The longest transoceanic routes lie in the Pacific Ocean: the central route Singapore-Panama has a length of 10.8 thousand miles, and crossings of 6-7 thousand miles without calling at intermediate ports are considered common in the Pacific Ocean. In the vast areas of the Pacific Ocean, hydrometeorological conditions are more complex than in other oceans.
From the point of view of the intensity of world shipping, three main directions can be distinguished: American-Asian, American-Australian and Asian-Australian.
The US-Asian direction is the main one and, in turn, includes the three most used routes. The route of the first, busiest shipping route runs from the ports of North America (Vancouver, San Francisco, Los Angeles) to the Western Pacific Ocean and back from the ports of Japan, China, the Philippines (Yokohama, Shanghai, Manila) to the USA and Canada. It takes place in severe hydrometeorological conditions of a stormy seasonal region. Without calling at intermediate ports, its length is more than 4.5 thousand miles. This is the main route for deliveries to Japan and other countries of various ores, coal, grain cargoes from the USA, and from Canada coal, grain, timber and lumber, other cargoes and various semi-finished products.
The second route runs from the Panama Canal and the ports of the western coast of South America (through the Hawaiian Islands) to the ports of the Philippines, Malaysia, China, Taiwan and Japan. The central route runs from the Panama Canal to Singapore. This path passes through an area of rare storms in the equatorial region.
The third, rather rarely used, route is laid from Cape Horn to the ports of Asian countries. In the southern part, its path lies in a stormy area (seasonal) with difficult hydrometeorological conditions.
The American-Australian direction connects the main ports of Australia (Sydney, Melbourne) and New Zealand (Wellington, Auckland) with various ports of the American continent along three main shipping routes: Sydney - Hawaiian Islands - ports of North America; Sydney - Panama Canal and Sydney - ports of South America (Valparaiso, Callao). Ships going to South America during a dangerous period plot a course for ports of destination within the boundaries of a seasonal region of rare storms; in the period of favorable weather conditions - bypassing the New Zealand Islands from the south and using the fair current of the westerly winds. Wool, lead, zinc and other raw materials are delivered to American ports on regular lines, and in the opposite direction, to Australia - machinery and equipment, machine tools, instruments, various equipment.
The Asian-Australian, unlike the previous ones, has a general North-South direction and connects Australian and New Zealand ports with Japanese ones. Intensive shipping on this ocean route in the second half of the 20th century is associated with the growth of the economic and technical potential of Japan and a number of countries in Southeast Asia, the development of shipbuilding and the growth of world trade. Shipping companies in Japan and other Southeast Asian countries have organized regular cargo lines on this route for the transportation of iron ore, coal, wool and other raw materials, grain and food products from Australia to the ports of Southeast Asia and Japan.
Ocean paths run along the coast of South America, | | connecting the ports of South American countries with the Pacific and Atlantic (through the Panama Canal) US ports. The main raw material flows (iron ore and non-ferrous metal ores, saltpeter, sulfur and other minerals) are directed from the ports of the western coast of South America to the ports of the east coast of the United States, where the main industrial base of the United States is located, through the Panama Canal.
Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney and Vancouver
It is rather difficult to determine which port is the largest port in the Pacific Ocean today. The problem is that there are several criteria against which to evaluate.
However, the largest of the existing ones can be called such Pacific ports as Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney and Vancouver. For example, Shanghai, since 2010, has been considered the world's largest port in terms of cargo turnover. The port is located near the metropolis of the same name and occupies an advantageous position, as it has open access to the sea. Thanks to the port, China communicates with 200 countries. About 99% of the country's entire foreign trade turnover is carried out through these gates. The port operates around the clock, regardless of holidays and weekends. Oil, coal, metal ore, building materials are transported through Shanghai.
Another major Pacific port is Singapore. Since 1997, the port has been considered the largest in the world in terms of tonnage of ships. Previously, this port was the largest in terms of cargo turnover, until it lost 1st place to Shanghai. Singapore is able to receive 150 ships daily and serves up to 250 lines. The berthing front of the naval base stretched for more than 3 kilometers. The total value of sea transportation of the port is 112 million tons.
Sydney vs Vancouver
Sydney is inferior to its competitors in cargo turnover, its throughput is approximately 1.8 million tons. However, this port has a mooring front about 0.6 km long. 100 berths with a depth of 3.5 meters are capable of receiving aircraft carrier-class vessels. Today, wool, coal, dairy products, grains, fruits, hides, cocoa, oil, and industrial equipment are transported through Sydney.
Vancouver is the largest port in Canada, located in the northeastern part of the Strait of Georgia. The harbor is perfectly protected from the wind and does not freeze in winter. The total length of the Vancouver berths is about 16 kilometers. The total turnover of cargo transportation is 45 million tons. Timber, grain, non-ferrous metals, paper, fish, plywood, cellulose pass through Vancouver.
