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Chapter Four The Power of the Word II Prefixes and Suffixes

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Suffixes: tail that wags the dog

Suffixes: the tail that wags the dog And the last (in sequence, but not least) component of word formation is the suffix, which quite often indicates how the word is used. Suffixes can be used to turn adjectives into adverbs

Noun suffixes Invariable suffixes -from-//-et- (stuffiness, tightness, maeta, poverty) -ost-//-is- (dilapidation, courage, heaviness) -rel- (running around, swearing) -izn- (yellowness, novelty) -in- (thickness, antiquity) -estv- (handicraft, loaferness) -izm- (Nazism, impressionism) -isch- (ambulance, ax handle) -nits- (reader, parent)

Chick- after d, t, s, s, f (translator, defector) -schik- in other cases (mason, slinger) Excl.: repairman, asphalt worker, complimentary worker, flute worker, alimony worker. -ek- when a vowel falls out (lock, polka dots) -its- a) noun. zh.r. (nurse) b) n. s.r. when stressed on the basis (date, dress) -ichk- from noun. on -its- -onk- after solid consonants of the root (fox, paw) -ik-, -chik- while maintaining the vowel (key, little room) -ets- a) n. m.r. (breadwinner) b) n. s.r. when stressed at the end (gun, letter) -echk- from noun. not on -its- -enk- after soft consonants of the root, hissing and vowels (nozhenka, Lienka, Borenka Excl.: zainka, good-natured, bainki-ink-a) from noun. on -in- (straw) b) in singular nouns (sugar) Excl.: turtledove -enk- in other cases (refugee, Frenchwoman)

Ev- without stress (fabric) Excl.: mild, holy fool, merciful -iv- under stress (truthful) -ovat- on a hard consonant (whitish) -evat- on a soft consonant, hissing or c (bluish) -insk- (- in- + -sk-) a) from bases in -in- (military, Elizabethan, Hellenic) b) from noun. on -and (-s), -a (-ya) (Yalta) Excl.: Inza, Penza, Presnensky) -ensk- In all about steel cases (beggarly) -onk- after g, k, x (light) - enk - in other cases (pretty)

SK- in relative adjectives Base on d, t, s, s, ts (if ts is preceded by accord.) + suffix -sk- (Kyrgyz, Canadian, Post Office, Parnassian); base on -ts- (if there is a vowel before ts) + suffix -k- (Yetsky). Excl.: Metz, Graz; base on -tsts- + suffix -k- (Nice); basis on -k-, -h-, -ts- + suffix -sk- (with alternation in the base -k-//-ts-, -ch-//ts-) (fisherman, weaver, German German) Excl.: Uzbek, Tajik, Uglich; base on -s- (if preceded with acc.) + suffix -k- (Welsh Wales, Reims Reims) Excl.: Helsingfors, Tammerfors, Daugavpils; base in -sk- (foreign language) + suffix -sk- (with truncation of the generating stem into -k-) (Damascus, San Francisco). Excl.: Basque, Oscan; base in -sk- (Slavic) + suffix -sk- (with truncation of the generating stem into -sk- or with superposition -sk-) (Minsk, Spassky)

Verb suffixes -ova- (-eva-), if in the 1st person singular. ends in -th, -th (dance-dance) -yva-(-iva-), if in the 1st person singular. ends in -va, -ivau (talk-talk) Excl.: get stuck, obscure, intend, prolong The vowel before the stressed -va, if there is a verb without -va in the same meaning (obsolete-obsolete) -and- in transitive verbs ( deforest-deprive the forest) -e- in intransitive verbs (deforest - lose the forest) For verbs in the form of past temp. before the suffix -l- the same vowel is written as in the basis of the infinitive (breath-breath)

1. Invariable suffixes

-chiv-review chiv oh, hold on chiv th

-living-worries Liv oh, conscience Liv th

-at-freckled at ouch, kletch at th

-chat-steps chat oh, logs chat th

-ist-impulse ist oh, roll ist th

-ech-kosh ech uh, old man ech uy

-esk-enemy esk oh baby esk uy

-ev - strict ev oh, bo ev oh

Remember: merciful willows oh, fool willows th

2. Unstressed suffixes -ov-, -ovat-, -ovit-, -ev-, -evat-, -evit- after consonants

Suffixes are written after hard consonants. -ov-, -ovat-, -ovit-:a circle ov oh dear ovate oh, gift ovi ty.

After soft consonants, hissing and c - - ev-, -evat-, -evit:whole ev oh son evat oh, gloss evit oh, red evat th.

3. Suffixes -onk-, -enk-

Suffix -onk- written after letters g, k, x: soft onc uh, wide onc uh, bad onc uy.

AT other cases- suffix -enko-: fresh enk uh, new enk oy, white enk uy.

