Evaluative nature of moral norms briefly. List of used literature

"All people on earth are equal"

The relationship between people at the present time is increasingly becoming tragic. Lies, betrayals, hypocrisy, hatred, anger, arrogance, greed, cruelty - and this is not the whole negative list of what the heart of a modern person is filled with. And the thing is that people forget to comply. Some don't even know what it is.

Moral standards- this is a set of all types of relationships between people that arise in the process of communication, living together (pastime).

Starting from early childhood, a person develops his own ideas about good and bad; about what is good and what is evil. Of course, the first ideas about moral standards parents lay the child, telling him what is right and what is wrong (or not telling, then the child draws conclusions himself from what he saw and heard). When a child grows up, his parents are replaced by society. And the more parents and (or) society are morally developed, the closer a person is to creating a virtuous personality, a healthy family and a harmonious society.

But at the present time, a person (and, accordingly, society) is degrading. People stop developing spiritually and forget about moral norms. Their ideas about life are gaining a negative character, which affects their norm of behavior in society.

Morality in the Spiritual Life man is very numerous. Below is a list of some moral standards which a person must observe:
1. Truthfulness. It is very important to always be honest and tell the truth.
2. Reliability and loyalty- a positive spiritual and moral quality of a person, expressing perseverance and immutability in feelings, relationships, in the performance of one's duties, duty. We feel calm when there are reliable and loyal people nearby. So you try to become also a reliable person for other people.
3. Sincerity- the absence of contradictions between the real feelings and intentions regarding another person (or group of people) and how these feelings and intentions are presented to him in words. Sincerity is one of the most difficult qualities and must be taken very seriously. Expressing your sincere attitude to a person “in the eyes”, it is important not to cross the line of politeness. This applies to your negative assessments, which may be offensive or offensive from the point of view of the interlocutor. In this case, it is better to refrain from your negative statements and simply stop communicating with the person who is unpleasant to you.
4. Politeness, correctness- the rules for conducting a conversation and a dispute that characterize the behavior of a person who outwardly shows respect for the people around him. Whatever the nature of your conversation (pleasant or unpleasant), always show respect for the interlocutor. Be correct in your statements and polite to people.
5. Expulsion of vices from the heart. Free your heart from malice, hatred, envy and other vices. Meditation helps a lot with this. Hang out with people who make you happy and inspire you to take positive action. Fill your heart with positivity!
6. Strength moral and physical. Courage is one of the virtues that reflects moral strength in overcoming fear. By developing moral and physical strength, you can easily learn to endure suffering or not experience it at all. Temper your spirit, mind and body.
7. Tolerance and forgiveness- a conscious decision not to do and not to commit all kinds of persecution (punishment). The ability to forgive is characteristic of a spiritually developed person. It is important to remember that in order to learn to forgive - you must first learn not to be offended! And this will help you tolerance. It is also inherent in people with a very developed moral strength. Each person must understand what can be tolerated and why to endure. Sometimes you just need to say goodbye to a person so as not to hurt yourself mentally. And then there will be no need to endure anything, and there will be no one to be offended by.
8. Modesty- a character trait of a person, expressed in the following:
- moderation in all requirements;
- lack of desire for luxury;
- lack of desire to excel, to show oneself;
- observance of the limits of decency;
- degree in communication with other people.
9. Dignity and self-respect- an objective assessment by a person of himself as internally positive or negative to some extent. Develop spiritually and self-actualize. Become a worthy person.
10. The search for wisdom and knowledge, the desire for self-education and intellectual self-improvement. Always learn something new. Read more.
11. Desire to devote all your time and your life to good deeds. Either do it with a good and pure heart, or don't do it at all. If you have already decided to develop spiritually, then kindness is the first thing you should fill your heart with!
12. Generosity- important moral standard person. It consists in openness towards other people, the ability to share with them both your material wealth and your abilities, knowledge, and spiritual strength.
13. Patience- calm transfer of pain, misfortune, sorrow, misfortune in one's own life.
14. Prudent management of your funds. Don't spend money on something that won't benefit you.
15. Sociability, kind attitude towards others.
16. Passion for purity and beauty.
17. Aversion to evil and sin.

Each person is obliged to constantly purify and improve spiritually, morally and physically, striving to become impeccable. People should refrain from actions that can corrupt and destroy the personality. Also, everything that can harm the soul and body should be avoided.

