Origin of polymers. Brief history of chemistry

The MiG-31 is designed to intercept and destroy air targets at extremely low, low, medium and high altitudes, day and night, in simple and difficult weather conditions, when the enemy uses active and passive radar interference, as well as false thermal targets. A group of four MiG-31 aircraft is capable of controlling airspace with a frontal length of up to 1,100 km.

It was originally intended to intercept cruise missiles in the entire range of altitudes and speeds, as well as low-flying satellites. MiG-31 regiments for several years had the status of special forces (Spetsnaz) as part of air defense.

Encyclopedic YouTube

    1 / 5

    ✪ MiG-31BM

    ✪ MiG-31 Launch and takeoff. Completely for connoisseurs in [ FULL HD - 1080 ]. 09/02/2013

    ✪ Fighter-interceptor MiG-31. Dazzling MiG. Impact force.

    ✪ MiG-31 Flights

    ✪ Nikolay Anisimov - Air boat (MiG-31)

    Subtitles

History of creation

Work on the creation of the MiG-31 fighter-interceptor (product 83, E-155MP aircraft) began at the OKB. A. I. Mikoyan 1968. At the initial stage, the work was supervised by the chief designer A. A. Chumachenko. Then, at the stage of deep engineering development and testing, - G. E. Lozino-Lozinsky. In 1975, after Gleb Evgenievich began to develop Burana, work on the creation of the aircraft headed Konstantin Konstantinovich Vasilchenko.

The combat capabilities of the fighter were supposed to be significantly expanded through the use of the latest electronic equipment, in particular, the first radar with passive phased antenna array.

MiG-31 was built according to the scheme of the aircraft MiG-25, but with a crew of two - a pilot and a navigator-operator, located one after the other.

MiG-31 prototype made its first flight 16 of September 1975, at the helm was test pilot A.V. Fedotov.

Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated the 6th of May 1981 fighter-interceptor MiG-31 with RP-31 radar and missiles R-33 was adopted. Serial production started in 1979 .

Technical description

Airframe design

The MiG-31 airframe was developed on the basis of the MiG-25 airframe. The MiG-31 is made according to the normal aerodynamic configuration with a high trapezoidal wing, two-keel vertical and all-moving horizontal tail.

The welded middle part of the fuselage, like on the MiG-25, is the main power element of the airframe, however, on the MiG-31, the proportion of stainless steel parts is reduced due to a decrease in the maximum speed of the aircraft and less heating of the power structure. There are seven fuel tanks in the middle part of the fuselage. Fuel is also placed in four wing and two keel tanks.

The body of the MiG-31 can create additional lift up to 25%, the missiles are semi-recessed into the body. The share of steel is 50%, titanium - 16%, aluminum alloys - 33%.

The forward part of the fuselage is made of aluminum alloys and includes an electronic equipment compartment, a cockpit and an outside equipment compartment; in front, a radio-transparent radar radome is docked to the bow.

The crew members are located in tandem, in the front cockpit - the pilot, in the back - the navigator-operator. Both cabins are hermetic, separated from each other by a transparent partition made of plexiglass 10 mm thick; equipped with ejection seats K-36DM. Cabin lights have movable segments that open up and back.

A three-spar wing with a sweep angle along the leading edge of 41 ° has root influx with a sweep angle of 70°. An aerodynamic ridge is installed on the upper surface of each wing console. The wing has slotted flaps, ailerons and four-section deflectable socks along the entire length of the console with a deflection angle of 13 °. On the external underwing pylons, the suspension of two external tanks with a capacity of 2500 liters is provided.

The consoles of the all-moving horizontal tail can be deflected both synchronously (for pitch control) and differentially (for roll control).

The two-keel vertical tail, mounted with a camber angle of 8°, is equipped with rudders. Aerodynamic ridges are located under the tail section of the fuselage with a 12° camber.

The MiG-31 aircraft control system is mechanical. Gargrot, located on top of the middle part of the fuselage, covers the wiring (cables and rigid rods).

On the lower surface of the fuselage, in front of the niches of the main landing gear, there are brake flaps that simultaneously perform the functions of landing gear doors. The main landing gear of the aircraft is equipped with a trolley with two wheels measuring 950 × 300 mm; are removed forward. The rear wheel of the main support is located with a shift to the outside relative to the front.

The front landing gear is equipped with two wheels 660 × 200 mm; unlike the MiG-25, it retracts.

Engines

The engine has a five-stage low-pressure compressor, a ten-stage high-pressure compressor, a tubular-annular combustion chamber, two-stage high and low pressure turbines. The maximum gas temperature at the turbine inlet is 1660 K.

The afterburner is equipped with rings that ensure combustion stability, the supersonic nozzle has special plate valves in the expanding part for air intake and elimination of pressure pulsations in the exhaust gas stream. To start the afterburner, the "fire path" fuel injection method is used. In the process of creating the engine, vibration combustion was observed in the afterburner, the problem was solved by installing a “fifth combined manifold” [ ] .

The engine uses titanium, nickel and steel alloys. Dry weight of the engine - 2416 kg.

Airframe design

The MiG-31 is made according to the normal aerodynamic configuration with a high trapezoidal wing, two-keel vertical and all-moving horizontal tail. MiG-31 is practically the only aircraft capable of intercepting low-flying cruise missiles (including high-speed ones). Able to hit a satellite at an altitude of 120 km. Can intercept targets flying at speeds up to = 5 .

Radar "Zaslon"

In particular (detection): F-16 - 120 kilometers, B-1B - 200 kilometers.

The angular zone of simultaneous firing of missiles at several targets for the MiG-31 is 18200 square degrees(for F-14 only 420 sq°) .

Long-range missiles can be aimed at a target in a range of just under +/- 120 degrees (F-14 only +/- 20).

Radar "Zaslon-M"

The greatest detection range for a target with an EPR of 20 m² is 400 km, for an EPR of 5 m² - 282 km.

The flight and navigation equipment of the MiG-31 aircraft includes the SAU-155MP automatic control system and the KN-25 sighting and navigation system with two IS-1-72A inertial systems with the Maneuver digital computer, the Radikal-NP radio-technical short-range navigation system (A -312) or A-331, long-range radio system navigation A-723 "Kvitok-2". Long-range radio navigation is carried out by means of two systems: Tropic” (similar to the system “ Laurent"") and "Route" (analogue - the "Omega" system). The airborne defense complex includes a radar warning receiver SPO-15SL, equipment for setting electromagnetic and infrared interference.

