UDC 811.161.1
O.A. Usacheva
EVALUATIVE ADVERBS AS A MEANS OF EXPRESSING INTENSITY
DIFFERENT FEATURES
The article discusses the features of the interaction between the categories of intensity and appraisal. The evaluative adverbs used in the context as intensifiers of various features are analyzed. The mechanisms of formation of the seme of intensity in the structure of the lexical meaning of adverbs are studied and the features of their semantics are analyzed. The specificity of using general evaluative adverbs and adverbs with the semantics of ethical evaluation as intensifiers is revealed, regularities in the lexical compatibility of the considered adverbs are determined. There is a tendency for evaluative adverbs to lose their qualitative semantics.
Key words: adverbs, intensity, appraisal, norm, semantics, general assessment, ethical assessment.
The close connection between the categories of intensity and appraisal is emphasized by many linguists. First of all, this connection is determined by the subjective nature of the category of intensity. As noted by S.E. Rodionov, “for the category of intensity, the pragmatic aspect becomes the most important - the subjective significance for the participants in the situation of this increase in the attribute. It is no coincidence that V. Mathesius under intensification meant “an evaluative hue accompanied by an expression of a high degree of quality or intensity of an action or state”, noting that “a simple expression of quantity, although significantly large, is not intensification” .
Both considered categories have a gradual nature: according to E.M. Wolf, “with any assessment, quantitative or qualitative, private or general, in the “picture of the world” of communication participants there is a rating scale and a corresponding stereotype” . The homogeneity of the categories of evaluation and intensity is evidenced by the reasoning of T.V. Markelova, who considers assessment as one of the components of the grouping of quantitative-qualifying functional-semantic fields.
The nature of the relationship between the categories of intensity and appraisal, in our opinion, is quite clearly formulated in the work of A.V. Ivanch, who considers these relations as relations of part and whole: “Intensity is evaluative, intensification arises as a result of the speaker’s axiological interpretation of reality and the texts he creates, evaluation does not necessarily imply strengthening, although it has the ability to vary in accordance with the values of the intensity scale” .
* © Usacheva O.A., 2016
Usacheva Olga Alexandrovna ( [email protected]), Department of the Russian Language and Mass Communication, Samara University, 443086, Russian Federation, Samara, Moscow highway, 34.
** The study was supported by the Russian Humanitarian Foundation and the Government of the Samara Region (Project No. 15-14-63002).
Usacheva O.A.
One of the lines of interaction between the categories of intensity and appraisal is the use of actual evaluative words to express the intensity of various features. G.I. Kustova notes the typicality for evaluative words of the transition to the class Magp "s. "Many adjectives (and adverbs)," the researcher writes, "become Magp" through the assessment stage.
The subject of this article is adverbs with evaluation semantics that can act as intensifiers. Note that we are analyzing adverbs, in the structure of the lexical meaning of which the seme of evaluation is the main one: good, excellent, excellent; indecent, impermissible, criminal, etc.
The ability of the adverbs under consideration to perform the function of intensifiers is determined, in our opinion, by the connection between the categories of intensity and evaluativeness and grading. The meaning of “deviation from the norm”, expressed by evaluative adverbs, is subjected to rethinking. The value of intensity is characterized through a consequence: a high degree of manifestation of a feature causes an evaluative reaction in the speaker.
General evaluative adverbs that act as intensifiers (good, excellent, excellent, excellent, excellent, etc.) usually have syncretic semantics: they simultaneously indicate the degree of manifestation of the evaluated feature and its quality. It is difficult to distinguish between these values. For example, in a phrase, a superbly thought-out adverb actualizes the qualitative semantics "carefully" and the quantitative semantics - "very". General appraisal adverbs are the most organic for characterizing the mental activity of a person. They are very actively combined with lexemes know, understand, understand, study, educated, trained, aware, etc. For example: Sometimes I think about why these superbly educated and brilliantly skilled people did not make a great career further, the materials of the National Corpus of the Russian Language were used in the work); But a smart person who knows life and people well (Bunin); He is a brilliant self-taught. Well versed in literature (Iskander); Annenkov is perfectly aware of what is happening in Russia (Dorofeev).
Among the adverbs with particular evaluative semantics, a group of adverbs with the meaning of the ethical assessment "moral / immoral" attracts attention. As N.D. Arutyunova, ethical assessment "is not indifferent to the concept of an archetype - a norm, a model, an example, potential requirements for an object" . The speaker's assessment of any signs as not corresponding to moral standards indicates a high degree of manifestation of these signs. A number of adverbs with negative appraisal semantics, regularly used as intensifiers, have been recorded: immoral, godless, dissolute, shameless, shameless, defiant, arrogant, unacceptable, impermissible, indecent, obscene, unforgivable, vicious, shameful, criminal, cynical.
First of all, these adverbs indicate the intensity of signs, the high degree of manifestation of which is traditionally assessed negatively by society. In such cases, adverbs preserve and clearly update the qualitative semantics. For example: Her shamelessly short clothes revealed full white legs (Ladinsky); Laughing indecently loudly, she pulled her comb out of Ostap's hands (Ilf, Petrov). Sofya Mironovna dressed defiantly bright ... Many did not like her for her defiant behavior (Terekhov); I was waiting for a friend who was indecently late, and I already ordered a third glass (Komsomolskaya Pravda).
Most of the adverbs under consideration are actively used to assess the intensity of quantitative signs: "a lot" / "little", "big" / "small", "high" / "low", "long" / "quickly", "often" / "rarely" , “early” / “late”, etc. Such expressions are widely used in modern newspaper public
Evaluative adverbs as a means of expressing intensity
various signs 215
Lysistics. For example: Smart people with in-demand IT specialties simply began to pay indecently much (Izvestia); Social activists like Vasily Mashketov, who is convinced that Dolina is taking an unacceptably large piece of the budget pie, probably do not count (Novgorodskiye Vedomosti); As a result, last summer the decision to transfer aircraft from Siberia to the burning European part of Russia was taken for an unacceptably long time (Russian reporter); The M197 model with Brian Hart engines looked like an outright outsider on the tracks, and it broke indecently often, and each time something new came out of the system (Formula)
Characterized with the help of negatively marked adverbs, the sign is perceived by the speaker as redundant, exceeding the allowable norm. Actualizing the power value, evaluative adverbs approach intensifiers too, excessively, unnecessarily. It is the excess of the measure of the sign that causes a negative reaction of the subject of speech. The use of negative-evaluative adverbs to characterize the excessive manifestation of positive qualities or emotional states is indicative. For example: Secondly, Mikulitsyn is criminally kind, kind to the extreme (Pasternak); If I were not so inexcusably kind to you, you would respect me; otherwise you have lost all respect for me (Turgenev); I was terribly shocked when they gave me money for a film based on my book “Industrial Zone”, and indecently happy when a person who didn’t need anything from me gave me a car (Komsomolskaya Pravda).
Attention is drawn to the frequency of examples of negative characteristics of a high degree of manifestation of the signs "beautiful" and "young". Pronounced beauty is often assessed as excessive, not in line with moral standards. For example: For all that, he was frankly, even somehow (I decided) indecently handsome (Makushinsky); Those who, at their own peril and risk, nevertheless bought a tour and came to this country with a girlfriend or friend, can easily be expelled home right from the airport if, when checking documents, the lady is considered unacceptably beautiful (Labor-7); Who is it?.. Defiantly beautiful, isn't it? - Olga pointed with admiring eyes at Aksinya (Sholokhov); And all because of the fact that a criminally beautiful woman (Tolstoy) passed through the factory shop, rustling with a dress.
As a deviation from the norm, the youthfulness of a mature person is usually perceived by native speakers. For example: She is young, she is unacceptably young for her age (Orlova); Next to his surviving classmates, his friends at the university, now respected, honored, awarded, cited, talented, who have contributed to science and the like, he seemed wild, untamed, antediluvian, and, moreover, indecently young (Granin); Maya Mikhailovna is defiantly young, when she walked with her son, her friends took him aside and asked: did you get an older girlfriend? (Terekhov).
The previous analysis of a wide range of power adverbs allowed us to conclude that their syntagmatic connections are pronounced, due to the qualitative component of the semantics of intensifiers. At the same time, in different groups of adverbs, lexemes were noted that tend to expand lexical compatibility. Among evaluative adverbs, such a feature is most clearly revealed by lexemes godlessly and criminally.
The power semantics of the adverb is godlessly fixed in explanatory dictionaries: “trans. Very, extremely, extremely." The adverb is actively used as an intensifier of various signs and actions. For example: He sat, drank coffee, wiped away tears and shamelessly lied about how carefully he treated my work (Nagibin); ... and how godlessly stupid and stupid are his dreams! (Andreev); P.S. Don't write so godlessly small! (Chekhov); Rich peasants willingly hired Tanya as a nanny or as a laborer and, taking advantage of her modesty, often shamelessly shortchanged (Musatov); Sugar must be added at your discretion, a couple of tablespoons at least, otherwise the sauce will be godlessly sour (Komsomolskaya Pravda).
