The forecast of damage at the facility and the number of the affected population, workers and employees in the event of possible emergencies in Minskmebel OJSC is carried out in the following order.

When calculating stability, first of all, the possible damage and casualties from an emergency, the costs of building or equipping protective structures, preparing personal protective equipment, training and equipping civil defense formations with equipment and other means of conducting A&DNR are assessed. As costs, it is necessary to take into account the costs of implementing measures to reduce the dangerous impact of secondary damaging factors.

The material damage inflicted by the emergency consists of direct (destruction of industrial facilities) and indirect damage (lost income, goods, material values).

According to existing standards, in an accident, mainly direct damage is assessed. To determine direct damage, it is necessary to know the value of fixed assets of production before and after the onset of an emergency. Experience shows that indirect damage can exceed direct damage by 2–10 times. Therefore, it is advisable to assess the total damage according to the formula:

Y c \u003d Y n + Y k, (5.5)

where Ус – total damage, million rubles;

Y n - direct damage, million rubles;

Yk - indirect damage, million rubles;

Direct damage is calculated using the formula:

Y p \u003d (C zd + C then + C kes) − C a, (5.6)

where C zd - the cost of buildings and structures, million rubles;

C then - the cost of technological equipment, million rubles;

With kes - the cost of utility and energy networks, million rubles;

C a – depreciation value, million rubles.

In the event of a technogenic emergency for JSC "Minskmebel", the direct damage will be:

U n \u003d (16817 + 7904 + 51) - 17575 \u003d 7191 million rubles.

Y k \u003d C ns + C p + C w + C ncs + C pom + C lp + C sf, (5.7)

where C ns - the cost of new construction, million rubles;

C p - lost profit from unsold products, million rubles;

C w - fines for underdelivery of products, million rubles;

C nc - the cost of construction in progress, million rubles;

With assistance - funds for assistance and treatment of victims, million rubles;

С лп - the cost of liquidation of the consequences of emergency situations, million rubles;

C SF - insurance fund, million rubles;

Indirect damage is assessed:

Y k \u003d 20162.5 + 1555 + 125 + 625 + 45 + 300 + 220 \u003d 23032.5 million rubles.

We calculate the total losses according to formula 5.3:

U c \u003d 7197 + 23032.5 \u003d 30223.5 million rubles.

In case of an accident at the enterprise, the magnitude of the damage will be:

D = , (5.8)

where D- the degree of damage to the industrial facility;

S

S

N nop - the number of affected elements of the object (buildings, workshops, structures, systems);

N total - the total number of elements of the object.

For an enterprise in case of a possible accident, the value of D will be:

D= = 0,25.

Those. the average degree of destruction or 25% was subjected to the action of emergency situations.

In order to determine the number of victims, the following expression can be used:

P p = , (5.9)

where P p - the number of victims in a sudden explosion, people;

S nop is the area of ​​the object subjected to destruction, m2;

S total - the total area of ​​the object, m 2;

L c - the number of employees of this shift (of the entire enterprise).

The amount of human losses will be:

P p = = 42 people

Material, and especially human damage from an emergency is tangible, and therefore it is better to prevent all possible emergencies.

Protective measures aimed at preventing and eliminating accidents at JSC Minskmebel include:

Training of personnel on the rules of behavior in the event of

emergency situations, briefing;

Providing all personnel with personal and collective protection equipment;

Organization of measures to identify possible causes of the occurrence and development of emergency situations (technical diagnostics of operated equipment and technical devices that have reached their standard operating life);

Daily fire control of especially dangerous production sites (fire-technical teams);

Forecasting areas of possible ignition and development of actions to eliminate fires.

To protect personnel and the public in emergency situations

civil defense measures have been developed:

- notification - for the timely warning of employees about the occurrence of a fire, the inclusion of fire extinguishing systems, as well as calling the fire brigade. The main type of fire communication is telephone communication. Each telephone set has a plate with telephone numbers for calling the fire brigade. Production facilities are equipped with automatic fire alarms;

Shelter in adapted premises;

Evacuation of personnel from the danger zone - the enterprise provides for evacuation routes and exits in case of a fire or accident in the building. Moving from a source of danger to a safe place, a person moves from room to room through doorways, corridors, passages and stairs to the outside exit;

Carrying out medical protection measures;

Carrying out rescue and other urgent work in case of emergencies in accordance with GOST 22.3.03–97.

