Thursday, September 7, 2017

MKAD is a magical abbreviation known to almost every inhabitant of Russia. Although the borders of Moscow have long spilled out far beyond the Moscow Ring Road, the inhabitants of the city still divide themselves into Muscovites and "castles". The Moscow Ring Road to this day remains the psychological boundary of the city, the alpha and omega, where Moscow begins and where it ends.

Of course, this was far from always the case, and the Moscow Ring Road itself relatively recently celebrated its half-century anniversary.

Since it all began, how the road developed in different years and how it is being reconstructed now —>

MKAD prototype

The idea of ​​building a bypass ring road around the entire city, far beyond its borders, was born before the war. In 1937, the issue began to be worked out, in 1939 the future route (not always coinciding with the current MKAD) was put on the ground, and in 1940 work was completed on the design assignment for the construction of a new highway, but the outbreak of war canceled these plans.

In 1941, a ring road was built in an emergency order, using the existing roads to the maximum. It did not coincide with the Moscow Ring Road and was originally laid as a temporary one for the rapid deployment of troops. This road largely contributed to the successful counter-offensive near Moscow.

On the frame of the chronicle above, you can presumably see just this road. I can't say for sure, but it looked something like this.

The birth of the Moscow Ring Road

The first kilometers of a new and at that time very modern road, four-lane, with a hard asphalt surface, began to be built in 1956 in the area of ​​​​the Yaroslavl highway.

Construction of the Moscow Ring Road in the late 1950s

The first section 48 km long from Yaroslavl to Simferopol highway was opened on November 22, 1960, and the ring was finally closed on November 5, 1962.

There was no lighting, rigid separators, and even markings on the Moscow Ring Road at that time. But at the same time, in a country where most of the roads were unpaved, a new paved highway was perceived as something from the future.

To match the new highway, there were also futuristic-looking bus stops:

By the way, it was in 1960, as can be seen in the diagram on the stop wall, that the borders of Moscow were officially extended to the Moscow Ring Road, despite the fact that at that time in some places it was many kilometers away from the actual areas of the city. The town of Babushkin near Moscow, the villages of Cheryomushki, Krylatskoye, Maryino and many others officially became districts of the city.

MKAD for at least another ten years was perceived as a suburban bypass highway

Moscow Ring Road near the intersection with Rublevsky highway, mid-1960s

Interchange between Rublyovka and the Moscow Ring Road in the 1960s

Roadside of the Moscow Ring Road in 1967. Please note: there were no markings, but the roadsides were lined with relief slabs so that falling asleep drivers deviating from the trajectory would immediately wake up.

The famous chase scenes in the film Beware of the Car (1966) were filmed on the newly built MKAD.

Here is the Moscow Ring Road itself without markings, and a gas station, and many other interesting details. We especially recommend watching from the 6th minute. Traffic along the Moscow Ring Road was completely relaxed at that time, and for the filming of the film it was not even necessary to block the road.

Even in the 1970s, traffic along the Moscow Ring Road was calm:

Please note that despite the large width of the road, cars quietly drive one after another.

Now around this place there is a huge interchange on the M-11

And in this photo from the mid-1970s, the cars made a stop at the site of the future Crocus Expo parking lot.

ZIL imposingly leaves for the Moscow Ring Road from Volgogradsky Prospekt, 1970

A separate pride of Moscow was the two-level interchanges "clover":

In the cartoon “Well, you wait!”, Issue 3, 1971, at a similar denouement, the wolf tries to catch his motorcycle for a long time and unsuccessfully:

In the 1980s The Moscow Ring Road has not changed much, it was still a four-lane road with a small lawn separator:

True, by that time the number of cars in the country and the city had increased dramatically, and the Moscow Ring Road without separators, fences and lights was often called the "road of death"

Moscow Ring Road before the exit to Mozhayskoye Highway in the early 1980s

Similar signs stood on the Moscow Ring Road until the mid-1990s

In the post-Soviet era, there were several times more cars and the highway could no longer cope with the flow. In the mid-1990s, all 109 km of the Moscow Ring Road underwent reconstruction

Reconstruction of the Moscow Ring Road, 1997.

