Topic: Biology - the science of wildlife
Target: get acquainted with biology as a complex science of wildlife, the importance of biological knowledge in modern life, professions related to biology.
Knowledge update
Questions:
1. What does biology study?
2. What biological sciences do you know?
3. What biologists do you know?
Biology is the science of life. It studies living organisms, their structure, development and origin, relationships with the environment and with other living organisms.
Biology is one of the oldest sciences, although the term "biology" itself was proposed for its designation only in 1797 by the German professor T. Ruz (1771-1803). However, it became generally accepted after it was used in 1802 in the works of J. B. Lamarck (1744-1829), L.K. Treviranus (1779-1864).
Humans have accumulated knowledge about living organisms for thousands of years.
Today, biology is a complex science, formed as a result of differentiation and integration of various scientific disciplines.
For example, from botany stood out mycology(the science of mushrooms), bryology(science that studies mosses), algology(the science that studies algae) paleobotany(studying the remains of ancient plants) and other disciplines.
Differentiation is also taking place in the comparatively young biological sciences. Thus, genetics differentiated into general and molecular genetics, genetics of plants, animals, microorganisms, humans, population genetics etc.
As a result of the integration of sciences, biophysics, biochemistry, radiobiology, space biology etc.
Biological knowledge not only makes it possible to draw up a scientific picture of the world, but can also be used for practical purposes.
Thus, the connections of biological knowledge with medicine and agriculture go back to the distant past. And in our time, they have become even more important.
Thanks to the achievements of biology, medicines, vitamins, biologically active substances are obtained industrially. The discoveries made in genetics, anatomy, physiology and biochemistry make it possible to correctly diagnose a sick person and develop effective ways to treat and prevent various diseases, including those that were previously considered incurable.
Thanks to the knowledge of the laws of heredity and variability, breeders have obtained new highly productive breeds of domestic animals and varieties of cultivated plants. Based on the study of the relationship between organisms, biological methods have been created to combat pests of agricultural crops.
The mechanisms of protein biosynthesis and photosynthesis are currently being studied. Scientists hope that in the future this will solve the problem of industrial production of valuable organic substances.
The study of the structure and principles of operation of various systems of living organisms helped to find original solutions in engineering and construction.
Thanks to the achievements of biology, a new direction of material production is becoming increasingly important - biotechnology. Already now it has a significant impact on the solution of such global problems as food production, the search for new energy sources, environmental protection, etc.
Until recently, people believed that the restorative abilities of nature are limitless. But it turned out that this was not the case. Ignorance or ignorance of the laws of nature leads to severe environmental disasters that threaten the death of all living organisms, including humans. The time has come when the future of the planet depends on each of us, which is why the importance of biological knowledge is increasing every year. Biological literacy is necessary for every person - just like the ability to read, write and count.
Anchoring
Questions:
1. What does biology study?
2. Why is modern biology considered a complex science?
3. What is the role of biology in modern society?
Homework:
1. Paragraph 1, on pages 4-5 of the textbook.
2. Questions 1-3 on page 5 of the textbook.
3. Dictionary: biology, mycology, bryology, algology, paleobotany, genetics, biophysics, biochemistry, microbiology, radiobiology, space biology.
4. Prepare a presentation about a profession related to biology using computer technology.
ANALYSIS OF THE USE IN BIOLOGY 2015
Each version of the examination paper included 40 tasks and consisted of two parts, differing in form and level of complexity.
Part 2 consisted of 7 tasks with a detailed answer.
According to the level of difficulty, the tasks were distributed as follows.
a) 18 tasks of the basic level with a short answer in the form of one digit corresponding to the number of the correct answer;
b) 7 tasks of an advanced level with a short answer in the form of one digit corresponding to the number of the correct answer;
c) 8 tasks of an advanced level with a short answer in the form of a sequence of numbers;
d) 7 high-level tasks with a detailed answer.
The educational material of all sections of the biology course in the examination paper is divided into seven content blocks:
1. Biology - the science of wildlife;
2. Cell as a biological system;
3. Organism as a biological system;
4. System and diversity of the organic world;
5. Man and his health;
6. The evolution of living nature;
7. Ecosystems and their inherent patterns.
The first block “Biology as a science. Methods of scientific knowledge» contains material: about the achievements of biology; research methods; the role of scientists in the knowledge of the surrounding world; about common features of biological systems; about the main levels of organization of living nature; about the role of biological theories, ideas, hypotheses in the formation of the modern natural-science picture of the world.
The second block "Cell as a biological system" contains tasks that test: knowledge about the structure and functions of the cell, its chemical organization, gene and genetic code, metabolism, cell diversity, their division; the ability to establish the relationship between the structure and functions of cell organelles, to recognize and compare cells of different organisms, the processes occurring in them.