Thus, JSC "Minskmebel" has developed all the necessary measures to protect the population in case of possible accidents and constantly instructs employees and those in charge.

5.3 Measures to protect the environment in JSC "Minskmebel"

The policy of the enterprise in the field of environmental protection provides for the implementation of production and economic activities in accordance with the regulations of the Republic of Belarus.

The department of labor protection and ecology is systematically working to prevent accidents and morbidity at work, to ensure safe and healthy working conditions and production life, and to release from heavy physical work. In accordance with the order of the enterprise dated June 22, 2006 No. 181, the department of labor protection and ecology was tasked with implementing an environmental management system (EMS) and a labor protection management system (OSMS) in accordance with the requirements of international standards ISO 14000 series, 18,000. Currently, these systems are fully implemented.

The economic mechanism of environmental protection has its tasks:

– planning and financing of environmental protection measures;

– setting limits on the use of natural resources, emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment and waste disposal;

– establishment of payment standards and amounts of payments for the use of natural resources, emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment, waste disposal and other types of harmful impact;

- providing enterprises, institutions and organizations, as well as citizens with tax, credit and other benefits when they introduce low-waste and resource-saving technologies and non-traditional types of energy, and implement other effective measures to protect the environment;

– compensation in accordance with the established procedure for damage caused to the environment, human health.

At present, the Department of Environmental Protection at JSC "Minskmebel" is developing and implementing measures aimed at reducing the harmful effects of the enterprise's production activities on the environment, which will also allow the enterprise to save money due to a decrease in payments for harmful emissions

Environmental management activities should be aimed at:

– formation and observance of hygienically and environmentally sound requirements for products.

– rational use of natural resources, including the prevention of their destruction or death;

– functioning of the environmental control system;

– reduction of water consumption rates;

- reduction to or below the regulated level or complete elimination of air pollution with emissions, water bodies with discharges,

– soil and subsoil pollution;

- organization of work on the disposal of by-products and by-products and secondary materials;

– determination of rules and compliance with maximum permissible emissions (discharges) of pollutants;

– laboratory control of product parameters and the environment.

Coordination of activities of all departments and methodical management of environmental protection is carried out:

– for the protection of the air basin, noise, radiation and other physical factors - by the department of labor protection and the department of environmental protection.

- for the disposal of waste and secondary materials - by the department of the chief technologist and the production department;

- for petroleum products - by the logistics department.

The enterprise periodically conducts a sanitary and technological inspection of ventilation installations in order to identify inefficient and faulty installations (once a year). A commission has been established to check the technical condition of gas treatment plants (GOU), which conducts inspections of them once every six months with the preparation of an act.

Once every 5 years, the MPE (maximum allowable) or TSV (temporarily agreed) emission is calculated for each stationary source of emissions of harmful substances.

Twice a year (and for substances of hazard class 1 and 2 - 4 times a year), harmful emissions are monitored to comply with MPE standards. Passports are drawn up for reconstructed and newly assembled public educational institutions, which are then registered with the regional committee of natural resources and environmental protection.

In order to reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere, environmental measures are drawn up, which are recorded in the POD-2 log.

Based on the results of the inventory, “Air” reports on emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere are compiled (once a year). The POD-1 log "Accounting for special sources of pollution" is being filled out, the POD-3 log "Accounting for the operation of gas cleaning and dust collection plants" is being maintained. An 1-TP report on the operation of dust-cleaning plants and an NNA report on the costs of the association for nature protection are compiled annually. To maintain the efficient operation of the GOU, schedules are drawn up for preventive maintenance and cleaning of all ventilation installations, and according to this schedule, they are cleaned, inspected, current and overhauled. The purges are noted in the journals of the PPR, in the passports of the public educational institution.