Evaluative adverbs as a means of expressing the intensity of various features
The adverb criminally also exhibits a tendency to lose qualitative semantics. This intensifier is widely used in Internet communication. Probably, this is facilitated by the bright semantics of the adverb, which allows the speaker to express the meaning of intensity very expressively. For example: Givenchy - the color is incomparable, but I had lipstick from this collection, and I was categorically not satisfied with just this very softness - the lipstick disappears criminally quickly from the lips, this is unacceptable for me; In addition, the battery is discharged criminally quickly. If games are in the first place, then it is better to buy a PSP, PS Vita or Nintendo 3DS; Olga, thank you for the secrets of craftsmanship. A criminally beautiful result; But in this film, there is criminally little action.
So, evaluative adverbs have a pronounced ability to develop exponential meanings. This ability is due to the close interaction between the categories of intensity and appraisal: in particular, the subjective nature of the category of intensity and the gradual nature of the categories of intensity and appraisal.
Bibliographic list
1. Rodionova S.E. The semantics of intensity and its expression in modern Russian // Problems of functional grammar. Field structures. St. Petersburg: Nauka Publishing House, 2005. P. 150-169.
2. Wolf E.M. Functional semantics of evaluation. M.: Editorial URSS, 2002. 280 p.
3. Markelova T.V. Pragmatics and semantics of means of expressing evaluation in Russian. M.: MGUP named after Ivan Fedorov, 2013. 300 p.
4. Ivancha A.V. Adjective intensification in non-closely related languages (based on Russian and English languages): dis. ... cand. philol. Sciences. Saratov, 2012. 319 p.
5. Shustova S.V., Fayzieva G.V., Osheva E.A. Pragmatic potential of the beneficial situation // Modern Science: Actual Problems of Theory and Practice. Series: Humanities. 2016. No. 4. S. 179-182.
6. Kustova G.I. Words with a high degree of meaning: semantic models and semantic mechanisms (Magn "bi-adjectives) // Word and language: collection of articles on the 80th anniversary of academician Yu.D. Apresyan. Moscow, 2011. P. 256-268.
7. Arutyunova N.D. Language and the human world. 2nd ed., rev. Moscow: Languages of Russian culture, 1999. 896 p.
8. Usacheva O.A., Smirnova A.S. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic connections of figurative adverbs-intensifiers // Bulletin of young scientists and specialists of the Samara State University. 2014. No. 1. pp. 126-131.
9. Efremova T.F. Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. in 3 vols. M., 2006. URL: http://enc-dic.com/efremova.
1. Rodionova S.E. Semantika intensivnosti i ee vyrazhenie v sovremennom russkom iazyke. In: Problemy funktsional "noi grammatiki. Polevye struktury. SPb .: izdatel" stvo "Nauka", 2005, pp. 150-169.
2. Vol "f E.M. Funktsional" naia semantika otsenki. M.: Editorial URSS, 2002, 280 p. .
3. Markelova T.V. Pragmatika i semantika sredstv vyrazheniia otsenki v russkom iazyke . M.: MGUP imeni Ivana Fedorova, 2013, 300 p. .
4. Ivancha A.V. Ad "ektivnaia intensifikatsiia v neblizkorodstvennykh iazykakh (na materiale russkogo i angliiskogo iazykov): dis. ... kand. filol. nauk. Saratov, 2012, 319 p. .
Usacheva O.A.
5. Shustova S.V., Fajzieva G.V., Osheva E.A. Pragmaticheskiipotentsial benefaktivnoi situatsii. Sovremennaia nauka: aktual "nye problemy teorii i praktiki. Seriia: Humanitarnye nauki, 2016, no. 4, pp. 179-182.
6. Kustova G.I. Slova so znacheniem vysokoi stepeni: semanticheskie modeli i semanticheskie mekhanizmy (Magn "y-prilagatel" nye) . In: Slovo i iazyk. Sbornik statei k 80-letiiu akad. Iu.D. Apresiana. M., 2011, pp. 256-268.
7. Arutyunova N.D. Iazyk i mir cheloveka. 2nd edition, ispr. . M.: "Iazyki russkoi kul" tury", 1999, 896 p. .
8. Usacheva O.A., Smirnova A.S. Paradigmaticheskie i sintagmaticheskie sviazi obraznykh narechii-intensifikatorov. Vestnik molodykh uchenykh i spetsialistov Samarskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta , 2014, no. 1, pp. 126-131.
9. Efremova T.F. Sovremennyi tolkovyi slovar" russkogo iazyka. V3 t. . M., 2006. Retrieved from: http://enc-dic.com/efremova.
EVALUATIVE ADVERBS AS MEANS OF EXPRESSION INTENSITY OF VARIOUS
The article discusses the aspects of interaction of categories of intensity and evaluation. Evaluative adverbs which are used in the context as various features intensifiers are analyzed. Mechanisms of formation of seme intensity in the structure of lexical meaning of adverbs are studied and the characteristics of their semantics are analyzed. The article reveals the specificity of usage as intensifiers of generally evaluative adverbs and adverbs with the semantics of ethical evaluation, there are defined the regularity in lexical compatibility of considered adverbs. There is a trend towards loss of quality semantics for estimated adverbs.
Key words: adverbs, intensity, estimation, norm, semantics, overall evaluation, ethical evaluation.
The article was received by the editors on 11/VII/2016.
The article received 11/VII/2016.
* Usacheva Olga Alexandrovna ( [email protected]), Department of Russian Language and Mass Communication, Samara University, 34, Moskovskoye shosse, Samara, 443086, Russian Federation.
Qualitative adverbs - a category of adverbs (see) formed from quality adjectives (see) with the help of the suffix -o (s): more beautiful) - beautiful, bold (th) - bold, joyful) - joyfully, sincere (th) - sincerely and sincerely, brilliant (s) - brilliantly, defiant) - defiantly. A small group is made up of K. n. with the suffix -i, created on the basis of adjectives in -sk (s): ironic (s) - ironically, slavish (s) - slavishly, childish (s) - de-teki. K. n. determine the verb, the adjective, less often the adverb: “Trustfully she bowed her head on the shoulder of the young robber * (Pushkin); “Sitanov was friendly to me * (M. Gorky); “The whole face ... became youthfully fresh, childishly trusting” (Prishvin).
K. n. inherit from their producers not only the largest number of semes in the lexical meaning, but also the ability to have degrees of comparison and forms of evaluation. The forms of the comparative degree of adverbs, as well as adjectives, are formed with the help of suffixes -ee (s), -she, -s: “The dogs barked louder and more friendly * (Chekhov). Analytical forms of the comparative degree are formed by adding words more or less to positive forms: high - more (less) high, strictly - more (less) strictly.
Simple forms of the superlative degree in -ayshe (-eyshe) are found in combinations such as I humbly ask, I bow most humbly, warn me most severely (most strictly), I deeply regret, I bow most respectfully. In modern Russian they are rarely used in language: “I almost pulled off my nephew’s drape coat from his shoulders” (Karavaeva). Compound forms of the superlative degree consist of the form of the comparative degree and the word of everything (all) or from the words of the most, least and positive forms of the adverb, for example. “He (Voltaire) was brought up by Phoebus, Izdstva became piit. Most of all re-read, Everyone is less tormented ”(Pushkin).
Combinations of type are above all, most of all indicate the signs of the actions of inanimate objects, and combinations of type are above all, most of all - animate. Wed He puts the interests of society above everything (what?) - He puts himself above all (who?) himself.
Forms of evaluation K. n. are formed with the help of amplifying and magnifying suffixes -ovat-(-evat-), -onk-(-enk-) with various emotionally affectionate shades, in the folk-poetic language -yohonk-(-ohonk-), -yoshenk-: got up late - got up late; smiled slyly - smiled slyly; life is hard for him - life is hard for him, hard; “The monkey, seeing his image in the mirror, quietly kicks the bear” (Krylov); “And the dogs lie quietly” (Krylov); “Everyone laughed thinly” (Dudin-tsev). Wed See also: far - far away, far away; a long time ago - a long time ago, a long time ago, a long time ago, etc.
The term K. n." often used as a synonym for the term "determinative adverbs", which are opposed to adverbial adverbs. In some works K. n. considered as one of the groups of definitive adverbs.
Practice #6
The concept of adverb as a part of speech. Meaning. grammatical signs.
An adverb is an independent part of speech that denotes a sign of an action, a sign of another sign, or (less often) a sign of an object. The question of an adverb depends on the meaning it expresses.
An adverb can refer to a verb, an adjective, an adverb, a noun, and other parts of speech, for example: talking rudely, working silently, very sad, too strong, quite late, absolutely correct, riding a horse, just a baby, etc.
