The concept of a sign in modern linguistics. The iconic nature of the word

Sign is a material carrier of social information, and informs about something different from itself. By exchanging words, people express and receive information about reality, i.e. use language units as signs. Sign- a material object used to convey information. 2 components of the sign - plan-expression (signifier) and plan-content (meaning). Language is a system of signs, the sign needs a linguistic correlate of extralinguistic reality - extralinguistic factors. There is no sign without realization, from here one should study external factors - style, etc. Sign properties- conditional character (coordination of both plans when transmitting information), 2. sociality - always social, provides a circle of people, serves a group of people, 3. sign is always an object specially used to transmit information, 4. always systemic - single no sign. familiarity - the most essential property of the language, which allows modern. linguistics from the time of Saussure to determine through this St. phenomenon as a whole (language as a system of signs).

Holy sign

1) materiality

2) information content (information carrier)

3) the substitutive nature of information. The sign informs not about itself, but about something else. But at the same time, of course, he informs about himself, but this information is simply not important.

Saussure singled out 4 signs

arbitrariness

variability

immutability

the linear character of the signifier

Sign structure

Saussure: 2 member structure. The sign is the unity of the signifier and the signified.

Sign is a member of a certain sign system. Distinctive function of signs - signs within a given sign system (alphabet, sound structure of the language) themselves differ either in general or through diacritics. The sound marks of a language have 2 functions: 1) perceptual- to be an object of perception (articulatory and acoustic properties of sounds) 2) significative- the ability to distinguish between higher significant elements of the language - morphemes, words, sentences (note, bot, tot, lot)

Semiotics- the science that studies signs and sign systems. Holy signs: 1) forethought 2) bilateralism(material, ideal - expression plan (form), signifier; content plan (meaning) 3) conventionality (arrangement) 4) opposition 5) conservatism– stability 6) variability Asymmetry of the linguistic sign: 1) homonymy- the content plan prevails over the expression plan (green - immature - young) 2) synonymy- the plan of expression prevails over the plan of content (linguistics - linguistics - linguistics) The sign of the language is the word. A sentence is a supersign, a supersign. The word is a sign. Morpheme - subsign, subsign. Sounds are not signs. Rules for the behavior of signs: 1) there is no system consisting of only one character. 2) The disappearance of one sign leads to a restructuring of the entire system as a whole. Sign systems divided into 3 types: 1 iconic- image, picture, form. 2 indices- there is no similarity between the content plan and the expression plan (high temperature - illness) 3 symbols- the connection between the expression plan and the content plan is conditional, based on an agreement 3 aspects of the functioning of signs: 1. semantics- the ratio of m / y sign and signified 2. syntactics- the ratio of m / y sign and other signs 3. pragmatics- the ratio of m / y sign and speaker.

Language- this is a kind of real sign system used in a certain society, in a certain space. Language – it's a sign system. Matter in language is sound.

The difference from other sign systems is that it was not invented for a narrow-profile sphere of communication. Language serves any sphere of communication. Synchrony, Diachrony. Sign- an element of a certain sign system, mater nos-l nemat inf-ii. Semiotics- the science of studying signs and sign systems.

Social forms of language: 1) idiolect– the smallest is the language of one particular native speaker of that language 2) dialect- this is a set of very close idealects serving one territorial closed group of people (village) 3) dialect- many dialects are structurally indistinguishable 4) Language– set of dialects (not less than 2), dialects are structurally different from each other. 5) literary language- if the norm in the language is spelling, the presence of different functional styles (artistic, journalistic, scientific).

Language is often characterized as the main means of communication between people. This statement is absolutely true. Communication is commonly understood as the process of interaction between members of human society, in which information is transmitted, as well as the impact on people's behavior and emotions.

And, of course, language plays a crucial role in such interaction. At the same time, this characteristic cannot yet serve as a definition of the language, since it does not include a number of very important features of it.