The international significance of the Victory over the German aggressor and his allies.

Topic 8. Results and lessons of the Second World War

Manchurian operation of the Red Army troops. Japanese surrender

Defeat of Nazi Germany. Potsdam conference

Berlin operation - April 16, 1945 - Soviet troops participated 2.5 million people, 7.5 thousand aircraft, 41.6 thousand guns and mortars, 6250 tanks.

On April 25, 1945, Soviet and Anglo-American troops struck from the east and west, breaking the German front - the meeting of the allies on the Elbe in the Torgau region. April 30 - hoisting the Banner of Victory over the Reichstag. May 8 - The act of unconditional surrender of Germany.

Potsdam Conference (near Berlin) - July 17 - August 2, 1945: confirmed the decisions of the Crimean Conference regarding Germany, considered territorial issues - on the borders of Poland, on the transfer of Konigsberg (Kaliningrad) to the USSR; created the Council of Foreign Ministers to prepare agreements with Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Finland.

The interests of restoring peace demanded the liquidation of the Far Eastern seat of war. True to its allied obligations, the USSR declared war on Japan on August 8, 1945. August 9 - September 2, the troops of the Trans-Baikal, 1st and 2nd Far Eastern Fronts, the forces of the Pacific Fleet and the Amur Flotilla defeated the Kvaptunskaya army in Manchuria, successfully carried out the South Sakhalin and Kuril operations.

August 6 and 9, 1945 - the atomic bombing by the Americans of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, carried out not so much for military as for political reasons.

September 2, 1945 - Japan signed the Act of Unconditional Surrender. World War II is over.

The victory over fascist Germany and its satellites is a spiritual victory of good over evil, life over death, freedom over slavery.

World War II surpassed all previous wars in terms of scale and cruelty: it affected the fate of 4/5 of the world's population, hostilities covered the territories of 40 states in Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Human and material losses: about 60 million people died, including in the USSR - 27 million people, in Germany - 13.6 million people.

Losses of Belarus: every third inhabitant died (1.5 million civilians, including 80 thousand children, 800 thousand people from starvation, epidemics, 800 thousand prisoners of war in concentration camps on the territory of Belarus, 44,790 partisans and underground fighters, hundreds of thousands fronts of the Great Patriotic War).

In terms of the general level, the economy of the republic was thrown back to the level of 1928: more than 200 cities and regional centers were destroyed, more than 9 thousand rural settlements; total material losses exceeded 35 times the state budget of the BSSR in 1940.

The armed forces of the belligerents reached fantastic proportions: mobilized in 1939-1945. 110 million people; manufactured by the USA, USSR, England, Germany - 635 thousand aircraft, 287 thousand tanks, 1041 thousand guns.

8.2. The contribution of the Belarusian people to the defeat of Nazi Germany. Belarus is one of the founding countries of the UN

1.3 million natives of Belarus fought on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War.

446 people were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, including twice Heroes - pilot P.Ya. Golovachev, tankers - Colonels I.I. Gusakovsky, S.F. Shutov, I.I. Yakubovsky.

400 thousand Belarusian soldiers were awarded orders and medals; 67 of our countrymen are Cavaliers of the Order of Glory of 3 degrees.

During the discussion of the question of the post-war structure of the world, the USSR, the USA, Great Britain agreed in February 1945 on the inclusion of the BSSR and the Ukrainian SSR in the UN.

On April 27, 1945, an international conference in San Francisco, convened to found the UN, decided to include the BSSR and the Ukrainian SSR among the founding countries of this organization. This recognized their great contribution to the defeat of fascism, the colossal human and material losses they suffered.

World War II, which lasted six years, ended with a brilliant victory for the anti-Hitler coalition over fascist Germany and militaristic Japan. The territories of 40 states, mainly European ones, became a military theater.

The armed forces of the belligerent countries reached gigantic proportions: 110 million people were mobilized in the army, 40 million more than during the years of the first world imperialist war of 1914-1918.

In 1945, on the fields of Europe, the opposing forces had armies of 18 million men, 260,000 guns and mortars, up to 40,000 tanks and self-propelled guns, and more than 38,000 aircraft 1 .