P.S. Extramarital affairs are considered the main source of the complete decomposition of the individual and society, leading to the moral and physical degradation of people.

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these are rules of a general nature, based on people's ideas about good and evil, dignity, honor, justice, etc., serving as a regulator and measure for evaluating the activities of individuals and organizations.
Moral norms and principles are ultimately determined by the economic and other conditions of society. The subject of moral regulation is unique. Wherever the nature of human behavior, the goals and motives of his actions are directly manifested in relations between people, moral regulation is possible. It does not require that the relationship be available to a certain external control, because this is characteristic of legal regulation. Therefore, the scope of moral norms includes, for example, relations associated with friendship, camaraderie, intimate relationships of people. Morality carries mainly an evaluative load (good - bad, fair - unfair). The effect of these norms is that they evaluate the actions, behavior of a person, corresponding motives and goals.
The normative system under consideration is heterogeneous. Within its framework, generally accepted norms and norms of morality of certain strata and groups of the population are distinguished. Note that the system of moral values and norms of any social group, layer may not coincide with the generally accepted norms of morality. In this regard, we are talking about the anti-social morality of the criminal strata of society.
Morality as a form of social consciousness originated before the political and legal forms of consciousness. Customs, morality regulated the behavior of people in the period of the primitive communal system. To summarize, it should be noted that the moral factor plays and will play a significant role in regulating people's behavior. For example, an individual may not be aware of the peculiarities of criminal liability for robbery, robbery and other crimes. However, guided by the general principle of the inadmissibility of any kind of theft, the moral formula "do not steal", he refrains from these types of illegal behavior.
A distinctive feature of morality is that it expresses the internal position of individuals, their free and independent decision of what is duty and conscience, good and evil in human actions, human relationships, etc.
Among the disputable questions is the following question: “Is it necessary to distinguish between the concepts of “morality”, “morality”? According to V.S. Nersesyants, a demarcation line can be drawn between these concepts. In the sphere of ethical relations, morality acts as an internal self-regulator of the individual's behavior. It is about his conscious, internally motivated way of participating in social life.
Moral norms are external regulators of human behavior. If an individual has mastered these external requirements and is guided by them, then they become his internal moral regulator in relations with other people. Consequently, here there is a "coordinated action of both regulators - moral and ethical."
Note that in the same row with the concepts of "morality", "morality" the word "ethics" is used. What does it mean? On this occasion, the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary says the following: "Ethics is a philosophical discipline that studies morality, morality." Accordingly, the word "etiquette" means an established, accepted order of conduct, a form of treatment somewhere (initially in certain social circles, for example, at the courts of monarchs, in diplomatic circles, etc.).
So, moral norms are predetermined by the historical development of mankind, by their origin they are not connected with state power, they differ in specific content, they are implemented on the basis of a person’s inner conviction.
5.

Foundation for building a harmonious society

Moral norms and principles ensure the achievement of harmony and integrity when people start relationships with each other. In addition, there is more scope for creating a favorable environment in one's own soul. If good is assigned a creative role, then evil is destructive. Malicious designs harm interpersonal relationships, they are engaged in the decomposition of the inner world of the individual.

The moral norms of a person are also important because their goal is the integrity of kindness in a person and the limitation of his negative manifestations. It is necessary to realize the fact that the soul needs to maintain a good internal climate, set itself the task of becoming well-behaved.

Moral norms emphasize the duty of each person to abandon sinful behavior both in relation to himself and to those around him. We should make a commitment to society, which, however, will not complicate our life, but, on the contrary, will improve it. The extent to which a person honors moral and ethical standards is controlled by the outside world. There is an adjustment with the help of public opinion. A conscience is manifested from within, which also makes us act in the right way. Yielding to it, each person is aware of his duty.

Free nature of decision-making

Moral norms do not bring material punishments. The person decides whether to follow them or not. After all, the awareness of duty is also an individual matter. To follow the right path with an open mind, you need to ensure that there are no overbearing factors.

People should be aware that they are doing the right thing not because of the possible punishment, but because of the reward that will result in the form of harmony and universal prosperity.

It's about having a personal choice. If some legal and moral norms have already been developed in society, they often dictate such a decision. It is not easy to accept it alone, because things and phenomena have exactly the value that we endow them with. Not everyone is ready to sacrifice personal interests for the sake of what they consider to be right in a general sense.