The aircraft is equipped with means of electronic warfare in the radar and infrared ranges. The MiG-31 interceptor is capable of performing combat missions by interacting with the ground-based automated digital control system (Automated Control System "Rubezh"), operating in remote guidance, semi-autonomous actions (coordinate support), singly, and also as part of a group of four aircraft with automatic intra-group exchange information. The digital noise-immune communication system provides for the automatic exchange of tactical information in a group of four interceptors located at a distance of up to 200 km from one another (for ground stations, a range of up to 2000 km) and guidance of a group of fighters with a less powerful avionics(in this case, the aircraft acts as a guidance point, or repeater). The MiG-31 is capable of targeting up to four MiG-23/29, Su-19/27 aircraft without turning on the radars of these aircraft. This is the only combat aircraft capable of effectively intercepting small, low-flying cruise missiles. The AK-RLDN digital interference-free radio channel provides a two-way exchange of tactical information with a ground command post. The APD-518 digital jamming-proof equipment makes it possible to exchange data on the air situation at a distance of up to 200 km with aircraft that have interface devices with the APD-518 equipment (MiG-31, Su-27, MiG-29, A-50). It is possible to restore a complete picture of the air situation obtained from the results of the operation of four radars and restore information by triangulation or kinematic methods. All this makes the MiG-31 not just an interceptor, but also a flying headquarters for the Air Force and Air Defense, and at the same time performs the role of AWACS.

Fundamental differences between the MiG-31BM version

The MiG-31BM airborne radar system is capable of simultaneously detecting up to twenty-four air targets, eight of which can be simultaneously fired by missiles. R-33S. Improved other characteristics of the complex.

Upgraded versions of the aircraft can be equipped with anti-radar missiles X-31 P, Kh-25 MP or X-25MPU (up to six units), X-31A anti-ship missiles (up to six), air-to-surface missiles X-29 T and X-59(up to three) or X-59M (up to two units), up to six adjustable bombs KAB-1500 or up to eight KAB-500 with television or laser guidance. The maximum payload weight is 9000 kg.

JSC "Russian Avionics" has developed for him a fundamentally new layout of both cabins. The main drawback of the previous layout was the pilot's lack of information about the tactical situation: the commander did not know what the navigator was doing. Now in the front cockpit on the right side of the dashboard there is a multifunctional LCD indicator 6 × 8 inches in size (similar to that used on the MiG-29SMT). The cockpit of the navigator-operator has undergone more significant changes, in which there are three such indicators, which can display a wide variety of information (tactical, navigational, radar, images from television cameras of guided weapons, etc.). The aircraft also received an indicator on the windshield, which replaced the previous PPI.

The navigation complex, which is equipped with the upgraded MiG-31BM, is largely unified with MiG-29SMT(it includes a satellite navigation receiver). As a result of the refinement of the MiG-31 fighter fleet, the Russian Air Force received an almost new aircraft with a wide range of combat applications. The target's speed corresponds to = 6 .

On the export version of this fighter, the MiG-31FE, samples of Western-made weapons and equipment can be installed and integrated with Russian systems.

The service life of the aircraft after overhaul and modernization to the level of BM is at least 15 years.

Range of flight

For the MiG-31 with four missiles and two external tanks, launching missiles in the middle of the way, dropping the external tanks after their development and the secondary armament fired, the subsonic practical range and flight duration are 3000 km and 3 hours 38 minutes, respectively.

Subsonic practical range and duration without external tanks and retracted PMK is:

  • without missiles: range - 2480 km, duration - 2 hours 44 minutes;
  • with four missiles and their launch in the middle of the way: range - 2400 km, duration - 2 hours 35 minutes;
  • with four missiles: range - 2240 km, duration - 2 hours 26 minutes.

Modifications

Since the release of the MiG-31, numerous aircraft modifications have also been developed:

Model name Brief characteristics, differences.
MiG-31B Serial modification of the MiG-31, equipped with an in-flight refueling system; entered service in 1990.
MiG-31BS MiG-31 upgraded to MiG-31B level, without boom refueling in air.
MiG-31BSM Modernization of the MiG-31BS 2014 without aerial refueling.
MiG-31BM Modernization 1998, a modern version of the MiG-31 for the Russian Air Force. It is planned to upgrade 60 MiG-31s ​​into MiG-31BM by 2020. AT 2008 the first stage of the CSI was completed, the second stage in 2012.B. The upgraded aircraft will receive a new weapon control system and radar, which will allow detecting targets at a distance of up to 320 kilometers and simultaneously tracking up to ten air targets.
MiG-31D Experimental modification capable of carrying anti-satellite missile 79M6 "Contact". Not serially produced.
MiG-31DZ A serial fighter-interceptor equipped with an air refueling system (the location of the air refueling system is similar to the MiG-31B). REO equipment (radar) is not subject to upgrade to the BM product. After modernization, the DZ index does not change, the equipment remains unchanged.
MiG-31I (Ishim product) The aircraft is designed for air launch of small spacecraft weighing 120-160 kg into orbits of 600-300 km.
MiG-31LL flying laboratory in Zhukovsky.
MiG-31M Upgraded to 1993 fighter-interceptor with enhanced weapons, radar, avionics; had a characteristic "rounded outward" form of root nodules. Not serially produced.
MiG-31F Multi-purpose front-line fighter, also designed to attack ground targets (draft of a fundamentally new aircraft).
MiG-31FE Export version of the MiG-31BM. Not serially produced.
MiG-31E Export version with simplified avionics. Not serially produced.

Tactical and technical characteristics

Specifications

Flight characteristics

Armament

One of the options for a set of weapons:

Applied shock complexes:

  • Gun:
    • 1×6-23mm GSh-6-23:
      • ammunition: 260 shells;
      • rate of fire:
        • at WELL : not less than 8000/min.
        • at t = -60 °C: not less than 6400/min.
  • Missile on six suspension points (additionally two suspension points for PTB):

four points on the hull and four on the pylons on the wings allow, depending on the specific ammunition used, up to four long-range missiles + up to four more medium or short-range missiles (including four long-range missiles and four medium R-77s);

Air-to-surface fire is possible. 500 kg laser-guided bombs and anti-radar/anti-ship missiles X-31P(up to 160 km), Kh-58, the maximum mass of the combat load is 9000 kg.

