The development of enlightenment and education of the aliens of Gorny Altai in the 19th - early 20th centuries. Sanzhenakov Ivan Mikhailovich

ALTAI TERRITORY, subject of the Russian Federation. Located in the southeastern part of Western Siberia. Part of the Siberian Federal District. The area is 169.1 thousand km 2 (0.99% of the area of the Russian Federation). The population is 2583.4 thousand people (1.8% of the population of the Russian Federation, 2004; 2479 thousand people in 1926, 2525 thousand people in 1959, 2630 thousand people in 1989). Center - Barnaul. Administrative-territorial division: 60 districts, 12 cities (including 11 regional subordination), 14 urban-type settlements.

Government departments. The system of public authorities is determined by the Charter (Basic Law) of the Altai Territory (1995). State power is exercised by the Altai Territory Council of People's Deputies, the head of the administration, the Territory Administration, and other state authorities formed in accordance with the Territory's Charter. Altai Regional Council of People's Deputies - the highest legislative (representative) body of state power, consists of 68 deputies elected for 4 years (half in single-mandate constituencies, half in the regional constituency). The regional administration is the highest executive body of state power. It is formed and headed by the head of the administration, empowered by the regional Council on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation.

M. G. Shartse.

Nature . The territory of the region is divided into two unequal parts - flat and mountainous (see map). The northwestern flat part occupies 3/5 of the entire territory (the southeastern outskirts of the West Siberian Plain); on the left bank of the Ob are the Kulunda plain and the Ob plateau, on the right bank are the foothills and slopes of the Salair ridge up to 621 meters high. In the south, in the western part, there are the low and middle mountains of the Rudny Altai; in the eastern part, there are spurs of the Russian Altai itself (height up to 2423 m). There are known deposits of coal, iron (Beloretskoye, Kholzunskoye, Inskoye), manganese, polymetallic ores (Zmeinogorskoye, Zolotushinskoye, Stepnoye, Talovskoye, Zakharovskoye) and other ores of non-ferrous metals. Unique deposits of ornamental stones (jasper, porphyry, marbles, granites) within the Kolyvansky, Tigiretsky and Kortonsky ridges. In numerous lakes of the Kulunda Plain there are reserves of table salt, soda (Petukhovskoe, Tanatarskoe lakes) and mirabilite (Kulunda, Kuchukskoe lakes). In the spurs of the Cherginsky Range, on the basis of mineral thermal (including radon) waters, one of the oldest balneological resorts in Russia, Belokurikha, was founded. The climate on the plain is temperate continental with a long cold and little snow winter, which causes deep freezing of soils. The average January temperature is -19°C. Summers are hot and often dry. The average July temperature is around 19°C. Precipitation is 250-350 mm per year, in the foothills and mountains of Altai falls up to 1500 mm. The duration of the growing season is 160-170 days. More than 17 thousand rivers flow through the territory of the region (95% are less than 10 km long) with a total length of about 51 thousand km. Most of the territory is irrigated by the rivers of the Ob basin and its sources, the Biya and Katun; the rest of the rivers belong to the endorheic basin of the Kulunda Plain. Of the 11 thousand lakes, the largest are Kulunda (728 km 2) and Kuchukskoe (181 km 2) bitter-salty lakes. Below the city of Kamen-on-Ob, the Novosibirsk reservoir was created. The Altai Territory is located in the steppe and forest-steppe natural zones. Forb, fescue-feather grass and meadow steppes on chestnut soils and chernozems are mostly plowed up. In the hollows of the ancient runoff of the Kulunda Plain, ribbon pine forests grow on the sands; there are birch pegs. In the mountains, coniferous forests (of larch, fir, and cedar pine) on gray forest and soddy-weakly podzolic soils give way with height to mountain tundra on mountain-tundra soils and subalpine meadows on mountain-meadow thin soils. Rodents are numerous in the steppes; wolf, fox are common; from birds - steppe lark, sandpiper, bustard, little bustard, steppe eagle. Elk, deer, spotted deer, etc. have been preserved in the mountains. In western Altai, on the border with Kazakhstan, the Tigirek Reserve was created in 1999. There are 30 reserves in the region (about 5% of the total area). Natural conditions are favorable for the life of the population. The ecological situation is contrasting.

In the steppe regions there are territories with insignificant anthropogenic load. Zones of general pollution of the region formed around the cities of Biysk, Barnaul and Rubtsovsk. In the south - spots of radioactive contamination (due to nuclear tests in Kazakhstan).

Population. Most of the population of the Altai Territory is Russian (92%; 2002, census). Altaians account for 0.07%, Kumandins - 0.06%. The Germans (3%) are compactly settled: since 1991, the German national region, which existed in Altai in 1927-38, has been restored within slightly changed boundaries. From other groups - Ukrainians (2%), Kazakhs (0.4%), Tatars (0.3%), Belarusians (0.3%), Armenians (0.3%), Azerbaijanis (0.2%). The difficult demographic situation of the 1990s, caused by a decrease in the birth rate and an increase in mortality, led to the fact that the natural increase in the population was replaced in 1992 by a decline. Natural population decline 0.5% (2002, close to the average for the Russian Federation). In 2002, the birth rate was 10.3; overall mortality - 15.7 per 1000 inhabitants; infant mortality - 13.5 per 1000 live births. The sex and age structure of the population practically does not differ from the average for the Russian Federation: the proportion of women is 53.4%, the population is younger than working age (up to 16 years) 17.6%, older than working age - 20%. The average life expectancy is 65.7 years: men - 59.6, women - 72.4. The migration increase, typical for the 1990s (mainly due to refugees from the southern republics of the former USSR), has been replaced since 2001 by a migration loss - a coefficient of 23 per 10 thousand inhabitants (2002). The average population density is 15.5 people/km 2 (maximum along the main railways, lowest in mountainous areas). The proportion of the urban population is 53.4% (2004; 7.8% in 1926, 33.7% in 1959, 57.9% in 1989). Large cities (thousand people, 2004): Barnaul (635.8), Biysk (231.1), Rubtsovsk (161.6).

D. A. Pulyaeva.

Religion. On the territory of the Altai Territory there are (2005): 157 parishes and 10 monasteries of the Russian Orthodox Church, 2 parishes of the ROCOR, a significant number of Old Believer communities of various persuasions [unregistered communities of the Chapel Consent, 4 communities of the Belokrinitskaya (Austrian) hierarchy, 1 community of the Pomor Consent, 1 community of the Old Orthodox Church and etc.], 20 parishes of the Roman Catholic Church, over 50 Protestant communities of various confessions, 1 community of the Armenian Apostolic Church, 2 Jewish communities, there are communities of Jehovah's Witnesses, there is a public Muslim movement.

M. M. Volobueva.

Historical outline. On the territory of the Altai Territory there are sites of the Lower Paleolithic (Denisova Cave, Ushlep), monuments of the Bronze Age of the Elunin culture of the 1st half of the 2nd millennium BC (Birch Luka), Andronovo culture (Firsovo XIV, Shipunovo), Irmen culture (10 -8 century BC), the Elovo culture (9-8 centuries BC).

The Early Iron Age is represented by the Bolsherechenskaya culture (7th-1st centuries BC), and from the 5th century BC - monuments of the Scythian-Siberian type (Bugry, Maima IV, etc.). In the 7th-12th centuries, the Srostka culture spread. In the 9th-12th centuries, the territory of the Altai Territory was part of the Kyrgyz Khaganate and the Kimak Khaganate (the burial grounds of Gilevo, Korbolikh, etc.). From the beginning of the 13th century, the territory of the modern Altai Territory was part of the Mongol Empire, then the Golden Horde, the White Horde, and by the beginning of the 15th century, the Siberian Khanate. In the 16th and 17th centuries, it was ruled by the local Teleut dynasty, which opposed the Russian advance and the Western Mongols (Oirats, or Dzungars).