In this and the next two paragraphs, we will analyze these features in detail and thus establish what the essence of language is.

First of all, it should be noted that the language consists of signs. A sign is commonly understood as a material object that is deliberately used to denote some other object, feature or situation. Commenting on this definition, it should be emphasized that it contains indications of the following three most important properties of the sign.

1. Signs are material objects, that is, objects that can be perceived with the help of the senses. In human society, signs are widespread that are designed to be perceived by sight (for example, traffic lights, traffic signs, musical notation, mathematical symbols) or hearing (for example, sound signals emitted by cars, a telephone ringing, meaning " you are called by another subscriber”, a buzzer that sounds after lifting the handset and signals that the connection with the telephone exchange has been established and you can dial the number, intermittent signal, meaning “the called subscriber is busy”). A more peripheral position is occupied by signs intended for perception with the help of touch. Here, as an example, one can cite the Braille alphabet - a relief-point font for writing and reading the blind, invented by the French teacher Louis Braille.

2. Signs must certainly designate other objects, signs or situations, i.e., entities that are not identical to these signs themselves. So, under normal circumstances, a flower pot standing on the windowsill is not a sign. However, when, as was the case in the film Seventeen Moments of Spring, there is an agreement between the inhabitants of the apartment and its potential visitors that the flower is put on the windowsill if the safe house is not failed, the flower pot certainly becomes a sign.

3. Signs are used to indicate objects, signs or situations intentionally. Not all scientists agree with this statement. However, if you do not take this sign into account, you will have to admit that the clouds in the sky are a sign of approaching rain (or maybe a sign of a change in the weather, the onset of autumn, the need to take an umbrella with you, the cancellation of a planned walk, etc. - a list of possible “meanings” of clouds in this case is easy to continue), the paste that ended in a fountain pen is a sign that its owner wrote a lot (or that he needs to rest, or maybe, on the contrary, go to the store, buy a new rod and continue working) , the pallor of our interlocutor is a sign of his illness (or perhaps fatigue, strong excitement, or the fact that it is better to postpone the conversation), etc. The fact is that, observing certain objects or phenomena, people are able to do very different and often very numerous conclusions about the causes and possible consequences of the presence of these objects, and therefore the qualification of such objects and phenomena as signs can lead to an exorbitant expansion of the scope of the concept of "sign". In view of what has been said, it is more convenient to name only such objects that are deliberately used to designate as signs.

some other objects, and in other cases, to speak not of signs, but of signs or symptoms.

It is easy to see that a sign is a two-sided unit: it consists of a material object and the content transmitted with the help of this object. In this case, the material side of the sign is usually called the plan of expression (or, otherwise, the form, or signifier) of the sign, and the content expressed by this sign is the plan of the content (or content, or signifier) of the sign.

Now, in order to prove that the language really consists of signs, let's imagine the following situation: your interlocutor uttered the sentence in Russian I caught a cold.

Obviously, this sentence is nothing more than a sequence of sounds perceived by the organs of hearing, and this sequence is important not in itself, but because with its help a person deliberately makes you imagine a situation that can be described as follows: ' The speaker is currently ill, because at some point prior to communication, his body was subjected to hypothermia '. It is quite obvious that this, like any other sentence of the language, is a sign.

It should be added to the above that signs, which, in turn, are composed of smaller signs, are usually called complex signs, and those signs, the components of which are not signs, are called simple signs. It is easy to see that sentences, as a rule, are complex signs, since they consist of simpler signs - words. In the sentence we are considering, there are two simpler signs - words: the sequence of sounds, denoted by the letter I, denotes the speaker, and the sequence of sounds corresponding to the chain of letters caught a cold - being in an illness resulting from hypothermia of the body.