In service

As of 2013, 80% of the park was in need of repair. According to the former commander of the Air Force, out of 252 MiG-31s ​​it is planned to modernize and leave only 100 aircraft in various modifications, 60 of them - up to the level of the MiG-31BM Interceptors are based:

Exploitation

The first interceptors began to enter the air defense forces in 1980. AT 1981 production of the MiG-31 began in Gorky. The first series consisted of only two aircraft, the second - of three, the third - of six. All these aircraft were intended for flight testing. New interceptors began to enter service air defense in 1983.

The first MiG-31s ​​were received by the 786th IAP, stationed in Pravdinsk, and the Center for the combat use of air defense in Savasleyke. In parts of the air defense MiG-31 came to replace Su-15 and Tu-128. In September 1984 new interceptors took up combat duty in the Far East - at the Sokol airfield, island Sakhalin.

The production of the MiG-31 was curtailed in 1994. By the end of 1994, more than 500 MiG-31 and MiG-31B aircraft had been built.

At the moment, the aircraft in service are being upgraded to the MiG-31BM version, the first two entered the troops in 2008.

August 8, 2014, during a visit to the Nizhny Novgorod aircraft manufacturing plant "Sokol", Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin proposed to resume production of the fighter.

Accidents and disasters

  • September 20, 1979 at the airfield Akhtubinsk, GK Research Institute of the Air Force, engine fire due to fuel leakage. crew (pilot) Pyotr Ostapenko and navigator Leonid Popov) ejected successfully. The plane was completely destroyed.
  • Autumn 1979 at the Gorky airfield, USSR air defense, failure of both engines due to jamming and a defect in the fuel system. crew (pilot) Valery Menitsky and navigator Viktor Ryndin) made an emergency landing.
  • 1983 - tail number 19 of the Pravdinsky regiment (airfield Kotlas), engine fire, the crew ejected. The reason is the failure of the HP-3048 pump-regulator due to a design and manufacturing flaw. Subsequently, a number of improvements were made.
  • April 4, 1984 at the LII airfield (Ramenskoye), OKB A. I. Mikoyan, the first version - the failure of the alarm system for running out of fuel from the tanks. The second version is the destruction of the shaft bearing and engine spacing, which led to a violation of aircraft control, and then an explosion of the aircraft in the air. Crew (crew commander Honored Test Pilot of the USSR, The hero of the USSR aviation major general Alexander Fedotov and navigator Valery Zaitsev) died.
  • In 1984, at the Sokol airfield on Sakhalin, two accidents. In the first, the crew died, in the second, they successfully ejected over the airfield.
  • On July 22, 1987, at the Komsomolsky airfield, 763 IAP, a failure in the stratosphere followed by an engine fire, a tank explosion, and control failure. The crew ejected.
  • August 8, 1988 on the Kola Peninsula, the 174th IAP, a fire during a flight over the sea. The aircraft landed successfully at the airfield.
  • On December 20, 1988, at the Semipalatinsk airfield, 356 IAP, a pilot error during a training flight - there was not enough height to bring the aircraft out of a dive. The crew died.
  • January 11, 1989 at the Gromovo airfield, 180 guards. IAP, false alarm of the "fire of the left engine" sensor, unsuccessful landing on one engine in bad weather conditions. The crew died.
  • In March 1989, a MiG-31 crashed in the Arkhangelsk region (Amderma air base), the crew died.
  • In June 1989, in the Arkhangelsk region (Amderma air base), a MiG-31 crashed. The crew ejected, both pilots survived.
  • September 26, 1990 174 Guards. IAP Monchegorsk, MiG-31 tail number 40, after takeoff, an accident occurred, the crew died.
  • September 30, 1990 of the 144th pulp and paper industry and PLS of air defense aviation (Savasleyka village). The crew was preparing for a demonstration performance on the day of the city in Gorky. On the MiG-31, during takeoff with a sharp turn to the left, the crew made a piloting error, exceeding the angle of attack. The aircraft lost stability and, rotating along the center line to the left, fell 300-400 meters to the left of the runway into the forest. Navigator Subbotin successfully ejected, the chair's trajectory was parallel to the ground. The commander of the ship, Shapovalov, ejected with his head to the ground and died. The ejection seat with the pilot crashed into a birch.
  • On October 30, 1990, the 144th PPI and PLS of air defense aviation (Savasleyka village), on the MiG-31, during the climb after takeoff, about a minute later, a fire broke out. The crew ejected safely. Both pilots landed in trees and sustained injuries as they fell to the ground after being released from the harness.
  • 01/10/1992. 865th IAP, Yelizovo airfield. Takeoff with full refueling to perform exercise No. 305 of the Design Bureau of Air Defense Aviation IDD-86 "Control flight to check combat use." After liftoff, the aircraft began to roll vigorously to the right and fell 155 meters from the runway axis. The navigator managed to eject, but received a severe spinal injury. KK catapulted at a height of about 5 meters with a roll of 183 ° and died. The reason for the accident is the different thrust of the engines on takeoff due to a defect in the soldering of the electrical circuit, the transience of the development of the situation.
  • September 6, 1995 at the Kotlas airfield, stall after launch. The crew ejected.
  • July 12, 1996 at the Komsomolsky airfield, 763 IAP, approach with imitation of engine failure, flight, during go-around - collision with ATU. The pilot died during the ejection.
  • July 16, 1996 at the Khotilovo airfield (Gromovo airbase), self-shutdown of both afterburners on takeoff. Collision with an obstacle while overrunning the runway. The crew died.
  • August 15, 1996 at the Komsomolsky airfield, 763 IAP, loss of altitude control. The ejection occurred at the time of the collision. The pilot died.
  • On April 5, 2000, a MiG-31 crashed in the Arkhangelsk region.
  • On February 28, 2001, the MiG-31 aircraft of the Air Force of the Northern Fleet made an emergency landing at the airfield Monchegorsk. The aircraft was seriously damaged and was written off. The crew (Guard Lieutenant Colonel M. Satanovsky and Guard Major V. Ovchenkov) were not injured.
  • On October 14, 2003, the MiG-31 aircraft crashed at 14.54 Moscow time near the village of Borovaya, Staritsky District, Tver Region. There are no victims.
  • On June 1, 2005, the MiG-31 aircraft in Tver region went off the runway and burned down as a result of the fire. The crew was not injured.
  • On February 16, 2007, a MiG-31 crashed in Kazakhstan. The crew (ship commander Captain Fedotov D.S. and navigator-pilot Major Leontiev A.A.) died.
  • On April 11, 2008, a serious accident occurred: at the 21st minute of the flight, at an altitude of 16213 m and a true speed of 2414 km / h, the folding part of the canopy of the first cabin, in which Lieutenant Colonel Kozitsky K.N. 31. The crew took action to reduce speed and altitude in extremely low temperatures (below -55 degrees Celsius), and then made a safe landing at the airfield. For their courage and high professionalism, the crew, consisting of lieutenant colonels Vladimir Prikhodko and Konstantin Kozitsky, was presented for state awards.
  • November 12, 2008 in Kazakhstan, the MiG-31 aircraft made an emergency landing with damage to the landing gear.
  • March 10, 2010 at the airport Kotlas  (Savvatia) (Arhangelsk region) during landing, rolled out onto the side safety strip and rolled over the MiG-31 fighter. During the accident, the pilot and navigator were injured. The plane was destroyed, the amount of damage amounted to 86 million rubles.
  • On November 19, 2010, the MiG-31, which took off from the airfield without a combat load, presumably due to a technical malfunction, entered corkscrew and crashed at 13.06 60 km northeast of the takeoff site ( Chusovsky district Perm region). The crew ejected.
  • September 6, 2011 in the airfield area Big Savino(Perm Territory) a few minutes after takeoff, a MiG-31 crashed. Crew members: the ship's commander - 1st class pilot Lieutenant Colonel S. Yu. Stolpyansky and 1st class navigator Major A.V. Gorbachev died.
  • April 23, 2013 at about 22:45 near the village of Prostornoye Shetsky district Karaganda region during a training flight, the MiG-31 tail number 02 crashed under the control of Colonel Edigeev M.O. (airbase commander) and navigator Major Galimzyanov R.R. (his deputy). The cause of the disaster, according to the preliminary version, was the failure of equipment. The crew of two people managed to eject. The commander of the ship, Colonel Marat Edigeev, died. A commission of the Ministry of Defense of Kazakhstan is working at the crash site (as of April 24, 2013).
  • On December 14, 2013, in the Primorsky Territory, 26 kilometers from the Central Corner Air Base near Vladivostok, a MiG-31DZ crashed. The crew of two people managed to eject.
  • September 4, 2014 near Armavir during a training flight of the MiG-31BM from 712 Guards. IAP there was a non-release of the landing gear. Fulfilling the rules of the RLE, both pilots ejected.
  • On October 30, 2015, at 18.38 Moscow time in the Kamchatka Territory, during a training flight after taking off from the Klyuchi airfield to the base airfield, a MiG-31 disappeared in bad weather conditions. . The plane crashed and both pilots ejected.
  • On January 25, 2016, the MiG-31 crashed in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The aircraft was performing a training flight 40 kilometers northwest of the city of Kansk. The pilots ejected.
  • On April 26, 2017, the MiG-31 crashed in Buryatia near the Telemba training ground. Both pilots ejected.