In the 2nd half of the 17th century, Russians began to settle in the Upper Ob region and the foothills of Altai. At the beginning of the 18th century, Beloyarskaya (1717) and Bikatunskaya (1718) fortresses were built to protect against the Dzungar Khanate. The territory of the Altai Territory was part of the Siberian province (1708-79), the Kolyvan region (1779-83), the Kolivan province (1783-96), the Tobolsk province (1796-1804) and the Tomsk province (1804-1917).

The mining and metallurgical industries have been actively developed in Altai. In the 1st half of the 18th century. A. N. Demidov (from the Demidov family) built the Kolyvano-Voskresensky (1729) and Barnaul (1744) copper smelters. By decrees of 1(12) and 12(23).5. In 1747, the lands along the Irtysh and Ob rivers, together with factories and mines, came under the control of the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty. Of these, the Kolyvano-Voskresensky (since 1834 Altai) mining district was formed, and since 1896 - the Altai district with the center in the city of Barnaul. In the 1st half of the 19th century, the Altai factories occupied the 1st place in the Russian Empire in the production of silver, the 2nd in the production of copper. In the 2nd half of the 19th century, the mining industry entered a period of crisis, while the privately owned gold industry was actively developing: by the end of the 19th century, there were 70 mines and up to 100 poods of gold were mined annually. The basis of the economy of Altai at that time was agriculture. Grain crops (wheat, oats, rye) and potatoes spread. Considerable development was given to beekeeping, at the beginning of the 20th century - dairy farming and butter-making.

In the 2nd half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, Altai was one of the main settlement areas for peasant settlers from the central provinces of Russia, the resettlement movement reached a particularly significant scale during the years of the Stolypin agrarian reform. In 1897, the population of the Altai District was 1.3 million people, in 1916 - 2.6 million people. At the end of the 19th century, a section of the Siberian railway passed through Altai, by 1915 the Altai railway was built, connecting Novonikolaevsk, Barnaul and Semipalatinsk.

In 1917, by decision of the Provisional Government, Altai Governorate was separated from the Tomsk Governorate. In 1925-37, the territory of the modern Altai Territory was part of the Siberian Territory, the West Siberian Territory. 28.9. 1937 Altai Territory of the RSFSR was created.

economy. The Altai Territory is part of the West Siberian economic region and is an agro-industrial region. The value of industrial production is 1.4 times higher than that of agricultural production (2002). The share of the region in Russian GDP is 0.8%. The country's economy is distinguished by the production of tractors (9.8%, 2002; 4th place), tires (2%; 9th place), agricultural products (3.1% of the Russian Federation, including 21.5% flax fiber, 20% cereals, 5.5% grain, 4% animal oil, 3.2% potatoes, 2.5% meat, 1.6% whole milk products). In the structure of GDP (%), agriculture is 21.1, industry - 20.8, trade - 13.4, transport - 7.8, construction - 4.7. The ratio of enterprises by forms of ownership (by the number of organizations,%): private - 86.4, state and municipal - 4.8, public and religious organizations (associations) 0.6, other forms of ownership - 8.2. In the volume of manufactured products, the products of private enterprises predominate - 61.4%.

The economically active population is 1284 thousand people (2002). Sectoral structure of employment (%): agriculture - 22.6, industry - 19.1, trade and public catering - 13.9, education - 10.1, healthcare - 7.4, transport - 5.0, construction - 4 .7, housing and communal services - 4.4. The unemployment rate is 8.3% (near the average for the Russian Federation). Cash income per capita 2.19 thousand rubles per month (about 55% of the average for the Russian Federation); 38.9% of the population has incomes below the subsistence level.

Industry . The volume of industrial production in 2002 amounted to 45,589 million rubles. Sectoral structure of industrial production (%, 2002): food industry 22.6, mechanical engineering and metalworking 20.6, electric power industry 18.5, flour-grinding and feed industry 11.1 (the share of the industry as a whole in the Russian Federation is 1.5) , ferrous metallurgy 10.0, chemical and petrochemical industry 9.9. Polymetallic ores, gold, mercury, table salt and Glauber's salt are mined from lakes. Coal mining is insignificant. The region is energy deficient. The energy system of the Altai Territory includes 8 thermal power plants. Due to own production, only 25% of electricity needs are satisfied (Table 1). Ferrous metallurgy is represented by Altaikoks. The high level of development of mechanical engineering is due to the proximity of the metallurgical base of Kuzbass, the presence of an extensive railway network and the possibilities of cooperation with the machine-building complex of neighboring regions. Almost all major engineering enterprises are concentrated in Barnaul, Rubtsovsky and Biysk industrial hubs. The central place in the machine-building industry is occupied by tractor and agricultural machine-building. Altai Krai is the largest manufacturer of tractors in the east of the country (Altai Tractor) and agricultural machinery (Altayselmash-holding), steam boilers, freight main cars (Altaivagon), transport engines, diesel engines (Altaidizel, Sibenergomash”) and others. The military-industrial complex is represented by 12 enterprises, including Altai, Polieks, Sibpribormash, Almaz, Altai Instrument-Making Plant Rotor. As a result of the ongoing conversion of defense enterprises, the production of washing machines (Ob and Altayelectron) and kitchen machines, telephones, car radios, electric pumps, Druzhba chainsaws, household chemicals, various medical devices, etc. has been launched. Chemical and petrochemical industries: Khimvolokno, Barnaul Tire Plant (one of the ten largest manufacturers in the Russian Federation), Rubber Sulfate, Mikhailovsky Chemical Reactive Plant, Altaihimprom, etc. The timber complex includes logging and furniture production. The volumes of annual harvesting of commercial timber are 300-500 thousand m 3 . The furniture industry (association "Altaimebel") provides mainly local needs. Light industry is represented by melange and cotton textile mills located in Barnaul; its share in the structure of industrial production does not exceed 1%. The sharp drop in production volumes is mainly due to the lack of raw materials - cotton fiber (which was previously imported from Central Asia). Developed agricultural production makes the food industry one of the most important and promising for the region's economy.

Agriculture. In terms of the value of gross agricultural output, Altai Krai ranks 5th in the Russian Federation (31,821 million rubles in 2002). It is one of the largest producers of agricultural products in the east of the country. In value terms, crop production prevails (54%). The area of agricultural land is 105.7 thousand km 2 (2002, 65.3% of the area of the Altai Territory), of which arable land occupies about 63%. The structure of sown areas (%, 2002): grain crops - 68.5, fodder crops - 24.8, industrial crops - 4.9, potatoes and vegetables - 1.8. Altai Krai is one of the main producers of wheat in the country (Table 2). Wheat is grown almost throughout the region, the main areas of cultivation are in the western plains (with mandatory irrigation). Barley and oats are grown from other grain crops. Altai Krai is the only region in Siberia where sunflower, soybean and sugar beet are cultivated. Sunflower is grown in the western and northwestern parts, sugar beet - in the central part, fiber flax - in the more humid, eastern part of the region. Altai Krai is one of the largest producers of potatoes and flax fiber. Growing fruits in Altai is the merit of specialists from the world-renowned Research Institute of Horticulture named after M.A. Lisavenko, who created a collection of varieties of fruit and berry crops of an adapted type.