Russian ports
Since Russia also has access to the Pacific Ocean, it is not surprising that there are also quite large Russian ports. One of them is Vladivostok, located in the south of the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula. The advantage of the port is that it is quite accessible to any class of ships that exists today. True, in the period from November to March, navigation in this area is carried out with the help of icebreakers. Up to 7 million tons of cargo passes through the port annually. Railway lines pass through the territory of the port, with a total length of 21 kilometers. The length of the berths is 3.1 kilometers. The port specializes in coastal transportation to Russian ports located in the Pacific Ocean and in the east of the Arctic.
Nakhodka is a Russian seaport of federal importance. It is located in the northwestern part of the coast of the Sea of Japan. It includes oil and universal sea terminals. The port's cargo turnover reaches 15 million tons. Basically, oil, metal, coal, refrigerated cargo, containers are transported through Nakhodka.
Of course, Vladivostok and Nakhodka do not compete with foreign ports located on the Pacific Ocean, such as Shanghai, Vancouver or Singapore. However, these are one of the largest ports in Russia.
1.
Describe the geographic location of the ocean.
Determine how the Pacific Ocean is located relative to the equator, tropics, polar circles and the prime meridian.
___
2.
Determine in which direction the ocean has the greatest extent - from north to south or from west to east.
___
3.
Indicate between which continents the ocean is located. Which oceans does it border on?
___
4.
Which part of the ocean has the most indented coastline.
a) The names of the seas and large bays of the ocean.
b) the name of the major islands.
Atlantic Ocean 5%
internal stock 10%
2) Seven - Arctic Ocean 50%
Pacific Ocean 10%
Atlantic Ocean 30%
internal stock 10%
3) Seven - Arctic Ocean 25%
Pacific Ocean 25%
Atlantic Ocean 25%
internal stock 25%
4) Seven - Arctic Ocean 40%
Pacific Ocean 40%
Atlantic Ocean 10%
internal stock 10%
Pacific Features 11-11 The Pacific Ocean washes the eastern shores of the continents: __
2 The Pacific Ocean washes the western shores of the continents: __
3 The Pacific Ocean is located in the hemispheres: __
4 By area, this ocean is the largest on Earth. It makes up approximately _____% of the area of the world's oceans.
5 The greatest depth of the ocean and the deepest point of the Earth is in the ______ trench and is ____ m
6 Deep sea trenches surround the Pacific Ocean and, together with active volcanoes and earthquake areas, form a zone called _______
7 Powerful sea currents along the equator from east to west are formed due to the winds of ______
8 In what climate zones is the Pacific Ocean located? __
9 Name the cold currents of the Pacific Ocean __
10 In what part of the ocean are coral structures most common?
Name 3 port cities along the shores of the Pacific Ocean _____
numerical sea currents operates in the Pacific Ocean?
1) Gulf Stream 2) Brazilian 3) Guinean 4) Kuroshio.
3. Sable is an animal that lives in a natural area:
1) steppes 2) taiga 3) deserts 4) tundra
4. One of the main modern types of human economic activity in the tundra is:
1) logging 2) mining 3) raising livestock 4) growing grain
5. Among the listed endorheic lakes is:
1) Baikal 2) Victoria 3) Chad 4) Onega.
6. Which of the islands has the highest average annual rainfall?
1) Iceland 2) Kalimantan 3) Madagascar 4) Tasmania.
7. Which mineral deposits are confined to ancient platforms?
1) oil 2) iron ores 3) copper ores 4) polymetallic ores
8. Which of the listed travelers made a great contribution to the discovery and study of Africa?
1) I. Moskvitin 2) D. Cook 3) D. Livingston 4) F. Magellan
9. Moderate maritime climate is typical for:
1) Sumatra Islands 2) Iberian Peninsula 3) Great Britain 4) Yucatan Peninsula
10. Which of the listed mountain systems is the longest?
1) Cordillera 2) Ural 3) Alps 4) Appalachians
11. Which of the peninsulas has monsoons during the year?
1) Labrador 2) Alaska 3) Indochina 4) Somalia
12. Which of the listed natural areas is characterized by the largest number of rodents?
1) taiga 2) tundra and forest-tundra 3) steppes 4) semi-deserts and deserts
13. On which of the listed rivers does a large number of thresholds?
1) Volga 2) Amazon 3) Congo 4) Mississippi
14. A sign of the marine type of climate is:
1) summer is dry and hot 2) winter is wet and warm 3) large amplitude of temperature fluctuations
15. Oak, myrtle, wild olive - representatives of the natural zone:
1) equatorial forests 2) hardwood forests 3) tropical deserts 4) deciduous forests
1) Cordillera 2) Andes 3) Himalayas 4) Alps.
17. Which continent is the hottest:
1) Africa 2) Australia 3) South America 4) North America
18. The extreme southern point of Africa:
1) Cape Agulhas 2) Cape of Good Hope 3) Cape Almadi 4) Cape Ras Hafun.
19. The climatic zone of Africa with pronounced seasonality: dry winters and wet summers:
1) equatorial 2) subequatorial 3) tropical 4) subtropical.