However, the word is, as a rule, a complex sign, since it, in turn, consists of the shortest meaningful units - morphemes. So, in the composition of the word caught a cold (pro-stud-i-l-0-sya), one can single out the prefix pro-, expressing the idea of penetration through, the root -stud-, expressing the idea of cold, the suffix -i-, indicating that this form belongs to the past tense or infinitive, the suffix -l- expressing the meaning of the past tense, the significant absence of the endings -a or -o (or, as they say, the zero ending), expressing the meaning of the masculine (otherwise it would be a cold or a cold), and , finally, the reflexive suffix -sya, expressing the idea of the direction of the action on its producer himself.

A morpheme is no longer a complex, but a simple sign. Of course, any morpheme can be decomposed into its constituent sounds, but each of these sounds (for example, the sounds denoted by the letters c, t, y, d in the root -stud) does not convey any content by itself. Thus, sounds are no longer signs, but the elements from which the plan for the expression of linguistic signs is built.

Speaking about signs in general, we have already noted that different signs can be calculated for perception with the help of various sense organs, and above all with the help of hearing, sight or touch. As for the signs of human language, they are all intended for perception through hearing, that is, they are sound signs.

What has just been said may raise objections. After all, as you know, linguistic communication is also possible in writing, and in this case letters are used, that is, not sound, but graphic signs, which are designed not at all for auditory, but for visual perception. Responding to this objection, it should first of all be emphasized that the original form of the existence of any language is sound. Human language arose about 500 thousand years ago, while writing began to emerge only about 5 thousand years ago. Any language can and could exist even before the creation of a written language for it, and the knowledge of any language does not necessarily imply the ability to read and write in this language (this is how small children or illiterate people speak their native language).

The main thing is not even that. The signs of writing are not identical to the signs of a natural human language: a letter is a completely separate, artificial sign system invented by people, which is designed to graphically fix sound speech in order to save it in time or transmit it over a considerable distance. It was shown above that the sound is not a linguistic sign, since no content is assigned to individual sounds. Quite different, however, is the case with the minimum unit of writing - the letter. Letters are signs, since each of them serves to designate the sound units of the language.

If we are not talking about writing, but directly about language, then the main conclusion that we came to in this paragraph
fe, lies in the fact that language is not just a means of communication between people, but a means that consists of sound signs.

Word - this is the main independent unit of the language correlated with the lexico-grammatical class, which contains a set of lexical meanings traditionally assigned to it and serves to nominate objects of reality, form thoughts and transmit messages as part of sentences.

Triangle of Ogden and Richards

The relationship between the concept and the word that expresses it is of a linguistic, intralinguistic nature and can be called significative. The relationship between the concept and the subject is defined as denotative. The subject of thought belongs to the extralinguistic (extralinguistic) sphere. There is no direct connection between the word and the object it calls; these relations are unmotivated.

The iconic nature of the word lies in the fact that the word is at the same time sign of meaning , and with it sign-signal of an object .

2. Signs of the word (integrity, identity, variability, syntactic independence).

The word has a sign of wholesomeness , which distinguishes it from a phrase. Whole-formation arises due to its semantic integrity and its belonging to a certain part of speech, due to the internal morphological fusion of the word and the impossibility of dividing it into two or more equivalent parts, like dividing phrases into words. For example, limpiadientes- Toothbrush, limpia dientes- he brushes his teeth (in this case, words can change their forms, for example, limpian dientes).

The problem of word identity is the problem of the invariance of the same word with changes in its form in different cases of use. word identity - this is the possibility of its reproducibility, repetition in all its forms in countless acts of speech without losing the content assigned to it in the minds of native speakers. Example: trabajo, trabajas, he trabajado.

variability consists in the presence of different variants of the same word, preserving a common root part and the same semantic origin. With such variations, the identity of the word is preserved.

Varieties of the word:

1.Phonetic options. For example: zumo [θumo] / .

2.Phonetic and spelling options. For example: aloe / áloe.

3.Spelling options. For example: whiskey / whiskey / güisky.