Some adverbs do not name a sign, but only point to it. These are pronominal adverbs here, there, so, then, because, because, therefore, etc. For example: The shutter was half open, and therefore every little thing could be seen in the room (A. Kuprin).
The main feature of adverbs is their immutability. Adverbs do not decline or conjugate, do not form forms of gender and number.
Adverbs in -o, -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, can form forms of degrees of comparison - comparative and excellent: sad - sadder, sadder than all; good - better, best of all; hot - hotter, hotter than anything.
In a sentence, adverbs most often act as circumstances of various types and the nominal part of the compound predicate. For example:
And for some reason the lights lit up;
I was looking for you near, I caught you in the distance.
Classes of adverbs by meaning and word-formation structure.
According to their meaning, adverbs are divided into two groups - adverbs defining and adverbs circumstantial.
Defining adverbs characterize an action or feature in terms of its quality, quantity and method of performance.
Determinative qualitative adverbs denote the quality of an action or feature. For example: fun, loud, excited, unattractive, affectionate, bold, somehow, somehow, etc. He carefully kneaded the ear in his palms
Quantitative adverbs indicate the measure and degree of quality, intensity of action. For example: very, very, almost, barely, not at all, too, too, slightly, twice, three times, enough.
Defining adverbs of image or mode of action describe how an action is performed. For example: to smithereens, on foot, to the touch, swimming hand to hand, etc.
Adverbs serve as indicators of spatial, temporal, causal and target relationships.
1 Adverbs of time indicate the time of the action.
2 Adverbs of place indicate the place of the action or its direction.
3 Adverbs of reason indicate the reason for the action.
4 Adverbs of purpose indicate the purpose for which the action is performed.
Ways of forming adverbs in Russian
1. Prefix - from adverbs: long - not long, like - somehow.
2. Suffixal, with which adverbs are formed from
Nouns: winter - winter-oh,
Adjectives: good - good-oh,
Numerals: three - thrice,
Verbs: lie - lie-a,
Adverbs: good - good, how - somehow,
3. Attachment-suffix, with which adverbs are formed from
Adjectives: new - in a new way, old - from a long time ago,
Forms of degrees of comparison and subjective evaluation of qualitative adverbs.
In the category of quality adverbs on - about from the system of adjectives, a whole arsenal of forms is transferred through which the adverb passes through and which characterizes the adverb with the meaning of a purely qualitative definition.
These are primarily forms of degrees of comparison:
1) Comparative degree, coinciding with the corresponding form of the adjective in - her(-her), -e and - she: "Now everyone is freer breathes" (Griboedov); brighter, lighter, younger, taller, thinner etc.; cf. use of a descriptive comparative degree more with forms not only on - about, but also on ski: "Rogozhin ... needed conversation, it seemed, more mechanical than morally" (Dostoevsky, "The Idiot");
2) Descriptive superlative, consisting of the same form of the comparative degree and the genitive case Total and all: work best, love most etc.;
3) In superlatives on - e from adjective forms to - aishy, -the most(cf.: most deeply, most humbly, most submissively, most etc.). This form of adverb is almost dying out. It is found mainly in the rhetorical styles of bookish speech and in clerical language (cf .: tighter, tighter)
In colloquial language, from adverbs to − about forms of subjective evaluation are also formed with the help of suffixes:
1) Productive - onc-, -enk- with the value of subjectively colored amplification or magnification: a long time ago, quickly, well, hard, lightly etc.; cf. "He tried to dress cleanly despite their extreme poverty" (Dostoevsky, "Demons");
2) Less productive - onechk-, -enechk- with a sharpened touch of endearment: little, little, little, little etc.;
3) Unproductive - sharply, -yohonk-, -yoshenk- with an amplifying and caressing meaning: quietly, quietly, evenly etc. Forms on - yeshenko, -oshenko characteristic mainly of folk poetic style.
Wed also forms like: too early, not enough or forms with intensifying prefixes: ugly, stupid etc. (less often: foolishly, prejudicially);archi- (archly wrong),above- (over the top) etc.
Specify adverbs. How do they differ from other independent parts of speech? Write out the phrases in this order: 1) with adverbs denoting a signactions (its time, place, etc.); 2) with adverbs denoting a feature of another feature; 3) with adverbs denoting a sign of an object.
Wipe (until) dry ..., return (behind) dark ..., turn (to) lion ..., turn (to) right ..., share (in) fraternal, speak (in) Polish, hot. .. argue, (according to) morning fresh, slightly (slightly) warm, (according to) everywhere known, (according to) winter light.
RESEARCH PROBLEM
Subject. Continued work on the "Language Extension Dictionary" Your role. Researcher-lexicographer.
Description of actions. To express a high assessment of the quality of any work in speech, adverbs of the mode of action, measure and degree are used. Conduct a survey among your relatives, friends and acquaintances: “How would you say if you really liked something: an act, a book, a film, a song, etc. acted (how?), the book was written (how?), the actors play (how?) and so on.” Vocabulary compositions, entering marks (non-ump, colloquial, heat, ind-author, etc.), mark the frequency of using the same words. Divide the words into groups: adverbs and words that are not adverbs according to grammatical features. This work will continue the vocabulary research you started in grades 5-6.
Result: a mini-dictionary of adverbs expressing a high quality assessment.
abbreviated words, between two words, to indicate the transfer of part of the word to another line:
2) colon;
4) ellipsis.
2. The main members of the proposal are:
1) circumstance;
2) predicate;
3) addition;
4) subject.
3. Significant parts of speech are:
1) pronoun;
3) preposition;
4) adverb.
4. Which of the presented adjective names is in the initial form:
1) beautiful;
2) beautiful;
3) beautiful;
4) beautiful.
5. A part of speech denoting a non-procedural attribute (quality, property) and expressing this meaning in the grammatical categories of gender, number and case.
1) verb;
2) adverb;
3) noun;
4) adjective.
6. Which of the following sentences uses a possessive pronoun:
1) I saw them suddenly;
2) They were not here before;
3) Their books were on the table;
4) He did not need their care.
7. The affix, which is part of a simple stem before the root:
1) prefix;
2) suffix;
3) interfix;
4) ending.
8. In which of the presented sentences is there no subject:
1) Nobody lives there;
2) I love a thunderstorm in early May;
3) How cheerful is the roar of summer storms;
4) Spring has already come.
9. A single separating punctuation mark, which serves for internal articulation of a sentence:
2) comma;
3) colon;
4) semicolon.
10. Which of the examples presented are sentences:
1) The station is far away;
2) Recently returned;
3) It is written in the book;
4) The sun is rising.
11. Name the sentences in which the verb is used in the infinitive form:
1) You can't stand here;
2) He read while standing;
3) He could not defend his point of view;
4) He decided to become a teacher.
12. Which of the presented adjectives are in the form of a comparative degree:
1) smarter;
2) the smartest;
4) the smartest.
13. Name adjectives that are qualitative:
1) hare;
2) cowardly;
3) summer;
4) warm.
14. Name the words with a hard consonant before "e":
1) parterre;
2) compartment;
3) bench;
4) thermal.
15. Indicate sentences with lexical errors:
1) He put his signature under the contract;
2) The lesson was canceled due to the teacher's illness;
3) He was a complete ignoramus in literature;
4) It was his weapon of labor.
16. Indicate the sentences in which grammatical errors are made:
1) Locksmiths have not left yet;
2) We have just talked with the head of the department;
3) The coffee was very strong;
4) The USSR was a big and strong state.
17. Mark which of the examples provided is a sentence:
1) Read the book;
2) New interesting film;
3) It's dawning;
4) The forest was silent.
18. Old Slavonic in origin are the following words:
1) citizen;
2) a citizen;
3) lonely;
4) the only one.
19. Name adjectives that do not have an antonym:
1) light;
2) birch;
3) green;
4) fast.
20. Determine the phrases in which the syntactic connection "coordination" is carried out:
1) smart people;
2) live beautifully;
3) an old friend;
4) take care of others.
Write down the numbers of the sentences in which there are adverbs denoting:reason
Measure and degree of action
Target
Write under the numbers the questions that the adverbs of these groups answer.
1. Plenty of mushrooms - plenty of snow (nar. approx.). 2. Why didn't you tell me about it? 3. Leshka, as luck would have it, went to the village. 4. We will not have to carry heavy suitcases, and therefore we will cope with the burden. 5. Not so much business attracted him as curiosity. 6. They began to go to bed little by little. 7. A terrible storm suddenly arose in the yard. 8. The gloomy forest is sullenly silent or howls deafly. 9. In such weather, you will inevitably want to stay at home. 10. It's too cold outside.
THANK YOU EVERYONE!! :)
engravings yellowed by time on the walls of his room in the house of two troublesome old women. (11) I also remembered the first, very strange feeling from the engravings. (12) Those were portraits of old-fashioned people, and I could not get rid of their views. (13) A crowd of ladies and men in tightly buttoned frock coats, a crowd of the seventies of the nineteenth century, looked at me from the walls with deep attention. - (14) Somehow the blacksmith Yegor comes to the village council, - Lenya continued. - (15) There is nothing, he says, to repair what is required, so let's shoot the bells.