Combat use

Museum specimens

Images

The maximum speed of the MIG-31BM is 3.2 thousand km/h (for comparison, the maximum speed of the American F-22 is 2.1 thousand km/h). The target detection range of the MIG-31BM reaches 320 km. The aircraft is capable of simultaneously hitting 6 air targets.

The pilots were given the task of refueling at an altitude of several thousand meters. This most complicated maneuver requires pinpoint accuracy and forces even experienced specialists to be extremely attentive.

The flight crew and ground services are preparing for a responsible task. A trio of state-of-the-art MiG-31BM interceptor fighters will practice the most difficult aviation maneuver - at an altitude of 4,000 meters at a speed of 500 kilometers per hour, the fighters must refuel - fill the fuel tanks from the Il-78 air tanker.

The rendezvous point has been set in the sky over Lipetsk, 363 kilometers from the Nizhny Novgorod air base in Savasleyka, from where the MiGs fly. The fuel hose from a tanker aircraft is under enormous pressure, its density is so great that it is like a metal pipe in the air.

After several control approaches, the maneuver was successfully completed. The cone-skirt of the hose falls on the fuel receiver antenna. This is the very aerobatics. Refueling requires extreme concentration, the pilot is always under enormous stress, Anatoly Ishmaev admits after the flight.

You come to the starting position of 5-7 meters with a decrease of 1-1.5 meters, after that you make contact. You need to refuel 10 tons. The pilot is tense, stands in close formation for about 7-8 minutes. This is a tense moment. And the less he is in these parameters, the better, - says the commander of the detachment Anatoly Ishmaev.

Military aviation

Developed by RSK MiG. MiG-31BM is a two-seat, all-weather, long-range fighter-interceptor equipped with a modern control system. The fighter is capable of simultaneously hitting six air targets and tracking up to ten targets (you can also find information that the MiG-31BM can simultaneously detect up to 24 air targets, eight of which can be simultaneously fired by R-33S missiles). The range of destruction is 280 km, the target detection range reaches 320 km. The on-board equipment of the MiG-31BM aircraft provides the possibility of effective interaction with air defense anti-aircraft missile systems.

The MiG-31 is a two-seat long-range supersonic all-weather fighter-interceptor - the first fourth-generation Soviet combat aircraft. Developed in the 70s of the last century. Has many modifications. And, if the serial modification of the MiG-31B, equipped with an air refueling system, entered service in 1990, then MiG-31BM first went on public display in early 1999. This is an aircraft with significantly increased combat capabilities. Due to the modernization of avionics and weapons, the efficiency of the MiG-31BM (compared to the MiG-31) has increased by 2.6 times. Previously, machines of this family were classified as long-range interceptor fighters, and modernized The MiG has become a multi-purpose aircraft equipped with high-precision weapons to destroy both air and ground targets.