4.Morphological options. For example: vuelta / vuelto (surrender).

A sign of independence or individuality of the word is also manifested in the fact that the word is always a grammatically formed lexical unit, correlated with a specific lexico-grammatical class of words. In other words, it is always a certain part of speech. Words turn out to be grammatically, both morphologically and syntactically, designed, in a certain way adapted to their joint functioning in coherent meaningful speech. The word is given a certain completeness, which makes it possible to distinguish it from speech.

3. Lexical meaning. Motivated and unmotivated values. Correlation between meaning and concept. Folk etymology.

Lexical meaning - the semantic content of the word, formed on the basis of a concept that generally reflects objects of a certain class in the minds of native speakers, and various emotionally expressive, evaluative and other semantic shades (connotations).

For example, words cara, faz and jetta express in relation to a person the same concept of "front of the head", but cara- a more neutral word, a conceptual core, faz has a solemn connotation, and jetta- Disdainful and vulgar.

Lexical meaning can be motivated and unmotivated. It depends on the characteristics of the so-called inner form of the word - a way to represent the meaning of a word. Unmotivated words are arbitrary. For example, it is impossible, based on the sound and spelling, to explain why mesa- it is a table. But in motivated In words, the idea of the primary feature, which formed the basis of the formed concept, has been preserved. For example, meseta- plateau.

Folk etymology (etimología popular) - an erroneous understanding of the unmotivated internal form of the word. For example, the word melancolí a motivated as malenconí a(from mal- sickness and encono- anger, malice).

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The sign character of the language

The language used by a person in everyday communication is not only a historically established form of culture that unites human society, but also a complex sign system. Understanding the sign properties of the language is necessary in order to better understand the structure of the language and the rules for its use.

The words of the human language are signs of objects and concepts. Words are the most numerous and main characters in the language. Other units of the language are also signs.

A sign is a substitute for an object for the purposes of communication; a sign allows the speaker to evoke in the mind of the interlocutor the image of an object or concept. The sign has the following properties:

the sign must be material, accessible to perception;

the sign is directed to the meaning;

a sign is always a member of the system, and its content largely depends on the place of the given sign in the system.

The above properties of the sign determine a number of requirements of the culture of speech.

Firstly, the speaker (writer) must take care that the signs of his speech (sounding words or signs of writing) are convenient for perception: they are quite clearly audible, visible.

Secondly, it is necessary that speech signs express some content, convey meaning, and in such a way that the form of speech makes it easier to understand the content of speech.

Thirdly, it must be borne in mind that the interlocutor may be less aware of the subject of the conversation, which means that it is necessary to provide him with the missing information, which, only in the opinion of the speaker, is already contained in the spoken words.

Fourthly, it is important to ensure that the sounds of oral speech and the letters of the letter are quite clearly distinguished from each other.

Fifth, it is important to remember the systemic connections of a word with other words, take into account polysemy, use synonymy, keep in mind the associative links of words.

Thus, knowledge from the field of semiotics (the science of signs) contributes to the improvement of speech culture.

The language mark can be a code mark and a text mark. The signs of the code exist in the form of a system of units opposed in the language, connected by a significance relation that determines the content of the signs specific to each language. Text signs exist in the form of a formally and semantically connected sequence of units. The culture of speech implies the attentive attitude of the speaker to the coherence of the spoken or written text.

Meaning is the content of a linguistic sign, which is formed as a result of the reflection of extralinguistic reality in the minds of people. The value of a language unit in the language system is virtual, i.e. determined by what the unit can stand for. In a concrete utterance, the meaning of the linguistic unit becomes relevant, since the unit is related to a specific object, with what it actually means in the utterance. From the point of view of speech culture, it is important for the speaker to clearly direct the interlocutor's attention to the actualization of the meaning of the statement, to help him correlate the statement with the situation, and for the listener it is important to show maximum attention to the speaker's communicative intentions.