20. The most salty sea belongs to the pool:
1) Pacific Ocean 2) Atlantic Ocean 3) Pacific Ocean 4) Arctic Ocean
Part B
1. Distribute the climatic zones of Africa in order of decreasing density of the river network:
1) equatorial 2) tropical 3) subequatorial.
2. Match.
Natural zone: Climatic zone:
1. Moist forests a) subtropical
2. Savanna b) tropical
3. Desert c) subequatorial
d) equatorial.
3. Distribute the southern continents as their area increases:
1) Antarctica 2) Africa 3) South America 4) Australia.
Part C
1. Why is the highest point in Africa - Mount Kilimanjaro - located within the platform, and not
folded area, as on other continents?
2. Are there glaciers in Africa, if so, in what part of the mainland?
3. Why do platforms tend to have plains?
Indian Ocean1) geographic location
2) a brief history of the discovery and study of the nature of the ocean
3) Bottom relief and minerals.
4) Climate and water properties (temperature, salinity, etc.)
5) Surface currents in the ocean.
6) Organic world.
7) Zonal natural complexes and non-zonal aquatic complexes.
8) Types of human economic activity in the ocean; major ports.
Plzzzzzz urgently needed About the Indian Ocean, please help
(about 1/3 of the world maritime cargo turnover), yielding to Atl-ke in terms of traffic volume, ahead of it in growth rates. A characteristic feature of the sea routes in the Pacific Ocean is their very large latitudinal extent (twice as long as the transatlantic ones). Transoceanic routes connecting the west. and east. shores are grouped in two directions: American-Asian and American-Australian. On the first of them, three cargo-intensive routes were formed. Intensive shipping routes connect the Pacific ports of the USA and Canada (Los Angeles, San Francisco, Vancouver) with the ports of Japan, China, Philippines (Yokohama, Shanghai, Manila). Coal, timber, grain, ore, semi-finished products and finished products are exported to Japan from North American ports. In the opposite direction, there are various types of industrial products (steel pipes, electrical and radio devices, fabrics, fish and fish products). Less intense shipping on the second route from the Panama Canal and the western ports of South America to the ports of Southeast (Singapore, Manila) and East (Shanghai, Yokohama) Asia. From Latin American ports, mainly mining and agricultural raw materials are exported (to Japan), and industrial products in the opposite direction. The second US-Australian transoceanic route connects the ports of North America and Australia and New Zealand. There are lines from the ports of the USA and Canada to Sydney and other ports of southeastern Australia (Newcastle, Melbourne). Machinery and equipment are transported from American ports, and industrial raw materials and agricultural products are transported in the opposite direction. Equipment for the mining industry, machinery and finished products are transported from the USA to Latin American ports. The highest concentration of cargo turnover is noted in the ports of the East (Japan, Rep. Korea, China) and South-East. Asia (more than 3/4 of the total cargo turnover of the Pacific Ocean). The largest oil terminals in the Pacific Ocean are concentrated in Japanese (Chiba, Yokohama, Kawasaki), American (Los Angeles, Long Beach, San Francisco, Valdez) and international transit (Singapore, Think) ports.
30. Economic-geographical provinces of the Pacific Ocean and their characteristics.
NW: In the economy respect, the province is distinguished by a high level of economic development and a large scientific and technical potential, rich in mines. resources of its individual territories, huge fish stocks and the largest catches in the world, intensive maritime transport and a developed economy. Huge human resources are concentrated here and the third world economic center has been formed, the core of which is Japan, and the “new industrial countries” (Republic of Korea, Taiwan) and the rapidly growing economy of modern China play a complementary role. Oil and gas, solid minerals (iron ore, coal) are extracted on the shelf of the province, TiMg placers, deposits of cassiterite, table salt are explored. Iron marg have been found in the open part of the ocean. and phosphorite nodules. Z: Its characteristic feature is its advantageous position on the routes of intensive maritime navigation and the presence of large sea communications nodes in the straits of the Malay Archipelago. Zap. The province has large reserves of mineral raw materials and biological resources, but is inferior to the North-West. provinces in terms of industrial and scientific and technical potential, as well as the level of development of marine industries. The bowels of the province contain deposits of world importance. Up to 70% of tin, significant volumes of oil, Fe, Mn and Cu ores, Ni, chromites, tungsten, bauxites and phosphate raw materials are obtained from this region of the world. Ferromanganese nodules and phosphates occur in the northeast of the province, and deposits of oil, cassiterite, iron ore, and glauconite have been discovered on the shelf. SW: fishery has not received wide industrial development. The position of the province away from the main world markets predetermines the leading role of maritime communications to ensure links with the North. America, East and Southeast. Asia and Europe. are Sydney and Melbourne and the outport of Geelong (specialized in grain and oil cargo). In the state of New South. Wales has 9 seaports (Newcastle, Port Kembla, Hunter, etc.) YU.: The natural resource potential of the province is poorly studied. Oil is being produced on the Tongo Islands, and phosphorite deposits are being developed on the Society Islands. The waters of the province are characterized by a low content of zooplankton biomass and low fish productivity (less than 10 kg / km 2. A characteristic feature of the Southern Province is the weak development of the economy, which does not allow for a wide study and development of marine resources. The basis of the economy of most island states is the plantation economy (cultivation of coconut palm , citrus fruits, bananas, pineapples, sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, peanuts, breadfruit), canned fish and copra. Fish catches of the island states and territories are small. Fiji's economy is most diversified, it is based on the sugar industry, tourism, forestry and woodworking industry. N-E: oil and natural gas (Alaska, the Los Angeles area and the coastal waters of California), phosphorites (California coast), ores of precious and non-ferrous metals (gold, platinum, mercury). A significant role is played by the exploitation of marine gold placers (off the coast of the Seward Peninsula) and platinum sands (Goodnews Bay). The open waters of the province are characterized by extremely low fish productivity. The North-East is a zone of very intensive traffic. There are routes from the Pacific ports of North America to the ports of the East. Asia (Japan, China) and from the ports of the west coast of the USA and Canada to the ports of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. SE-E and B: Coastal countries (Peru, Chile, Bolivia) form a capacious regional raw material market that exports mining raw materials, agricultural and fishery products by sea. In Peru, large deposits of iron ore (the area of the port of San Juan), polymetals, and phosphorites are being developed; oil and gas are being extracted on the sea shelf. The province is an important global fishing area.