Protect yourself and those around you

Sometimes egoism reigns in the soul of a personality, which then devours it. The funny feature of this unpleasant phenomenon is that a person expects too much from others and, not getting it, considers himself useless, worthless. That is, the road from narcissism to self-flagellation and suffering on this basis is not so far away.

But everything is very easy - learn to give joy to others, and they will begin to share the benefits with you. By developing moral and ethical standards, society can protect itself from the traps into which it itself will fall.

Different groups of people may have a different set of unspoken rules. Sometimes an individual may find himself caught between two positions from which to choose. For example, a young man received a request for help from his mother and wife at the same time. In order to please everyone, he will have to break, as a result, someone will say in any way that he acted inhumanely and that the word “morality” is apparently unknown to him.

So moral norms are a very subtle matter that needs to be thoroughly understood in order not to get confused. Having some patterns of behavior, it is easier to build your own actions based on them. After all, you need to take responsibility for your actions.

Why are these rules needed?

Moral standards of behavior have the following functions:

assessment of one or another parameter in comparison with ideas about good and evil;
regulation of behavior in society, the establishment of one or another principle, laws, rules by which people will act;
control over how the standards are implemented. This process is based on social condemnation, or its basis is the conscience of the individual;
integration, the purpose of which is to maintain the unity of people and the integrity of the intangible space in the human soul;
upbringing, during which virtues and the ability to correctly and reasonably make personal choices should be formed.

The definition given to morality and its functions suggests that ethics is strikingly different from other areas of scientific knowledge that are aimed at the real world. In the context of this branch of knowledge, it is said about what must be created, molded from the "clay" of human souls. In many scientific discourses, most of the attention is given to the description of facts. Ethics prescribes norms and evaluates actions.

What are the specifics of moral norms

There are certain differences between them against the background of such phenomena as custom or legal norm. There are frequent cases when morality does not run counter to the law, but, on the contrary, supports and strengthens it.

Theft is not only punishable, but also condemned by society. Sometimes paying a fine is not even as difficult as losing the trust of others forever. There are also cases when law and morality part on their common path. For example, a person can commit the same theft if the lives of relatives are at stake, then the individual believes that the end justifies the means.

Morality and religion: what do they have in common?

When the institution of religion was strong, it also played an important role in the formation of moral foundations. Then they were served under the guise of a higher will sent down to earth. Those who did not fulfill God's command committed sin and were not only condemned, but also considered doomed to eternal torment in hell.

Religion presents morality in the form of commandments and parables. All believers must fulfill them if they claim purity of soul and life in paradise after death. As a rule, in different religious concepts, the commandments are similar. Murder, theft, lies are condemned. Adulterers are considered sinners.

What role does morality play in the life of society and the individual

People subject their actions and the actions of others to evaluation from the point of view of morality. This applies to economics, politics and, of course, the clergy. They select a moral connotation to justify certain decisions made in each of these areas.

It is necessary to adhere to the norms and rules of conduct, to serve the common good of people. There is an objective need for the collective conduct of the life of society. Since people need each other, it is moral norms that ensure their harmonious coexistence. After all, a person cannot exist alone, and his desire to create an honest, kind and truthful world both around him and in his own soul is quite understandable.

1. culture and system of norms;

2. customs;

3. moral standards;

4. institutional norms;

5. laws;

6. list of used literature.

Culture and system of norms.

The members of each society are so deeply immersed in their own beliefs and customs that they do not notice how they themselves begin to obey them, considering them to be the only correct and reasonable ones. The poetic expression "custom - despot among people" quite capaciously reflects the fact that people themselves create such cultural patterns that they subsequently obey and take for granted. When a culture indicates how and what we should or should not do, it is said to be normative, one that indicates standards of correct behavior. How is this normative influence carried out? In order to exist in the social world, a person needs communication and cooperation with other people. But essential for the implementation of joint and purposeful action should be such a situation in which people have a common idea of how to act correctly and how it is wrong, in which direction to apply their efforts. In the absence of such a vision, concerted action cannot be achieved. Thus, a person, as a social being, must create many generally accepted patterns of behavior in order to successfully exist in society, interacting with other individuals. Similar patterns of behavior of people in society, regulating this behavior in a certain direction, are called social norms. So, for a handshake, we stretch out our right hand; Arriving at the store, we stand in line; We don't talk loudly in the library.