Adverb ranks by meaning
|
Discharge |
Questions |
Examples |
|
as? how? |
||
|
measures and degrees |
||
|
where? where? where? |
||
|
why? from what? |
Degrees of comparison of adverbs
|
The form The degree of comp. |
Simple (produced with suffixes) |
Composite |
|
Comparative |
HER (HER), E, SH |
MORE/LESS + adv. in n. f. |
|
excellent |
AISHE, EISHE (rarely used) |
Adverb ranks by meaning
|
Discharge |
Questions |
Examples |
|
adverbs of image and mode of action |
as? how? |
good, bad, fast, slow, loud, quiet, excellent, brilliant, wonderful, ironic, hastily, tense, close, on horseback, in a row, lying, wade, swim, manually, aloud, bass, whisper, quietly, waddle, inside out, summer-like, morning-like, girlish, Russian-style, merrily, ugly, sad, beautiful, melodic, slow, like that. |
|
measures and degrees |
to what extent? in what degree? how much? how many? |
a lot, little, approximately, almost, twice, thrice, twice, five times, in two, three times, a little, very, completely, extremely, excessively, plenty, satiety; very, too, much, much, absolutely, completely, too much, extremely, unusually, very, completely, so much, twice, barely, barely, barely, a little, a little, a little bit (colloquial), tiny (colloquial) ) |
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where? where? where? |
where, here, there, everywhere, below, nowhere, far away, something where, where, there, here, to the left, down, somewhere, from where, from afar, from within, from there, near, far, nearby, near, in front, at home, in the forest, on the road, around, from above, from afar, here, everywhere, nowhere from here |
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when? how long? since when? How long? |
when, before, now, first, tomorrow, daily, daily, years, of old, long, soon, first, then, yesterday, afternoon, night, morning, evening, winter, spring, long ago, soon, earlier, the day before, on time, always, sometimes, now, today, immediately, long ago, at first, already |
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why? for what? for what purpose? |
why, then, in spite of, on purpose, for fun, deliberately, for show, in spite of, on loan, on loan, in vain, in retaliation, in mockery, as a joke |
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why? from what? |
hastily, involuntarily, awake, from evil, because, therefore, therefore, for good reason, blindly, willy-nilly, accidentally, casually, accidentally, inadvertently, hearsay, foolishly, stupidly, half asleep, rashly |
denotes the state of the environment / person, is a tale. in an impersonal suggestion
(warm, cold, painful, quiet, fun, early, funny, convenient, fearful, ashamed, ashamed, possible, necessary, time, time, hunting, reluctance, laziness, lack of leisure, sin, pity, shame, beyond the power, unbearable ).
Degrees of comparison of adverbs
|
The form The degree of comp. |
Simple (produced with suffixes) |
Composite (formed with the help of special words) |
|
Comparative |
HER (HER), E, SH stronger, smarter, hotter, longer, better, worse |
MORE/LESS + adv. in n. f. higher, less fast, more unexpected |
|
excellent |
AISHE, EISHE (rarely used) most submissively, most profoundly, most subtly, most rigorously |
1) MOST / LEAST + adv. in n.f. 2) nar. in simple compare. + TOTAL/ALL most interesting, least fun, most beautiful, quietest, best |
Ranks of adverbs
An adverb is a developing part of speech. Linguists studying the Old Russian language claim that adverbs were present in the Old Russian writings. Even then, their first groups and subgroups were outlined according to the methods of formation and morphological values.
Adverbs in sentences often play the syntactic role of circumstances. According to the lexical meaning, two groups are distinguished: adverbial adverbs and attributive categories.
Defining adverbs
These adverbs denote quantitative and qualitative signs of action, state and other signs. The categories of adverbs are divided into three subgroups:
- Quantitative adverbs. They indicate the degree of quality and measure of action, answer the questions: to what extent? how many? (examples - little, doubly, slightly, satiety, until dark, a lot, almost).
- Quality adverbs. Formed from quality adjectives, determine the quality of a feature or object, answer the question how? (examples - weak, modest, fast, dark, slow)
- The image and degree of action. The adverb characterizes how actions are performed, answers the questions: how? as? (examples - to smithereens, blindly, surreptitiously, by touch)
Adverbs
The circumstantial categories of adverbs describe purposeful, temporal, causal and spatial relationships. Divided into 4 groups:
- Adverbs of place. Point to the place of action, answer the questions: where? where? where? (examples - to the right, to the left, from above, here, everywhere, there, there).
- Adverbs of time. They indicate the time of the action, answer the questions: since when? How long? when? (examples - today, yesterday, constantly, sometimes, daily, in summer, in spring, until now).
- Target adverbs. They indicate the purpose of the action, that is, why this action is performed, answer the question: for what purpose? why? (examples - for show, out of spite, by chance, by chance, intentionally, intentionally).
- Adverbs of reason. The reason for which the actions occur is indicated, the question is answered: why? (examples - because, rashly, from evil, stupidly, for nothing, blindly).
Adverbs also correlate with other independent parts of speech - adjectives, nouns, verbs, pronouns, numerals and participles.
Adverbs are formed in several ways:
- Merging prepositions with an independent part of speech while rethinking the case form and turning it into several separate words.
- Repetition of words with the addition of prepositions-prefixes (for example, on-) to the form of the adverb (example - dry-dry). Repetition of the same word in different case forms (examples - white-white, black-black). They also use the repetition of words with a synonymous meaning (examples - firmly, firmly, kindly, hello).
- Transition from one part of speech to another. So, it is widespread to rethink the participle by losing the specific and temporal meanings (examples - lying, standing, reluctantly, immediately).
- The formation of adverbs by adding suffixes to the stem of the adjective and participle of the present tense (examples - melodious, wide, menacing, friendly). Also, this method is applied to cardinal numbers (once, twice).
- Suffix-prefix method. Adverbs are formed from pronouns and adjectives with the help of two suffixes -him- and -mu-. A prefix is also added in - (examples - in the old way, in the spring, in a new way, in a good way, in English).
- Also, adverbs can be formed from set expressions that are used in the form of circumstances (examples - at hand, through the sleeves, upside down, neither light nor dawn, than light, in haste).
This is – main ways of forming adverbs.
Spelling of adverbs
One of the most difficult sections is the spelling rules, which are subject to various categories of adverbs. However, the spelling of most of them you just need to remember.
Adverbs perform one of the important functions of speech: they complement the grammatical basis and clarify spoken or written phrases.
Linguists refer to the morphological features of this part of speech as the immutability of adverbs, i.e., the absence of several forms of changes in numbers and cases and the presence of some word-building suffixes.
Adverb.
Exercise 1 . Find an adverb. Determine what parts of speech the rest of the underlined words are.
1. 1. « Good welcome my son! - he said with a smile to Ruslan. - Already I've been here for twenty years one in the darkness of the old life I fade; but finally waited for the day for a long time foreseen by me." 2. Along happy banks of the Dnieper fly in swirling dust; already hiding away ; no horsemen it is seen more. 3. Already been late and dark; angrily rain beat against the window, and the wind blew, howling sadly. (From the work of A. Pushkin.) ,
II. 1. Since early morning all the sky was covered with rain clouds; It was quiet , not hot and boring , as it happens on gray cloudy days when over the field for a long time the clouds are already hanging, you are waiting for the rain, and all of it No . (A. Chekhov.) 2. No deeper , No sweeter peace that the forest sends us, motionless, intrepidly standing under cold winter skies. (N. Nekrasov.) 3. In rooms It was stuffy , and the streets were full of dust and hats were torn off. Whole thirsty for a day, and Gurov often went to the pavilion. (BUT. Chekhov .) 4. I'm over fifty for a long time passed, and with a stronger voice and everything clearer I... (S. Mikhalkov.) 5. If with out of employment get sad myself myself confidently and quickly appoints - then the military, then justice, then some still a minister. (V. Mayakovsky.)
An exercise 2. Find the word on which the selected adverb depends, and indicate the meaning of the adverb (1. Denotes a sign of an action; 2. Sign of an object; 3. Denotes a sign of a sign called an adjective or participle; lV. Sign of a sign called an adverb or gerund)
1. 1. And old Bulba little by little got excited. 2. All three riders rode silently . 3. One poor mother did not sleep. She is bowed down to the head of her dear sons, who lay rya house . 4. She combed their young ones with a comb, casually disheveled curls and wetted them with tears ... 5. And the tears stopped in the wrinkles that changed her once upon a time beautiful face. 6. Ostap was considered always one of the best comrades. 7. Moreover, there was nothing terrible in his features: he was very good-looking. 8. Old Taras thought about the past: before him passed his youth, his summers, his past years, about which almost the Cossack always cries. 9. Once ... a driver sitting on a goat with a strange mustache whipped him pretty properly scourge. ten. Soon the entire Polish southwest became a prey to fear. 11. Everything rose and scattered in this discordant, marvelously carefree age. (From the work of N. Gogol.)