The territory of Russia is washed by the waters of 12 seas belonging to the basins of the three oceans and the Caspian Sea, which belongs to the internal drainless basin. Russia has a large commercial, fishing and naval fleet.
The waters and natural resources of the seas washing the territory of the country are taken under state protection. Together with other countries, Russia is fighting the pollution of the seas and oceans with oil and chemicals that adversely affect their organic world. Seas of the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Ocean basin includes six seas: the Barents, White, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi.
They were formed due to the flooding of coastal parts of the mainland by sea waters and therefore are shallow. Their average depth is less than 200 m. The seas are separated from each other by islands and archipelagos: Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island.
All seas, except for the White Sea, are marginal. They communicate with the ocean through wide open water spaces. The White Sea is inland. The nature of the northern seas, lying in the Arctic zone mainly between 70° and 80° N, is very severe. Surface water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are low throughout the year. The severity of the climate and the ice cover of the seas associated with this increase from west to east. Most of the ocean is covered in ice all year round. Only the southwestern part of the Barents Sea, where a branch of the warm North Atlantic Current enters, is ice-free in winter.
Here on the coast of the Kola Peninsula is the ice-free port of Murmansk. Other large pots here are Arkhangelsk, Severodvinsk. The ice cover and the long polar night are unfavorable for the development of plankton, so the biological productivity of the Arctic seas is low! Only the Barents Sea is of great commercial importance.
Here, along with the Atlantic waters, a large amount of plankton enters, followed by shoals of fish. In second place is the White Sea, whose productivity is 4 times lower. In the seas of the Arctic Ocean, sea animals (seals, white whales) are hunted.
The Northern Sea Route, 5600 km long, passes through the seas of the Arctic Ocean. This is the shortest sea route from the western part of Russia to the Northeast and the Far East.
Its ships pass in less than a month. The distance from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok through the North and Norwegian Seas and further along the Northern Sea Route is 14,280 km, and through the Suez Canal - 23,200 km. From Murmansk to Vladivostok - 10,400 km. The Northern Sea Route connects not only the western and eastern outskirts of Russia, but also the mouths of the navigable rivers of Siberia.
This made it possible to accelerate economic development and use the richest natural resources of the northern regions of the country. Navigation along the Northern Sea Route lasts about four months. Seas of the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Ocean basin includes three seas: Bering, Okhotsk and Japan, washing the eastern coast of the country.
They are separated from the open ocean by the Aleutian, Commander, Kuril and Japanese islands. These are the largest and deepest of the seas washing the territory of Russia. Through numerous straits between the islands, the water exchange of these seas with the Pacific Ocean takes place. They have clear ebb and flow.
The highest tide height is observed in the Sea of Okhotsk; in the Penzhina Bay, the tide reaches 14m. According to the structure of the bottom and the depths of the seas of the Pacific Ocean, they differ sharply from the seas of the Arctic Ocean.
In the relief of their bottom, the underwater margins of the mainland, the shelf, a clearly defined continental slope and deep-water basins can be traced. The maximum depths of each of the seas reach 3.5 - 4 thousand meters near the island arcs limiting them, on which there are numerous active volcanoes.
The seas of the Pacific Ocean are located mainly in the temperate zone and are characterized by warmer waters than the Arctic. However, in winter, strongly cooled air is carried from the continent to the waters of the seas, so almost all of the Sea of Okhotsk and the northern parts of the Bering and Sea of Japan freeze in winter. The organic world in the seas of the Pacific Ocean, especially in Japan, is much richer and more diverse than in the Arctic seas. Valuable marine animals live only in the seas of the Far East - the fur seal and the sea otter (sea otter).