Distinguish subject and conceptual meanings. Objective meaning consists in correlating a word with an object, in denoting an object. The conceptual meaning serves to express a concept that reflects an object, to specify a class of objects denoted by a sign.

Natural and artificial languages

The signs that are part of languages as a means of communication in society are called signs of communication. Communication signs are divided into signs of natural languages and signs of artificial sign systems (artificial languages).

The signs of natural languages consist of both sound signs and the corresponding signs of writing (handwritten, typographic, typewritten, printer, screen).

In the natural languages of communication - national languages - there are rules of grammar in a more or less explicit form, and the rules of meaning and use are in an implicit form. For the written form of speech, there are also spelling and punctuation rules fixed in codes and reference books.

In artificial languages, both the rules of grammar and the rules of meaning and usage are specified explicitly in the corresponding descriptions of these languages.

Artificial languages arose in connection with the development of science and technology, they are used in the professional activities of specialists. Artificial languages include systems of mathematical and chemical symbols. They serve as a means of not only communication, but also the derivation of new knowledge.

Among artificial sign systems, one can single out code systems designed to encode ordinary speech. These include Morse code, marine flag signaling of letters of the alphabet, and various ciphers.

A special group is made up of artificial languages designed to control the operation of computer systems - programming languages. They have a strict system structure and formalized rules for correlating code signs and meaning, providing for the computer system to perform exactly those operations that are required.

Signs of artificial languages can themselves constitute texts or be included in written texts in natural language. Many artificial languages have international usage and are included in texts in various natural national languages. Of course, it is appropriate to include signs of artificial languages only in texts addressed to specialists familiar with these languages.

The natural spoken language of humans is the most complete and perfect of all communication systems. Other human-made sign systems embody only some of the properties of natural language. These systems can greatly enhance the language and surpass it in one or more respects, but at the same time be inferior to it in others.

So, for example, the system of mathematical symbols surpasses the natural language in the brevity of information recording, the minimality of code signs. Programming languages are characterized by clear rules and unambiguous correspondence between meaning and form.

In turn, natural language is much more flexible, open and dynamic.

Natural language is applicable to describe any situations, including those that have not yet been the object of description using this language.

Natural language allows the speaker to generate new signs that are understandable to the interlocutor, as well as to use existing signs in new meanings, which is impossible in artificial languages.

The natural language is known within the entire national society, and not only to a narrow circle of specialists.

Natural language quickly adapts to the diverse needs of interpersonal interaction between people and therefore is the main and generally indispensable means of human communication.

Basic language features

“Being the most important means of communication, language unites people, regulates their interpersonal and social interaction, coordinates their practical activities, participates in the formation of worldview systems and national images of the world, ensures the accumulation and storage of information, including information related to the history and historical experience of the people and personal experience of the individual, dismembers, classifies and consolidates concepts, forms the consciousness and self-awareness of a person, serves as a material and form of artistic creativity.

The main functions of the language are:

communicative (function of communication);

thought-forming (function of embodiment and expression of thought);

expressive (function of expressing the internal state of the speaker);

aesthetic (the function of creating beauty by means of language).

The communicative function is the ability of language to serve as a means of communication between people. The language has the units necessary for constructing messages, the rules for their organization, and ensures the emergence of similar images in the minds of the participants in communication. Language also has special means of establishing and maintaining contact between the participants in communication.

From the point of view of the culture of speech, the communicative function involves the installation of participants in speech communication on the fruitfulness and mutual usefulness of communication, as well as a general focus on the adequacy of speech understanding.

Achieving the functional effectiveness of communication is impossible without knowledge and compliance with the norms of the literary language.

The thought-forming function lies in the fact that language serves as a means of designing and expressing thoughts. The structure of the language is organically connected with the categories of thinking. “The word, which alone is capable of making a concept an independent unit in the world of thoughts, adds to it a lot of itself,” wrote the founder of linguistics Wilhelm von Humboldt (Humboldt V. Selected Works on Linguistics. - M., 1984. P. 318).