In terms of scale, this reconstruction was comparable only to the construction of the road in the early 1960s: separators appeared, but, most importantly, the number of lanes increased to 10.

Now the weakest point of the Moscow Ring Road is obsolete junctions with narrow ramps along a ten-lane road, which were reconstructed only in the 2010s

In 2011, a program for the reconstruction of 11 interchanges was adopted. Let's look only at the most grandiose and interesting of the recently reconstructed:

Volgograd Prospect

Dmitrov highway

Mozhayskoe highway

Kashirskoe highway

This week, on September 6, traffic was opened at a new interchange at the intersection with Profsoyuznaya Street:

Work on this complex section began in 2015.

It is hard to imagine in the early 1960s it looked like this:

There was a highway outside the city, and now a highway around the metropolis

There will be much less traditional traffic jams at Profsoyuznaya.

The Moscow Ring Road is intensively developing even today, the city is growing, and the expression “Moscow ends beyond the Moscow Ring Road” in our time began to sound something like “Moscow ends behind the Garden Ring” a hundred years ago. The center becomes pedestrian, and roads for cars on the outskirts.

Moscow ring road

Spassky bridges on the Moscow Ring Road

Moscow Ring Road (MKAD)- ring roadpassing mainly (originally - completely) along the administrative border of Moscow.

Specifications

The total length is 108.9 km. Width - 10 lanes, 5 in each direction (4 main traffic lanes 3.75 m wide and the 5th continuous lane 4.5 m wide for acceleration, braking and forced stop). The average distance from the city center is 17.35 km.

The initial construction was carried out in accordance with NTU 128-55 according to the parameters of the first technical category:

• subgrade width - 24 m;
• lane width - 3.5 m;
• number of traffic lanes - 4 (2 each side);
• dividing strip width - 4 m;
• shoulder width - 3 m (on each side);
• dimension of bridges and overpasses - 21 m;
• height clearance under overpasses - 4.5 m.

The mileage on the Moscow Ring Road is counted from the intersection with the Entuziastov Highway (there is a "zero kilometer") clockwise.

In the General Plan for the Development of Moscow and the Moscow Region until 2010, a new classification was adopted for the Moscow Ring Road - the main main street of the 1st class, designed to pass mixed traffic. Traffic - continuous, speed limit - 100 km/h (calculated - 150 km/h), pedestrian traffic - at different levels.

Reconstruction

In the early 1990s, there were frequent accidents on the road, most of which were head-on collisions and collisions with pedestrians. Every year, more than 200 people died and more than 1,000 were injured on the Moscow Ring Road. The MKAD was popularly called the "road of death". The capacity of the route was almost completely exhausted; the speed of the flow of cars was 35-40 km/h, traffic jams occurred during peak hours. The need for reconstruction was obvious.

By decision of the Moscow Government, the reconstruction process included two stages. First of all, on the MKAD it was supposed to carry out measures to illuminate the route and install a barrier fence separating the directions of traffic.

The next stage of the reconstruction, which started in the spring of 1995, assumed the expansion of the roadbed of the route to 50 m and a corresponding increase in the number of lanes to five in each direction. To bring the road in line with international standards that exist for high-class highways in terms of technical solutions, safety and traffic maintenance, it was supposed to perform an enormous amount of work. In addition to the construction of new bridges, tunnels, overpasses, a whole range of measures to ensure safety and environmental protection, it was necessary to free the territories adjacent to the route, remove and relocate engineering structures and underground communications.

According to independent experts, the Moscow Ring Road reconstruction project "has few analogues in world practice in terms of its scale and complexity." The main complicating factors for the project are the use of old road structures, as well as additional work to move pipelines and other structures located nearby.

The reconstruction of the Moscow Ring Road became the first significant transport project of the Moscow Government. In order to ensure stable financing of construction and, accordingly, timely and high-quality performance of work, the principle of budgeting was changed and a road fund was created.