The third block "The body as a biological system" controls: mastering knowledge about viruses, about the organismic level of life organization and its inherent patterns, about the harmful effects of mutagens, alcohol, drugs, nicotine on the genetic apparatus of the cell, protecting the environment from pollution by mutagens, human hereditary diseases, their causes and prevention, selection of organisms and biotechnology; mastering the ability to compare biological objects, processes, phenomena, apply knowledge of biological terminology and symbols in solving problems in genetics.
AT the fourth block "System and diversity of the organic world" checked: knowledge about the diversity, structure, life and reproduction of organisms of various kingdoms of wildlife; the ability to compare organisms, characterize and determine their belonging to a particular systematic taxon, establish causal relationships between the structure and function of organs and organ systems of organisms from different kingdoms, the relationship of organisms and habitats.
The fifth block "The human body and its health" reveals the level: mastering the system of knowledge about the structure and life of the human body, which underlies the formation of hygienic norms and rules of a healthy lifestyle, prevention of injuries and diseases; mastering the skills to substantiate the relationship of organs and systems of human organs, features due to upright posture and labor activity; to draw a conclusion about the role of neurohumoral regulation of vital processes and about the features of higher nervous activity of a person.
AT the sixth block "Evolution of wildlife" included tasks aimed at controlling: knowledge about the species and its structure, driving forces, directions and results of the evolution of the organic world, stages of anthropogenesis, the biosocial nature of man; the ability to characterize the criteria of the species, the causes and stages of evolution, to explain the main aromorphoses in the evolution of the plant and animal world, to establish the causes of the diversity of species and the adaptability of organisms to the environment.
The seventh block "Ecosystems and their inherent patterns" compose tasks aimed at testing: knowledge about environmental patterns, food chains, the circulation of substances in the biosphere; the ability to establish the relationship between organisms, humans and the environment, explain the reasons for sustainability, self-regulation, self-development and ecosystem change, the need to preserve species diversity, protect the environment as the basis for sustainable development of the biosphere.
The average test score in 2015 was 53.2, which is comparable to the average test score in 2014 (54.8).
THE MOST DIFFICULT CHALLENGES
Block 1. Biology - the science of wildlife
The task turned out to be the most difficult, where it was required to indicate at what level of life organization genome mutations are phenotypically manifested (in the organism).
7.1. The figure shows an experiment illustrating that bodies expand when heated. Circle with a pen in the figure the object that was heated in this experiment - a ball or a ring. Justify the answer.
7.2. Choose the correct statement.
According to modern ideas, when a flask with water cools, the water level in the tube drops because ... . 
7.3. Substances are made up of tiny particles. What phenomena and experiments confirm this?
7.4. The table shows the exact data on the change in the volume of water V from time t when heated.
Answer the questions.
a) Is it possible to assert that during the entire time of observation the water in the flask was heated uniformly? Explain the answer.
b) How did the volume of water change when heated?
8.1. Choose the correct statement.
If you heat the nail, it lengthens and becomes thicker. This happens because when heated ... . 
8.2. Write the words molecule, drop, atom in such an order that each subsequent element is part of the previous one.
8.3. The figure shows models of water, oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules. All molecules contain an oxygen atom (black). Fill in the gaps in the text.
8.4. Measure the length of your arm from the elbow to the little finger and compare the resulting value with the size of a water molecule.
9.1. Fill in the gaps in the text. “In ____, the English botanist Robert Brown, examining through a microscope ...”
9.2. The figure shows schematically the molecules of a liquid surrounding a grain of paint placed in this liquid. The arrows indicate the directions of motion of the liquid molecules at a certain point in time.
9.3. Note those phenomena that are an example of Brownian motion.
9.4. The figure shows a broken line along which a grain of dust moved in the air for several seconds.
a) Explain why the dust grain changed its direction of motion many times during the time it was observed.
Due to collision with air molecules and other dust particles.
b) In the figure, mark the points at which the dust particles were affected by the molecules surrounding it.
10.1. Pure water is poured into a glass cylinder from above, and a solution of copper sulphate is poured into the bottom through a narrow tube. The cylinder is at rest constant temperature. Show in the picture what the contents of the cylinder will look like at different time intervals.
10.2. Two identical rubber balls are connected by a transparent hose (see the figure), and the left ball is filled with hydrogen in both cases (color the hydrogen in blue), the right one is empty in figure a, and in figure b it is filled with air (color the air in green). The hose between the balls is clamped with a clamp.