II. 1. Two old birch trees near the house of Alexander Fedorovich, bird cherry near the Nikolai-Petrovs, willows in front of each house, dense lindens growing in a ring around the church - but can you imagine that someday It was no different what the village looked different, but it was, but it looked. (V. Soloukhin.) 2. You can, of course, again plunge into the fabulous and melodious sea of the native language... (I. Stadnyuk.) 3. Arrival home the holidays turned into a holiday. (A. Koptyaeva.) 4. Father loved potatoes in a peasant way . (A. Perventsev.)
Exercise 3 Open the brackets by choosing the correct spelling; determine which part of speech the highlighted word forms belong to: 1) to the adverb; 2) to a noun. Specify syncretic phenomena.
1. Late autumn it happens sometimes just like before spring: there is white snow, there is white earth. Only spring from the thawed patches it smells of earth, and autumn- snow. It certainly happens: we get used to the snow winter, and in the spring the earth smells to us, and summer sniff the earth, and later autumn it smells like snow to us (Prishv.). 2. At dinner, he [Petr Sergeyich] ate a lot, talked nonsense and assured that when winter eat fresh cucumbers, it smells in your mouth spring(Ch.). 3. [Prishvin] was very angry with me because I wrote the book "Meshcherskaya side" and thereby attracted the close and destructive (unfortunately) attention of people to the Meshchera forests with its inevitable grave consequences - crowds of tourists who trampled In the end) these once-fresh places. (Paust.). 4. In (secret) women envied Nastya - and her braids, heavy, blond, with a fashionable sheen, and big eyes, and especially long black eyelashes (Paust.). 5. Harry kept device device in (secret)(A.N.T.). 6. Since then, the feeling of life has nevertheless become dull, and much of what once beckoned and inspired, frightened and tormented, excited and delighted, now seemed insignificant and uninteresting, and sometimes and completely insignificant and miserable (K.V.). 7. Once, in the dark sometimes, over stones, along a steep bank Our knight rode over the river (P.). eight. (At first youth, I was looking for activity, a full life; the noise of life beckoned me (Hertz.). nine. (At first in Moscow she [Mavra Ilyinichna] was carried in her arms, considered as a special recommendation for secular significance to go to the countess; but little by little, her bilious tongue and unbearable arrogance weaned almost everyone from her house (Hertz.).
Exercise 4 Determine what part of speech the highlighted word forms are: 1) adverb; 2) a short adjective.
1. He only loves the sun boldly in whom the feeling of life forever who's speech cunningly does not double, whose thought is clear, whose straight a word whose spirit is free and open (Ax.). 2. Pisarev had an irritable, but concentrated character, his outward expression was quiet, calm and cold even when he was suffocating from inner excitement (Ax.). 3. Levinson shuddered and straightened up, and something hurt and sweet rang in him (A.F.). 4. Thunder struck and, drowning out the human noise, solemnly,regal swept in the air (Hound.). 5. Most of all I was afraid of getting infected with a stale and helpless tongue. He ruthlessly and fast spread during those years. The fact that I almost unconsciously I pushed away and forgot the deformities of the language, obviously, and helped me to become a writer in the future (Paust.). 6. I don't know if she [Tani] had an influence on me well in all senses. With many true and beautiful virtues, Melenkov's cousin was not freed from strained "sentimentality" ... (Hertz.). 7. Glinsky gratefully nodded his head and silently walked to the opposite colonnade (Iv. S.). 8. He, Vladimir Svyatoslavovich Glinsky, is a lawyer by education, not only well knows the laws, but also knows how to skillfully invent them the way he needs them (Iv. S.). 9. The evening reaps the fruits of morning nonsense. It's not the first time I've thought about this, bitterly annoyed with himself, Major Rukatov (Iv. S.).
Exercise 5 Indicate which part of speech the adverb belongs to
1. He is in French absolutely could speak and write; danced the mazurka lightly and bowed unconstrainedly. (A. Pushkin.) 2. The prince got up, hastily took off his cloak and remained in a fairly decent and deftly a tailored, albeit worn, suit. (F. Dostoevsky.) 3.long time ago a terrible intent cherished secretly evil old man in his soul. (A. Pushkin.) 4. These know-it-all gentlemen meet sometimes, even enough often, in a certain social stratum. (F. Dostoevsky.) 5. After the walk on horseback tea, jam, crackers and butter seemed very tasty. (A. Chekhov.) 6. Terrible doom silently full, he wandered. (A. Pushkin.) 7. Strong always powerless is to blame. (I. Krylov.) 8. This work, Vanya, was scary huge - not on the shoulder of one. (N. Nekrasov.) 9. A chest simply opened. (I. Krylov.) 10. But then one day a beetle flew into the world. He flew up too much close to the fire and, of course, burned his wings. (F. Krivin.) 11. Riding step bored her. (M. Gorky.) 12. Lermontov stands sideways to Martynov, covering this side with his hand raised, but directed up pistol. (S. Sergeev-Tsensky.) 13. Here now something , when the danger to the operated person has passed, for real hands trembled. (V. Polevoy.) 14.Never I have not yet seen a stove that would work like this slowly and thoughtfully . (V. Soloukhin.)
Exercise 6 . Determine the syntactic function of the highlighted words (1. Circumstance; 2. Definition; 3. Part of the predicate; 4. Subject).
1. A rich farmer in the mansions of magnificent veins, ate sweet, delicious drank. (I. Krylov.) 2. Fearless Iskra with Kochubey at the same time . (A. Pushkin.) 3. And storms he doesn't care . (M. Lermontov.) 4. A city will be founded here out of spite haughty neighbor. (A. Pushkin.) 5. Wake up: crush the vices boldly . (N. Nekrasov.) 6. In steel, a little bulging his eyes were filled with mirth and cunning madness. (K. Fedin.) 7. Good godfather always collides with godfather. (D. Poor.) 8. Generation goes, generation comes, but the earth remains forever , and the traces of humanity will remain on it forever. (G. Nikolaeva.) 9. Nothing can ever separate us, forever separate us, to life apart accustom. (N. Brown.) 10. Build again, in his own way, in a manly way , as no one had yet built a rich, well-fed state, it was tempting. (E. Permitin.) 11. Here it is, one of those still from which our today's Already . (A. Levina.) 12. But it was empty on the warped ship, only the guns clicked more and more lazily on the sides, and from somewhere below pulled fumes. (G. Nikolaeva.) 13. The ship was slowly sinking, holds already were filled with water. (G. Nikolaeva.) 14. Make way, Butyrsky rampart! Look how he walks: the guy’s step is heroic, his eyebrows are proud in flight . (V. Livshits.) 15. And laughter, it is for people for the future . (A. Tvardovsky.)
Exercise 7 . Determine the category of selected adverbs by meaning (1. Qualitative (image and method of action); 2. Quantitative (measures and degrees); 3. Comparative-similaristic (the image or method of action is characterized by comparison or assimilation)).
1. 1. The month stood high and clear lit up the neighborhood. (N. Turgenev.) 2.motley patterned scarf blossomed in the fields of dawn. (V. Kharitonov.) 3. Nature did not offend me with hearing, I can nightingale whistle. (V. Bokov.) 4. And childishly Morgunok suddenly held out his hand. (A. Tvardovsky.) 5. There is a prince in passing captivates the formidable king. (A. Pushkin.) 6. Teacher Elkina reveals the alphabet. repeats slowly, repeats affectionately . (E. Evtushenko.) 7. Aglaya slightly shook hands with the prince and went out ... (F. Dostoevsky.) 8. Dolgov's short neck was pulled into his shoulders, arms no-boxing slightly bent at the elbows. (N. Gorbachev.) 9. The agronomist of the state farm treated us first not at all not warmer than an accountant: no, that's all. (V. Soloukhin.) 10. Lieutenant excitedly and fast he said something vigorously gesticulated. (G. Nikolaeva.) 11. The son cannot look calmly on mother's mountain. (N. Nekrasov.) 12. So I will remain - in love with the word, aurally and to the touch those who take it. (N. Brown.).
P. 1. I want to make you shine again the most majestic word is party. (V. Mayakovsky.) 2. We move mountains with the name of the party, drawing our strength from it, and stake had to face enemies, we to death stood in battle. (M. Isakovsky.) 3. Happiness in working hands boldly take it man. (V. Kharitonov.) 4. And my order: and here no-nashenski, communist serve. (N. Gorbache8.) 5. Petrograd lived in these January days tensely, excitedly, viciously, furiously . (A. Tolstoy.)