The period originally set aside for reconstruction by a decree of the Government of Moscow was two times less than the normative one and amounted to 4 years. During this time, it was necessary, in the conditions of continuous operation of the existing route, to transform the morally and physically obsolete road into a European-class highway capable of providing high-speed and safe traffic with a high level of service, which was not like in Russia before. It was on the Moscow Ring Road that many promising technologies and engineering techniques were introduced.

During the reconstruction of the Moscow Ring Road, it was planned to preserve the axis of the road with the existing reinforced concrete parapet-type fencing with lighting masts. The subgrade and carriageway were widened on both sides of the existing axis, so the plan of the road and its longitudinal profile were largely preserved. A change in the layout of the route is planned at the locations of 3 new large bridges across the Moscow River near the village of Besedy (19th km) and near the village of Spas (68th km), as well as through the Moscow Canal (76th km); bypassing Vostryakovsky and Perlovsky cemeteries; passage along the Moscow Ring Road of the main oil pipeline and gas pipeline in the area of ​​the Kuzminsky forest park.

Throughout the route, the subgrade was expanded to 50 m (20.2 million m²), 1,960 thousand m³ of crushed stone, 4,322 thousand m³ of lean concrete were laid, and a 10-lane pavement with a total area of ​​about 8 million m² was laid, including 1.3 million m³ top layer.

The reconstruction included:

• 3,365 existing communications were rebuilt;
• 76 bridges and overpasses were built, including 6 large bridges across the Moscow River, the Moscow Canal, roads and railways;
• 53 pedestrian crossings were erected, including 49 overground and 4 underground;
• 11 transport and communication tunnels were built;
• 47 interchanges were built, including two 3-level interchanges - Leningradskaya and Gorkovskaya, as well as two 4-level interchanges - Yaroslavskaya and at the intersection with Novorizhskoye Highway (the latter was introduced later, in 2011);
• 115 culverts were reconstructed;
• erected 26 traffic police posts with bulletproof glazing, equipped with modern computer equipment;
• 4 bases of road maintenance sections and the Mosgorsvet base were built;
• 11.6 km of noise protection and 6.8 km of decorative fences were installed;
• 270,000 m of side stone were laid and 350,000 m of barrier fencing were installed;
• strengthened by grass planting 300 hectares of slopes of the subgrade and adjacent territories;
• 82 treatment facilities were built;
• 7 meteorological support posts were created;
• banks of 76 water streams were equipped with gabion fortifications;
• installed 4,088 static and 90 electronic traffic signs, 18 information boards, 21 outdoor surveillance cameras and 34 speed violation recording devices;
• 49 pairs of bus stops were built.

During the reconstruction, a ring communication system (KSS MKAD) was also created on the basis of a fiber-optic cable laid in the structures of the dividing strip of the road. The main task of the KSS MKAD is to control and manage the outdoor lighting of the road.

• the practice of insurance of construction and installation works and post-warranty obligations was introduced;
• a system of operational quality management of construction and scientific support of design and construction work was applied; the work of Russian contractors began to be evaluated according to international quality standards ISO 9000;
• in urban transport construction, issues of safety and environmental protection were comprehensively and effectively resolved: all trees cut down during the work were restored, and new plantings were specially treated to be resistant to exhaust gases and anti-icing agents; special tunnels were also built for the unimpeded crossing of the Moscow Ring Road by wild animals.

The reconstruction of the Moscow Ring Road stimulated the development of infrastructure in the adjacent sections: gas stations, shops, cafes, etc. appeared in large numbers along the new road.

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The history of the creation of the Moscow Ring Road (MKAD).