Animal husbandry is widespread throughout the region, most developed in the foothills and mountainous areas. The main branches of animal husbandry are: dairy and beef cattle breeding, sheep and pig breeding, as well as maral breeding and beekeeping (Tables 3, 4). Maral breeding farms located in mountainous regions annually produce more than 6 tons of canned antlers, which are the most valuable medicinal raw materials. The main part of maral breeding products is exported to the Republic of Korea and China.

Grain and sunflower seeds are produced mainly by agricultural organizations (84.0% and 87.4% respectively, 2002), potatoes, vegetables, livestock and poultry for slaughter in households (98.6%, 88.4% and 67.1 % respectively). In terms of milk production, the shares of households and agricultural organizations are approximately equal. Fund of fishery reservoirs of the Altai Territory - about 2000 water bodies with a total area of 112 thousand hectares. Of the 38 species of fish living in the reservoirs of the region, 12 species are used for fishing. 92% of the catches in the lakes are carp, in the Ob River and the Novosibirsk reservoir 60% of the catches are bream. Commercial catches are about 1000 tons per year.

Transport. The length of railways is 1803 km (2002). The main highway Novosibirsk - Barnaul - Semipalatinsk connects Siberia and Central Asia. The most important railway stations: Barnaul, Biysk, Rubtsovsk, Altaiskaya (Novoaltaysk), Aleiskaya (Aleysk). The length of paved roads is 14.48 thousand km (2002). Two federal roads run through the region: Barnaul - Rubtsovsk - Semipalatinsk (Kazakhstan) and Novosibirsk - Barnaul - Biysk - Tashanta (Chuysky tract). Road transport provides the bulk of domestic transportation. For most of the foothills, this is the only mode of transport. Navigation is developed on the rivers Ob, Katun, Biya, the length of waterways is 781 km, the main river ports are Barnaul and Biysk. In 2000, the Novosibirsk-Barnaul main gas pipeline (an offshoot from the Surgut-Omsk-Novosibirsk gas pipeline) was put into operation, 292 km long and with a capacity of 1.7 billion m 3 /year. Airports: in Barnaul (international), Biysk and Rubtsovsk.

D. A. Pulyaeva.

Education. cultural institutions. There are (2004) 870 preschool institutions (about 66 thousand pupils), 1540 secondary schools (258 urban, 1282 rural) in the region. Among the schools there are 17 lyceums, 15 gymnasiums, 58 schools with in-depth and specialized education, 14 non-state educational institutions, 2 cadet corps, 2 national schools, 33 special (correctional) schools for children with developmental disabilities (in total, over 307 thousand students study, employs about 36 thousand teachers). There are 179 institutions of additional education, which are attended by 39% of schoolchildren, 13 evening schools (over 5.6 thousand students). Primary vocational education is provided by 75 institutions, secondary vocational education - by 46 secondary specialized educational institutions (over 43.6 thousand students), higher education - by 10 universities (75.8 thousand students), including Altai State University (founded in 1973).

There are 2689 institutions of culture and art in the Altai Territory, including 114 children's music, art and art schools, 3 regional and 1168 public libraries, 1334 club institutions, 1 all-Russian, 3 regional and 38 municipal museums and art galleries, 18 parks of culture and recreation. The oldest libraries: Altai Regional Universal Library named after V. Ya. Shishkov (1888). Among the museums are the Altai Museum of Local Lore (founded in 1823), the State Museum of the History of Literature, Art and Culture of Altai, the State Art Museum of the Altai Territory in Barnaul; Museum of stone-cutting in Altai in the village of Kolyvan; art galleries in Rubtsovsk, Mikhailovsky, Pavlovsk, Rodino. In the village of Srostki, in the homeland of V. M. Shukshin, there is a Historical and Memorial Museum-Reserve of Federal Importance. Literary Shukshin readings are held here every year on the writer's birthday.

Mass media. The largest newspapers are Altaiskaya Nedelya, Altaiskaya Pravda, Youth of Altai, Evening Barnaul, Free Course. Among the audiovisual media, the state television and radio company "Altai" is in the lead. There are also private television companies ATN, Gorod, Spektr, and a private radio station Uniton.

V. S. Nechaev.

Tourism, recreation. Belokurikha is one of the centers of ski tourism (the Blagodat ski complex, where international competitions and Russian championships in skiing and snowboarding are held). Tourists are attracted by the picturesque landscape of the region. A popular holiday destination is the left bank of the Katun River near Lake Aya.

D. A. Pulyaeva.

art. The ancient art of the Altai Territory (see Historical Outline) is represented by finds relating to the cultures of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages (ceramics, sewn-on plaques made of bronze and gold foil, weapon decorations made in the traditions of the Scythian-Siberian animal style). The Middle Ages (8th-12th centuries) include the monuments of the Kimaks, ancient Khakasses and other Turkic-speaking peoples (bronze, inlaid and gilded decorations for belts and horse harnesses). In the 19th century, arts and crafts reached a high level in the work of the stone-cutting masters of the Kolyvan grinding factory, who made interior items commissioned by the Imperial Cabinet according to the drawings of the architects K. I. Rossi, G. Quarenghi, A. N. Voronikhin (including vaz”, 1828-43, the Hermitage; after the drawing by A. I. Melnikov). In 1802, the first professional artist V.P. Petrov came to the Altai Territory by order of Alexander I, who captured the appearance of the cities and towns of the region. A major phenomenon in the visual arts of the pre-revolutionary period was the work of the artists D. I. Kuznetsov (a student of G. I. Choros-Gurkin), A. O. Nikulin. In 1918-22, the Altai Art Society existed in Barnaul, which developed the idea of merging folk and professional art (artists N.N. Emelyanov, M.I. Trusov, V.N. Gulyaev and others). The art of the middle and the end of the 20th century is represented by the works of artists P. Panarin, A. Shcheblanov, N. Korotkov. In the homeland of V. M. Shukshin (village of Srostki) in 2004, a monument to the writer was opened (bronze, sculptor V. M. Klykov).

S. A. Zinchenko.

Music. The traditional musical culture is represented mainly by the music of Russian settlers, as well as the Kumandins living in the southern regions. In Barnaul there are: the Altai State Theater of Musical Comedy (1960), the Symphony Orchestra of the State Philharmonic of the Altai Territory (1954), the Altai State Orchestra of Russian Folk Instruments "Siberia" (1990), the Musical Society of the Altai Territory, the State Musical Colleges in Barnaul (1956), Biysk (1967), Rubtsovsk (1969).

Theatre. Theatrical art has been developing since the 2nd half of the 18th century: the first amateur group (“Theater House”) was created in Barnaul in 1776. Regular performances by professional theater troupes began in the 1870s. The Society of Dramatic Art Lovers appeared in Biysk (1887) and Barnaul (1890). In 1921, in Barnaul, as a result of the merger of professional teams from the Altai province, the First State Theater was created (since 1936 - the Barnaul Drama Theater; since 1937, after the formation of the Altai Territory, - the Regional Drama Theater, since 1991 - named after V. M. Shukshin). The following also work in the Altai Territory: Theater for Children and Youth (1958), puppet theater "Fairy Tale" (1963) - in Barnaul; drama theaters in Biysk (1943) and Rubtsovsk (1937). In different years, the festivals "Small Stage", "Classics on Stage", "Theatrical Journey", the Regional Festival of Choreographic Art were held.

About the professional literature of the Altaians, see the article Altai, about traditional folk art, see the article Altaians.

Lit .: Snitko L. I. The first artists of Altai. L., 1983; Encyclopedia of the Altai Territory. Barnaul, 1995-1996. T. 1-2; Reservoirs of the Altai Territory: biological productivity and prospects for use / Under the editorship of V. Vesnina. Novosib., 1999; Rassypnov V. V. The nature of Altai: an ecological essay. Barnaul, 2000.