6. Rocket got to the point. (N. Gorbachev)
Exercise 8 . Find adverbs in the sentences, sort them into semantic categories: 1. Determinative: 1) qualitative; 2) quantitative; 3) image and method of action; 4) comparatively similar; 5) adverbs of compatibility; P. Circumstantial: 1) places; 2) time; 3) cause; 4) goals.
1. White, almost transparent snowdrop petals, crumpled after winter sleep, straightened out in the sun and trembled (Paust.). 2. On the branches of the vine sat closely, like tiny sparrows with yellow breasts, fluffy buds - "lambs" (Paust.). 3. My passion for the geography of Russia was on the rise: then I read voraciously everything I could get about Belarus, then about the Transcaspian steppes, and at one time I became carried away by the North, read out Maksimov’s strict and unhurried book “A Year in the North” and descriptions of northern monasteries (Paust .). 4. The wave either lifted him [Levin] up, then threw him down with such speed and force that it was breathtaking, but now he did not feel fear, because, firstly, he was busy with his life suit, and secondly, he completely trusted the team on the boat, which was with him all the time, above him, so close to him that he did not worry, and so far away that he could not be hit by either the side or the oar (Yu.G.). 5. The first day of the war took the Sintsovs by surprise, like millions of other families (Sim.). 6. Shalentiev, blinded by the blizzard, chose a comfortable position, turned up his collar and, pulling his hat down, began groping his way down the snow-covered steps; soon he managed to move slightly away from home ... (Pr.). 7. The next day, Shalentiev again tried to persuade his father-in-law to go to Moscow, and he, starting to get angry in earnest, now flatly refused (Pr.). 8. The forester again invited the guest to the house, but he quite like an old man wanted to sit on a bench ... under the old, royal oak (Pr.). 9. Around it stretched a flat, slightly rising towards the near sea, a small plateau, completely dotted with bizarrely weathered rocks, half destroyed (Pr.). 10. In the distance, at the end of the alley, penetrating the park, the first solar stripes burned like jets of pink syrup (Dud.). 11. Above, the dew has come down from the bushes and below, under the bushes, it shines only in the bosom of such a leaf, where it never dries out (Prishv.). 12. I knew exactly where the nest was, and I was very surprised how close the birds let me in (Prishv.). 13. They play Grieg behind the wall, And from spiritual participation, That I have known you for so long, I repeat myself very often (Black). 14. From a bright tornado, I closed my eyes every minute with my palm, But I was doused with water and a thunderstorm whipped backhand (Black). 15. A bullet will pierce my chest. I will fall, arms outstretched, On a hot, smelling of July And spicy grass mowing (Black). 16. A dank rain brought from afar Cold damp clouds, And the third day there is fog in the window ... (Chern. ). 17. I would like to remind the ignorant, not out of anger, of the very old opinion that if the head is empty, then the head of the mind will not be given room (Kr.). 18. Bobrov wandered aimlessly between the empty factory buildings and, as happens sometimes with especially strong emotional upheavals, spoke aloud to himself (Kupr.). 19. The truck driver fraternally shared crackers with Sintsov and pulled out a bottle of warm sweet soda from under the seat (Sim.). 20. Maslennikov nodded to the two fighters waiting for him, the three of them came out from behind the shelter (Sim.). 21. The enemy was probably four times stronger, if you count the accumulation of his reserves, barely visible through binoculars (A.N.T.). 22. The soldiers jumped over the palisade and, in the heat of the moment, without fear of firing from the walls, grabbed a lot of Narva residents (A.N.T.). 23. A downpour poured, caught the old woman on the way home, blindly she fell into a puddle (M.G). 24. An elephant was led through the streets. Apparently, for show (Cr.). 25. To the left are two wide open doors. In one of them, a telegraph machine and a lamp with a green cap are visible, in the other - a small room, half occupied by a dark cabinet (Ch.). 26. Asking his quick questions, he [Shmakov] amusingly, like a bird, put his white head on his left shoulder and looked at Sintsov with attentive benevolence through his glasses (Sim.). 27. For a moment, joy flared up in Ryabovich's chest, but he immediately extinguished it, went to bed and, in spite of his fate, as if wanting to annoy her, did not go to the general (Ch.). 28. Anna threw off her dress and slid into the green water, kicked her legs, swimming like a dog (O.K.). 29. A policeman and two civilians with rifles girded with belts were on duty at a grocery store with one cracked in half and the other completely knocked out (Sim.). 30. The young man's face was, however, pleasant, thin and dry, but colorless, and now even blue-chilled (Dast.). 31. Dick escorted [Alenka] out of the gate, looked after him carefully and for a long time, then returned to his shelter (Pr.). 32. Misha continued his journey on a motorcycle, already accurately orienting himself with the help of a topographic map on the ground (Iv. S .). 33. It seemed to Misha that life around him suddenly ended, plunging him into vile silence (Iv. S .).
Exercise 9 . Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative adverbs. Determine which of them can be in the form of a comparative degree.
1. Insarov ... the expression on his face remained the same, but his features brutally changed (T.). 2. Now it suddenly became obvious to him that he had entered brutally that Anochka will certainly reproach him for insensitivity (Fed.). 3. The sky was absolutely clear, clouds did not float from anywhere, a small breeze did not interfere with us at all (Ars.). 4. He is in French absolutely could speak and write, easily danced the mazurka and bowed at ease (P.). 5. Nekhlyudov, with the passion of his nature, devoted himself entirely to this new life, approved by all those around him, and absolutely drowned out that voice in himself that demanded something else (L.T.). 6. The boy sniffed his nose in embarrassment, incredulity, but, realizing that there was nothing terrible, but everything, on the contrary, came out terrible cheerfully, wrinkled so that his nose turned up, and burst mischievously and thinly (A.F.). 7. - After all, he seems to be a rich man? .. - Yes, rich, although he dresses terrible and rides a racing droshky like a clerk (T.). eight. intolerably I want to turn a dream into action, a dream into reality (Cupr.). 9. I can't help but say a few words about this eccentric; I am terribly interested in the biographies of all the faces I meet (Hertz.). 10. It hovered in the air, and the day promised to be unbearably hot (Cupr.). 11. He was great good-looking, with beautiful dark eyes, dark-Russian, thin and well-proportioned (Vost.). 12. The creators of the park, picking up the keys to the local nature, found all the local springs and great they were used (V.Ch.). 13. The moon has risen strongly crimson and gloomy, the stars also frowned (Ch.). 14. The story of a young official strongly touched me (P.). 15. Steppe places, as one should really call them, are wonderfully are good in spring with their luxurious, fresh vegetation (Ax.). 16. In the gardens in front of the houses whitened and wonderfully flowers smelled (A.N.T.). 17. The Genevan was a man Great educated, knew Latin well, was a good botanist. (Hertz.). 18. "Contemporary" was given censor Krylov - a man scary cowardly, who was simply a martyr when Nekrasov begged him to skip the places he had crossed out in the article, as a result of which nonsense came out (Pan.).
Exercise 10 Set a group of highlighted adverbs (1. Places; 2. Times; 3. Reasons; 4. Goals).
1. 1. Moscow waited in vain for guests hourly ... 2. Souls of deep sadness strive boldly into the distance the leader of Ukraine does not interfere. 3. Then the resounding voice of Peter was inspired from above... 4. to oh-where the Cossacks ride. 5. And where is Mazepa? Where is the villain? Where fled Judas in fear? 6. What for the king is not among the guests? Why is the traitor not on the block? 7. That's why at the merry hour, the royal thicket is full and the Neva is far shaken by heavy firing. 8. A there and people nest in the mountains. nine. What for the black man loves his young Desdemona, as the moon loves the darkness of the night? ten. Then , that the wind and the eagle and the heart of a virgin have no law. eleven. What for , as a Tula assessor, am I not paralyzed? 12. What for I don't feel in my shoulder though rheumatism? 13. Here an old demon got out of the sea: « What for you, Balda, climbed up to us? 14. He has a forehead in advance cracking. (From production A. Pushkin.)
2. 1. And a good worker, and a huntress sing and dance from a young age was. (N. Nekrasov.) 2.around honey dew slips in silver... (S. Yesenin.) 3. After all, everyone stumbled rashly, striding towards the light, through windbreaks. (A. Petrovichev.) 4. We are far from our native land always sadness takes. (V. Kharitonov.) 5.One the familiar feeling of heaviness. (G. Nikolaeva.) 6. For some reason, these apples were the most delicious to eat. biting with black bread. (V. Soloukhin.) 7. Your mind, perhaps, is not enough to understand - and even a fool will understand! - that all are dearer than all those who expensive pays. (D. Poor.) 8. Connoisseurs have come. The elephant opened the picture. Who stood up further, who approached closer .(S. Mikhalkov.) 9. Friends, do not be shy! Praise our flock and louder nine sisters, let us raise the music and make up our own choir! (N. Krylov.)
