This port is the main Indian naval base, The maximum depth of the fairway allows large, heavy-duty vessels to enter its water area. It equals ten to twelve meters. The length of the berthing line exceeds seventeen kilometers, which allows handling more than fifty berths with a depth of up to ten meters. All port facilities are equipped with the latest technology. Loading and unloading operations are carried out around the clock, this industrial artery of the country never falls asleep. Gives a lot of jobs to people living nearby. The main cargo going through local terminals is oil produced on the shelf. Rolled steel, grain crops, textiles produced in the country, the annual turnover passing through this harbor leaves billions of dollars and amounts to millions of tons of cargo. Drilling platforms located near the port allow the port facilities to be constantly loaded with work. Although the port water area looks quite polluted because of this.
Port of Kolkata
This port is located one hundred and forty kilometers from the Bay of Bengal on the Hooghly River. This naval base has a number of disadvantages in front of port of Mumbai. Due to the fact that the inlet channel is very narrow and winding, it is necessary to carry out constant cleaning work to maintain navigation in the area. Because of this, ships with large displacement are able to enter only when there is a lot of water. For the most part, this port is used by the state as a repair base and a supply point. The port includes four tidal basins and several berths. Although it is not of strategic importance, it provides many jobs for people living nearby, which is not unimportant for a country like India.
Port facilities stretch for three kilometers. The artificial harbor has twelve berths allowing ships with a draft of up to ten meters to approach for loading and unloading. This large naval base has its own repair shops, warehouses with ammunition and fuel and lubricants. Ships of all classes are based in the port water area, from auxiliary to large-tonnage ocean ships. This port handles more than ten and a half million tons of cargo per year. It is an integral part of the country's economy. The international airport is located near the port. This makes it possible to make fuller use of the port's capacity for the transfer of goods inland.
The nature of India is unique, a huge number of plants and animals that are not found anywhere else in the world, more:.
This is another helper port of the Indian navy, its berths, stretching for four and a half kilometers, allow handling vessels with a draft of up to nine meters. This port is located on the Malabar coast of the Arabian Sea, at the entrance to the Cochin River, from here its name comes. At the right time, there are excellent repair shops that allow repairing ships of any class of medium displacement. The port equipment is the most modern and allows loading and unloading operations in the shortest possible time. Warehouse areas are more than one hundred and fifty square meters and serve as an excellent transshipment base. All port facilities in India are in excellent condition.
A country washed by water from all sides simply needs to have a large and modern fleet to serve its internal needs. And the Indian navy is one of the best navies in the world. New vessels constantly coming into service ensure its combat readiness. Port facilities are rightfully the pride of the country, they provide many jobs for people of various specialties, thus allowing to reduce social tension. Water arteries converging in ports in India, provide an excellent opportunity for the transportation of various cargoes, busy sea routes passing off the coast of the country, give it the opportunity to firmly maintain leadership in shipping in this area. The largest ports of India, such as Mumbai, are the pride of the local population and maintain the well-being of the people at the proper level.
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Bombay (Mumbai) is a major Indian seaport on the western coast of the Indian subcontinent and the main naval base of the Western Fleet of the Indian Navy. Depth of the water area Bombay seaport is 10-12 m and allows the basing of ships of any class. There are about 50 berths in the port, the length of the berthing front is over 17 km with depths up to 10 meters. The following maritime cargoes are imported into the port of Bombay: oil, coal, iron, steel, grain, chemical products, and oil products, textiles, wool, leather, ore, building materials are exported.
Madras is a major port of India and a naval base on the coast of the Bay of Bengal. The naval base occupies part of the port and can provide basing for ships of all classes. There are warehouses of ammunition, fuel and other property (area 200 thousand m2), service and technical buildings. The port of Madras has an artificial harbor, 12 berths for vessels with a precipitation of 8-10 m. The length of the berthing front is 3 km with depths up to 18 m.
India is washed by the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal. Ports play a very important role in the economy of the state, they provide the bulk of imports and exports. 90% of the volume, 70% of the value of international trade passes through maritime transport. There are 13 large and 187 small port areas on the territory of the country.
The state has 14,500 km of navigable inland waterways declared National Waterways. The largest number of harbors is in the state of Maharashtra - 2 large, 52 small.
Top 10 port cities in India
- Mumbai
- Kandla
- chennai
- Calcutta
- Cochin
- Mormugao
- Mangalore
- Tuticorin
- Vizak
- paradip
Mumbai is the country's largest port area
In the most populated metropolis of the country, there are 2 large ports: Mumbai and Nava Sheva. The first is located in the western part of the Indian subcontinent. The main naval base of the Western Fleet of the country's naval forces is also concentrated here. The water area of the zone lies at a depth of up to 12 meters; ships of any class can be based here. In total, there are 50 berths on the port area, the length of the berthing front is more than 17 kilometers, the depth is 10 m.