The Pacific herring, cod, flounder, salmon, as well as mollusks and crustaceans, crabs, mussels, oysters, and shrimps have an important commercial sign. Seaweeds, such as kelp (seaweed), are of economic importance. The transport importance of the Pacific seas is also great. The largest ports of these seas are Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Magadan, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Seas of the Atlantic Ocean and the Caspian Sea.
Three seas belong to the Atlantic Ocean basin: the Baltic, Black and Azov. All of them are internal. These seas go deep into the land and have a relatively weak connection with the ocean through narrow shallow straits. Sea tides are practically not observed here. The seas are heavily desalinated due to the influx of a large amount of river water.
The Caspian Sea is part of the ancient unified Caspian-Black Sea basin. At present, it is a closed drainless lake that retains some marine features. The seas of the Atlantic Ocean and the Caspian Sea are quite warm. In winter, the Sea of Azov, the shallow northern parts of the Black and Caspian Seas and the bays of the Baltic Sea are covered with ice for a short time. All seas are of great transport importance. Their ports serve international and domestic shipping lines.
The importance of the coasts of the seas of the Atlantic Ocean for the organization of recreation for the population is great. Due to the fact that the seas of the Atlantic Ocean have a different history of development and are distant from each other, their nature is very different. The Baltic Sea is the youngest. It was formed in the Quaternary period due to the flooding of the sagging section of the platform by sea waters.
The sea is shallow. Its coastline is characterized by significant indentation. Off the coast of Russia there are large sea bays: Finnish and Gdansk. Strong prolonged westerly winds raise the water level in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland.
This caused floods in St. Petersburg, located at the mouth of the Neva River. The fauna of the Baltic Sea is not rich and diverse. The main commercial fish are herring, Baltic sprat, cod and eels. The deep-water basins of the Black and Caspian Seas are large tectonic depressions in the area of Alpine folding. When they sank, the adjacent southern parts of the platform were also lowered, and when they were flooded by sea waters, the shallow northwestern regions of the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the northern part of the Caspian Sea arose.
The southern position of these seas determines the high temperatures of surface waters and significant evaporation from their surface. Despite this, the seas are heavily desalinated. Together with river waters, they receive a large amount of nutrients, which creates favorable conditions for living organisms to live. However, the waters of the Black Sea from a depth of 200 m are contaminated with hydrogen sulfide and are practically devoid of life, so its fishing value is low.
The Azov and Caspian Seas are the most important fishing areas. Up to 80% of the world's most valuable sturgeon stocks are concentrated in the Caspian Sea. The Black and Caspian Seas are of great transport importance. The major ports of these seas are St. Petersburg, Sevastopol, Taganrog, Novorossiysk.
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Home > Tropical Articles > Pacific Island States
Pacific Island States
Here I will try to disassemble all the island states of the tropical and equatorial climate through the eyes not of a tourist, but of a potential Robinson, but I will not choose any specific ones. I will not list such island countries as Australia, New Zealand, Japan, o.
Taiwan, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, the countries of the Caribbean, as well as states consisting of one inhabited island - because of my skepticism about the Robinsonade on them. Why is it important to know the form of government in the state? Because some island states are overseas territories of other large countries such as Great Britain, France, New Zealand, USA, India. It follows that control in such countries is much more serious than in independent island states.
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Vanuatu
83 islands (mostly volcanic).
Parliamentary republic. Languages: Bislama, English, French. The population is 215 thousand people. For Russian citizens visa-free entry for up to 30 days.
Standard rules for entry. The import of seeds, plants, fish, seafood, meat and dairy products (including frozen and canned) requires permission from the Vanuatu Ministry of Agriculture. The climate is tropical, close to equatorial. The amount of precipitation is from 2000 to 5000 mm per year, depending on the locality. High humidity: from 70% in the dry season to 100% in the rainy season. Soils are favorable for planting, a variety of vegetation.
A flight from Moscow to Port Vila costs about 38,000 rubles. Absence of large mammals. The presence of malaria.
The hut of one of the tribes of New Guinea at an altitude of about 50 m.
Papua New Guinea
Consists of numerous islands, many of which are uninhabited. A constitutional monarchy. Local languages and English.
The population is 6 million people. Russian citizens need a visa. The climate is tropical and humid. The territory is covered with tropical rain forests. The presence of malaria and other diseases. presence of large mammals.
Solomon islands
Island state.
Consists of 992 volcanic (mostly) islands. A constitutional monarchy. English language. Located in a seismically dangerous region where earthquakes often occur. The population is 478 thousand people. A visa is required to enter. The climate is tropical and humid. The soil is favorable for vegetation.
Monoriki Island, where the movie Cast Away was filmed
Fiji
Consists of 332 islands of volcanic and coral origin.
Republic. Languages English and local. The population is 849 thousand people. For Russian citizens visa-free entry for up to 4 months. The importation of vegetables, seeds, meat and dairy products requires special permission from the Fiji Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forests.