It is impossible to accurately calculate the human and material losses in the Second World War. If in the First World War the losses amounted to 10 million killed and 20 million wounded, then in the last war the total number of deaths alone is about 50 million people 2 . The Soviet Union suffered especially great losses in the war, losing more than 20 million of its sons and daughters.

A significant part of them are civilians, tortured by the Nazis. As a result of the Second World War, 21.245 million people lost their homes. 30 million dwellings were destroyed. The German invaders inflicted enormous damage on the national economy of the USSR, barbarously destroying 1,710 cities, more than 70,000 villages and villages, blowing up and destroying about 32,000 industrial enterprises.

The fascist invaders defeated and plundered 98 thousand collective farms, 1876 state farms and 2890 MTS. The total material losses of the Soviet people in the Patriotic War from the direct destruction of property amounted to a huge amount - 679 billion rubles. The military spending of the USSR on the war with Germany and Japan and the loss of income as a result of the occupation amounted to 1 trillion. 840 billion rubles, and in total the war cost the Soviet Union 2 trillion. 600 billion rubles 3 .

The funds spent on the conduct of the Second World War, and the destruction caused by it, amount to a gigantic figure - 4 trillion. dollars Significant victims of the British people in the Second World War. The total losses suffered by England and the British Empire are 950,794 people, of which 357,116 people were killed 4 . The US armed forces lost 405 thousand people in the Second World War, China - 10 million people, Poland - over 6 million, Yugoslavia - 1.706 million people 5 .

Millions of human lives could have been saved, and the war ended much faster, if the ruling circles of England and the United States honestly fulfilled their allied obligations, fully and timely combined their military efforts with the efforts of the Soviet people and other countries of the anti-fascist coalition in the joint struggle against Nazi Germany and its allies. , rendered great assistance to the Soviet country.

1 History of the Second World War 1939-1945, volume 8, p.500.

2 History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union,

It is widely believed that the trade in alcohol gives a lot of income. Yes, to private individuals, and the state, especially the people, suffer huge losses. For example, France loses four times more from the consumption of alcohol than it earns from its sale.

(E Alekseev. "Dangerous leadership". "Trud", 1976, March 21, No. 68, p. 3). Trade in alcoholic beverages brings huge losses to our country. Even a partial count of them gives an astronomical number. It is known that the growth of labor productivity in industry by 1% gives the state more than 5 billion rubles. income. Drinking alcohol reduces labor productivity by at least 10%, therefore, sobering up industrial workers will bring income in excess of 50 billion rubles, and sobering up the workers of the entire national economy - more than 100. 10% is a constant decrease in labor productivity among drinkers in comparison with teetotalers. Productivity falls and periodically - due to the intake of alcohol on the eve or during the working day. According to B. and M. Levins, moderate drinking on the eve reduces productivity by 4-5%, and heavy drinking - by 25-30%, taking 20-36g. ethanol (a mug of beer) reduces performance by 16-17% for a period of 2 hours or more (“Soviet Culture”, December 18, 1979, p. 6).

Numerous absenteeism caused by the consumption of alcohol is costly to society. At some enterprises, the cost of absenteeism-day reaches 500 rubles! The state loses a lot because of the staff turnover caused by drunkenness.

One fact. V. Altaisky in the article “Why does the fish shake?”

(“Pravda”, 1981, January 28, p. 3) reported that in less than 5 months he had written off a third of the rank and file from the refrigerator for drunkenness, that you could not find “centers of culture” in the places of deployment, but there were enough different “diners”. The country loses a lot due to the content of a large mass of workers in the planning, production and sale of alcoholic beverages, as well as in the field of eliminating the consequences of libations (narcologists, police officers, combatants, investigators, judges, etc.).

We are suffering great losses due to the exclusion from useful use of huge land areas on which raw materials for the production of ethanol, wines and beer are grown, as well as on which the corresponding “alcohol” enterprises and warehouses are built.

We do not have enough paper for the publication of textbooks, valuable useful works, and at the same time, mountains of it are used to print "alcoholic" magazines, pamphlets, books, labels, etc., needed by society.

