down on people.

After Prometheus gave fire to people and taught them to work the earth and melt metals, build dwellings and raise livestock and poultry, people began to live happily. Villages and cities flourished, herds of cows and sheep grazed on green meadows, and the fields were golden from ripened ears. Joy and happiness reigned throughout the Earth. Zeus saw this and realized that Prometheus had violated his commandment, making people happy, and anger filled his soul. He decided to severely punish Prometheus, and make people unhappy and destitute again in order to maintain his power over them. “If people master knowledge and wisdom,” Zeus thought, “they will no longer honor me or the other gods of Olympus.”

He called his son Hephaestus, gave him clay and ordered to make a girl out of it, who would be more beautiful than all the girls on Earth. Hephaestus took the clay and carried it to his smithy, which was located on the top of a mountain that constantly spewed out clouds of smoke and violent flames. Exactly one day later, Hephaestus brought a statue of a girl made of clay to Olympus and handed it over to Zeus. She was truly divinely beautiful, but lifeless.

Zeus gathered all the Olympian gods and, placing a girl in front of them, ordered each of them to reward her with some gift. Zeus himself first of all gave the girl life. Pallas Athena rewarded her with intelligence, taught her how to weave a magic cloth and do all the housework. Apollo endowed her with a marvelous voice and taught her to sing beautiful songs, and Aphrodite gave her blue eyes, golden hair and divine beauty. And, finally, Hermes endowed her with the gift of speech, so that she spoke so beautifully and convincingly that no one could ever refuse her anything.

The girl received all these gifts from the gods, and therefore Zeus gave her the name Pandora, which meant "gifted with everything." After that, he called Hermes, handed him Pandora and ordered her to be taken to Prometheus' brother Epimetheus and given to him as a wife.

Pandora and Epimetheus lived happily, but their happiness did not last long. One evening, Hermes brought them a gift from Zeus, a large beautiful box tied with a golden rope. Hermes ordered them not to look into the box and left.

As soon as Hermes left, curiosity began to overcome Pandora: what is in this box? For a long time she marveled and wondered, and finally decided to open it and see what lay there. She grabbed the golden bandage, untied the knot, and lifted the lid. From the box, like a cloud, various disasters that were contained there flew out and scattered all over the world: suffering, torment, worries, illness, anger, lies, theft, theft, misfortunes, which immediately attacked people and forever deprived them of happiness. They did not pass Pandora and Epimetheus either. Desperate, tormented by pain and suffering, their eyes looked at the box and suddenly heard a voice coming from the depths: “Let me go, I will ease your torment and suffering!”

Pandora wondered if it was worth opening the box again to free the creature that so insistently begged her for freedom. Finally, the oka said to herself: "It is hardly possible for us to suffer a greater misfortune than that which has already fallen." She lifted the lid, and - oh, a miracle! - in the same jig, a sweet girl with a radiant face, bright, lively eyes and a joyful smile appeared from the box. Like a butterfly, she fluttered around the room and lightly touched Pandora and Epimetheus with her wings. Miraculously, the suffering that tormented Pandora and Epimetheus disappeared, and they even smiled at each other. They asked the girl her name, and she said: "My name is Nadezhda."

Pandora and Epimetheus begged the girl to stay forever with them and ease their suffering, but she replied: “I will always come to you when you feel the need for me. And now I must hasten to console many other people on Earth and bring joy to those whose pain and suffering are no less than yours.

The asteroid Icarus (1566), with a diameter of only 1.5 kilometers, is perhaps the most interesting asteroid known to date. Its orbit around the Sun is a very oblong ellipse. When Icarus is at perihelion, it is only 28 million kilometers from the Sun (twice as close as the planet Mercury). At aphelion, it is located at a distance of 390 million kilometers from the Sun (far beyond the orbit of the planet Mars).

So far, no other asteroid is known to come as close to the Sun as Icarus. Therefore, he was given the name of the legendary young man Icarus - the son of Daedalus, about whom the myth tells the following.

Far beyond Athens, the fame of Daedalus spread. He was not only an unsurpassed painter and sculptor, but he also built magnificent palaces. His white marble statues seemed to be alive, only they could not walk or talk.