MiG-25 and MiG-31 fighters included in the list of the fastest aircraft in history

The publication considers the MiG-25 a third-generation supersonic fighter-interceptor developed by the Mikoyan-Gurevich Bureau to be the fastest of the Soviet aircraft.

Some of the aircraft presented in the rating are no longer in use, but their design and technical characteristics have had a great influence on the development of engineering and design ideas in aviation.

The publication considers the MiG-25 (Foxbat, Foxbat in NATO codification) to be the fastest of the Soviet aircraft, a third-generation supersonic fighter-interceptor developed by the Mikoyan-Gurevich Bureau. Its maximum speed without missiles on board can reach more than 3400 km/h, but in operation the speed of the aircraft is limited to 3000 km/h.

The United States has acknowledged that the MiG-25 is a highly maneuverable fighter whose increased air mobility is largely due to the size of its wings, BI notes.

Another figurant on the list of the American edition - the MiG-31 (Foxhound) - a fourth-generation supersonic long-range interceptor fighter - can reach speeds of up to 2600 km / h without missiles. Introduced into service in 1981, the Soviet MiG-31, according to analysts of the publication, is still one of the fastest fighters in history and continues to be in service with the Russian and Kazakh armies. According to BI, Russia plans to use the aircraft until 2030.

And the fastest aircraft in history, the publication called the American experimental rocket-plane X-15, equipped with rocket engines. On October 3, 1967, pilot Joe Walker on the X-15 set an unofficial altitude record (107.96 km) and a maximum speed of 7274 km / h.

The rating also includes the American strategic bomber XB-70 Valkyrie (3300 km/h), McDonnell-Douglas F-4 Phantom II interceptor (2369 km/h), single-seat, single-engine interceptor Convair F-106 Delta Dart (2454 km/h) , experimental Bell X-2 (3000 km/h) and Lockheed ST-71 Blackbird (3540 km/h).

Test pilot: MiG-41 must reach speeds up to Mach 4.3

The speed of the latest Russian fighter-interceptor MiG-41, developed on the basis of the MiG-31, should exceed Mach 4.

Such modernization should have taken place 20 years ago. However, this did not happen then, so now the requirements are increasing. They consist, among other things, in (increasing) the speed of the interceptor to Mach 4-4.3.

For comparison: the US Air Force's Lockheed SR-71 strategic supersonic reconnaissance aircraft can reach speeds of up to Mach 3.2. The MiG-31 interceptor fighter was developed in the USSR in the first half of the 1970s. The aircraft is capable of speeds up to 3,000 km/h, and its combat radius is 720 km.

The aircraft is armed with a six-barreled 23 mm cannon with 260 rounds of ammunition, and is also equipped with six hardpoints for various types of air-to-air missiles. A group of four MiG-31s, depending on the version, can control airspace with a frontal length of 900-1200 km. The upgraded MiG-31BMs are capable of detecting targets at a distance of up to 320 km and hitting them when approaching 280 km.

The total number of MiG-31s ​​of different versions in service with the Russian Air Force is about 190 units. The production of interceptor fighters was discontinued in 1994, but the modernization of these aircraft to the MiG-31BM version has recently begun.

Sources: www.tver-portal.ru, www.youtube.com, pro-samolet.ru, www.arms-expo.ru, vpk.name

Lindulovskaya grove

Red Mountain Uluru

Machu Picchu - the ancient city of the Incas

Sandow's triangle - the entrance to another dimension

sea ​​water maker

Fresh water is a valuable component of sea water. The lack of fresh water is increasingly felt in industrialized countries like the US...

Tunnels in the Pyramid of Cholula


Among the many mysteries and mysteries of the Cholula Pyramid, a special place is occupied by the tunnels inside this structure. The tunnels in the pyramid of Cholula have a complex...

old city of jerusalem

Jerusalem is one of the six great cities that significantly influenced the development of civilization. And I'm trying to pay homage to this great...

Irish Dublin

Dublin is famous for its huge variety of both historical and modern attractions. What are the must-sees while in this beautiful city? Dublin Castle...

The MiG-31 BM is the latest modification of a high-altitude fighter-interceptor, which has no analogues in the world. The MiG-31BM interceptor is part of the missile defense system (ABM), the aircraft takes on the most difficult functions - the destruction of cruise and ballistic missiles in any altitude range in adverse weather conditions, bringing the defense up to 100% reliability.

The MiG-31BM interceptor is part of the missile defense system (ABM), the aircraft takes on the most difficult functions - the destruction of cruise and ballistic missiles in any altitude range in adverse weather conditions, bringing the defense up to 100% reliability. The fighter was also given additional tasks to destroy satellites, detect and destroy 5th generation stealth aircraft, low-flying targets with a flight path that envelopes the terrain, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).

The MiG-31BM supersonic fighter-interceptor with a trapezoidal wing is a two-seat high-wing aircraft that has no analogues. The speed at altitude is 2.83 Mach, at the ground 1500 km/h. The low operating overload of 5 g is not accidental, maneuverability is not enough, but it is not needed, this aircraft instantly and accurately releases its stock of missiles and leaves as quickly as it approaches.

The history of the creation of MiG-31 interceptors

The end of the 1960s marked the beginning of the work of the Mikoyan Design Bureau, which worked on the project of the E-155MP interceptor fighter, which became famous under the name MiG-31. The Council of Ministers of the USSR decided on May 24, 1968 to start developing this project. At first, G.E. Lozino-Lozinsky worked on it until 1976, when he was transferred to develop the Buran space shuttle. The case was transferred to the new chief designer K.K. Vasilchenko, who was replaced in the course of time by A.A. Belosvet, E.K. Kostrubsky, A.B. Anosovich, B.S. Losev. The tasks set at that time were as follows:

Interception of air targets at all altitudes (low, medium, high) in both simple and adverse weather conditions.

The defeat of the maneuvering enemy and providing active resistance.

The aircraft received the latest electronic equipment, which expanded the range of capabilities, for the first time in the world, a phased array antenna array was used, which opened up new frontiers for radar. This is one of 29 world records for the #1 interceptor. Advanced foreign countries were able to repeat this at the turn of the 2000s. The work was not carried out from scratch, the MiG-25P was put as the basis, with the amendment that the crew would consist of not one, but two people. The design model was with a double-circuit D-30F6 propulsion unit in the amount of two units, the thrust of each was 15.5 thousand kgf. Then a new speed record M = 2.83 was already set. Low altitude obeyed the speed of 1500 km / h.