For the first time, the project for the construction of the Moscow Ring Road began to be developed in 1936. In 1939, the route of the road was taken out in nature, fixed on the ground and approved by the economic council under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In 1940, the design assignment for the construction of the Moscow Ring Road was completed, and further work on the Moscow Ring Road was suspended. After graduating from V.O.V. in 1949 design work was resumed. In 1950, the Soyuzdorproekt Institute drew up a technical design for the construction of the Moscow Ring Road. In 1957, its construction began, near the Yaroslavl highway. In 1960, the first eastern part was put into operation, and in 1962, the western part of the Moscow Ring Road, at the same time traffic began along the entire highway, the total length of which was 108.7 km. The average radius from the city center is 17.35 km. The construction was carried out in accordance with NTU 128-55 according to the parameters I technical category: subgrade width - 24 m; lane width - 3.5 m; number of traffic lanes - 4; dividing strip width - 4; shoulder width - 3 m each; dimension of bridges and overpasses - 21 m; width of sidewalks on overpasses - 1.5 m; height clearance under the overpasses - 4.5 m.

The highway consisted of 2 roads (two lanes in each direction) 7 meters wide, separated by a 4-meter dividing strip. The edge of the road was lined with corrugated slabs. Two bridges across the Moskva River were built along the route:

• Besedinsky Bridge, 1960, engineer. R. M. Galperin, architect. G. I. Korneev (near Kapotnya and the village of Besedy)
• Spassky Bridge, 1962, engineer. V. D. Vasiliev, architect. K. P. Savelyev (in the Strogino region and the village of Spas).

In 1970, Soyuzdorproject, on the instructions of the Moscow City Executive Committee, developed a technical project for the reconstruction of the Moscow Ring Road in the section from Gorkovskoye to Novoryazanskoye Highway (section 0 - 11 km), which was carried out in 1973-1977. During the reconstruction of the Moscow Ring Road, the subgrade was expanded from 24 m to 36 m while maintaining the existing dividing strip; arrangement of 6 and 8 traffic lanes, reorganization of ramps and interchanges. By 1994, she was working at the capacity limit. In the current conditions for the development of the MCP industry, a significant the growth of transport loads, where the MKAD plays a leading role (feasibility study of the MKAD Soyuzdorproekt, vol. 1, 1996).

In the master plan for the development of Moscow and the Moscow region until 2010, a new classification was proposed for the Moscow Ring Road - the main main street of the 1st class, designed to pass mixed traffic, traffic - continuous, design speed - 100 km / h, pedestrian traffic - in different levels (General plan, Moscow 1999).

A sharp increase in the number of garages within the MKAD development zone has led to the emergence of a large number of spontaneous exits to them at the same level, significantly increasing the deformation of embankments and slopes. The ecological state of the coating in 1994 along the entire length of the Moscow Ring Road was assessed as satisfactory (Soyuzdorproekt, MADI 1994).

The feasibility study (feasibility study) of the Moscow Ring Road for the reconstruction of the Moscow Ring Road was developed in pursuance of the Decree of the Moscow Government dated December 6, 1994 and in accordance with the assignment approved by the Minister of the Moscow Government. The normative period of reconstruction is set at five years and agreed by the Government of Moscow - the beginning of work - 1995, the end of 1999. The reconstruction of road overpasses was carried out in accordance with the "Scheme for the integrated development of transport in the city of Moscow" (the area occupied by roads increases at least three times).

In the future, 49 road overpasses have been designed on the ring road, of which 17 are in the body of the road, 32 are above the road; 14 crossings with railways, including 2 overpasses for railway tracks and 12 overpasses for railway tracks, 8 bridge crossings.

The reconstruction of bridges took place with minimal reorganization.

The axis of the projected bridge at the village. Conversations was reconstructed at a distance of 40 m from the axis of the existing bridge towards the region. The approaches to the bridge are designed in terms of R - 2000 m and are 1000 m long, including: 484 m to the beginning of the existing bridge; 516 m., after the end of the existing bridge.

Bridge crossing over the river. Moscow at the Conversations is characterized by a wide floodplain, which is slightly swampy in places. The geological section in the area of ​​the bridge crossing is represented by modern Quaternary deposits (a Q w-IV ) Jurassic clays ( J3 ) and limestones of Carboniferous age (С 3). The thickness of modern alluvium, represented by sands of various sizes with separate lenses of silty loams, less often gravel soils, varies from 9 m on the left bank to 20 m on the right. Ground waters on both banks are confined to alluvial deposits and are hydraulically connected with the waters of the river. Moscow (in these conditions, the construction of the bridge went through the use of driven and bored piles).