This means that the word singles out and shapes the concept, and at the same time, a relationship is established between the units of thinking and the sign units of the language. That is why W. Humboldt believed that “language should accompany thought. Thought must, not lagging behind language, follow from one of its elements to another and find in language a designation for everything that makes it coherent” (Ibid., p. 345). According to Humboldt, “in order to correspond to thinking, language, as far as possible, by its structure must correspond to the internal organization of thinking” (Ibid.).

The speech of an educated person is distinguished by the clarity of the presentation of his own thoughts, the accuracy of retelling other people's thoughts, consistency and informativeness.

The expressive function allows the language to serve as a means of expressing the internal state of the speaker, not only to communicate some information, but also to express the speaker's attitude to the content of the message, to the interlocutor, to the situation of communication. Language expresses not only thoughts, but also emotions of a person. The expressive function involves the emotional brightness of speech within the framework of etiquette accepted in society.

Artificial languages do not have an expressive function.

The aesthetic function is to ensure that the message in its form, in unity with the content, satisfies the aesthetic sense of the addressee. The aesthetic function is characteristic primarily for poetic speech (works of folklore, fiction), but not only for it - journalistic, scientific speech, and everyday colloquial speech can be aesthetically perfect.

The aesthetic function presupposes the richness and expressiveness of speech, its correspondence to the aesthetic tastes of the educated part of society.

Russian as a world language

At the beginning of the XXI century. Over 250 million people in the world speak Russian to some extent. The bulk of Russian speakers live in Russia (143.7 million - according to the All-Union Population Census of 1989) and in other states (88.8 million) that were part of the USSR.

Representatives of different peoples of the world speak Russian, communicating not only with Russians, but also among themselves.

Just like English and some other languages, Russian is widely spoken outside of Russia. It is used in various areas of international communication: at the negotiations of the CIS member states, at the forums of international organizations, including the UN, in world communication systems (on television, on the Internet), in international aviation and space communications. The Russian language is the language of international scientific communication and is used at many international scientific conferences in the humanities and natural sciences.

The Russian language ranks fifth in the world in terms of the absolute number of those who speak it (after Chinese, Hindi and Urdu combined, English and Spanish), but this feature is not the main one in determining the world language. For a “world language”, it is not the number of those who speak it, especially as a native language, that is essential, but the global distribution of native speakers, the coverage of different countries, the maximum number of countries, as well as the most influential social strata of the population in different countries. Of great importance is the universal significance of fiction, of the entire culture created in this language (Kostomarov V.G. Russian language in international communication // Russian language. Encyclopedia. - M., 1997. P. 445).

Russian is studied as a foreign language in many countries of the world. Russian language and literature are studied at leading universities in the USA, Germany, France, China and other countries.

The Russian language, like other "world languages", is highly informative, i.e. wide possibilities of expression and transmission of thought. The informational value of a language depends on the quality and quantity of information presented in that language in original and translated publications.

The traditional sphere of use of the Russian language outside the Russian Federation was the republics within the Soviet Union; it was studied in the countries of Eastern Europe (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, East Germany), as well as by students from around the world who studied in the USSR.

After the start of reforms in Russia, the country became more open to international contacts. Citizens of Russia began to visit abroad more often, and foreigners more often visit Russia. The Russian language began to attract more attention in some foreign countries. It is studied in Europe and the USA, India and China.

Interest in the Russian language abroad largely depends on both political factors (the stability of the social situation in Russia, the development of democratic institutions, readiness for dialogue with foreign partners) and cultural factors (interest in Russia in foreign languages and cultures, improvement of forms and methods Russian language teaching).

In the context of the expansion of international communication in Russian, the quality of speech of people for whom Russian is their native language becomes a significant factor in its further development, since the speech errors of native speakers are perceived by people who study Russian as a language of interethnic communication or as a foreign language, as correct speech patterns, as the norm of Russian speech.