On September 16, 1975, under the code "83", the E-155PM glider took off with test pilot A.V. Fedotov. The finished design model flew a year later, leaving the Gorky Aircraft Plant, which finalized it constructively. The production of these machines was also organized there. The first combat unit entered the army on May 6, 1981 under the designation MiG-31. The fighter significantly differs from the MiG-29 small fighter developed simultaneously with it, its main targets are high-speed, not maneuverable. The interceptor initially serves in the fighter aircraft of the air defense forces, similar to special forces.

What's new in BM modification

In the early 2000s, the MiG leadership made a proposal to the new apparatus of power to continue work on the modernization of the MiG-31 and received a positive response. It is important that the military department decided to keep the assignment of the main combat missions, and the interceptor did not become another version of the multifunctional fighter. A demand was made from the Aerospace Forces to improve the performance of its predecessor in intercepting targets, as well as to provide the opportunity to qualitatively upgrade a large fleet of aging vehicles with on-board electronics and software and weapons.

Many enterprises and research institutes have joined the work, some of them are widely known in the country - these are the Vympel Design Bureau, the Chkalov Glitz, the Tikhomirov Research Institute of Instrument Engineering, the Sokol plant. The instrument makers were pleased with the development of the Zaslon-AM weapon control system (SUV), working with the upgraded RP-31AM radar, which calculates the on-board computer unique, with special software (software). These capabilities of the new "Barrier" make it possible to find low-profile targets with an RCS of 3 m2 (4th generation fighters) at a distance of 320 km and hit them at 280 km.

Installed Russian satellite navigation GLONASS. The probability of hitting hypersonic targets and cruise missiles has doubled. The aircraft became more effective in combat by 1.5 - 4 times. Its radar displays 5th generation stealth aircraft before entering close combat, which will make F-22 pilots think about their impunity. The first display of the MiG-31BM took place in 2007 at the MAKS exhibition. After finalizing the interceptors, two aircraft were already seen in 2008, while flying around the military airfield in Savasleika, the pilots of the 3958th Kerch Guards Red Banner Aviation Regiment gave them a good description. The cockpit interior was kept to the maximum, only a monitor was added.

Since 2006, the Mikoyan Design Bureau has a long-term contract with the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. The production of serial aircraft has been carried out since 2009. Until 2016, the project was being finalized and the release was limited. By 2020, at least 60 more MiG-31 winged vehicles, updated at the Sokol plant to the BM modification, will be added.

Class="eliadunit">

Aircraft capabilities

The main threat to peace comes from NATO aircraft carrier strike groups carrying American Tomahawk cruise missiles to the shores of any region of the planet. These low-flying targets (2 m - 5 m above the surface of the sea and land) are inaccessible to the missile defense system, but they are by the forces of the MiG-31BM, equipped with equipment with visibility in the upper and lower hemisphere. Having become all-seeing and multifunctional, the interceptor tenaciously keeps 24 objects on its radars. Carrying innumerable weapons (air-to-air, air-to-sea, air-to-ground missiles) weighing up to 9 tons, the aircraft is ready to hit up to 6 of them simultaneously. The fighter intercepts hypersonic targets up to Mach 6.

Good interaction with anti-aircraft missile systems (air defense) is another important advantage of this interceptor. In addition to combating objects located on the ground, on the water and in the air, the MiG-31BM can become a coordinating command post (CCP) for the rest of the group's aircraft with low-power radars.

In the current capabilities of our MiG, this is the aiming of missiles fired from other fighters, which, in radio silence mode, approached the missile launch distance. As a result, the work of the group becomes more effective. It is important to note once again that only the MiG-31 is able to overcome low-flying Tomahawk or ALCM missiles that are invisible on long-range air defense radars, and the first time. It was these missiles of overseas maniacs from the Pentagon that destroyed life in Iraq and Libya, these countries did not have Russian interceptors in their weapons.

The design of the MiG-31BM

The ventral keels give stability to the flight. The skin of the supersonic aircraft consists of heat-resistant steel grades and a lightweight, durable titanium alloy, which is made of 50% stainless steel, 33% aluminum, 16% titanium and 1% composite materials. Reinforced chassis, of 3 racks, bow design with a trolley on 2 wheels. In addition to the braking parachute, which is in the container, as brake shields, the wings of the main struts are used to minimize the stopping distance. The aircraft has grown to 22.7 m in length during the modernization period. Its height is 6.15 m. The speed wingspan is 13.45 m. The significant take-off weight is 50 tons, it is surprisingly large and the armament load is 9 tons. D-30F6 engines.

Especially for the latest version of the MiG-31BM, a fundamentally new scheme for completing the cockpits for the pilot and navigator from CJSC Russian Avionics was developed, now the crew can exchange information. Similar to the MiG-29SMT front-line fighter, a color LCD monitor with a convenient screen size of 6x8 inches appeared in the cockpit on the right. regarding the situation and condition of the aircraft.

Specifications

  • Crew: 2 people
  • Length: 22690
  • Fuselage length: 20620
  • Height: 6150
  • Wingspan: 13460
  • Wing area: 61.60 m²
  • Empty weight: 21820 kg
  • Weight with full filling: 39150 kg
  • Maximum takeoff weight: 46750 kg
  • Maximum fuel capacity: 17330 kg
  • Payload payload weight: up to 5000 kg
  • Engine: 2 × TRDDF D-30F6
  • thrust:
    • maximum unafterburner: 2 × 9500 kgf
    • afterburner: 2 × 15500 kgf
  • Maximum operational overload: 5G

Flight characteristics

  • Maximum allowable speed - 3400 km / h
  • Cruising speed subsonic - 950 km / h
  • Cruise speed supersonic -: 2500 km/h
  • Practical range -1450 km
  • Combat radius - 720 km
  • Practical ceiling - 20600 m
  • Dynamic ceiling - 30000 m
  • Rate of climb: near the ground 160 m/s:
  • Takeoff run: 950-1200 m
  • Mileage: 800 m
  • Landing speed - 280 km / h

Equipment

An important part of the armament is the Zaslon-M radar station. The 4th generation fighter is detected at a distance of 320 km, it is possible to accompany this target at a striking distance of 280 km with missiles with an inertial guidance system K-37M (the Russian version of the R-37M at exhibitions is RVV-BD, produced since 2014 for the MiG-31BM), in service there are also R-33S, R-77, reaching the enemy at 120 km. Tests were carried out confirming these characteristics, superior to analogues in foreign countries. By comparison, it is worth noting that the best US interceptor F-14D "Tomcat" is able to notice and hit an enemy fighter with an RCS of 3 m2 at a distance of up to 160 km (in 2006 it was replaced by the still unfinished F / A-18E / F "Super Hornet", inferior predecessor).