Exercise 11 . Establish from what part of speech the selected adverbs are formed (1. On behalf of a noun; 2. On behalf of an adjective; 3. On behalf of a pronoun; 4. On verbal forms; 5. On behalf of an adverb; 6. On behalf of a numeral).
1. 1. One day in the icy winter season, I came out of the forest, there was a severe frost. 2. Home without a mother is bitter to return: dear children revma roared. 3. In our swampy, low-lying region fivefold more game would be kept, if it were not caught with nets, if it were not crushed with snares. 4. nine we dug, worked until noon, we want to have breakfast. (From production.. N. Nekrasova.)
2. 1. Yesterday and the day before yesterday the sun was still showing. (V. Ovechkin.) 2. Masha had to forever and ever leave the parental home. (A. Pushkin.) 3. Startsev stopped restlessly beat heart. (A. Chekhov.) 4. Goes right - the song starts, left - tells a fairy tale. (A. Pushkin.) 5. Grandmother, very old, still full and ugly, she wrapped her arms around Nadia and wept for a long time, pressing her face against her shoulder, and could not tear herself away. (A. Chekhov.) 6. Stepan silently looked at his wife. (M. Gorky.) 7. Yes, there are words that burn like a flame that drill into the distance and in depth to the bottom, their replacement with words can be equal to treason. (A. Tvardovsky.) 8.When hard work in the hands then and breathe easily. (V. Kharitonov.) 9.Here the factory multitude flows, here it is tempered in Lenin's forge. (V. Mayakovsky.) 10. Which here temporary? Get off! Your time is up. (V. Mayakovsky.)
Exercise 12 . Select the row in which all adverbs are formed from nouns. Determine the ways of forming adverbs in other rows.
1. Outside, from time immemorial, at first, in vain, from afar, incessantly, confidently, hotly, completely, like a shepherd.
2. By heart, in spring, summer, authoritatively, brotherly, once, again, mixed up, firsthand, on the alert, waddling, confidently.
3. Get old, up, skipping, in winter, down to the ground, on time, furtively, running, early in the morning, without restraint, involuntarily, in a hurry.
4. In pursuit, in the dark, in defiance, obliquely, stealthily, wade, sideways, jump, secretly, entirely, sideways, confidently, openly, somewhere.
Exercise 13 . Select a row in which all adverbs are formed only from adjectives. Determine the ways of forming adverbs in other rows.
1. Little by little, in vain, briefly, some, for good reason, slightly, blindly, measuredly, four of us, somewhere, ahead.
2. For a long time, a little, a lot, more than once, not once, up, in the distance, today, rashly, Mayakovsky, alive.
3. From a young age, drunk, dark, forever, in our way, in a friendly way, like a wolf, soon, here, there, here.
4. Suddenly, masterfully, monthly, blindly, as before, kindly, forever, idly, at random, haughtily, impetuously.
Exercise 14 Determine in which series of words all adverbs are formed from verbs or verb forms.
1. Ahead of time, reluctantly, lying, swarming, later, now, at the same time.
2. Walking, playfully, stealthily, intentionally, depressingly, arrogantly.
3. Almost, slightly, invigorating, stunning, not in vain, pitifully.
4. Captivating, striking, wary, confident, windy, frightened, skillful, revmya.
Exercise 15 Find out in which series of words all adverbs are formed from numerals. Indicate from what parts of speech the adverbs in other rows are formed.
1. Doubly, half price, four times, completely, first, five, third.
2. Once, for the first time, together, alone, eight, second.
3. Twice, five times, two by two, three of us, at once, first, only.
4. Three times, twice, four times, two times, three times, .secondarily, little by little, exorbitant prices.
Exercise 16 Determine in which series all adverbs are formed from adverbs. Indicate from what parts of speech the adverbs in other rows are formed.
1. Therefore, so-so, in reality, wade, not at all.
2. Therefore, a lot, sometime, somewhere, satiety, on the ground.
3. Forever, the day after tomorrow, until now, the day before yesterday, somehow.
4. Barely, in his own way, once from time, from birth, a lot.
Exercise 17 Determine the ways of formation of the selected adverbs. (1. Separation of one of the forms from word-names and its transition to adverbs; 2. Separation and rethinking of individual verb forms; 3. Merger of significant words; 4. Merging of prepositions with significant words; 5. Formation with the help of affixes). Make a complete morphological analysis of each adverb.
I. 1. I will get down to business not like . I will count every nerve. (M. Borisova.) 2. There is a case for us - it is worth looking closely into the distance . (V. Kharitonov.) 3. Ruslan languished silently , and meaning and memory lost. (A. Pushkin.) 4. Buchinsky lived in the mines clover u, he ate four times a day, and in good weather he liked to roam the mine. (D. Mamin-Sibiryak.) 5. And afternoon, and at night the scientist cat keeps walking around the chain. (A. Pushkin.)
2. 1. At the end of January, our regimentfor the first time stepped on the land of the enemy. (R. Aronova.) 2. There is a weak, miserable patience. In him is the complete downtroddenness of nature, in him is slavish obedience, the stupidity of Russia is the essence at all not like that. (V. Vvtushenko.) 3. Today, he says, it's early to get up. BUT day after tomorrow - late! (V. Mayakovsky.) 4. Better power good leave... (V. Mayakovsky.) 5. And, as they fell together, so together non-party guys lie in a row with commissars. (V. Yevtushenko.) 6. And, holding the stubborn reins of all the elements in his hand, Lenin sees the years of fertility, sees our years far away . (N. Brown.) 7. Do everything for people for real felt taken care of. (AT. Azhaev.) 8.Today we are not at the parade, we are on the way to communism. (V. Kharitonov.) 9. We conquer the planet of Dreams, in reality to see everything that is dreaming. (V. Kharitonov.)
Exercise 18 Find forms of degrees of comparison of adverbs, characterize them.
1. I just looked at the eggs, and the birds, afraid of the human eye, hurried to hide them away (Prishv.). 2. I know one tree in the forest: for how many years it has been fighting for its life, trying to grow higher, to get away from the hands of those who break (Prishv.). 3. The richest of people are not those who received a lot, but those who just gave themselves out to people more generously than all others (Leon.). 4. During the hours of the protracted evening feast ... The Sergunovs discussed their duties in more detail (Yu.N.). 5. The sun, thorns, nuts, honey The shadow of every tree smells. Triumphs, nature shines - Longer than a century the day is blissful (Black). 6. Jealousy is a passion that specifically, eagerly seeks what hurts the most (Dud.). 7. The path winds around the trees in a pattern and then falls to the left to the ravine, and then rises higher, to the right, to the top of a gentle slope overgrown with birch and aspen forests (OK). 8. There are eight bulls in the car, some of them, turning around, look at people and wag their tails, others try to lie down or sit comfortably (Ch.). 9. In the city, we felt more strongly the wall that was between us: I am noble and rich, and he is poor, he is not even a nobleman ... (Ch.). 10. Frost pounded on the window even more angrily, and the wind sang about something in the chimney (Ch.). 11. It seemed to him [Sintsov] that if he had not made this decision earlier and had not told Serpilin about it, then he would have chickened out and left (Sim.). 12. Due to the lack of artillery and shells, tanks were burned less than in previous days, but still nine of them burned down in different places (Sim.). 13. Looking forward to the beginning, Sintsov stood not far from the banner and talked with the person whom he least expected to meet here (Sim.). 14. Usually, of all the notches in Avtonomov's character, it was most difficult for Grekov to put up with his merciless sentences to people (Kal.). 15. The count loved me and most sincerely imposed himself on me as a friend, but I did not have anything resembling friendship for him and did not even love him; Therefore, it would be more honest to renounce his friendship directly, once and for all, than to go to him and be hypocritical (Ch.). 16. [Sergey Vasilyevich] told very funny stories from folk life, he himself laughed the loudest, wicker country furniture walked under him and seemed to be straw (V.Ch.).
Exercise 19 Distinguish between the forms of the comparative degree of the adjective and adverb.