The axis of the projected bridge crossing at the village. Spas was taken at a distance of 35 m from the axis of the existing bridge towards the region. The approaches to the bridge are designed with R - 1500 m and R - 2000 m and amount to 1762 m, including: 458 m before the beginning of the existing bridge; 1304 m after the end of the bridge, taking into account the construction of 2 new overpasses (approved by the protocol of June 30, 1995).

Bridge crossing over the river. Moscow at the Spas occupies the right side of the river valley. Moscow and the floodplain up to 1.2 km wide, which in some places is slightly swampy. The left side is steep, bare, but, despite this, it is quite stable. The area of ​​the bridge crossing is composed of Quaternary sediments overlying the rocks of the Carboniferous system. Quaternary deposits on the coasts are represented by a layer of interbedded sands, sandy loams, loams, micaceous clays with peat interlayers. Their thickness ranges from 14 m on the right bank to 32 m on the left bank. The river bed is composed of alluvial sands 5-7 m thick. Groundwater is confined to alluvial deposits, which are associated with the water level in the river. Moscow and to fractured limestones (supports were built on pile foundations).

The axis of the projected bridge near the city of Khimki is displaced by 35 meters from its axis towards the city. The approaches to the bridge are designed in terms of R - 1500 m and R – 2000 m is 1295 m, including: 652 m before the beginning of the existing bridge; 643 m after the end of the existing bridge. Bridge crossing over the canal. Moscow near the city of Khimki, located on the slopes of the Khimki reservoir in the area of ​​the projected bridge, the slopes are gentle, stable, overgrown with forest, composed of Quaternary deposits, represented by moraine loamy soils overlying Jura bedrock. The thickness of Quaternary deposits is: 14-16 m. Groundwater on both banks is confined to the roof of fluvioglacial sands and is hydraulically connected with the water level in the channel; in relation to concrete, they are not aggressive (feasibility study of the Moscow Ring Road Soyuzdorproekt, vol. 2, 1996).

Reconstruction of medium bridges (bridge crossings over the Setun, Skhodnya, Yauza rivers) was carried out by expanding the existing structure by attaching support structures symmetrically about the axis on both sides and installing span structures and building a new one. The slopes of the valleys are turfed and stable. Groundwater outlets on the slopes were not noted, only at the base of the slopes in the valley of the river. Setun, groundwater is discharged in the form of springs. The floodplains are swampy in places. In the construction sites of overpasses, groundwater is almost everywhere exposed, more often “perch water”, at a depth of 3 to 7 m; in the area of ​​the Shchelkovsky overpass and the railway overpass. Moscow-Minsk (feasibility study of the Moscow Ring Road Soyuzdorproekt, vol. 2, 1996).

Significant areas are allocated for rain sewerage, gas supply, pipelines, cleaning systems, communication networks and other communications (The total length of the reconstructed rain sewer networks near the Moscow Ring Road will be about 768 m.)

In accordance with the General Gas Supply Scheme for the City of Moscow for the period up to 2010, the total length of communication cables to be relocated along the entire Moscow Ring Road will be 78.08 km.

Excavation soil in the amount of 589.9 thousand m³ is used for filling embankments, unsuitable excavation soil in the amount of 671.93 thousand m³ is taken out to the cavalier. The total volume of soil, taking into account the replacement of the weak foundation of embankments and excavations, the installation of ditches and cutting shortfalls, taken out to the cavalier, is 7284.96 thousand m³. The need for sand for the construction of embankments amounted to about 1064 thousand m³. The strip of permanent allotment directly for the reconstruction and reconstruction of transport interchanges is 516.9 hectares, including: Forest - 126.82 hectares; orchards, orchards 47.94 ha; arable land 21.78 ha; pasture 8.38 ha; meadow 144.04 ha; inconvenient land 167.94 ha;

For the possibility of expanding the Moscow Ring Road in two directions from the axis of 70-71 km., The channel of the river was straightened. Gangway from the side of the region, because the edge of the projected embankment of the road comes close to the riverbed, and crosses it in two places. Temporary land acquisition for the construction period for the passage and operation of machines and mechanisms along the roads and exits, the placement of construction sites amounted to 186.21 hectares. Under the sites of buildings and structures, land allotment is 15 hectares, including: Forest 4.5 hectares; Arable land 5.5 ha; Inconvenient lands - 5.0 ha;

Relief, longitudinal profile and subgrade of the highway.