In carrying out these activities, we adhere to generally accepted norms. Our culture defines such behavior as correct. At the same time, both the right and left hands can be used to scratch the back of the head, because our culture does not have norms related to this action.

So, the cultural norm is a system of behavioral expectations, a cultural image of how people are supposed to act. From this perspective, a normative culture is an elaborate system of such norms, or standardized, expected ways of feeling and acting, that members of a society follow more or less exactly. Obviously, such norms, based on the tacit consent of people, cannot be sufficiently stable.

The changes taking place in society will transform the conditions for the joint activity of people. Therefore, some norms cease to meet the needs of members of society, become inconvenient or useless. Moreover, outdated norms serve as a brake on the further development of human relations, a synonym for routine and rigidity. If such norms appear in a society or in any group, people strive to change them in order to bring them into line with the changed conditions of life. The transformation of cultural norms occurs in different ways.

If some of them (for example, norms of etiquette, everyday behavior) can be transformed relatively easily, then the norms that govern the most significant spheres of human activity for society (for example, state laws, religious traditions, norms of language communication) are extremely difficult to change and the adoption them in a modified form by members of society can be extremely painful. Such a difference requires the classification of norms and the analysis of the process of norm formation. Consider the main types of norms in order of increasing their social significance.

customs .

The social life of a person is always full of problems: how to adapt to the surrounding reality? how to share the fruits of hard or good fate? How do you relate to other people? and others. Everyone tries to do everything possible to solve these problems. Through success and failure, various social groups and society as a whole gradually form a set of workable patterns of behavior that allow their members to best interact with both the environment and with each other. Individuals belonging to a social group may, for example, eat one, two or more times a day; you can do this standing up (at social events), lying down (like the patricians of the times of the Roman Empire) or sitting in Turkish; you can eat all together or separately, with your fingers or a fork, start with wine and end with fish or vice versa.

In Russia, it was customary to give birth to children in hot baths, and in one of the tribes of South American Indians, women give birth in a hanging position, on trees. There are thousands of commonly accepted patterns of behavior. Each time, from a huge number of options for possible behavior, the most efficient and convenient ones are selected.

Through trial and error, as a result of influence from other groups and the surrounding reality, the social community chooses one or more options for behavior, repeats, consolidates them and accepts them to meet individual needs in everyday life. On the basis of successful experience, such behaviors become ways of life of the people, everyday, everyday culture or customs.

Therefore, customs are simply the habitual, normal, most convenient, and fairly widespread modes of group activity. Shaking the right hand in greeting, eating with a fork, driving on the right side of the street, coffee or tea for breakfast are all customs.

New generations of people are adopting these social ways of life, partly through unconscious imitation, partly through conscious learning. At the same time, the new generation chooses from these methods what it considers necessary for life. Already a child is surrounded by many elements of everyday culture. Since he constantly sees these rules in front of him, they become the only correct and acceptable ones for him.

The child learns these rules and, becoming an adult, treats them as a matter of course, without thinking about their origin. For example, for a greeting, he automatically extends his right hand, although once this gesture meant something more than just a greeting, namely the absence of a weapon in the hand. A person, having accepted and assimilated the customs of a certain society or group of people, when confronted with the customs and traditions of other groups, considers them bizarre, impractical, unrealistic ways of performing actions. So, for example, we do not understand the restraint in means when receiving guests in German families; they are also struck by the wasteful hospitality of the Russians or the inhabitants of Central Asia.

The number of customs in society is very large. Even the most primitive societies have several thousand customs, and in a modern industrial society their number is greatly increased.

Moral standards .

Some customs, adopted as a result of social practice in a particular group or in society as a whole, turn out to be the most important, affecting the vital interests in the interactions of members of the group, contributing to their security and social order. If we misuse a fork and a knife for eating - this is a small oversight, an insignificant detail that causes only momentary confusion.

But if, in the conditions of our society, a woman leaves the family, from her husband and child, then this means a violation of well-being and family relationships. Such an act affects the upbringing of the child, his health and psychological state. It is quite understandable that society is striving; avoid such violations.

Thus, two types of customs can be distinguished:

The patterns of behavior that follow as a matter of good manners and courtesy;

· those patterns of behavior that we must follow, as they are considered essential for the well-being of the group or society and their violation is highly undesirable. Such ideas about what should and should not be done, which are connected with certain social modes of existence of individuals, we will call moral norms or mores.