One of the students of Daedalus was his nephew Tal, who from a young age amazed with his talent and ingenuity. Daedalus was afraid that his nephew could surpass him in skill and overshadow his glory, and decided to kill him. One evening he invited Tal for a walk. They came to the Acropolis of Athens and stopped on a rock at the very edge of the abyss. When the last rays of Helios disappeared in the west and the goddess Nikta threw her dark veil over the Earth, Daedalus pushed his nephew, and he flew into the abyss. So Tal died.

Daedalus descended from the cliff into the abyss and there he found the body of the crashed nephew. He began to dig his grave to hide the traces of the crime, but at that moment the Athenians saw him. The crime of Daedalus was obvious, and the Areopagus condemned him to death. To avoid death, Daedalus fled with his son Icarus to the island of Crete to King Minos. Minos was delighted that such a famous builder and artist had come to him, and received father and son as dear guests.

Daedalus, in gratitude for the reception, built a labyrinth palace for Minos with such a large number of intricate corridors that those who got there could no longer get out of the labyrinth.

Years have passed. Homesickness oppressed Daedalus more and more, and he asked Minos to let him return to Athens. In no case did Minos want to lose such a skilled craftsman and refused Daedalus. He even ordered the guards to keep an eye on the father and son so that they would not make an attempt to escape from the island using some random ship.

The torment of Daedalus grew day by day. Day and night, he thought about how he could leave the island of Crete and free himself from the power of King Minos. Finally, he came up with: “If I cannot free myself from bondage with the help of a ship, then only the sky remains for me! After all, this road remains open!”

Daedalus collected the feathers of various birds, tied them with linen threads and sealed them with wax. He made four wings like this. He called his son Icarus, attached two wings to him and showed him how to wave them when flying. Put on Daedalus and his wings. And before leaving, he warned Icarus not to rise very high and not approach the Sun, because the wax that held the feathers together could melt from its heat, and without wings he would die.

Daedalus and Icarus flapped their wings, rose above the Earth and flew to their native Athens.

Icarus forgot his father's advice. Carried away by the flight and intoxicated with freedom, he flapped his wings more and more and rose higher and higher. The scorching rays of the Sun touched him, the wax had already begun to melt, the wings broke up, and Icarus flew swiftly to Earth, fell into the sea and drowned, which is why since then they began to call this sea the Icarian (now the Cretan Sea - the southern part of the Aegean Sea).