In terms of the Moscow Ring Road, it has 34 rotation angles with curved radii inscribed in them: R>3000 m - 11 pcs. R \u003d 2000 m - 20 pcs. R \u003d 1500 m - 1 pc. R \u003d 1000 m - 1 pc. Without breakdown - 1 pc. This makes it possible to ensure the estimated speed of vehicles up to 150 km/h. In the longitudinal profile, the radii are: convex curve - 10,000 m, concave curve - 5,000 m, the maximum longitudinal slope is 40%, which provides an estimated speed of 100 km/h. At the same time, the beginning and end of the route 0-109 km was taken at the intersection of the Moscow Ring Road with the Gorky Highway. During the reconstruction of the Moscow Ring Road, the axis of the road was preserved. The subgrade and roadway were widened on both sides of the existing axis, so the road plan and its longitudinal profile were largely preserved.

A change in the relief plan of the route occurred in the following cases: I. Design of three new large bridges, II . Detour in order to preserve the Vostryakovsky and Perlovsky cemeteries, III . The passage along the Moscow Ring Road of the main communications of the oil pipeline and the gas pipeline in the area of ​​the Kuzminsky forest park.

The change in the plan of the route was made in the following places: Location of three new large bridges across the river. Moscow with. Conversations (19 km) and with. Spas (68 km) and the Canal. Moscow (76 km); Bypassing the Vostryakovsky and Perlovsky cemeteries; Passage along the Moscow Ring Road of the main oil pipeline and gas pipeline in the area of ​​the Kuzminsky forest park.

During the reconstruction of the Moscow Ring Road, the following parameters of the transverse profile of the carriageway and subgrade were taken (Tab. No.

Table No. 1 Parameters of the transverse profile of the MKAD canvas (Soyuzdorproekt t., 2 1996).

Number of lanes	from 4 x 2; up to 5 x 2;
Lane width	3,75
Roadway Width	15 m x 2
Number of transit lanes	1 x 2 m
Crossing lane width	3.75 m
Width of median between main traffic and fast lane	0,75
Shoulder width	3m
The width of the reinforced part of the shoulder	1.25 m
Dividing lane width between different directions of traffic	5 m
The smallest width of the reinforced strip on the dividing strip	1m
subgrade width	50 m

To preserve the landscapes of the Losiny Ostrov National Park, it is prohibited to place parking lots, service facilities, and exits on 95–103 km of the Moscow Ring Road. On this section of the Moscow Ring Road, there are 4 traffic lanes in each direction (with a prospective traffic intensity for 2015 - 75.6 thousand vehicles / day). On this section of the Moscow Ring Road from Yaroslavskoye to Shchelkovskoye Highway 96-103 km, the traffic intensity, both the existing one - 38 thousand vehicles / day, and the prospective for 2015 - 75.6 thousand vehicles / day, is higher than the average traffic intensity throughout the entire Moscow Ring Road, and is respectively 35.3 thousand auth./essence 70.2 thousand auth./day.

The steepness of the slopes of the subgrade: cuts and embankments up to 2 m high - 1: 1: 1.75; the outer slope of the cuts 1:2 of the embankment with a height of 3 to 6 m - 1: 1.5; from 6 to 12 m -1:1.75. The steepness of the slopes of embankments in flooded areas is 1: 2. (Feasibility study of the Moscow Ring Road Soyuzdorproekt, vol. 2, 1996).