People first appeared on the territory of Altai about one and a half million years ago. The glacial shell then covered vast expanses of Western Siberia, so all the sites of ancient people were located south of the glaciers, in the swampy plains adjacent to them, cold steppes and forest-steppes of that era - the Stone Age.

At the end of the 6th - beginning of the 3rd century BC. e. groups of newcomers appear on the territory of Altai. The culture of the alien population was called "Afanasievskaya" - after the name of the mountain in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, near which the first burial ground dating back to this period was excavated. The Afanasiev tribes settled in Altai along the Biya and Katun rivers in the south and along the Ob in the north. These were the early cattle-breeding tribes of the Proto-Europeans, whose basis of life was distant pastoralism.

In the 1st century BC e in Altai there was a culture of the Scythian type, which left a huge number of unique monuments. The main occupation of the population of Altai at that time was cattle breeding. In the summer people roamed the plains and foothills, and with the onset of winter they drove the cattle to the mountain valleys. The settled tribes of Altai in the Scythian era lived in the range from modern Kulunda in the west, to the Kuznetsk Alatau in the east and to the Altai Mountains in the south.

From the end of the III century - the beginning of the II centuries BC. e. until the end of the 1st century BC. e. Altai was in the sphere of influence of the tribal union of the Xiongnu - the ancestors of the Huns, who subsequently conquered many European peoples in the process of the "great migration of peoples". The Xiongnu created the first early class state in Central Asia. The mass movement of nomadic tribes to the west greatly changed the appearance of the population of Altai. In the forest zone, the culture of the Samoyed population, West Siberian Ugric peoples and early Turkic elements began to take shape.

Since the end of the 16th century, the population of Altai has been closely approaching the tribes of the western Mongols-Oirats. In 1635, the Oirats united into a single vast state - the Dzungar Khanate. Most of the Altai tribes were included in the Dzungaria.

XVII-XVIII centuries

Settling of the Upper Ob and Altai foothills by Russians began in the second half of the 17th century. The development of Altai began after the Bikatun (1718), Beloyarsk (1717) and Biysk (1718) fortresses were built to protect against the warlike Dzungar nomads.

In order to explore valuable ore deposits, search parties were equipped for the Altai. The father and son of the Kostylevs are considered to be the discoverers, later the Ural breeder Akinfiy Demidov took advantage of the discoveries.

For reconnaissance, Demidov sent his clerks and artisans from the Urals to Altai, who confirmed the rich content of the local ores. In addition to rich ores, Altai had dense pine forests and numerous rivers. Thus, there were all conditions for the creation of the mining industry. September 21, 1729 earned - Kolyvano-Voskresensky plant.

In parallel with copper production, silver smelting began. The result of the activities of Akinfiy Demidov and his clerks in Altai was the creation of a feudal mining industry based on the serf labor of bonded peasants and artisans.

Rumors about the smelting of silver by Demidov reached St. Petersburg, and on May 1, 1747, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna issued a decree by which Altai was transferred to the personal property of the Russian tsars.

During the first five years (from 1747 to 1752) more than 750 pounds of silver and more than 20 pounds of gold were smelted in Altai, which was estimated at 150 thousand rubles. The Cancer of Alexander Nevsky weighing 90 pounds was made from Altai silver, now in the Hermitage.

Formed by the 2nd half of the 18th century, the Altai mining district is a territory that included the current Altai Territory, Novosibirsk and Kemerovo, part of the Tomsk and East Kazakhstan regions, with a total area of over 500 thousand km² and a population of more than 130 thousand souls of both sexes. The emperor was the owner of the Altai factories, mines, lands and forests, the main management of them was carried out by the Cabinet, located in St. Petersburg. The backbone of local control was made up of mountain officers. But the main role in production was played by non-commissioned officers and technicians, from whose ranks came talented craftsmen and inventors I. I. Polzunov, K. D. Frolov, P. M. Zalesov, M. S. Laulin.

19th century

In the first half of the 19th century, Altai ranked first in Russia in the production of silver, second in copper, and third in gold. It has become the second industrial region in the east of the country after the Urals. The statesman, reformer and Siberian governor M. M. Speransky visited Altai in the 20s of the XIX century and came to the conclusion: “Nature itself destined this land for a strong population and for the richest products of agriculture, trade and industry. But it is impossible to expect these latter with a real device. He considered it expedient to replace serfs and bonded peasants with hired workers and to attract settlers to the lands of Altai. But the tsarist Cabinet for many decades did not agree to small concessions that could shake its monopoly position.

And after the reforms of the 60-70s of the XIX century, feudal remnants in Altai were preserved to a greater extent than in the center of the country and other regions of Siberia. The belonging of the mountain district to the kings remained inviolable, and this determined many features of the development of Altai in the post-reform period.

The mining industry, which was the main branch of the economy of the district, entered after 1861 into a period of crisis. From the beginning of the 1970s, the unprofitability of factories began to grow uncontrollably, and by the end of the century almost all of them were closed.

In the private industry of the post-reform Altai, gold mining was most developed. The private manufacturing industry was represented by flour and grain mills, distilleries, fur-rolling and sheepskin coat workshops.

At the end of the 19th century, the territory of present-day Altai was part of the Tomsk province.

20th century

Pre-revolutionary period

Gradually, agriculture becomes the basis of the Altai economy. Along with the cultivation of grain crops (wheat, oats, rye), potato plantings expanded, and beekeeping received significant development. At the beginning of the 20th century, dairy farming and butter-making came to the fore. Altai oil was exported to the countries of Western Europe.

At the end of the 19th century, a section of the Siberian railway passed through the northern part of the district, by 1915 the Altai railway was built, connecting Novonikolaevsk, Barnaul and Semipalatinsk. Improved and water transport.

The Stolypin land reform gave impetus to the resettlement movement in the Altai, which generally contributed to the economic recovery of the region.

Revolution and civil war

In July 1917, the Altai province was formed with the center in the city of Barnaul, which lasted until 1925. The events of 1917 led to the establishment of Soviet power in Altai. In 1918, Barnaul was captured by the White Guards, the Red Guards were forced to switch to partisan struggle. The Ziminsky uprising in August 1919 marked the beginning of a mass partisan movement in the region. Soon, a whole partisan army of E. M. Mamontov and I. V. Gromov was already operating in Altai, in which there were about 15 thousand people. In the areas controlled by the rebels, Soviet power was restored. At the end of 1919, the Whites in Western Siberia were defeated.

Interwar period

From 1925 to 1930, the territory of Altai was part of the Siberian Territory (the regional center was the city of Novosibirsk), and from 1930 to 1937 it was part of the West Siberian Territory (the regional center was the city of Novosibirsk). In 1937, the Altai Territory was formed (the center is the city of Barnaul).

Throughout the 1920s, Altai remained an agrarian region, and therefore the main political and socio-economic processes were associated with the development of the countryside. By the beginning of the 1930s, the collectivization of peasant farms had been basically completed. The NEP by this time no longer existed.

The end of the construction of the Turkestan-Siberian railway affected the economic development of the Altai province in the late 1920s. The Barnaul Melange Combine is being built to process Central Asian cotton. Elevators were built in Barnaul, Biysk, Kamen-on-Ob, sugar factories were built in Biysk and Aleysk, and meat processing plants were built in Biysk, Rubtsovsk and Pospelikha. Metalworking and the production of building materials grew rapidly, and the transport network improved. By the end of the 1930s, Altai had become one of the largest agro-industrial regions in Siberia.