The integration processes taking place in the modern world contribute to increasing the role of "world languages", deepening the interaction between them. An international fund of scientific, technical and cultural vocabulary is growing, common to many languages. Computer terms, vocabulary related to sports, tourism, goods and services are gaining worldwide distribution.

In the process of interaction between languages, the Russian language is replenished with international vocabulary, and is itself a source of lexical borrowings for the languages of neighboring countries.

The globalization of the processes of communicative cooperation in the modern world as a result of the spread of computer networks leads to an increase in the number of people using "world" languages in communication. This leads, on the one hand, to the universalization and standardization of means of communication, language use skills, and, on the other hand, to the rapid spread of individual and regional characteristics of speech as a result of the lack of editorial and proofreading checks in the electronic communication environment. The inconsistency of these trends, caused by the new conditions of communication, leads to the emergence of new factors that affect the development of the language, contributes both to its enrichment and the decrease in speech culture. In these new conditions, it becomes especially important to take care of the correctness of electronic written speech, adherence to the traditions of written communication, and attention to the functional and stylistic differentiation of speech genres.

The new conditions of communication increase the responsibility of each person for the fate of his native language and other languages that he uses in communication, the correctness of their use, and the technical capabilities of computer technology help a modern person to check the spelling and accuracy of the use of words, edit and beautifully arrange the text. However, no technology will help to fill the text with the necessary content, to make a person’s speech spiritual, beautiful not only in form, but also in essence.

Freedom of speech is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the word to improve people's lives. Therefore, in the new conditions of oral (public, television, interactive) and written (electronic) communication, the role of the culture of speech should increase, and, above all, due to the deep inner awareness of the participants in the information exchange of their personal role and responsibility for how their native language and other languages will develop. the languages people use.

Russian language as a state language

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993), Russian is the state language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory. At the same time, Russian is the state or official language for a number of republics that are part of the Russian Federation, along with the language of the indigenous population of these republics.

Knowledge of the state language is mandatory for officials of state institutions, it is in it that all official documentation is drawn up.

As the state language, the Russian language actively functions in all spheres of public life that have all-Russian significance. Central and local institutions of the federal level work in Russian, communication between the subjects of the federation is carried out. The Russian language is used in the army, the central and local press, on television, in education and science, in culture and sports.

Russian is the second state language in Belarus, the official language in Kazakhstan.

The connection of the Russian language with the history and culture of the people

language communication natural Russian

Language is not only a system of signs, but also a historical form of the culture of the people. According to W. Humboldt, “language is not a dead clockwork, but a living creation emanating from itself” (Humboldt W. Selected Works on Linguistics. - M., 1984, p. 275). Natural language does not arise as a result of mathematical calculation of a group of "language creators", but as a result of centuries-old efforts of people belonging to the same national community who want to make their speech generally intelligible within the national community.

The Russian language has evolved over many centuries. His vocabulary and grammatical structure were not formed immediately. The dictionary gradually included new lexical units, the appearance of which was dictated by the new needs of social development. The grammatical structure gradually adapted to a more accurate and subtle transmission of thought following the development of national social and scientific thinking. Thus, the needs of cultural development became the engine of the development of the language, and the language reflected and preserved the history of the cultural life of the nation, including its stages, which are already gone.

Thanks to this, the language is for the people a unique means of preserving national identity, the largest historical and cultural value.

As W. Humboldt wrote, "language, no matter what form it takes, is always the spiritual embodiment of the individual life of a nation."

Thus, the culture of speech is an important part of the national culture as a whole.

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The concept of a sign in modern linguistics. The iconic nature of the word

2. Signs of the word (integrity, identity, variability, syntactic independence).

3. Lexical meaning. Motivated and unmotivated values. Correlation between meaning and concept. Folk etymology.

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