The longitudinal profile of the Moscow Ring Road during the reconstruction basically did not change, with the exception of the approaches to the new large bridges. The total volume of earthworks amounted to 9307.7 thousand m³. To ensure the stability of the designed subgrade, the strengthening of the slopes is provided mainly with vegetative soil 0.15 m thick, with the sowing of seeds of perennial grasses with an area of ​​1004.22 thousand m². (Feasibility study of the Moscow Ring Road Soyuzdorproekt, vol. 2, 1996).

In the flooded areas, the embankment slopes are reinforced: with reinforced concrete slabs 3x2, 5x0.16 m in size - 24.4 thousand m²; concrete slabs measuring 1x1x0.16 m - 12.2 thousand m³ on a crushed stone base 0.1 m thick; geogrid filled with vegetable soil - 158.9 thousand m²; concrete lattice slabs filled with crushed stone - 491.4 thousand m². The total length of fast currents is 720 m.

Pavement structures are designed in accordance with the transport and operational requirements for the road I technical category (on assignment - the main trunk road). The estimated reduced traffic intensity per one of the busiest lanes, based on the total prospective traffic intensity and composition (in both directions), for the estimated 2015 will be 6045 vehicles per day. Semi-rigid road pavement is recommended for construction: the top layer of asphalt concrete pavement from hot fine-grained crushed stone mixture type “A” Igrades (GOST 9128-84) on crushed (or natural with the addition of crushed sand), crushed granite and modified bitumen, 0.08 thick; the lower layer of the pavement is made of highly porous asphalt concrete from a hot coarse-grained crushed stone mixture.

The Moscow Ring Road represents the approximate borders of Moscow. Of course, this is conditional, since in recent years the territory of the city has moved beyond the Moscow Ring Road with some of its districts. Currently

the length of the Moscow Ring Road reaches 108.9 km. This highway is a link for the main roads of the city: all the main radial roads intersect with the ring road. From the city center, the Moscow Ring Road is located at a distance of 12-18 km in its various sections. Historically, the kilometers on the ring road are counted from the intersection with the Entuziastov highway in a clockwise direction.

History of Moscow Ring Road

The idea of ​​creating such a place arose in 1937, and its first section began to be built in 1939, but the war prevented all plans from being realized. I had to change the project and urgently build a simplified version of the road, adapted for the movement of military equipment and the redeployment of troops. In this first version, the length of the Moscow Ring Road was about 30 kilometers. After the war, they returned to the original project, and in 1956 the reconstruction of the road began. The first section - from Yaroslavl to Simferopol highway - was opened in 1960. This part had 48 kilometers. And already in 1962, traffic was opened along the entire ring road. It had two lanes for traffic in one direction and the other, each

7 m wide. Very important for the normal traffic on the ring road was the construction of 33 road junctions, so far two-level. The first three-level interchange appeared only in 1983 at the intersection of the Moscow Ring Road with the Simferopol highway. At the same time, the road surface on all sections of the ring highway was plain concrete. In the 1990s, it became obvious that the Moscow Ring Road was morally and physically obsolete. Reconstruction began, which included two stages. The first stage consisted in replacing the lighting and installing a barrier fence between oncoming streams. The second stage included the expansion of the roadbed and, due to this, an increase in the number of lanes to five.

MKAD today

Today, the Moscow Ring Road is a highway of a completely European level. Width - 10 lanes, road surface - asphalt concrete.

47 interchanges have been built, of which Leningradskaya and Gorkovskaya are three-level, and Yaroslavskaya and Novorizhskaya are four-level. Considering the great length of the Moscow Ring Road, 49 overground and 4 underground ones have been built. 76 overpasses and bridges were erected, 6 of them over the Moscow River and the Moscow Canal. Currently, the Moscow Ring Road can no longer cope with the flow of cars. Traffic jams have become commonplace on the ring road. But to increase it, it is not enough just to increase the length of the Moscow Ring Road. The Moscow authorities have developed a new project - the fourth transport ring. This will make it possible to remake obsolete transport interchanges, build a lot of backups of the ring road, flyovers and tunnels. In total, after the creation of the fourth ring, the length of the Moscow Ring Road in km should almost double.