Armament

At one of the shows in Zhukovsky, the MiG-31BM demonstrated its weapons, it was visible 4 long-range radar-guided R-33S missiles attached under the fuselage on conformal nodes, on the left console there was one Kh-31P anti-radar missile. The armament consisted of 4 medium-range missiles RVV-AE, attached to the underwing nodes.

The aging R-40 TD missiles, made for the predecessor of the MiG-25 P, are also used. Such aircraft will be able to arm themselves with 6 Kh-25MP, Kh-25MPU, Kh-31P missiles (anti-radar), 3 Kh-59 and Kh-29 homing missiles (for hitting moving ground targets).

For the bombardment of fortified stationary objects (including mines with enemy ballistic missiles, headquarters), 6 KAB-1500 or 8 KAB-500 corrected air bombs can be used.

class="eliadunit">

The MiG-31 is a combat aircraft, the main task of which is the destruction of an air enemy at long distances. It is capable of shooting down enemy aircraft with a wide range of altitudes, from low to, practically, the stratosphere. Performs combat missions in any weather.

The MiG-31 aircraft is an unsurpassed product of the 70s of the XX century by the famous Design Bureau named after. Mikoyan. But until now, the machine is in combat formation on the protection of the air borders of Russia and is not going to give way to later developments of military military equipment.

From the very beginning, this fighter was equipped with technical and military capabilities that were far ahead of their time. Suffice it to say that immediately after its creation, the aircraft became the champion of numerous world records in flight altitude, speed and rate of climb. A photo of the MiG-31 is presented below.

The main technical characteristics of the aircraft

The interceptor is made according to the scheme of a monoplane with a high wing. It has two vertical fins and two horizontal engines in the tail section. Wing in the form of a trapezoid. The engine air intakes are located on the sides of the fuselage, just behind the cockpit. The cabin of the MiG-31 is designed for two crew members.

In the manufacture of the MiG-31 design, mainly high-strength and high-temperature steel was used, the remaining elements are titanium and aluminum alloys. For the first time in the domestic aircraft industry, a combat vehicle was equipped with a phased array antenna locator. In the power plant of the aircraft, turbojet engines with two circuits and a high compression ratio are used.

The aircraft is capable of flying at speeds several times faster than the speed of sound and can withstand g-forces up to 5 g. On later modifications of the aircraft, equipment for refueling in the air was installed.

The main technical characteristics of the MiG-31:

Some performance characteristics of the MiG-31 are superior to those of modern aircraft.

Timeline of creation

The beginning of the creation of the MiG-31 should be considered 1968. The prototype MiG-31 made its first flight in 1975. Tests of the aircraft at the state level were completed in 1980. By 1981, all the necessary documentation, working drawings were prepared, factory equipment was made and mass production technologies were worked out. This made it possible to start manufacturing serial machines in the same year (Nizhny Novgorod). The first combat duty of the fighter took place in 1983. The production of 31 MiGs was discontinued in 1994, after more modern aircraft models entered service.

MiG-31 in 1975

In total, more than 500 copies of the MiG-31 and its variants were manufactured.

Armament

MiG-31 armament: the main armament element is high-precision missiles, which are capable of hitting the enemy both in airspace and on the ground, at various distances. The aircraft can also be armed with missiles to destroy offshore targets. Some of the missiles that are part of the MiG-31 armament operate on the “fire and forget” principle, which does not require the participation of the pilot in their final aiming at the target.

On-board guidance means for such missiles allow you to do it yourself. To protect the aircraft from enemy strikes, it is equipped with a radar warning system, on-board radio-electronic countermeasures and jamming, and thermal missiles. To destroy ground targets, laser-guided glider bombs are suspended on the aircraft. For firing at short-range targets, a gun is installed in the MiG-31 hull, designed for a set of 260 shells. The total weight of the combat armament of the aircraft can reach 3 tons.

The aircraft is capable of shooting down targets at a distance of more than 100 km and at altitudes from low-flying targets enveloping the earth's terrain to targets at an altitude of about 30 km. This is one of the few fighters that can shoot down low-orbit spacecraft. Issues of evaluating the possibility of using the aircraft to launch small satellites were worked out.

Onboard equipment

The MiG-31 radio-electronic on-board equipment is a powerful complex for detecting the enemy and aiming the aircraft's striking weapons at him. The central element of this complex is a radar with a phased antenna. This locator differs from parabolic-type airborne locators in that it is able to track more than one target, but simultaneously monitor more than 20 targets and point the aircraft’s weapons at 8 targets.

The MiG-31 is capable of detecting an air enemy at a distance of more than 300 km, and a ground enemy at a distance of up to 200 km. The MiG-31 on-board electronic equipment allows several aircraft to exchange information. Such a grouping, composed of several 31 vehicles, is capable of protecting air borders with a width of about one thousand kilometers. The nature of the information exchange in such a grouping allows one of the machines to take on the role of a gunner and help the rest of the fighters to aim at the target.

The onboard equipment of the 31st Migov includes a thermal direction finder capable of tracking the enemy at a distance of about 50 km.

HEADLIGHTS and refueling receiver MiG-31B

Power point

The MiG-31 power plant includes two turbojet boosted aircraft engines with two compression circuits, each with a normal thrust of about 9 tons and with an increased thrust of about 16 tons. This aircraft engine was created by designers and engineers of the design bureau from Perm. Main engine parameters:

The Mig-31 engine has in its design several low- and high-pressure stage compressors that compress air with great force before being fed into the combustion chamber. There, in the combustion chamber, fuel is injected. The resulting air-fuel mixture burns at a temperature of about 1400 degrees. The gases escaping from the engine nozzle are capable of pushing the aircraft with a force of about 10 tons.