Various goods are imported into Mumbai:
- coal
- iron
- steel
- oil
- chemistry
- corn
exported:
- textile
- wool
- petroleum products
- building materials
Turnover of cargo transportation of the sea gates of Mumbai - 19.5 million tons. There are enterprises for the repair and construction of ships, 6 dry docks, 4 stocks, a ship-lifting shed, 2 oil refineries. The construction of frigates, minesweepers, repair of large ships is underway.
Nava Sheva ranks 24th among the hundred largest container ports in the world, it is the most significant port in India. Up to 65% of the total volume of container cargo from the total export-import volume is processed in its zone. The annual turnover is more than 5 million tons. There are 1 loading terminal and 5 container terminals on the territory of the harbor, of which one has a capacity of 800,000 TEU per year.
Mumbai Marina is open 24/7, work doesn't stop here. Nearby there are drilling platforms that provide the harbor with work constantly.
Chennai - large cargo turnover
The sea harbor of Madras (Chennai) is located on the shores of the Bay of Bengal. A part is occupied by a naval base, which provides basing for ships of any class. In Madras there are technical, service buildings, warehouses where fuel, ammunition, and other goods are stored. The total area of all warehouses is 200,000 m2. Chennai has an artificial harbor, 12 mooring zones with a draft of 8-10 m. The mooring front extends for 3 kilometers in length and 18 meters in depth.
Imported into the harbor area:
- oil products
- coal
- metal
- corn
exported:
- cotton
- tobacco
- peanut
The turnover of transportation per year is 10.4 million tons. There are restrictions in ship repair work. Madras has an international airport.
Kolkata - the oldest sea gate in the country
The town on the Hooghly River has a major port and naval base. It is the oldest active harbor in India. The approach channel of Calcutta is winding and often subject to drifts. It is constantly being dredged and cleaned. Due to the formation of sandbanks during floods in the fairway, ships with a displacement of 8,000-10,000 tons pass here only in full water. The naval base is used as a supply and repair point for ships. On the territory of the sea gate there are piers and 4 tidal pools, 2 different dock systems. One of them is located in Calcutta, on the left bank of Hooghly and consists of 6 oil zones, 8 floating, 28 berths, 5 dry docks, anchorages. In addition to all this, there are 80 large river, many ship small, designed to unload small ships.
The second dock complex is located near the pilot station and includes 12 berths, 3 barges designed for transshipment, transportation of oil and products from it, 3 oil loading, anchorage.
Cochin - area of ships and naval base
In Cochin, on the shores of the Arabian Sea, India's main naval base and port is located. This may include vessels with a draft of up to 9 meters. The length of the mooring front is 4.5 km, its depth is from 3.7 to 9.1 m. The base has warehouses for ammunition and fuel, technical facilities, service buildings, as well as a training center for the Indian Navy. Imported goods:
- cars
- oil products
- coal
exported:
- rubber
- iron
- corn
The port is equipped with pipelines, floating and shore cranes for unloading cargo. Warehouses with a total area of 150,000 m2. The naval base and the port have ship repair workshops, 3 slipways, 2 dry docks, where ships, ships and destroyers are repaired.
Mormugao - the sea gate of Goa
Since 1963, another major port has been operating in the country - Mormugao, located on the coast of the Arabian Sea. It plays an important role in India's international trade relations, through which a large export of ore is carried out. The sea gates were equipped with the first warehouses and a berth in 1885. Today, several million tons of goods pass through it every day. The turnover of ore is 27 million tons annually. Raw materials are brought to the harbor and processed there. Mormugao is home to some of the largest mining companies. Vessels, large cruise liners stop here. The berth includes dry floating docks. All employees of Mormugao live in an area equipped specifically for port personnel. There are schools, residential complexes, social facilities.
India is provided with a large and modern fleet that serves all the needs of the state. The navy is one of the best in the world, new ships are coming into service here, combat readiness is always ensured. Port facilities are the real pride of India. In addition, port areas provide a significant contribution to the country's economy and work for a huge number of people. Lively sea routes allow the state to firmly hold the leadership in navigation.
One of the most secluded places in Old Goa is the Dona Paula port, named after the daughter of the viceroy of colonial India, who threw herself off a cliff because of unhappy love. Now at this place there is a sculpture depicting lovers who were never destined to be together. Nowadays, the port is very popular with tourists; dozens of small cruise yachts from different parts of India arrive here every day. This place attracts with its lush vegetation and crystal clear waters. Here is a cozy sandy beach, which has everything for a comfortable stay. At the top of the rock, near the monument to lovers, there is a beautiful square equipped with benches and fountains. At night, the port of Dona Paula turns into an amazing romantic corner; many couples come here to relax in the park and listen to live music.