The Great Patriotic War

The outbreak of the Great Patriotic War required a restructuring of the work of the entire economy. Altai received more than 100 evacuated enterprises from the western regions of the country, including 24 plants of all-Union significance. The war fundamentally changed the economic appearance of Altai, giving a powerful impetus to the development of its industry. At the same time, the region remained one of the main granaries of the country, being a major producer of bread, meat, butter, honey, wool and other agricultural products.

post-war period

The first post-war decade was a period of mass development of new equipment and technology. The growth rate of the region's industry exceeded the all-Union. By the beginning of the 60s, more than 80% of tractor plows, over 30% of freight cars and steam boilers produced by that time in the RSFSR were produced in Altai.

The priority development of industry, characteristic of the post-war decades, affected the state of agriculture, which continued to develop by extensive methods. The grain problem remained the key one for Altai. In October 1953, N. I. Belyaev, who had been in charge of the Altai Territory since 1943, submitted a note addressed to the 1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU N. S. Khrushchev, in which he reported on the need to put the fertile lands of Western and Eastern Siberia at the service of the national economy, which not used properly. At the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU held in February-March 1954, the Soviet leader came up with a virgin program already on his own behalf. (although later, at a meeting with editors of central newspapers, he admitted that Belyaev was the author of the idea).

Having received approval of his proposals, Belyaev demanded from the region to increase the task of raising virgin soil. On his initiative, at the VII regional party conference held in January 1954, it was decided to expand the area sown with spring wheat by 2 million hectares in 1954-1955 (instead of 1 million 200 thousand hectares according to previously announced proposals). The implementation of the tasks of plowing virgin lands required a large amount of agricultural machinery. During the first year of the virgin campaign, the number of tractors in the MTS of the Altai Territory increased from 29.6 to 44.3 thousand units. To provide a sharply increased number of agricultural machinery with qualified personnel, a large number of young people and Komsomol members were called to the farms of the virgin regions from other regions of the country. Thanks to the perseverance and energy of Belyaev, who kept the party workers in constant tension, 2,789.2 hectares of virgin land and deposits were raised in the Altai Territory in 7 years, of which 87.9% in the first two years. However, along with fertile virgin lands, in the first two years of the campaign, under pressure from party organs, farms plowed up large areas of land unsuitable for growing grain crops. In 1955, such lands were withdrawn from arable land, but in subsequent years they were again plowed up and abandoned, as a result of which the reported figures for the development of virgin lands did not correspond to reality.

The erosion of virgin soils and the epidemic of weeds, which intensified in the late 1950s and early 1960s, as a result of erroneous approaches to virgin farming, significantly reduced the productivity of the fields. In 1959-1963, the average annual amount of grain handed over to the state by collective farms and state farms decreased by 36% compared to the indicators of 1954-1958.

In the 1970s and 1980s, there was a transition from separately operating enterprises and industries to the formation of territorial production complexes: agro-industrial units, production and production and scientific associations.

After the collapse of the USSR

After the collapse of the USSR, the regional economy entered into a protracted crisis associated with the loss of the state order in industry and the unprofitability of agricultural production. Based on the law "On the Peasant (Farm) Economy" of November 22, 1990, many workers of the former state farms and collective farms began to divide the former collective farm land into shares, and property into shares, and create farms. The Decree of the Russian government "On the Practice of Reorganization of Collective and State Farms", issued in 1992, led to an abrupt increase in the number of farms: in 1991-1995, the number of farms in the Altai Territory increased from 99 to 6,806. However, by the mid-1990s, the state's interest in farmers declined sharply, and the conditions for the development of farms began to deteriorate. The government has practically abandoned the implementation of the Federal Farm Support Program. Under these conditions, farmers found themselves in a critical situation, and the number of farms that ceased their activities began to exceed the number of newly formed ones every year, as a result of which in 1999 5,957 farms remained in the Altai Territory. However, due to the decrease in the number of applicants to become farmers, larger plots were provided to newly created farms, so the average size of a land plot increased from 113 hectares in 1995 to 156 hectares in 1999. By the end of the 1990s, the Altai Territory was among the top ten regions of Russia in terms of the number of farms, and in terms of the area of agricultural land in one farm, it was in the top six.

Altai Territory in ancient times

Altai Territory in the XVII-XIX centuries.

Settling of the Upper Ob and Altai foothills by Russians began in the second half of the 17th century. The development of Altai went faster after the Beloyarskaya (1717) and Bikatunskaya (1718) fortresses were built to protect against the warlike nomads of the Dzhungars.

The long Northern War with Sweden posed a number of problems for Russia, one of which was obtaining its own metals and especially copper, which is necessary for the manufacture of cannons, minting coins, and casting bells. Before the war, Russia imported from Sweden over 17,000 poods of copper annually. Now the government of Peter I had to turn to its own natural resources. For this purpose, search parties were equipped, and private initiative was encouraged.

Altai has long been known as a metal mining area, as evidenced by the so-called "Chudsky mines". The father and son of Kostylev are rightfully considered the pioneers of ore deposits in Altai. These discoveries were used by the largest Ural breeder Akinfiy Demidov.

For reconnaissance, Demidov sends his clerks and artisans from the Urals to Altai, who confirmed the rich content of the local ores. In addition to rich ores, Altai had dense pine forests and numerous rivers. Thus, there were all conditions for the creation of the mining industry. September 21, 1729 earned - Kolyvano-Voskresensky plant.

During the first five years (from 1747 to 1752) more than 750 pounds of silver and more than 20 pounds of gold were smelted in Altai, which was estimated at 150 thousand rubles. The tomb of Alexander Nevsky weighing 90 pounds, now in the Hermitage, was made of Altai silver.

Formed by the 2nd half of the 18th century, the Altai mining district is a territory that included the current Altai Territory, Novosibirsk and Kemerovo, part of the Tomsk and East Kazakhstan regions, with a total area of over 500 thousand square meters. km and a population of more than 130 thousand souls of both sexes. The emperor was the owner of the Altai factories, mines, lands and forests, the main management of them was carried out by the Cabinet, located in St. Petersburg. The backbone of local control was made up of mountain officers. But the main role in production was played by non-commissioned officers and technicians, from whose ranks came talented craftsmen and inventors I. I. Polzunov, K. D. Frolov, P. M. Zalesov, M. S. Laulin.

The well-known statesman and reformer M.M. Speransky visited Altai in the 20s of the 19th century and came to the conclusion: “Nature itself destined this region for a strong population and for the richest products of agriculture, trade and industry. But these last with a real device

impossible to expect." He considered it expedient to replace the mining artisans and ascribed peasants with hired workers and to attract settlers to the lands of Altai. But the tsarist Cabinet for many decades did not agree to small concessions that could shake its monopoly position.

And after the reforms of the 60-70s of the 19th century, feudal remnants in Altai were preserved to a greater extent than in the center of the country and other regions of Siberia. The belonging of the mountain district to the kings remained inviolable, and this determined many features of the development of Altai in the post-reform period.

The mining industry, which was the main branch of the economy of the district, entered after 1861 into a period of crisis. From the beginning of the 1870s, unprofitable factories began to grow uncontrollably, and by the end of the century almost all of them were closed.

In the private industry of the post-reform Altai, gold mining was most developed. The largest companies in the gold industry were the Altai Gold Mining Business and the South Altai Gold Mining Business. By the end of the 19th century, there were 70 mines and up to 100 pounds of gold were mined annually.

3. Explorers of Altai

(Materials from the book: Tourist regions of the USSR. Altai Territory. M .: Profizdat, 1987.)

The Altai Territory and its natural resources were known in Russia long before it became part of the Russian state. However, knowledge of the distant outskirts for a long time remained very scarce, often legendary.