Widespread drunkenness has a negative effect not only on the national income and economic power of the country, but also on the well-being of the Soviet people. The Draft of the Central Committee of the CPSU emphasizes that the main task of the 11th Five-Year Plan is to ensure the further growth of the well-being of the Soviet people. It is possible to dramatically increase the standard of living without any additional costs - only by establishing sobriety. After all, the annual per capita consumption for alcohol exceeds 100 rubles. In some areas and regions, the cost of alcohol is much higher. For example, in 1973, in one of the regions of Lithuania, only vodka cost the "average" citizen, as A.L. Likas reported at a meeting of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the USSR, approximately 230-240 rubles. and each of them had 28.5 liters of this poison (A. Vaksberg. Poison under trial. Literaturnaya Gazeta, 1975, October 15, No. 42, p. 12). Drinkers, especially drunkards and alcoholics, impoverish their families not only by spending a lot of money on buying alcohol, but also by refusing to run a household, as well as by reduced earnings due to weakened working capacity. Many alcoholics said that after gaining sobriety with my help, they had a desire to work diligently and efficiently at home and at the enterprise. Some made furniture, others repaired the apartment, others put the dacha in order. Some patients told me: “Now you have become, as it were, my assistant at the factory, because thanks to you my earnings have noticeably increased, and I work with interest and pleasure. One sober person became such a hard worker that he was awarded two medals in a year.

Increasing labor productivity through the transition to sobriety - from drinking - is a significant source of raising the well-being of the family.

Each of us bears great indirect losses in connection with the unscrupulous performance of duties by alcohol lovers. I will illustrate this with facts from my own life, the reliability of which I can document.

In 1973, he handed over the Moskvich car for major repairs to branch No. 5 of the Leningrad Production Association Lenavtoremont (director - A. I. Chalov). The car served me for 15 years and needed to replace the sills and some old parts. Well-wishers advised to immediately take a vacation and continuously monitor the quality of repairs, while pleasing the performers with money and vodka. I was warned that ignoring the advice in the future will cause a huge loss of money and time. And so it happened. Drunkards did their best! Reappeared at the factory on demand to pick up the repaired car.

It was impossible to drive it, I found more than 50 defects: the brakes did not work, the steering column swayed, there was no brake fluid in the can, lubricant in the gearbox, a lot of scrap-like parts, etc. To overtake the car to my garage, my wife and I had to fiddle with it. Two days (from 9 am to 10 pm). Lost a lot of time, health and money to bring the machine to working condition. I replaced the front suspension, gearbox, clutch and other things at my own expense. The administration of the plant incorrectly wrote down the engine number in the documents, in connection with which the traffic police refused to register me. The director of the plant for about two years kept repeating that the number was recorded correctly. This is revenge "for integrity."

Somehow in 1974 I left the city, the clutch broke on the way. I got angry and decided to buy a new car. I hoped to ride it for five years without trouble and, thanks to this, to be able to concentrate entirely on scientific work. I, being a war invalid, had the right to receive a free car, but I was ashamed to use it. In addition, he believed that in the first place, disabled people, whose financial situation is worse than mine, should receive cars. In the autumn of 1975, my turn came, borrowed the missing amount, bought a new "Moskvich" and rejoiced that a quiet life was beginning. An hour later, the first disappointment appeared: I arrived home, opened the hood and saw that almost all of the tasol had flowed out through the water pump, there were puddles of water in the back (it was raining), the right bracket with an apron was missing, bolts were lying in the trunk that should have been installed by the owner (assembler did not have time). A new tour of my many years of torment has begun. The warranty workshop (Apraksin Dvor) refused to fix the faults. Notorious drunkards worked in it then, without handouts, a conversation with them did not stick. Fixed minor problems myself. By the end of the warranty period, water began to leak under the cylinder block gasket. Clutch bearing wear out fantastically quickly. The drunk foreman scheduled repairs for the last day of the warranty. I drove the car exactly at 8, kept me until 10 pm, agreed to fix only the second malfunction, and even then at the direction of some Moscow bosses (they reappeared in the evening, but now tipsy). The foreman and locksmiths drank in the second half of the day, and during the breaks they took care of my car, and they spewed streams of obscene expressions, were rude to us, the clients. I couldn't tame the bullies. One disabled worker whispered to me: “These are drunkards and scum, it is useless to call them to order; slip them 10-20 rubles for vodka, otherwise they will do harm. I do it myself, there is no other way out. I didn’t put it in and they hurt me so much that I hardly got home and soon had to repeat the repair at my own expense.