In addition to tourist yachts, small merchant ships enter the port of Dona Paula, bringing fruits, fish, clothes and many different knick-knacks. Therefore, temporary open-air markets are formed here. Tourists are very fond of visiting them, as here you can buy quite interesting things for a reasonable price.
At the same time, trends in the redistribution of cargo flows attract attention. Thus, the growth, according to the report of the working group on the development of the port sector of India, in the cargo flow processed in 12 major seaports of India in 2012 is only 1.7%, in other commercial seaports - 11.5%, respectively, compared with 1, 6% and 9.1% achieved in 2011 (Table 1).
Table 1
Dynamics of cargo traffic in Indian commercial seaports, 2007–2012, thousand tons.
| Ports | The volume of cargo traffic thousand tons | 2012 change compared to 2011, in % | Annual average increase in % |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 (forecast) |
|||
| Main ports | 463782 | 519313 | 530804 | 561090 | 570086 | 560134 | -1.7 | 4.2 |
| Share in % | 71,5 | 71,6 | 71,3 | 66,0 | 64,4 | 61,4 | – | – |
| Other ports | 184922 | 206379 | 213222 | 288937 | 315358 | 351556 | 11.5 | 18.0 |
| Share in % | 28,5 | 28,4 | 28,7 | 34,0 | 35,6 | 38,6 | – | – |
| All ports in India | 648704 | 725692 | 744026 | 850027 | 885444 | 911690 | 3.0 | 8.1 |
| Share in % | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | – | – |
Based on the data presented in Table 1, it can be stated that in 2012 cargo transportation reached 560 million tons in 12 main ports of India and accounted for 61.4% of the total cargo turnover of Indian ports (911.69 million tons), i.e. there was a decrease of 1.7% in 2012 from an increase of 1.6% in 2011. In 2012, the structure of cargo handled by the main ports of India includes 194.1 million tons of loaded cargo, 341.6 million tons of unloaded cargo and 24.4 million tons of reloaded cargo.
The growth in cargo traffic was in: the port of New Mangalore (port in Karnataka) (4.4%), the port of Mumbai (2.9%), Visakhapatnam (port in Andhra Pradesh, the main shipbuilding base of India) (12.0%), Chennai (9.9%), Parafall (9.7%), Mormugas (the main port of Goa) (7.0%), Khaldi (the outport of Calcutta located on the Bay of Bengal) (5.5%), the port of Calcutta (KDS) ( 2.2%).
Thus, during the period of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007-2012), the main ports achieved an average annual growth of 4.2%. The port of Kandla is the only port to achieve a double growth rate of 11.1% over the period. The port of Kandla handled 82.5 million tons in 2012, accounting for 14.7% of the total cargo handled in India's major ports.
These trends are due to the influence of the following factors:
1. decline in growth rates in industrialized countries, which are the main market for Indian exports, from 3.2% in 2010 to 1.6% in 2011 and the forecast is 1.4% in 2012. Similarly growth rates in world trade in goods decreased from 14.3% in 2010 to 6.3% in 2011;
2. India's GDP growth rate declined from 8.4% in 2010 to 6.5% in 2011. This decline is due to a noticeable reduction in the contribution of the manufacturing sector of the economy and the mining sector: the share of the manufacturing sector in India's GDP decreased from 7. 6% in 2010 to 2.5% in 2011, and the share of the extractive sector from 5% in 2010 to 0.9% in 2011;
3. The application by a number of countries of protective measures that are in the nature of protectionism, leading to a ban or restrictions on the export of iron ore, which led to a more than thirty percent decrease in its export by India.
In recent decades, four clusters can be considered as growth points for the Indian economy in recent decades, which are concentrated around the following commercial seaports: Delhi, Calcutta, Mumbai and Chinai (former Madras). It is these seaports of India, or rather, transport corridors with central hubs in them, that structure the economic activity of all subjects in the national economy of India.
Among Indian ports, two ports of importance beyond the transport industry are Mumbai and Visakhapatnam. Visakhapatnam, located at Cape Dolphin Nose, attracts cargo from ferrous metallurgy enterprises (Bhilai), high-tech enterprises (Hyderabad), etc., in general, being the backbone center of the entire eastern Coromandel coast.
Similarly, the backbone of the western Malabar coast is the port of Mumbai.
It should be noted that the decrease in the volume of maritime freight traffic in 2011–2012. coincides with the slowdown in India's economic growth in the period 2011–2012. (see fig.2)