At the beginning of the 17th century, the southeast of Western Siberia found itself in the sphere of economic development. The pioneers were attracted here by the reserves of table salt in the lakes. In 1613, the Cossack chieftain Bartasha Stanislavov came with a fishing team of several hundred people to the Yamyshevsky lakes (they stretch in a chain from the Irtysh towards the current Petukhovsky lakes in the Klyuchevsky district).

On the other side of the region, in the upper reaches of the Tom, near the Kuznetsk fortress, attention was drawn to the possibilities of iron ore mining.

In 1626, a new salt expedition headed by Groza Ivanov and Dmitry Cherkasov visited the lakes of the western part of the Kulunda steppes. A geographical description of the area was drawn up.

Both the flat part and the mountains become the object of further study. The campaigns were carried out systematically. In 1632, a detachment of service people from Tomsk climbed the Ob to the latitude of Barnaul, the following year, a detachment of Cossacks led by the boyar son Peter Sabansky from Kuznetsk passed along Lake Teletskoye. Ataman Pyotr Dorofeev also visited there in 1639. These campaigns gave the first information about the natural features of the North-Eastern Altai, about the life of the local population.

A few years later, a new detachment under the command of Peter Sobansky came to the lake and wintered there. In the unsubscribes, places suitable for settlement were marked. In 1673, a large military fishing expedition passed through almost the entire region. It included the ore explorer Fedka (Silver), who delivered ore to Moscow from the area of Lake Teletskoye.

The pioneers, the industrial men who had been active over a vast area for decades, could not get together and thus form a true picture of the places they were developing. But their replies got to the central cities - Tomsk, Tobolsk, Moscow. The government needed to have a generalized idea of Siberia in order to organize the management and development of the eastern lands. In 1667, the Tobolsk governor P.I. Godunov drew up a blueprint of the whole of Siberia. In the 80s. a new general drawing of Siberia was drawn up.

Especially large and generalized information was collected by S.U. Remezov. In his Drawing Book of Siberia (beginning of the 18th century), many geographical names of the Altai Territory that have survived to this day are marked, including 23 rivers and 4 lakes. Of these, such as Chumysh, Kasmala, Chesnokovka, Barnaulka, Aley, Charysh, Anuy, Nenya, Maima, Baigol, Bekhtemir. A lot of other useful information is given. For example, mineral deposits are indicated, approximate distances are indicated.

According to our modern ideas, such maps were primitive, non-scale, without the correct orientation of the cardinal points, without a mathematical basis.

The first real map of the Altai Territory was made by the surveyor Pyotr Chichagov. He worked as part of the military search expedition of Guards Major I. Likharev, which passed along the Upper Irtysh in 1719-1720. In his other map (1729), made with exceptional accuracy, the whole situation of Altai is correctly depicted, the outlines of Lake Teletskoye have a relatively regular shape, in the upper reaches of the river. Alei marked the existing mines.

From this period begins a new period in the study of the Altai Territory - the research of scientists. The explorations of explorers can no longer satisfy the need for knowledge of the region, although they played a significant role in the future.

In 1734, an expedition of the Academy of Sciences headed by I.G. Gmelin and G.F. Miller visited the region. It included S.P. Krashennikov (future academician) and surveyor A. Ivanov. Along the route of the expedition, A. Ivanov made astronomical measurements of the Omsk, Yamyshov and Semipalatinsk fortresses, the Kolyvanovo-Voskresensky plant and the Kuznetsk fortress. So the geographical position of the main points of the Altai Territory was determined for the second time.

In 1745, by decree of the Senate, an expedition was organized to explore the northeastern part of Altai - the upper reaches of the Biya, Lake Teletskoye, the interfluve of Chulyshman and Bashkaus. It was headed by the explorer and explorer Pyotr Shelygin. This expedition can be considered the last expedition of the period of explorers, discoverers and the first local (local history) expedition.

According to the results of her cartographer and draftsman P.Startsev compiled the Land Map of the Kuznetsk district. The map and the journal note contain a lot of valuable geographical information, a dense river network is plotted, minerals are described, there is data on fauna, on the possibility of economic use of land not only along the route of 1745, but throughout the entire region.

In connection with the transfer of factories to the department of the tsar's Cabinet, new extensive studies were undertaken. So, in 1760, the government issued a decree on the occupation of places in Siberia from the Ust-Kamenogorsk fortress along the river. Bukhtarma and further to Teletskoye Lake. Within two years, five expeditions were sent. Their routes covered thousands of miles of untrodden places. The upper reaches of the Irtysh, Bukhtarma, Kan, Katun, Central Altai, its northern ranges, Lake Teletskoye, Biya - this is the main area of extensive research.

Expeditions of the 60s were truly comprehensive both in terms of the selection of specialist leaders and the results achieved. They included Major-General Petrulin, Shipmaster Ivan Denisov, doctor Yakov Kizing, second-major Polivanov, ore explorer D.F. Golovin, ore explorer I. Chuporshnev, Major Eiden, surveyor Pimen Popov.

The reports of the leaders contained a lot of new data on the natural resources of Altai, flora and fauna. Previously unknown places were marked on the maps, dozens of mineral deposits were discovered, mountain steppes - Kanskaya, Yaboganskaya, Abaiskaya were discovered, roads were outlined, places for settlement were determined.

The reports of the expeditions contained the most interesting facts on geography, they provide brief meteorological reports, indicate the distances from one point to another, the depths of the rivers, and describe the difficulties of crossings in mountainous areas.

In the 70-90s. In the 18th century, the region was studied by prominent scientists, mining specialists, among them P.S. Pallas, I.M. Renovants, I.F. German. They created summarizing works on the geology of Altai, the history of mining, paid much attention to the economic condition of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky factories.

In 1788, by order of Catherine II, the Cabinet organized expeditions to the mine of various porphyries and other stones and ores.

The leaders of the search parties were exclusively local mining specialists: P.T. Shangin, F. Ridder, B. Kluge, Lindenthal and others. The vast territory was covered by research, although the main attention was still paid to the search for minerals in the mountains. The search party of P.I. Shangin indicated 145 points of deposits of ornamental stones, and the main one is Korgonskoye.

As a result of the work of the search parties in 1786, knowledge about the nature of the Altai Territory expanded even more. By discovering new deposits of polymetallic ores, local mining specialists and ore explorers have provided a raw material base for the operation of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky (Altai) mining and metallurgical complex.

The head of one of these parties, Pyotr Ivanovia Shangin, belongs to the galaxy of major researchers.

The map of 1816 compiled by L. Pansner from the latest private maps of the Barnaul Mining Archive was a kind of result of the achievements of the researchers of the 18th century. It outlines a large hydrographic network in the right-bank valley of the Irtysh, Bukhtarma, and especially along the Ob. Those territories where the mines are located and where the routes of the search parties passed were marked in detail. However, the territory between the Ob and Chumysh rivers remained almost a blank spot, as well as the vast plain from the foothills through the entire Kulunda and Baraba (with the exception of the Barnaul Kulunda forests, which were well surveyed by that time). Almost the entire Altai Mountains remained unexplored.

Great merits in the study of the Altai Territory belong to Grigory Ivanovich Spassky (1783 - 1864). He studied the history and geography of Altai, described the deposits of many minerals, collected a lot of information about the animal world (in particular, about the distribution of the tiger in Altai). In addition, G.I. Spassky conducted extensive archaeological research.

Large studies of the Altai Territory were carried out by local specialists A.A. Bunge, P.A. Slovtsov, A.I. Kulibin, F.V. Gebler, V.V. Radlov, S.I. Gulyaev.