By the end of the third year, the engine was damaged due to the fault of the plant. Decent private specialists could not be found, he turned to a service station (SRT, Pushkin). A craftsman drugged with alcohol approached me, I informed him about the main malfunction - a defect in the crankshaft. The drunk mumbled with resentment: “If you are so literate, then repair it yourself, but we can’t,” and left.

Once, at the same station, an automatic car wash left a scratch on the roof of my new Moskvich; another time, a drunk-drunk locksmith opened the trunk lid in such a way, the drive of which broke off, that I had to eliminate traces of his work for many hours. Other troubles of the same kind also came to mind. Decided not to come to this service station anymore. I was recommended a hack - "golden hands", agreed with him. Two worked, the third periodically ran for wine. And these drunkards generously "flavored" their speech with swearing, exhortations did not work ... "Golden-handed" said that they had made repairs with high quality and demanded a high fee. I only managed to drive a kilometer in my car. The locksmith managed to get so drunk that it was not possible to wake him up. All the next day, in the sun, I eliminated the marriage of drunkards, and did the same at home. Many hours of sunshine, physical and nervous tension led to the disease.

Two more facts. At the front, I was wounded in the legs, the right tibia did not heal, so I had to wear a special fixation device. Usually they are made by people who are not indifferent to alcohol. The penultimate apparatus was made in such a way that instead of it the old one had to be worn for more than two years. The newest one was expected after the order for about a year, and a few days after receipt it had to be handed over for warranty repair. The device became the subject of torture: his leg hurt almost continuously, it was especially bad at night: he had difficulty falling asleep, waking up many times due to bouts of pain. I did the fitting myself.

For many years I have been looking for a SLR camera with second shutter speeds, which I need for rational scientific work. Last December, my wife found a Zenit-19 in Minsk and, reluctantly, bought it. After all, it costs 395 rubles! I brought it, upon inspection, I was convinced that the novelty is an obvious marriage, completely unable to take pictures. In accordance with the instructions, I had to return the apparatus to the Krasnogorsk plant and continue to use my Zenit-B eye. By the way, the fundamental advantages of the new device are as follows: it has a shutter speed of up to 1 second, a better lens, and it costs almost five times more. The disadvantage is that it does not work without electrical elements, and it is impossible to buy them.

The above facts of the sale of defective goods, poor-quality, careless troubleshooting, refusal of warranty repairs, rudeness can be considered an indirect form of theft by drunkards of money, health and time of fellow citizens.

Alcohol lovers make up the bulk of household thieves. They rob passers-by, sometimes brazenly tear off their heads and carry them away, "clean" apartments, summer cottages and cars ... Direct and indirect robbing of workers reduces the well-being of their families.

Some figures believe that it is of little importance, they will rob a “private trader”. We, "private traders", work, therefore, not high-quality goods, direct and indirect theft, etc. They oppress us psychologically, take up time, and in this connection have a negative impact on productivity and on the quality of labor. For example, due to the fault of drunken scammers, I do not fully use my opportunities to develop theoretical and practical issues, to provide assistance to alcoholics and smokers, etc.

The material in this section shows how much the state, society and every honest citizen loses because of the use of alcoholic beverages.

Severe injuries of people at work, arising as a result of accidents, are considered by Soviet society as irreparable. At the same time, the material consequences of all these cases at our enterprises are comprehensively taken into account.

In the act of an accident at work in the form of H-1, clause 17 provides for accounting for these losses in the following volume: the number of days of disability; sick leave payment; the cost of damaged equipment and tools, materials and the cost of "destroyed buildings and structures.