Abbreviations from Soviet times have tightly entered our speech. Some of them are known to everyone and everyone, some have a meaning known only to a narrow professional circle. Do you know the decoding of the Moscow Ring Road? Let's talk more about this.

Deciphering the Moscow Ring Road

What does this phrase mean? Deciphering the abbreviation MKAD can be as follows:

• Moscow Ring Road.
• Minsk ring road.

In our country, the first meaning is more popular.

How to use the abbreviation?

We figured out the decoding of the Moscow Ring Road. But how to use this abbreviation in speech? Is it he, she, it? Moscow (Minsk) - a feminine phenomenon. But does it carry over to the letter combination?

Experts note that earlier MKAD was an exclusively feminine abbreviation. However, at present there is a "drift" of the letter combination to the masculine gender. Linguists advise the following:

• In formal speech, use the feminine form. For example: "MKAD on a summer Sunday evening was extremely overloaded."
• In colloquial speech, it is more appropriate to use the abbreviation in the masculine gender. For example: "The Moscow Ring Road appeared in the distance."

Capital ring road

MKAD - ring Moscow federal highway. In the period 1960-1984. coincided with the administrative boundary of the capital. Hence the popular phrase "There is no life outside the Moscow Ring Road" - an irony over Muscovites who do not know about life in the provinces, in the rest of Russia. Today, the boundaries of an actively developing metropolis are far beyond the boundaries of this well-known highway and only in some places partially coincide with it.

The main function of the Moscow Ring Road in Moscow is to unload the central highways of the city. The need to build such a highway arose in the mid-50s of the last century. It was commissioned in 1962. The total length of the route is 109 km, five-lane (in each direction) traffic is organized along it. The speed limit on the Moscow Ring Road in Moscow is 100 km/h. Throughput is estimated at 9,000 vehicles per hour.

To our time, two reconstructions of the road have been carried out - in the 1990s and 2010s. Today, new plans for the modernization of the track are ripe:

• Construction of understudies next to large shopping malls.
• Creation of lanes for acceleration and deceleration in separate sections.
• Construction of interchanges of the "cloverleaf" type.

"Zero kilometer" (the starting point) is located at the fork with the Enthusiasts Highway. The countdown is clockwise. The route is used not only by personal and freight transport, but also by public transport. Buses run through different parts of the city. These are both urban (served by Mosgortrans) and suburban, intercity flights.

We presented the scheme of the Moscow Ring Road in the photo. We also characterize the road in numbers:

• The total width is 10 lanes.
• Length - 108.9 km.
• The width of each strip is from 3.5 to 3.75 m.
• The average distance of the route from the center of Moscow is 17.5 km.

The Moscow Ring Road in Russia is considered one of the most modern and comfortable highways. But even though it has the maximum capacity in the region, alas, it has not been able to cope with the flow of transport for a long time. One of the most "sick" characteristics of the highway is traffic jams. Their reasons are different:

• Lack of parking ramps for emergency vehicles.
• Low throughput of exits from the ring road.
• Frequent traffic blockage due to government motorcades.
• The proximity to the Moscow Ring Road of large shopping centers - they attract many visitors to the l / a, which additionally load the highway.
• Inefficient interchanges - "clovers".
• The use of the ring road as an inter-district and so on.

Minsk auto ring

Another decoding of the Moscow Ring Road is the Minsk Ring Road. Or the M9 highway. This is a route, which, like Moscow, is oriented towards the administrative border of the capital. Its total length is about 56 km.

The construction of the Belarusian road took place in 1956-1963. Initially, it was assigned to the 3rd category of highways - with a total width of 7.5 m, it had one lane in each direction.

The road also went through two reconstructions - in 1980 and 2002. After the last change, the track has gained a first-class level. It has been expanded to wide. 6-lane traffic is arranged. The speed limit is 90 km/h. The capacity of the Minsk auto ring is estimated at 85,000 transport units per day.

MKAD is the Moscow and Minsk ring roads. In official speech, the abbreviation is used in the feminine, in colloquial speech it is also allowed to be masculine.