4. Suffixes -insk-, -ensk-

Suffix -insk- it is written:

1. In adjectives , educated from words ending in -in(-in- + -sk-): Elizabeth in — elizabeth insk uy.

2. In adjectives formed from geographical names to -and(-s) and -and I): Op. insk ii (Op. and ), tals insk yy (Tuls s ), spruce insk y (Yeln I ).

excl.: inz ensk uh, penz ensk oy, fresh ensk uy

In other cases suffix is ​​written -ensk-: kerch ensk oh, poor ensk uy.

In the word Kolomna(from Kolomna) en- part of the root, suffix - -sk-.

5. Writing consonants before suffixes -at-, -chat-

If a sk this combination before suffix -at- is replaced by sch : before sk a - before schat th.

If a noun stem ends in to , then when forming an adjective with the help of a suffix -at- there is an alternation k//h: freckle - freckle hat oh, bruh to- timber hat th.

In other cases stands out in adjectives suffix -chat- : logs chat oh, cage chat th.

If a noun stem ends in c , then when forming an adjective before suffix -chat- c alternates with t : eyelash - lashes tchat wow, skulls c a - skulls tchat th.

6. Suffixes -k-, -sk-

To choose between suffixes -to-, -sk-, it is necessary to determine:

1) whether this adjective has short form for -ok?

so we write suffix -to-:near to iy - near OK , knot to ii - uz OK .

2) Not

What is the origin of this adjective?

If from the base to k, c, h- write the suffix - to- : poor thing to — poor man to oh no c — German to uy, tka h - weaver to uy.

If from the base to other letters - suffix-sk- : French h - French sk uy, sconce t — sconce tsk uy.excl.:uzbe tosk yy, taji tosk uy.

→ In adjectives formed from place names based on c it is written:

-sk- , if before c costs consonant letter (except c): Constant c a - constant csk uy.

-to-, if before c costs vowel letter: El e c - ate ecto uy.

→ If noun stem ends in With with a preceding consonant, then before suffix -sk- one With descends: Reim With - reim sk uy.

Compare: matro Withsk uy- base on With, but before the letter With stands for a vowel.

If a noun stem ends in ss , then before the suffix -sk- one With descends: Ode ss a - ode Withsk uy.

If a the stem of a foreign word ends in sk , then before suffix - sk-first to descends: Lady sk- lady Withsk uy.

Russian geographical names on sk form adjectives no suffix-sk-: Min sk- min sk uy.

• star) derived from star), the suffix -points- gives a diminutive meaning. Examination: lamp-point(s), jacket-point(s), ribbon-point(s)- suffix -points- with a diminutive meaning.
• bun)- related words:bun (a), (no) bun (), bun (th)- here the alternation of k / h in the root and the fluent o, words with the root bullnet, therefore, we select the root bunoch-, ending (a), the suffix -k- remains (-och- - part of the root).
  Checking the existence of such a morpheme: words hand-to (a), knife-to (a) - suffix -k- with diminutive meaning.
  Similarly: shop-k (a) (shop (a)), plate-k (a) (plate (a)), shirt-k (a) (mike (a)).
• hole-pts-k (a)- related words:holes (a), holes-k (a),we recall the alternation of k / h in the root and the fluent o and select the suffix -och-, the suffix -k- gives a diminutive meaning, i.e. a hole is a small hole. Similarly:bowl-ech-k (a) (bowl (a) - bowl-k (a)), pipe-och-k (a) (pipe (a) - pipe-ka)), tetrad-och-k (a) (notebook () - notebook-to (a)).
• el-och-k (a)- related words spruce, el-k (a), el-och-n (th), therefore, we select the root ate ', suffixes -och- and -k-;
• swallow(s), shirt(s) - points - part of the root.

In each case, it is necessary to determine the lexical meaning of the word (meaning), part of speech, and find cognate words.
When highlighting suffixes in a word, it is difficult to determine their number and boundaries.

Suffix Extraction Algorithm

On the example of the word a diary
• Select the root, ending: day- evnik() - from day-day(s)-day(s)(dr- is the root).
• Enumerate related words that have the rest of the word in their composition - evnik : day- evn(oh). Therefore, we select the suffix -evn- .
• We are looking for related words with the remaining part -ik- in the composition. There is no such word. Therefore, -ik- constitutes one suffix.
• Answer: a diary()- suffixes -evn, -ik.

You can check the morpheme analysis using Yandex dictionaries in the Russian language - Morphemic spelling dictionary.

After selecting a suffix (prefix), it is necessary to check the existence of such a morpheme. Here, the lists of suffixes on the site will come in handy (suffixes and prefixes must be “know by sight”) and the selection of words with this morpheme with the same meaning.