By moral standards, therefore, we mean ideas about right and wrong behavior that require the performance of some actions and prohibit others. At the same time, members of the social community where such moral norms operate share the belief that their violation brings disaster to the whole society. Members of another social community may, of course, believe that at least some of the moral norms of this group are unreasonable. For example, it may not be clear why certain social groups have bans on eating cow or pig meat, or why women are not allowed to uncover their faces, ankles, and wrists in public.

For many societies, language prohibitions are incomprehensible, when the use of certain words (so-called obscene words) is not allowed.

Such moral standards may be considered very important to members of a given group or society and not known to other cultures in which they do not seem necessary to ensure the group's well-being. At the same time, it is not necessary that actions prohibited by moral norms be really harmful to society. If a society or group believes that some action is harmful, this is immediately reflected in the emergence of appropriate moral standards. Moral standards are the belief in the rightness or wrongness of actions.

The social experience of human society shows that moral norms are not invented, not created intentionally, when someone recognizes something as a good idea or order. They arise gradually, from the daily life and group practice of people, without conscious choice and mental effort. Moral norms arise from a group decision that a single action is harmful and should be forbidden (or, conversely, a single action seems so necessary that its performance should be mandatory). According to the members of the group, certain moral norms should be encouraged or punished in order to achieve group well-being.

Two Bolivian ethnographers were fortunate enough to observe the entire process of the formation of moral norms in one of the Indian tribes of South America within just a few months. It all started with the fact that, by coincidence, several Indians of the tribe drowned while swimming in a river pool. The public opinion of the tribe came to the conclusion that some danger lurked in the pool. The Indians began to avoid this pool and places close to it. After the intervention of the elders and the shaman, the pool began to be considered a bad place, and those who visit this place were declared corrupted by evil spirits. People gradually forgot the true reason for the ban, and moral norms were absolutized around the area in which the pool is located. Thus, we can conclude that moral norms are self-justifying and self-developing. They acquire a connotation of holiness, and society punishes those who violate them.

Moral norms are passed on to subsequent generations not as a system of practical benefits, but as a system of unshakable "sacred" absolutes. As a result, moral norms are firmly established and carried out automatically. When they are assimilated by an individual, the moral control of behavior comes into force, which makes it psychologically difficult for this individual to commit prohibited actions. For example, cannibalism, i.e. Eating human meat causes an immediate negative psychological reaction in us. The moral norm makes this action emotionally impossible.

In a society with firmly established moral norms, a clear system for the transmission of these norms to new generations, moral prohibitions are rarely violated.

institutional norms .

Certain interconnected systems of customs and moral norms can serve to regulate the processes of satisfying constantly emerging, most significant needs. We are talking, for example, about the formation and functioning of families in society, government, the education of schoolchildren and students, the distribution of the product produced by society, etc. The totality of customs and norms relating to such important moments in the activities of society is embodied in its social institutions.

How do institutional norms differ from simple customs and moral norms? First of all, by the fact that they are consciously carefully developed and a formal or informal code of following them is established. In addition, a circle of people is emerging in which each person plays a certain role in maintaining and protecting these norms. Patterns of behavior, values, rituals and traditions become highly standardized, interconnected. For example, banks, trade organizations, procurement bases are economic institutions that maintain their own regulatory framework. The normative codes of these institutions develop gradually out of the customs and moral norms that accompany simple exchange.

But the significance for society of a set of such norms, associated with the constant need for the exchange of values, ultimately forced the members of society to develop a complex system of institutional norms that facilitate the satisfaction of needs in the development of the economy.

This nature of institutional norms makes them the most formal and insurmountable, and the institutions themselves - with great social inertia, lack of inclination to change.

The laws .

While moral norms are based mainly on moral prohibitions and permissions, there is a strong tendency to combine them and reorganize them into laws. People obey moral standards automatically or because they think they are doing the right thing. With this form of submission, some people are tempted to violate moral standards. Such individuals can be subjected to existing norms by the threat of legal punishment. The law is simply reinforced and formalized moral norms that require strict implementation. The implementation of the norms included in the laws is ensured by institutions specially created for this purpose (such as, for example, the police, courts, colonies for criminals, etc.). Anyone who does not comply with the legalized moral standards is usually punished, isolated or even destroyed.