The climate is tropical. The amount of precipitation is from 2000 to 5000 mm. On many islands, the soil is favorable for planting. Transit routes to other countries of Oceania pass through Fiji. The most visited island country of all. Flights from Moscow to Nadi (Fiji) usually pass through Hong Kong or Seoul, a ticket costs about 32,000 rubles.
Flint uninhabited island
Kiribati
Consists of 33 atolls, 20 of which are uninhabited.
Presidential republic. Language English, Kiribati. The population is 98 thousand people. Russian citizens need a visa to enter. The climate is equatorial, oceanic. The hottest months are September-November, the coldest months are January-March. The amount of precipitation varies from 800 to 4000 mm. The soil is not favorable for planting. Vegetation is sparse. A flight from Moscow will cost approximately 57,000 rubles.
Classic atoll landscape
Marshall Islands
Consists of 29 atolls and 5 islands.
Republic. Marshal and English languages. The population is 56 thousand people. Russian citizens need a visa. The climate is predominantly tropical, arid in the north and equatorial in the south. The amount of precipitation is from 300 to 4300 mm. The soil is not suitable for agriculture.
Famous islets in Palau
Palau
Consists of 328 islands (mostly small coral). Presidential republic.
Language English, Palua. The population is 20 thousand people. For Russian citizens, a visa is issued upon arrival (stamped in the passport) for a period of 30 days.
Determine the largest ports: a) Pacific Ocean _________ b) Atlantic Ocean __________
Importation of seeds, plants, meat and dairy products requires permission from the Ministry of Agriculture of Palau. The climate is tropical, the rainy season is from May to November. The flight will cost about 30,000 rubles.
Northern Mariana Islands
Consist of 14 volcanic islands.
They are a US territory. Languages English and local. The population is 86 thousand people. Russian citizens need a US visa. The climate is tropical, trade wind-monsoon type.
Dry season from December to June, rainy season from July to October. There are typhoons from August to November. The soil is suitable for agriculture.
Pohnpei Island
Federated States of Micronesia
Consists of 607 small islands and atolls, of which 65 are inhabited. Republic, free association with the United States. English language. Population 107 thousand
Human. For citizens of the Russian Federation visa-free entry for up to 30 days. The climate is equatorial. Precipitation falls from 2250 mm to 3000-6000 mm. Typhoon season is from August to December. The soil is suitable for agriculture, but not everywhere.
Cook Islands
Consists of 15 islands and atolls, 3 of which are uninhabited.
A constitutional monarchy. Free association with New Zealand. Local languages and English. The population is 19 thousand people. For Russian citizens visa-free entry for up to 31 days. The climate on the islands is tropical maritime with a pronounced rainy season from November to April and a dry season from May to October.
The average annual rainfall is about 2000 mm. A flight from Moscow will cost approximately 40,000 rubles.
Samoa
Consists of several islands.
Parliamentary republic. Samoan and English languages. The population is 188 thousand people. For citizens of the Russian Federation visa-free entry up to 60 days.
The climate is humid and tropical. The amount of precipitation on the plains is from 2000 mm and in the mountains up to 7000 mm per year. Relative humidity is 80%. A flight from Moscow will cost approximately 45,000 rubles.
Extinct volcano Khao, view from the island of Tofua
Tonga
Consists of 172 islands and atolls.
A constitutional monarchy. Languages Tongan, English. The population is 120 thousand people. For citizens of the Russian Federation, a visa is issued upon arrival (stamped) for up to 31 days. The climate is tropical. The amount of precipitation is about 2500 mm. Soils on many islands are suitable for agriculture. The flight costs about 42,000 rubles.
Tuvalu
Consists of 5 atolls and 4 islands. Monarchy. Tuvaluan languages, English. Population 12 thousand
Human. For citizens of the Russian Federation, a visa is issued upon arrival for 1 month. The climate is tropical. The amount of precipitation is about 3000 mm per year. The wet season is from November to April, the dry season is from May to October. A flight from Moscow will cost approximately 44,000 rubles.
Bora Bora island
French polynesia
Consists of a large number of islands and atolls.
Overseas Society of France. French language. The population is 287 thousand people. Russian citizens need a French visa to enter. The climate is tropical. A flight from Moscow will cost about 50,000 rubles.
Philippines
Large island nation. Consists of 7100 islands.
Unitary presidential constitutional republic. Pilipino languages, English. The population is 101 million people. For citizens of Russia visa-free entry for a period of 21 days. The climate is tropical, monsoonal. Typhoons often hit the northern regions of the country, tsunamis are possible.
The amount of precipitation per year varies from 1000 to 4000 mm. The soil is suitable for agriculture. A flight from Moscow will cost approximately 16,000 rubles.
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World maritime shipping
Shipping is the oldest branch of transport, which originated in the distant past. And now maritime transport is a very important part of the world transport system, without which the normal functioning of the world economy would be impossible. In the second half of the XX century. The development of maritime transport was facilitated by the formation of a very large territorial gap between the areas of production and consumption, the increasing dependence of most economically developed countries on overseas supplies of fuel and raw materials, as well as on the sale of their products.