VV Gebler discovered the first glaciers of Altai on Mount Belukha in 1835. The glacier he discovered now bears his name. Gebler's research served as an important milestone in the study of the process of reduction of Altai glaciers over 150 years.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Altai Territory continued to be a field of research for visiting scientists, travelers, and foreigners. In 1826, the expedition of professor of botany K.F. Ledebour was equipped (it included A. Bunge and K. Meyer). In 1829, the largest German scientist A. Humboldt visited Altai. The German geologist Bernhard Kotta studied the Altai in 1868.

A wide geological expedition worked in Altai in 1834. It was led by geologist GP Gelmersen. He visited Lake Teletskoye, as well as the region of the upper reaches of the Uba, Ulba and Koksa rivers. In his works, he gave a general geological description of the Lake Teletskoye area, detailed mineralogy of the constituent rocks of the surrounding ranges, and compiled a special geological map of the lake.

One of the largest expeditions of the XIX century. was the expedition of Pyotr Alexandrovich Chikhachev. She arrived in Altai in 1842, worked here for more than six months and turned out to be the most productive in the entire previous history of geographical discoveries in Altai.

Numerous routes of the expedition covered the whole of Southern Siberia. P'tr Chikhachev discovered a number of mineral deposits, gave an orthographic division of the mountainous country, created an integral geological outline of Altai. Based on the information presented to him and his own observations, he compiled a detailed and most complete geological map of the southeast of Western Siberia and a geographical map of his route.

For the merits of P.A. Chikhachev to the fatherland, one of the ridges of Altai is named after him.

Detailed geological and mineralogical studies of the mines of the Altai Territory were carried out by a member of the Moscow Society of Naturalists G.S. Karelin, in 1844 a professor at Moscow University G.E. P.P. Semenov (Tyan-Shansky).

A great contribution to the study of Altai was made by local historian Stepan Ivanovich Gulyaev (1806-1888). He studied separate remote places of the region, explored mineral springs, collected an excellent collection of minerals and paleontological finds. S.I. Gulyaev studied the possibilities of local natural resources for the purpose of their industrial development.

In 1891, the Society of Altai Exploration Lovers was founded in Barnaul, which after a few years passed to the charter of the Geographical Society. Representatives of the local intelligentsia, political exiles, democratically minded teachers, land surveyors, and competent surveyors were united by the idea of knowing their land, the idea of emancipating its productive forces, placing them at the service of Russia.

Dmitry Ivanovich Zverev (1862-1924) was one of the initiators of the creation of the Society of Altai Exploration Lovers. He created a network of meteorological stations, systematized data on the impact of weather and climate changes on crop yields by zones, and compiled agricultural surveys over the region over a number of years.

Another local researcher, a prominent soil scientist I.P. Vydrin, together with Z.I. Rostovsky in the 90s. conducted several expeditions with the aim of zoning the Altai district according to soil differences.

Starting in 1902 and over the course of several years, made a number of expeditions to the right bank of the Irtysh, to the Kulunda steppe, in the vicinity of Barnaul, ornithologist, doctor Andrei Petrovich Velizhanin.

A remarkable researcher, scientist and public figure Viktor Ivanovich Vereshchagin (1871 - 1956) devoted his life to studying the nature of the region. He enlisted in Barnaul as a teacher of natural history at a real school. He began to study the surroundings of the city, make long-distance excursions, and then expedition trips, becoming one of the founders of children's (school) tourism in Altai. Since 1901, V.I.Vereshchagin has been making scientific trips to various regions of the Altai Territory and adjacent territories. In more detail, he explored the Chuya steppe, Gornaya Kolyvn, the Narrow steppe, the steppes of the Ob plateau, traveled a lot around Rudny Altai, the sources of the Katun, Bashkaus, Chulyshman.

Scientific and local history activities of V.I.Vereshchagin especially unfolded in the Soviet era. He was awarded (without defense) the degree of Candidate of Biological Sciences.

General geographic research in Altai was carried out by prominent scientists and public figures, such as G.N. Potanin, N.M. Yadrintsev, V.V. Sapozhnikov. They visited many regions of the region, but studied Gorny Altai in more detail.

For many years, studied and collected Altai folklore G.N. Potanin - a prominent Russian scientist, geographer, ethnographer, explorer of Mongolia, China, Siberia. His activities served to further develop Russian-Altaic cultural and literary ties.

Vasily Vasilyevich Sapozhnikov (1861 - 1924), professor of Tomsk University, a naturalist, a student of K.A. Timiryazev, was the largest explorer of Altai. He began research in the Altai mountains in 1895 and continued them with short breaks until 1911.

V.V. Sapozhnikov studied the entire Altai Mountains, was the first to establish the presence of traces of ancient glaciation here, discovered, in essence, the modern glaciation of Altai, described and surveyed all large glaciers, determined the heights of many mountain peaks, including Belukha. The scientist devoted a lot of effort to studying the nature of the mountainous territories adjacent to Altai, discovered the largest glaciation node in the Tabyn-Bogdo-Ola massif. V.V. Sapozhnikov created the first truly tourist guidebook for Altai, which has not been surpassed so far in terms of detail and accuracy of route descriptions.

On July 26, 1914, the most interesting local event in the history of the study of the region took place: on this day, the brothers Boris and Mikhail Tronov made a direct ascent to the top of Belukha. The previously inaccessible summit was conquered.

We meet many famous names in the history of the study of the Altai Territory in the early years of the 20th century: V.A. Obruchev, G.I. Granet, B.A. Keller, P.P. Pilipenko, P.G. Ignatov, P.P. .Sushkin, P.N.Krylov, V.I.Vernadsky, A.E.Fersman and others.

P.P. Sushkin is a prominent specialist in ornithology and zoogeography of Siberia, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1912 - 1914. he traveled along the edge to the little-explored places of the North-Eastern and Central Altai.

From 1891 to 1925 P.N. Krylov made five trips across Altai. A number of his works are recognized as classics.

In the first decades of the twentieth century academician V.I.Vernadsky comes to Altai with a research program. A talented naturalist, he possessed vast knowledge in mineralogy and crystallography, studied the chemical composition of the earth's crust, ocean and atmosphere, became the founder of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, radiogeology, the doctrine of the biosphere and noosphere - the sphere of the mind. V.I.Vernadsky dealt a lot with the history of the study of Siberia and Altai.

Academician A.E. Fersman, a well-known Soviet mineralogist and geochemist, one of the remarkable students and followers of V.I. Vernadsky, came with him. During a tour of the Altai mines in 1916, A.E. Fersman collected the richest collections of ores and stones, the collection of the Zmeinogorsky mine was especially complete.

Extensive research of Altai has enriched science with new information. One of the most interesting regions of our country - Altai still attracts the attention of scientists and local historians.