The study of the operation of laws shows that each law can be effective only when it seeks to maintain those moral standards that are firmly accepted by the majority of members of society. For example, dry law is a prohibition that was ineffective due to the fact that for many people it did not become a legal continuation of moral and ethical standards. The same can be said about the laws prohibiting private property in our country and some other countries. The norms of private property that had been destroyed and prohibited by law continued to influence people, and in the end, private property could not be completely abolished by law.

On the other hand, it rarely happens that the law satisfies all social groups in society. Unfortunately, we cannot accurately measure the degree of consistency between laws and existing moral standards in order for a law to be effective.

Perhaps the best way to establish the relationship between law and accepted moral standards is to recognize that the law is most effective when it is in harmony with changes in moral standards. Some examples of conflict between laws and mores may illustrate this idea. The law to restrict the manufacture and sale of liquor in our country came at a time when social change tended to make moral norms more permissive than restrictive (there were talks of lowering the price of liquor, opening the bottling trade, etc.).

Another law - on cooperatives - was also adopted at the wrong time, as people grew a strong dislike for speculators, who were identified with cooperators (the privatization of small trading enterprises was considered a socially approved measure). But it would be wrong to say that laws are always ineffective if they are in opposition to the moral standards of any part of the population. Very often, initially unpopular laws then found support in society. The whole point is how these laws corresponded to the change in moral norms, were in line with the main directions of these changes.

It should be noted that in modern society laws become a means of regulating many types of behavior that are not covered by the system of moral norms. A large number of laws are created to regulate, for example, relations of production or relations of trade and exchange.

List of used literature

1. Drach G.V. Culturology. Rostov-on-Don, 1996

2. Kogan L.N. Sociology of culture. M., 1995

3. Culture as a social phenomenon. Journal "Nature and Man" No. 3, 1995

4. Training course in cultural studies. Rostov-n / d.; Phoenix Publishing House, 1999

5. Training course in cultural studies.

Rostov-N/D.; Phoenix Publishing House, 2000

6. Aesthetics. Vocabulary. Politizdat, M 1989

7. Culturology of the twentieth century. Vocabulary. M., 1997

8. Erasov B.S. Social cultural studies. M., 1997

You've probably heard it said of someone, "He broke moral standards." What are moral standards and why their violation causes condemnation?

The emergence of moral standards. Moral standards determine how a person should behave in relation to society, other people, himself. They did not arise immediately, but were formed throughout the history of the development of human society.

Primitive man could not survive alone. The need for collective existence in that period of time required the implementation of certain rules of living together. It was then that the prescriptions took shape: “Help your relatives”, “Do not kill”, “Do not steal”, “Do not lie”, etc. The decisive role in this process was played by labor, on the basis of which the requirements of diligence, respect for elders, help and protection of the weak, etc. appeared and were fixed in the minds and behavior of people. habit and passed down from generation to generation.

The emergence of moral norms accompanied the formation of society itself and meant the transition of a person from instinctive forms of behavior to conscious collective activity. Many elementary moral norms that arose in the era of the primitive communal system retain their significance today.

The value of moral standards for society and man. Today we cannot imagine life in a society without generally accepted moral norms. Morality was originally addressed to each individual and regulated the relationship "man - man", "man - collective", "man - society". In the process of the development of society, more and more complex rules for joint life were established and consolidated, which turned into norms and were passed down from generation to generation. At the same time, there was a process of denying those of its norms and attitudes that no longer corresponded to the new conditions of social life.

Moral norms are inherent only to man and are formed only in human society. But it is moral norms and attitudes that regulate human behavior and the development of society, and are the most important components of culture. And here we must remember that for a successful action, moral norms must be deeply assimilated by a person, "enter his soul", become part of the inner world. A person is moral only when moral norms and moral behavior become organic for him, help him behave correctly in a variety of situations. And a society can develop successfully when its members have moral standards that correspond to the moral ideals of a given era.

The relationship of moral norms, qualities, principles, ideals. Moral standards are the simplest form of moral requirements. They require or prohibit behavior of a particular type. Moral standards directly affect all aspects of human relationships, instructing people to show mutual care, respect, support; be humble, truthful, sincere; develop diligence, tact, courage. Following moral standards characterizes such qualities of a person as politeness, decency, honesty. Do not offend the weak, do not humiliate, do not insult a person, do not interfere with others in public places - all these are simple norms of human behavior that are formed in a person from the first years of life. The norm determines the behavior of the individual in some typical situations that have been repeated for thousands of years. Usually we are guided by norms out of habit, without thinking; only a violation of the norm attracts people's attention as a flagrant disgrace.