Suffice it to say that in the UK and Japan, maritime transport serves 98% of all foreign trade traffic, in the USA - 90%. It is not surprising that in the whole world, shipping provides transport services for approximately 80% of international economic relations.
More than $1.5 billion worth of goods are annually transported through maritime trade channels. And in the total world cargo turnover, the share of maritime transport is 62% (Fig. 104).
For its part, the development of the world economy in the context of scientific and technological revolution and globalization constantly and strongly affects maritime transport. This is expressed in the formation of new sea routes and the formation of their special concentrations in some directions, in the strengthening of the monopolization of shipping, in the intensification of the struggle for cargo, reaching the “war of flags”, in the containerization of maritime transport, in changing the forms of organization of transportation.
Until recently, there were two forms of organization of transportation in maritime navigation - trampoline and linear.
With tramp (from the English tramp - tramp) shipping, ships operate in different directions, depending on the availability of cargo; the price of transportation in this case acts as a freight rate. In liner shipping, vessels operate according to a schedule of arrivals and departures at ports of loading and unloading on strictly defined regular lines; the price of transportation is determined by tariffs. On tramp ships, mainly bulk cargo is transported, and on scheduled ships, general cargo. However, in recent decades, the third, mixed form, which is sometimes called regular tramp shipping, has received the most development.
It is characterized by the organization of transportation and the operation of the fleet on permanent routes by successive flights according to the "pendulum" or "shuttle" scheme. Already by the beginning of the 1990s.
it was according to this scheme that about 3/5 of all cargo was transported by sea.
Table 448
DYNAMICS OF CARGO TURNOVER AND VOLUME OF CARGO TRANSPORTATION BY SEA TRANSPORT IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XX CENTURY
Transport as a whole is called a barometer of the world economy, while maritime transport has a special “sensitivity” in this regard.
To prove this position, it is enough to analyze table 147, which reflects the dynamics of world maritime trade.
Table 147 shows a very rapid growth in maritime traffic in 1950-1980. The world cargo turnover of maritime transport increased over that period of time by 9 times, and the volume of transported goods - by more than 6.5 times.
But in the first half of the 1980s. Both absolute and relative indicators declined rather sharply as a result of the energy and raw material crises of the mid-1970s. and the cyclical crisis of the world capitalist economy in the early 1980s. Started in the late 1980s. the new recovery of the world economy again led to an increase in demand for maritime transport, and they began to grow again.
Interestingly, this growth manifested itself primarily in the volume of cargo transportation and, to a much lesser extent, in cargo turnover. This is due to a decrease in the transportation distance of many goods (for example, oil - from 13 thousand km to 8 thousand). In the second half of the 1990s. shipping continued to grow, but intermittently and generally not as fast as expected.
So the forecasts for the beginning of the XXI century. had to be adjusted downwards.
At the same time, major changes were taking place in the structure of world shipping. Prior to the onset of the energy crisis, the main feature of these changes was an increase in the share of liquid cargo (41% in 1950, 49% in 1960, and 55% in 1970). But in connection with the crisis, their share began to decrease, while the share of bulk, bulk and general cargoes increased.
By the end of the 1980s. the share of liquid cargoes decreased to 37%, the share of bulk and bulk cargoes increased to 24, and piece (so-called general) cargoes - up to 25%. In the 1990s this trend continued: the transport of coal, iron ore, bauxite, grain, foodstuffs, and especially general cargo grew faster than the transport of oil and petroleum products.
Turning to the consideration of the geographical distribution of world shipping, it is necessary first of all to note the ratio of three groups of countries in these transportations.
In the late 1990s the developed countries of the West accounted for 45% of the export shipments of maritime transport, the developing countries - 51, and the countries with economies in transition - 4%. A very large proportion of developing countries is noteworthy here. This is due both to their common role in the international geographical division of labor and to the active maritime policies pursued by many of them; this applies primarily to the newly industrialized countries.
And in import unloading, as one might expect, Western countries still dominate. Developing countries account for approximately 25%, and countries with economies in transition 3% of unloading work.
From a geographical point of view, the most important part of the analysis of maritime transport is, perhaps, the question of the geography of the world's sea routes. L.
I. Vasilevsky correctly wrote that the sea route is a conditional concept. Unlike land transport, the geography of maritime transport is determined not by a network of communication routes, but by a network of ports, sea channels and straits accessible to sea vessels, estuaries and currents of large rivers. The geographical division of labor has led to the fact that most of the sea routes remain stable for many decades.
For a geographer, the question is also very interesting. on the role of individual oceans in the global maritime industry.
For five centuries already - since the beginning of the Great geographical discoveries - the first place (3/5) in the world liner and tramp shipping has been occupied by the Atlantic Ocean, which is explained by many natural, historical, and economic reasons.