10.3. Cross out one of the highlighted words to get the correct explanation of the described experiment.
10.4. Home experiment.
Put a piece of sugar in the bottom of a glass of cold water, but do not stir. Write down how long it took you to detect the presence of sugar molecules on the surface of the water in the glass and what kind of "device" you used.
11.1. Fill in the gaps in the text using the words: stronger; weaker; attraction; repulsion.
11.2. Draw lines to connect the phenomena and their explanations.
11.3. Cross out one of the highlighted words to get the correct explanation of the described experiment.
11.4. Complete the sentence to get the correct explanation of the phenomenon.
11.5. Fill in the gaps in the text. “In everyday life, we often encounter the phenomena of wetting and non-wetting.”
12.1. What state of matter is characterized by the following characteristics?
organic chemistry molecule isology
It is now generally accepted that one straight line connecting two atoms denotes one two-electron bond (simple bond), the formation of which takes one valency from each of the bonded atoms, two lines - one four-electron bond (double bond), three lines - one six-electron bond (triple bond).
The image of a compound with a known order of bonds between all atoms using bonds of this type is called a structural formula:
To save time and space, abbreviated formulas are often used, in which some of the links are implied, but not written:
Sometimes, especially in carbocyclic and heterocyclic series, the formulas are simplified even more: not only some bonds are not written, but also some of the carbon and hydrogen atoms are not depicted, but only implied (at the intersections of the lines); simplified formulas:
Tetrahedral model of the carbon atom
The basic ideas about the chemical structure laid down by A. M. Butlerov were supplemented by Van't Hoff and Le Bel (1874), who developed the idea of the spatial arrangement of atoms in an organic molecule and raised the question of the spatial configuration and conformation of molecules. Van't Hoff's work "Chemistry in Space" (1874) marked the beginning of a fruitful direction in organic chemistry - stereochemistry, i.e., the study of spatial structure.
Rice. 1 - Van't Hoff models: methane (a), ethane (b), ethylene (c) and acetylene (d)
Van't Hoff proposed a tetrahedral model of the carbon atom. According to this theory, the four valences of the carbon atom in methane are directed to the four corners of the tetrahedron, in the center of which is a carbon atom, and at the vertices are hydrogen atoms (a). Ethane, according to van't Hoff, can be imagined as two tetrahedra connected by vertices and freely rotating around a common axis (6). The model of the ethylene molecule consists of two tetrahedra connected by edges (c), and molecules with a triple bond are represented by a model in which the tetrahedra are in contact with planes (d).
Models of this type turned out to be very successful for complex molecules as well. They are still successfully used today to explain a number of stereochemical questions. The theory proposed by van't Hoff, although applicable in almost all cases, did not, however, provide a substantiated explanation of the type and nature of the binding forces in molecules.
Innovative way of development of technology for the creation of new drugs
First, a computer model of the object is created, and computer modeling is used to form molecules at the site of the study. The model can be either 2D or 3D.
Infrared spectra of molecules
In contrast to the visible and ultraviolet ranges, which are mainly due to the transitions of electrons from one stationary state to another ...
Study of the structure of organic compounds using physical methods
All possible positions of molecules in three-dimensional space are reduced to translational, rotational and oscillatory motion. A molecule consisting of N atoms has only 3N degrees of freedom of motion...
Simulation method in chemistry
Currently, you can find many different definitions of the concepts "model" and "modeling". Let's consider some of them. “A model is understood as a display of facts, things and relations of a certain field of knowledge in the form of a simpler ...
Scientific foundations of rheology
The stress-strain state of a body is generally three-dimensional and it is unrealistic to describe its properties using simple models. However, in those rare cases when uniaxial bodies are deformed...
In addition to observation and experiment, modeling plays an important role in the knowledge of the natural world and chemistry. One of the main goals of observation is to look for patterns in the results of experiments...
Dissolution of solids
For the vast majority of processes, the kinetic function is invariant with respect to the concentration of the active reagent and temperature. In other words, each value of the dimensionless time x corresponds to a well-defined value...
Calculation of quantum-chemical parameters of PAS and determination of the "structure-activity" dependence on the example of sulfonamides
Refractometric method of analysis in chemistry
Synthesis and analysis of CTS in gasoline production
The chemical model of the catalytic cracking process is very complex. Consider the simplest of the reactions that take place during the cracking process: СnН2n+2 > CmH2m+2 + CpH2p...
Synthesis of a chemical-technological system (CTS)
Production processes are diverse in their features and degree of complexity. If the process is complex and deciphering its mechanism requires a lot of effort and time, an empirical approach is used. Mathematical Models...
Comparison of plug flow and full mixing reactors in isothermal operation