abstract

Legends and myths about the planets

Selyaeva

brand

Igorevich

Gymnasium №24

Them. I. A. Krylova

5 A class

C anct - Petersburg

year 2009

PLANET MERCURY

In winged sandals on his feet, with a winged helmet on his head and with a rod in his hands, the god Hermes rushed with the speed of thought from the heights of Olympus to the most remote lands of the whole world.
The god Hermes was also considered the patron saint of travelers. On all roads and crossroads, and even in front of the doors of houses in Ancient Greece, stone pillars with the head of Hermes were placed. He was the patron saint of travelers not only during their lifetime, but even after their death. With his rod, he closed people's eyes, and they fell asleep in a deep sleep. After that, he accompanied the souls of the dead to the gloomy underground kingdom of Hades.
Being the patron of trade, the god Hermes helped merchants to get profits and collect wealth. He created letters and numbers, taught people to write, read, count and measure. Therefore, he was also revered as the god of eloquence, and at the same time he was the god of lies, deceit and theft. Hermes was considered an unusually skilled thief, unsurpassed in cunning and dexterity. As a joke, he once stole a rod from his father, the thunderer Zeus, from the god Poseidon he stole his trident, from the god of war Ares - a sword, and from Apollo - a bow and golden arrows.
Wit, cunning and extraordinary ability to steal Hermes showed immediately after his birth. As soon as he was born, his mother Maya swaddled him and left him in the cradle to sleep, and Hermes immediately decided to steal the cows from the herd of Apollo, which grazed in the green valley of Pieria. He got out of the cradle so quietly that even his mother, who was sleeping next to him, did not hear anything. Like a whirlwind, Hermes rushed to Pieria, selected fifteen of the best cows from the herd there and, tying branches to their feet so that the cows covered their tracks when walking, drove the prey to the Peloponnese. By evening, he, along with the cows, was already in Boeotia. There, at the crossroads, he noticed an old man sitting. Hermes suggested that he choose and take the best cow for himself, but on the condition that the old man would not tell anyone that he had seen Hermes leading the cows along the road. The old man was delighted, chose the best cow from the herd and solemnly swore that he would not tell anyone anything. Hermes went on with the herd and soon found himself in a cool forest. Then it occurred to him to check whether the elder would keep his promise. He changed his appearance and, taking a few cows and leaving the rest to graze in a grove, he came back to that old man in a different way and asked him: “Tell me, grandfather, have you seen a boy passing with cows here? If you tell me the truth and tell me which way he went, I'll give you two cows!"
The old man was delighted with the opportunity to get two cows and, not remembering this promise, said that quite recently a boy with cows passed along this road and headed towards that forest.
Hermes turned green with anger and turned the old man into a rock so that he would forever be silent and remind everyone that the person who gave the word should never break it.
After that, Hermes continued on his way and led the cows to Pylos. When he got there, he sacrificed two cows to his father Zeus, and drove the rest into the cave so that they had to back away. Thus, the tracks of the cows showed that they were leaving the cave, and not entering it. After that, Hermes quickly returned to his mother, wrapped himself in diapers and fell asleep as if nothing had happened. When his mother understood the reason why her son was not with her for so long, she began to reproach him and scold him for this trick. She reminded him of the well-aimed arrows of Apollo, with the help of which he punished the guilty. Hermes calmly replied to his mother that he was not afraid of Apollo at all. If Apollo decides to offend him, then Hermes will rob him of the sanctuary of Apollo in Delphi in revenge.
A little time passed and Apollo appeared to claim his cows. Hermes pretended to sleep in his cradle. But Apollo woke him up and began to ask where the boy had taken his cows. The adult god swore for a long time with the young god, but Hermes stubbornly insisted that he had not seen any cows and did not know where they could be. The mother of Hermes also intervened, and, finally, Apollo simply pulled the boy out of the cradle and forced him to take him to the cave to take the cows from there.
They walked for a long time and only in the evening they reached the right place. Hermes, having shown Apollo a cave, sat down on one of the hillocks and began to play the lyre, which he had made himself. The gentle music enchanted Apollo, and he forgot his anger. He gave Hermes his cows in exchange for this lyre. So Apollo received a lyre, which he later often played and amused people. And around the world in his winged sandals, young Hermes flew at the speed of thought - the messenger of the Olympian gods, the patron of travelers, merchants, thieves, deceivers and orators.

PLANET VENUS

According to one version of the ancient Greek myth, Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus and the nymph (oceanid) Dione. According to another, more common version of the myth, she was the daughter of Uranus (Heaven), born from the snow-white foam of the frisky waves of the sea, and was born near the island of Cythera. A light breeze, gently picking up the newly born goddess Aphrodite, carried her to the island of Cyprus. There the young Ores 154 dressed her in golden robes and crowned her head with a wreath of fresh flowers.
Surrounded by her companions - Ores and Charites - the goddesses of beauty and grace, Aphrodite shone with beauty and charm. Where she passed, the rays of Helios flashed even brighter, the grass rose to growth, and the flowers blossomed and exuded a wondrous aroma. When she appeared, birds began to sing even more cheerfully, and predatory animals - lions, tigers, hyenas - surrounded Aphrodite and meekly licked her tender hands.
Eros (Eros) and Gimerot 155 took Aphrodite to Olympus, and there the gods solemnly met her. From the heights of Olympus, the eternally young and most beautiful goddess Aphrodite rules over the world. Since then, both gods and mortals have been subject to her power. She awakens passionate love in the hearts of everyone with the help of her son Eros.
Eros was a cheerful, playful and playful boy. On his golden wings he flew like a light breeze over land and over the seas. He always had a small golden bow in his hands, and a quiver of arrows hung from his shoulder. No one could defend himself against the well-aimed arrows of Eros, because the cunning boy knew how to deftly hide, and no one had ever seen him. As soon as the arrow of Eros pierced the heart of a god or a mortal man, love flared up in him, and he began to live in joy and happiness, intoxicated with wondrous hopes and dreams. But the arrows of Eros also brought love torment, suffering and even death with unrequited love. More than once, the playful shooter pierced the heart of the great ruler of Heaven and Earth - Zeus - and caused him mental suffering.
Zeus knew that the son of Aphrodite, Eros, would cause suffering and misfortune to many people in the world. Therefore, he wanted the boy to be killed at his birth. But Aphrodite, having learned about the intentions of Zeus, hid her son in impenetrable forests, where two lionesses fed baby Eros with their milk. Eros grew up and, as a messenger of Aphrodite, began to sow love, joy and happiness among people with his arrows, but sometimes brought them love torment and suffering.