The effectiveness of moral norms, forcing a person to act in a certain way, is achieved with the help of public opinion. : after all, it is unpleasant for everyone to be known as an impolite, rude, tactless person, to experience condemnation or ridicule from others. Public opinion, forming certain standards of behavior, serves as a guarantor of the security of each person, protection from moral arbitrariness on the part of other people.

Each person, being formed as a person, acquires certain moral qualities. These qualities reflect the polarity of the moral world and are divided into good ( virtues ) and bad ( vices ). Even the ancient Greek sages identified four basic human virtues: wisdom, courage, moderation and justice. Evaluating a person, we most often list these qualities. However, unlike norms, moral qualities are not reduced to prescriptions or prohibitions on certain actions, since a person with moral qualities is able to choose the necessary rules of behavior, moral norms. This means that each person is responsible for cultivating virtues in himself and in those around him and rejecting vices.

But a person is usually not an ideal of morality or a living embodiment of all perfections. It also has shortcomings, and any one, albeit important, dignity cannot atone for moral shortcomings. It is not enough to have separate positive traits - they must complement each other, forming a common line of behavior. Usually a person himself determines it for himself, developing some of his own moral principles : collectivism or individualism, industriousness or laziness, altruism or selfishness.

moral principle denotes the strategic attitude of a person in his relations with people. By choosing principles, we choose a moral orientation in general and are able to reasonably justify it.

Loyalty to the chosen positive moral orientation has long been considered a human dignity. It meant that a person in any life situation will not deviate from the moral path. However, life is diverse, and not always the chosen principles help to make the right decision in a particular situation. So, in the past, it happened that love for people was sacrificed to revolutionary principles, and even today, misunderstood camaraderie sometimes pushes to immoral and soulless actions. That is why one must constantly check one's principles for humanity, humaneness, compare them with moral ideals.

The moral ideal it is a holistic pattern of moral behavior that people aspire to, considering it the most reasonable, useful, and beautiful. This is all the best that has been worked out by morality at this stage of its development. In childhood, the ideal for us can be a specific person. In the future, the ideal as a unity of positive qualities usually acquires a more generalized character. The moral ideal allows you to evaluate the behavior of other people and is a guideline for self-improvement; allows everyone to navigate in life, to choose a line of behavior.

Thus, moral norms, qualities, principles, ideals do not act independently, independently of each other, but are the main elements of the moral system. All of them are closely interconnected and interdependent.

Some conclusions:

1. Moral norms are general rules of conduct. They have been formed and changed throughout the history of the development of human society. One such norm is known as the Golden Rule of Morality.

2. To act according to the moral standards of people is prompted not only by public opinion, but also by the inner voice of conscience.

3. Moral norms, qualities, principles, ideals, acting together, constitute the moral system of a given society.

4. Guided by moral norms, principles, ideals, a person regulates his behavior and improves himself, and society as a whole can successfully move along the path of moral progress.

Questions and tasks:

1. What is meant by moral standards? What is the significance of moral standards for the individual and for society?

2. Are there any moral standards that you personally do not like? What would happen if they could be cancelled?

3. Do you think public opinion about human morality is always fair? Why do we follow it?

4. Often you want to answer all the teachings: “I don’t owe anything to anyone.” Is it so?

5. Why do we need to follow moral rules? Why do we sometimes want to avoid it?

6. Do you have a moral ideal? What do you understand by moral ideal?

7. A person with strong moral principles, a principled person - is this good or bad? Why?

Portal for the student. Self-training

Evaluative nature of moral norms briefly. List of used literature

More on the topic Norms, morality (morality):

Foundation for building a harmonious society

Free nature of decision-making

Protect yourself and those around you

Why are these rules needed?

What are the specifics of moral norms

Morality and religion: what do they have in common?

What role does morality play in the life of society and the individual

Portal for the student. Self-training

More on the topic Norms, morality (morality):

Foundation for building a harmonious society

Free nature of decision-making

Protect yourself and those around you

Why are these rules needed?

What are the specifics of moral norms

Morality and religion: what do they have in common?

What role does morality play in the life of society and the individual

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