1. I have heard enough writers' conversations (generally fair) that the more difficult the book is written, the more thoughtful and stronger it is (Paust.). 2. After Meshchera, I began to write in a different way - simpler, more restrained, began to avoid flashy things and understood the power and poetry of the most unpretentious souls and the most seemingly nondescript things, for example, a breeze carrying the smell of smoke over the pasture and shaking the red sultans of dry horse sorrel (Paust.). 3. The fields are emptying, and to the extent that the days are shorter and they go to bed earlier in the village, but the stars in the sky are brighter (Prishv.). 4. And in cruel loneliness Her passion burns stronger, And her heart speaks louder about Onegin, far away (P.). 5. Rudeness and insults always hurt us deeper than we would like (K.V.). 6. Anna Sergeevna also entered. She sat down in the third row, and when Gurov looked at her, his heart sank, and he clearly understood that for him now in the whole wide world there is no closer, dearer and more important person (Ch.). 7. Nadezhda, without undressing, sat down on a chair, threw back her head. Her face was a little pale, and therefore her smoothly combed hair seemed even darker (B.Shch.). 8. The dawn expanded, covering the sky above the forest, now in a different way, more sweeping and generous, gilding on top of the infrequent islands of oaks and maples (Pr.). 9. There is nothing more joyful than the sight of drying up dirty rivers, cuttings, burnt areas, all these wastelands brought to life by ignorance, negligence and human greed ... (Paust.). 10. Without saying anything, Petya every time looked at the sky, at the peaks of the mountains protruding from the darkness, with each new minute crashing into the brightening sky more sharply and closer and irresistibly attracting ... (Pr.). 11. But, like wine, the sadness of past days In my soul, the older, The stronger (P.). 12. I think that everything happened because we still didn’t get to know each other enough and looked at many very important things easily, at least much easier than we should (G.). 13. The writer sometimes needs a temporary distance from the object that he saw close, then, in order to better hug him (G.). 14. Zinochka's face seemed stricter, colder, as if marbled, and her eyes looked strange, straight into my face, and I give you my word of honor that even among the hounds, when they drive out the wolf, I have never seen such striking, destroying eyes ( Ch.). 15. But God helped - the murmuring became lower, And soon, by the power of things, We found ourselves in Paris, and the Russian Tsar was the head of the kings (P.).
Exercise 20 Determine the functions of which adverbs (or pronouns-adverbs) are the selected phraseological phrases.
1. Sintsov, on behalf of Serpilin, just today asked Khoryshev about Baranov, and Khoryshev answered him with displeasure that Baranov was fighting neither shaky nor wobbly(Sim.). 2.. Bayukov began to twist in sequence pockets and crumble into the palm of the shag stuck in the seams (Sim.). Z. Sintsov wrote from dictation, and Karaulov, standing behind his back, like a Cossack, occasionally screwed in different expressions at the address of the Germans (Sim.). 4. A cadet of a medical school in one of the cities of Central Asia Mikhailov first time, like everyone else, were overcome by memories (Paust.). 5. “It’s stupid that the ship was late and arrived at night,” thought Kuzmin. “Why did Bashilov, his roommate, when he found out that Kuzmin would be passing by Navolok, asked me to convey the letter to his wife by all means from hand to hand"(Paust.). 6. Putting your suitcase and overcoat next to the driver and sitting in the back seat, ... Zvyagintsev every now and then turned his head, trying to see the streets along which they passed (Chuck.). 7. Valitsky did not know that his letters ... were not handed over to the marshal at all, day and night busy with urgent matters (Chuck.). -eight. Occasionally Patrolmen who had taken refuge for a while ran out of the entrances of houses with the intention of blocking the path of the emke (Chak.) rushing through the center of the bridge. 9. Syromukov got along with himself on the fact that Sooner or later, but the rain will still pass here (SW). 10. Lominadze feels good like a fish in water in the foundry yard of the blast furnace, on the podium, at the presidium table, at the chessboard in the ITR club (Avd.). 11. Here, in the black thick darkness here and there glimpses of moonlight were indicated by sharp spots (Ch.). 12. Having sketched out a plan of the area and asked the coachmen taken with us about the situation in which Olga was found, we drove back, feeling not salty slurping(Ch.). 13. Fishing is good because it leaves us. in a personal meeting with nature, at any time of the day, at any time of the year and in any weather (Paust.). 14. Maltsev did not immediately get used to the front-line situation, death did not frighten him, but he was afraid that he would not be able to well to fight, will not find words that can lift the fighters: he was a man of books and uncommunicative (I.E.). 15. The marriage life of Alexei Abramovich flowed like clockwork, at all carriage festivities his quadruplets and a brilliant carriage and a couple bursting with happiness in this carriage appeared (Hertz.). 16. Lyubonka in these five years began to feel and understand things that kind people often do not know to the grave... (Hertz.). 17. Drop it all, take her (Alenka) and leave where the eyes look, on the bank of some bright, quiet river ... (Pr.). 18. Sokoltsev saw that Pekarev was exhausted until the last, but at the same time, according to vague signs, he felt that Pekarev was stone calm, this to some extent reassured Sokoltsev (Pr.).
Exercise 21 Analyze the facts of the substantive use of adverbs. What is the lexical meaning of these word forms, syntactic function?
1. ... After all, it is known that nothing is easier than to see objects from afar as we want to see them; because you, in this beautiful far away, live completely alien to him, in yourself, inside yourself, or in the monotony of a circle, equally tuned with you and powerless to resist your influence on him (VG Belinsky N.V. Gogol). 2. Perhaps the essence of life is also insidious, But it is not you who will close the eternal path, - May tomorrow be worse than yesterday, No need for loud and unnecessary speech, only a stupid game will make you laugh, Your path is planned long before you (Pr.). 3. - Here, Evstigneev, we have finished loading the archive. And you said we won't finish until tomorrow! - [Yelkin] shouted cheerfully, running past the policeman and not paying attention to Sintsov (Sim.). 4. And then suddenly, from a vague distance, something like a sore point appears in the chest, which hurts and annoys, until something, today's, imperceptibly heals it (V.Ch.).
What are the ranks of adverbs?
Anna
1) image and method of action
2)degree measures
3) places
4)time
5) reasons
6)goals
here! we STE at school wrote in the directory! I can write more examples, do you need them? if you have questions in Russian - write!
Astar_ta
and also very complete information on this topic - http://www.durov.com/study/1117363463-134.html
Anna Grishko
According to their meaning, adverbs are attributive and adverbial.
Definitive adverbs can refer not only to the verb, but also to the adverb, noun, word of the state category, characterizing them from different angles. Among definitive adverbs, the following stand out: 1) qualitative adverbs indicating a qualitative attribute; 2) adverbs of measure and degree; 3) adverbs of image or mode of action.
Groups of attributive adverbs and expressed meanings Examples
1. Qualitative adverbs express a characteristic or evaluation of an action or feature. Sad, strange, monstrous, scary, fast, right.
2. Quantitative adverbs determine the measure or degree of manifestation of an action or attribute. A lot, a little, a little bit, doubly, triple, thrice, six of them, very, very, completely, absolutely.
3. Adverbs of image and mode of action indicate the way of performing the action. Running, galloping, walking, swimming, mixing, idling, supine, for sure.
Circumstantial adverbs most often refer to the verb and characterize the time, place, purpose, reason for the action. The composition of adverbs includes: 1) adverbs of place, 2) adverbs of time, 3) adverbs of cause, 4) adverbs of purpose.
Adverbial adverb groups and expressed meanings Examples
1. Adverbs of place indicate the place of the action. Far, near, back, afar, towards, sideways.
2. Adverbs of time indicate the time of the action. Yesterday, today, tomorrow, afternoon, night, morning, spring, sometimes, now.
3. Adverbs of cause indicate the reason for an action. Hastily, foolishly, drunkenly, blindly, involuntarily, not without reason.
4. Adverbs of purpose denote the purpose of an action. On purpose, on purpose, in spite of, in spite of, in jest, intentionally.
Quantitatively, the language is dominated by attributive adverbs. Then come adverbs of place and time. The composition of the adverbs of cause and especially of purpose is very small.
Antonina makhankova
According to their meaning, adverbs are attributive and adverbial.
Definitive adverbs can refer not only to the verb, but also to the adverb, noun, word of the state category, characterizing them from different angles. Among definitive adverbs, the following stand out: 1) qualitative adverbs indicating a qualitative attribute; 2) adverbs of measure and degree; 3) adverbs of image or mode of action.
Groups of attributive adverbs and expressed meanings Examples
1. Qualitative adverbs express a characteristic or evaluation of an action or attribute. Sad, strange, monstrous, scary, fast, right.
2. Quantitative adverbs determine the measure or degree of manifestation of an action or attribute. A lot, a little, a little bit, doubly, triple, thrice, six of them, very, very, completely, absolutely.
3. Adverbs of image and mode of action indicate the way of performing the action. Running, galloping, walking, swimming, mixing, idling, supine, for sure.
Circumstantial adverbs most often refer to the verb and characterize the time, place, purpose, reason for the action. The composition of adverbs includes: 1) adverbs of place, 2) adverbs of time, 3) adverbs of cause, 4) adverbs of purpose.
Adverbial adverb groups and expressed meanings Examples
1. Adverbs of place indicate the place of the action. Far, near, back, afar, towards, sideways.
2. Adverbs of time indicate the time of the action. Yesterday, today, tomorrow, afternoon, night, morning, spring, sometimes, now.
3. Adverbs of cause indicate the reason for an action. Hastily, foolishly, drunkenly, blindly, involuntarily, not without reason.
4. Adverbs of purpose denote the purpose of an action. On purpose, on purpose, in spite of, in spite of, in jest, intentionally.
Quantitatively, the language is dominated by attributive adverbs. Then come adverbs of place and time. The composition of the adverbs of cause and especially of purpose is very small.