The listed amount of losses includes mainly losses caused directly by the accident. In reality, these losses are greater

Material losses (consequences) caused to society due to the incapacity for work of an employee in connection with an injury are made up of the following costs and losses: P1 - payment to the victim on a disability certificate; P2 - the amount of the pension assigned to the victim in connection with the injury; P3 - the same, to the close relatives of the victim in connection with the injury; P4 - payment of benefits in case of temporary transfer of employees to another job due to injury; P5 - compensation for damage to workers with partial disability; P6 - the costs of enterprises for the professional training of workers accepted instead of those who left due to injury; P7 - other losses, which in most cases are not taken into account, although sometimes they can be significant. As a result, the total material losses, in rubles, will be

Mn \u003d P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 + P6 + P7

The aggregated calculation of the total material losses based on the above formula is determined from the dependence

where Dv - loss of working time for victims with disability for one or more working days, whose temporary disability ended in the reporting period (for the study period), days; Z - the average daily wage of one worker, rub.; --a coefficient that takes into account all elements of material costs (payments for disability certificates, pensions, etc.) in relation to wages (= 1.5. „2.0).

Efficiency of measures to improve working conditions and labor protection. Predicting dropped injuries and occupational diseases

The assessment of the economic efficiency of labor protection measures, according to the “Determining the effectiveness of measures to improve working conditions”, is carried out in the following areas: determining the material consequences - injuries; time spent when introducing measures that improve working conditions; a combination of the previous two methods.

For example, it is recommended to calculate the annual savings from improved working conditions (Emp) achieved by reducing the losses associated with the disease, due to the reduction in the cost of both temporary disability and permanent disability according to the formula

Emp=Ad-Up

where Hell and Hell are the sizes of losses from temporary disability before and after the introduction of measures to improve working conditions. The total losses from temporary disability are

where i is the loss of working time from temporary disability, di;

hi is the average daily underproduction in the i-th. year and calculation for one worker, rub.;

Ni - the average daily allowance for sick leaves, rub.

Cost reduction caused by persistent disability and permanent retirement of workers from production is determined by the formula

Emp \u003d Vd - Vp

where Vd and Vts are the sizes of losses from permanent disability before and after the improvement of working conditions. The total losses from permanent incapacity for work, leading to the permanent withdrawal of workers from production, are

B = Lij (Hi + Wi + Ii + Zi)

where Lij is the number of years (j) unfinished to retirement age by all persons who retired from production in the i-th year;

Hi - the average annual output per worker in the i-th year, rub.;

Wi - the average annual pension for disabled people in the i-th year, rub.;

Ii - the average annual cost of training one employee to replace the retired from production, rub.;

Zi -- the average amount of other costs and surcharges in connection with permanent disability and retirement of the employee from production, rub.

At the present level of development of scientific and technological progress, forecasting in the field of science, technology, sectors of the national economy is a prerequisite.

Forecasting the level of injuries and occupational diseases is aimed at determining the further trend of its change based on the value of this level in the past and at the present time. This makes it possible to develop measures to prevent industrial injuries and occupational diseases, and to plan the financing of these measures.

To predict the level of injuries and occupational diseases, as one of the options, you can apply the least squares method.

Assume that some organization has statistics on injuries or occupational diseases for a number of years t1, t2, …, tk. Also known is the intensity of injuries 1, 2, ..., k.

Using this method, you can build a curve = (t), which determines the value of the intensity of injuries in the subsequent period, i.e., for example, at time t.

According to the estimated value of the intensity of injuries, it is possible to determine the probability of safe work exponentially

and compare it with the corresponding probabilities in subsequent years.

Measures to further reduce the level of injury or occupational disease should be developed based on this likelihood. Possible morbidity with temporary disability per 100 employees under quite favorable working conditions in days is predicted by the formula

VUTb \u003d (2.42 4 - 0.167x) 100

where x is the average age of workers, in years.

injuries burning explosion dusty

What safety measures are applied when using cylinders with oxygen, acetylene, propane