THE PLANET MARS

The god Ares, the son of Zeus and Hera, loved nothing but war. Nothing pleased his heart so much as fierce battles and bloody wars between peoples. Armed with a sword and a huge shield, with a helmet on his head, he rushed furiously among the fighters and rejoiced violently, watching the bloodied warriors fall with groans and sobs. He triumphed when he managed to pierce a warrior with his sword and see hot blood pouring from his wounds. Blinded by his cruelty, the god Ares killed indiscriminately, and the more corpses he saw on the battlefield, the more joy he experienced at the same time.
Nobody liked the god Ares. Even Zeus told him more than once that if Ares had not been his son, he would have ended up in gloomy Tartarus long ago and suffered there along with the titans. Only two faithful assistants and companions were with Ares - the goddess of discord Eris and the goddess Enyuo, who sows murders in the world. Only they loved Ares and obediently fulfilled all his desires, going wherever he sent them to sow discord and murder among people. And after them, in the whirlwind of war, the god Ares himself moved, rejoicing at the sight of the blood shed before his eyes.
More than once, the god Ares suffered defeat and was forced to leave the battlefield defeated. And his warlike daughter of Zeus, Pallas Athena, won, won with wisdom and consciousness of her strength. She calmly stood before the ferocious Ares, covered with a brilliant helmet and a huge shield, and with her long sharp spear she put Ares to flight and forced him to flee into the mountains. As soon as the god of war himself fled from the battlefield, the war ended, and people again began to live in peace and prosperity.

SATELLITES OF THE PLANET MARS

In 1877, during the great opposition of the planet Mars, the American astronomer Asaph Hall discovered two satellites of this planet. According to the traditions that existed in astronomy, he gave them the names Phobos and Deimos (Fear and Horror).
Both satellites of Mars are relatively small celestial bodies. They are accessible for observation only with the help of large telescopes, which were not available in the 17th and 18th centuries, so it seems surprising that as early as the beginning of the 17th century. Johannes Kepler suggested that the planet Mars has two satellites (that is, approximately 270 years before their actual discovery!). Even more surprising is that 150 years before the discovery of the satellites of Mars, in 1727, the brilliant English satirist Jonathan Swift quite accurately indicated the distance from Mars to both of its satellites.
And now the satellites of Mars attract the attention of astronomers. Due to the tidal influence on the satellites, Phobos is approaching Mars, and Deimos is moving away from Mars. Calculations show that in about a hundred million years, Phobos will approach Mars so much that it will cross the dangerous Roche limit, and this will end its existence, since tidal forces will “tear” it into pieces of various sizes. 156 From the fragments, approximately the same ring will be obtained, which "decorates" the planet Saturn.

According to ancient Greek mythology, the god of war Ares (Mars) had two sons who accompanied him everywhere. One of the sons was named Phobos (Fear), and the other was Deimos (Horror). Together with their father, both sons always took part in wars and battles.
According to another version of the myth, Phobos and Deimos are the names of the horses harnessed to the war chariot of the god of war Ares. These horses rushed with insane speed, so that sparks fell from under their hooves, and the chariot flew with thunder and crackle across the battlefield. In it stood the cruelest of the gods, Ares, enjoying the blood shed before his eyes.

PLANET SATURN

The slow apparent movement of this planet against the background of the zodiac constellations and its calm yellowish brilliance give it a certain majesty. Therefore, she was given the name SATURN - as the Romans called the ancient Greek god Kronos. 160

After Uranus (Sky) became the ruler of the world, he took the blessed Gaia (Earth) as his wife. And twelve children were born to them (six sons and six daughters) - mighty and ferocious titans.
In addition to the titans, Gaia also gave birth to three giants - the Cyclopes. Each of them had one eye in the middle of the forehead, and with their appearance they instilled fear in everyone. Uranus hated them, locked them in the dark bowels of the Earth and did not allow them to appear in the white world. Suffering tore the heart of the goddess Gaia at the sight of how her children, the Cyclopes, were tormented. Gaia failed to appease her formidable husband Uranus, and one day she called her children - the titans - and asked them to take power away from their father Uranus. The titans did not dare to rebel against their father. Only the youngest of the titans, Kronos, listened to his mother's advice. By cunning, he defeated Uranus and took power over the world into his own hands.

Bibliography.

1) Website http://www.google.ru/ - World search engine.

2) Site http://www.prao.ru/ - Legends and myths about constellations.