Among them, one can name the morphology of the sea coasts, their indentation, especially in Europe and in the northeast of North America. One can name a high level of population and urbanization of most coastal areas, reflecting the level of socio-economic development of dozens of countries.
Finally, the shortest maritime links between the Old and New Worlds pass through the expanses of the Atlantic. It is not surprising that most of the world's seaports arose on the shores of this particular ocean.
Several important directions of maritime navigation have been formed in the Atlantic Ocean. The main one is the North Atlantic, which runs between 35–40° N and 55–60° N. sh., absorbing many transatlantic shipping routes between the US and Western Europe. They transport both raw materials (coal, ores, cotton, timber) and general cargo.
Routes along the Mediterranean, North, and Norwegian seas also adjoin this direction. Until the middle of the XX century. it was also the world's largest cluster of maritime passenger lines, but maritime transport could not beat the competition with air transport.
In 1958, for the first time in passenger traffic, they were quantitatively equal, and today, almost the entire passenger traffic between Europe and North America is served by aviation.
Since the beginning of the XIX century. The competition between shipping companies for the "Blue Ribbon of the Atlantic" prize, which was intended for the ship that crosses this ocean in the shortest time, began.
The first such transatlantic voyage was made in 1819 by the American sail-steam frigate Savannah, which, however, sailed almost all the way to Liverpool; this flight lasted about 28 days. In 1838, a gigantic steamship at that time, the English Great Western, covered the distance between Europe and America in 14.5 days. In the second half of the XIX century. the fight for the "Blue Ribbon of the Atlantic" was between the UK, Germany, France and the United States.
Already at the beginning of the XX century. the English Lusitania reduced the travel time to 4 days and 20 hours. In 1938, the famous French passenger liner Normandy crossed the ocean in 4 days and 3 hours. In 1948, the even more famous English steamship Queen Mary overcame it in 3 days and 12 hours, and finally, in 1952, the American United States set an absolute record - 3 days, 10 hours and 40 minutes.
Other important directions of maritime navigation in the Atlantic Ocean are the South Atlantic (Europe - South America), the West Atlantic (Africa - Europe).
Oil and some other bulk cargo flows from Asia to Europe and the USA also pass through the Atlantic. However, in general, over the past decades, the importance of the Atlantic Ocean in world shipping has decreased.
The Pacific Ocean, occupying the second place in terms of shipping (1/4), is still far behind the Atlantic.
But the potential of this ocean, to the shores of which 30 states with a population of about 3 billion people go, is very great. Many of the world's largest ports are located here, many mass flows are born, and in recent times and general cargo.
Usually these streams are also combined into several main directions.
The first, northern trans-Pacific, connects the United States and Canada with the countries of East and Southeast Asia. From North America, coal, ores, timber, grain, machinery and semi-finished products are transported in this stream, from Asia - cars, steel products, various equipment, tropical timber, fish and fish products. The second group of sea lines connects the US Atlantic coast with the Hawaiian Islands and Japan through the Panama Canal.
The relatively new “transport bridges” (coal, iron ore, bauxite) that connect Australia with Japan and other countries of East Asia can also be attributed to transoceanic ones. In addition, two more groups of shipping lines run along the coasts of the continents - the Asian and the two Americas.
The third place in terms of maritime traffic (1/6) belongs to the Indian Ocean, to the shores of which there are 30 states with a population approaching 1.5 billion people. The most important in this ocean are shipping from Europe to Asia and Australia through the Suez Canal, lesser - those transoceanic directions that connect Australia with South Africa and Europe.
Although, in general, the Indian Ocean is inferior to the Atlantic and Pacific in terms of traffic intensity, it surpasses them in terms of oil transportation (from the Persian Gulf).
The Arctic Ocean takes a much smaller part in world maritime traffic. Through the North-Western, Canadian route, through navigation is not supported, and the Northern Sea Route, about 6,000 km long, runs along the northern coast of Russia.
Paradoxical as it may seem at first glance, maritime piracy has once again become a hindrance to merchant shipping.
It is known from history that even in the Roman era, piracy flourished in the Mediterranean Sea, and Gnaeus Pompey was assigned 500 ships to fight it.
Name the largest ports in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. On the banks of which
In the Middle Ages and in modern times, piracy flourished again in the Mediterranean Sea, off the Atlantic coast of Africa, then its epicenter shifted to the Caribbean Sea, even nicknamed the Flibuster Sea.
Modern maritime piracy poses a threat to ships on many seas. But the Caribbean, South China Seas, and Indian Ocean are considered especially dangerous in this regard. Heavily armed pirate crews in fast ships attack and plunder merchant ships. In 2000 alone, 470 piracy attacks on civilian ships were registered.
For Russia, maritime transport is also of great importance, primarily in ensuring foreign economic relations. In terms of cargo turnover, it is now ten times inferior to pipeline and rail transport.
After the collapse of the USSR, due to large losses in the navy, coastal infrastructure and the general difficult economic situation, this cargo turnover in 1992-2006. decreased by eight times.