The total thrust of the dual Mig-31 installation can reach from 20 to 30 tons. The amount of air entering the engine with the help of special devices is regulated depending on the altitude and speed of the flight. This ensures stable operation of the engine at all altitudes. The diameter of the outlet section of the supersonic nozzle of the engine can be adjusted. What increases or decreases the speed of gases leaving the engine nozzle and, thus, regulates its thrust.

The MiG-31 engine has a high degree of reliability, which is ensured by special protection against uncontrolled spin-up of engine parts, limiting its heating, as well as timely detection of defects and damage to its mechanisms and individual parts. Increased reliability is also achieved by duplicating individual motor systems.

The design of the MiG-31 aircraft engine has a high degree of maintainability, which is largely due to the modular design of the engine.


Flight altitude

The flight altitude of an aircraft largely depends on its speed. As the altitude increases, the density of the air decreases, and, consequently, the support of the aircraft wing on the air also decreases. Then, the only way to achieve a greater height is the acceleration of the aircraft. The maximum flight altitude of the MiG-31 is about 30 km, while its speed is three times higher than the sound speed.

Airspeed

The flight speed of an aircraft is determined by numerous factors, the main ones include: engine power, fuel characteristics, aerodynamics of the hull and wing contours, payload mass. Taking into account all these parameters, the maximum speed of the MiG-31 can reach over 3 m. At a low altitude, it can reach up to 1.5 m.

For quite a long time, the MiG-31 can fly at a speed less than the sound of 950 km / h and at a speed exceeding the speed of sound of 2500 km / h. When landing, the speed of the aircraft is reduced to 300 km / h.

The exceptional properties of the MiG-31 include its ability to reach the sound barrier in level flight and while climbing. The aircraft is able to reach the transition of the sound barrier without additional inclusion of afterburner. The aircraft is capable of flying for a long time at a speed greater than the speed of sound. Most analogue aircraft manage to maintain such a flight for no more than a few tens of minutes.

Range of flight

The flight range of the MiG-31 largely depends on the amount of fuel on board, the weight of the payload and the flight speed of the aircraft. At subsonic speed without missiles, the flight range can be about 2500 km. The duration of the flight will be 2.5 hours.

With four missiles and their launch at the middle of the distance, the range will be 2400 km, with four missiles and their launch at the end of the distance, the range will be 2240 km.

With two external tanks and their dumping after fuel consumption, the plane will be able to fly 3000 km. The MiG-31 will reach the same flight range with a single in-flight fuel replenishment from a special tanker aircraft. The aircraft's maximum flight range of 8,000 km was obtained with a three-fold replenishment of fuel from a tanker aircraft. The duration of the flight took about 7 hours.

The range of the MiG-31 during combat work is over 700 km.

Modifications

It has been repeatedly modified to improve parameters and to perform new tasks. Consider the most striking examples of machine improvements.

Design versions of 31 machines:

MiG-31B- improved control equipment, added in-flight refueling device, updated information exchange methods, improved vehicle navigation, including the use of satellite signals. This version of the vehicle is equipped with new missiles for hitting targets at short and long distances. All these innovations made it possible to increase the combat power of the fighter.

MiG-31M- a serious modernization of the basic version of the aircraft. An improved airborne radar system was installed, with a detection range of up to 320 km and 24 objects in target tracking mode. A modified more powerful aircraft engine was installed. Increased volume of fuel tanks. Added active jamming equipment. An increase in the diameter of the locator antenna required a change in the design of the head fairing, it had to be slightly tilted down.

MiG-31BM– added anti-radar and anti-ship missiles. The radio electronics were improved in such a way that the aircraft was able to coordinate its actions with ground-based anti-aircraft systems, and also be used as an air command post for coordination with other aircraft.

MiG-31D- an option for the destruction of low-flying satellites.

MiG-33LL- used for research purposes.

MiG-31E- export version of the machine.

MiG-31FE- front-line fighter with a wide range of tasks. Added a laser targeting system to destroy objects on the ground. The combat load reached 9 tons. The aircraft can simultaneously use both weapons to destroy targets in the airspace and on the ground. It became possible to install equipment made abroad on the aircraft.

In the latest versions of 31 machines, for the convenience and operational awareness of the crew, light information was added on the windshield of the cab.

Operation and combat use

The first 31st moments began to arrive in the air defense forces since 1980. They were sent to aviation regiments based in Pravdinsk (Kaliningrad region) and to the Air Defense Center in Savasleyka (Nizhny Novgorod region). In the future, they had to defend the borders of the USSR in the Far East. A dangerous situation developed there, in connection with the provocative flights of American reconnaissance aircraft near the borders of the USSR. These planes had a speed that exceeded the speed of fighters of that time. After the MiG-31 fighters appeared in the sky of the Far East, the provocative flights stopped.

Currently, the Russian army and navy are armed with 247 MiG-31 aircraft of various modifications. The geography of their deployment is concentrated in the center of Russia (Tver and Vladimir regions), in the North (Monchegosk), in the Urals (Perm), Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Territory), in the Far East (Vladivostok, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky). The Republic of Kazakhstan is armed with 32 MiG-31s.

In 1999-2000, the 31st MiGs took part in the second Chechen war, controlling the airspace over the republic.

: In November 2016, the MiG-31 was assigned the responsibility of covering the Khmeimim base, the main base for basing the Russian aerospace forces in Syria.

aircraft perspective

Given the unique flight performance and combat capabilities of the MiG-31, work continues on its further modernization. This is mainly due to the improvement of on-board equipment and electronics, as well as engine capabilities. The aerodynamics of the aircraft, combined with the materials from which the aircraft was made, proved to be an undeniable advantage even over later fighter aircraft designs. Some characteristics of the MiG-31 remain unsurpassed to this day. In the near future, it is planned to upgrade 60 fighters of the 31st MiG to the level of BM, and plans are being considered in government circles and in the State Duma of Russia to resume production of the MiG-31.

In contact with

RELATED ARTICLES