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II.DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION IN ALTAI IN THE SECOND HALFXIX- BEGINNINGXXcenturies"GG^G" 1 P ° Compared with feudal serfdom, presented sideways p fopm^ 1Sh ZN g IYa "UR ° VNYu education of the population. Implementation of the “peasantry and in support of the USK ° RIVSHee in the article R ane "° SHWal0 POT R e6nost "literate farmers, workers and employees. In the 60s of the XIX century, the question arose of expanding the network of schools, first of all, whether ^ Г ^™ Г -~^ which-^ Г^ document could
^ „PT by the predominance of the humanities, and real ones, where more attention was paid to mathematics and natural sciences. Formally, the school in Russia became classless, i.e. representatives of all strata of the population had the right to study. But the lack of educational institutions, the search for the masses and the reactionary policy of the tsarist government created the prerequisites for the preservation of feudal traditions (primarily estates) in the education system and doomed the children of peasants and workers to illiteracy. So, expressing the interests of the aristocrats, the Minister of Public Education, Count I.D. On June 18, 1887, Delyanov issued a circular ordering that “children of coachmen, laundresses, petty shopkeepers, etc.” should not be admitted to the gymnasium. This legal act, known as the “circular about cook's children”, closed the way to the gymnasium for representatives of workers, children from low-income families and meant a departure from the “Charter of gymnasiums and progymnasiums”, approved on November 19, 1864 by V.I. Lenin rightly noted: the era of reforms of the 60s. “left the peasant a niche, downtrodden, dark, subordinate to the feudal landowners both in court, and in administration, and at school ...” (24). By the time of the mentioned reforms, Altai remained one of the culturally backward outskirts of the country. Questions of education here were resolved extremely slowly. For example, for ten years there have been talks about opening a women's pro-gymnasium in Barnaul. And only when the wife of a mining engineer E. Preobrazhenskaya donated her house for a pro-gymnasium, she was able to open it in 1877. At that time, this secondary general educational institution, the first in Altai, had a preparatory department (26 students) and a first class (24 students). It was intended for the education of children of privileged classes. In the 1879/80 academic year, out of 82 students of the gymnasium, there were 66 persons from noble families, 6 from the clergy, 8 from merchants and philistines, and 2 from others. There was not a single student from the peasants. A fee was charged for tuition at the progymnasium. And yet, in the post-reform period, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of primary schools, primarily in cities. By 1889, in comparison with the previous period, the number of schools increased from 16 to 226. Table 1 gives an idea of the types of schools. one.

TableI

The number of primary schools in Altai and the number of students in them (1889) (2, 31, 74)

Types of schools (colleges)	Number of schools	Number of students (people 1
Urban
Mining
Cossack
Church-parish
RniocTHbie
Instantaneous
Chyagtnye
TOTAL

There were 1,354 girls in the primary school population. City ™ sh.sha - elementary schools of an increased type, transformed according to the Regulations of May 31, 1872 from district schools. Their goal is to give craftsmen to children. "2

small employees and merchants increased primary education and some mishch, -mvh applied knowledge. Children no younger than seven years of age were admitted to city schools. The school studied: the law of God, reading, writing, Russian, Church-Neo-Abian reading, arithmetic, practical geometry, geography and domestic history, information from general history and geography, from natural history and physics drawing, drawing, gymnastics. Pupils (boys) mastered the skills of working with wood and metal. G.u. divided into 1-class, 2-, 3- and 4-class. The term of study in any of them was 6 years. In 2-class G.u. the duration of the course of the 1st "class" was 4 years, and the 2nd - 2 years. In the 3rd grade - the course of each of the "classes" lasted 2 years, and in the 4th grade - the course of the 1st and 2nd "class" lasted 2 goals each, and the 3rd and 4th - one year each . Each "class" initially had only one teacher. Then subject teachers began to work with senior schoolchildren. Graduates of G.U. the right to enroll in lower vocational schools or in 1- and 2-year pedagogical courses was granted. The junior classes (departments) gradually lost their popularity and closed. In 1912 G.U. were transformed into higher primary schools (36).

With the abolition of serfdom, mining production lost cheap labor and began to decline. One by one, mines and factories were closed in the district. The need to train young people with mining specialization otpat. Therefore, mining schools in 1879 were transferred to the Ministry of Public Education. Nevertheless, as we see from the table, they still worked in the 80s. Then they were transformed into two-year rural and urban schools, devoid of practical bias. Cossack schools of Altai - stanitsa and village primary educational institutions intended for the Cossacks of the Siberian troops. The term of study in them was set by atamans arbitrarily - from 2 to 4 years. The specifics of their work consisted in increased attention to the military training of students, in fostering respect for the traditions and customs of the Russian Cossacks, in instilling in the younger generation a sense of patriotism. In 1916, these schools, in solving a number of administrative and educational and pedagogical issues, were transferred to the subordination of the Ministry of Public Education. Parish schools are the most massive elementary educational institutions run by parishes. We must give them their due - they played a big role in the spread of literacy. In 1884, the "Rules on parochial schools" were approved. According to this document, two types of CPSh were created: one-class (two-year) and two-class (four-year). Classmates studied: the law of God, church singing, reading, writing and basic information in arithmetic. In the two-class TSPSH, in addition, the students were armed with information "from the history of the church and the fatherland." At the beginning of the XX century. the term of study at the Central School of Education has increased: in one-class schools up to 3 years, in two-class schools - up to 5 years. In Altai, all rural schools, opened by the decision of the Synod in 1838, functioned as TSPSH. The so-called jubilee schools later belonged to their number in the district. They were called Jubilee because they were established to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Altai District. According to order No. 19 of the Ministry of the Imperial Court dated April 30, 1897, 400 rubles were allocated for the construction of each of the 30 school buildings in the resettlement settlements. The wood was released free of charge. In addition, it was prescribed for ten years by the estimates of the Altai District to annually provide for the allocation of 360 rubles for each anniversary school. on the salaries of teachers and 40 rubles. "*inwil.DWI4 \iy\JJ) And etc. KvneifA TTJ.ZI TsPSH NS last R™b played charity. For example. K S ne U A.B. Sokolov built one parochial school at his own expense (L. Shebalin (opened November 20, 1890 - > work January 14, 1890) Yeshebalin I" SCORE~" 3apt4HoC " hour ™ Biiska< Ha4aJla
Kiyskoy - 70 Kvnni.i u-, ™ ShealinsK0 "school began to study 30 children, in
Shetpali Tutorials ^"^^ school technical staff
poavG 1990 8 TTT " ^"^ pl ™™* Local historian V. Shipilov (Altai Sh1Sh in with Stapo Tk "CHT ° In the BIYSK Uyezd from 1Sh p ° 1885 6yl "discovered by the ObGskoy" Ts ^b ~ rV H0№ "T fy.shki" e, in the village of Krasny Yar, the village of n "ovo-Obinskoi, in the village of Sychevsky and Bystry Istok, in the village of Verkh-Anuiskaya, in the village of. Kokshi. This became possible thanks to philanthropy and the great general support and assistance of the pit schools. Volost schools in Altai were elementary schools that gave elementary knowledge to peasant children and prepared them for work in rural administrations. In Centraz-non Russia, according to the Decree of 1830, one was opened per volost and supported by a special collection of funds from the peasants; according to the new Regulations in the 60s, such fees were recognized as optional. As a result, V. sh., having lost a source of funding, began to close almost everywhere. As the table above shows, V. sh. in the Altai region in the 80s. in terms of the number of students they even surpassed parochial schools; they enjoyed the support of the peasantry. Missionary schools are primary educational institutions opened in Russia by missionary organizations in national regions with the aim of spreading Christianity and training missionaries from among the local population. Such schools were created by the Altai Spiritual Mission in Gorny Altai. They were given the task of preaching Christianity among the children of the Altaians. The first of them was opened in 1856 in the village. Wash. Soon they began to be created in other villages: in Black Anuy (1858) Paspaul (1860). Ongudai (1861), Kebezeni (1867), and others. According to the 1897 census, there were already 30 primary schools in Gorny Altai, with 601 students (74). Of these, 25 were missionaries with 474 boys and 166 girls (18, p. 361). With the aim of preparing teachers for work in missionary schools in Biysk in IS83, a catechism school was opened. The relatively rapid growth in the number of schools in Altai in the second half of the 19th century. and at the beginning of the 20th century. explained by a number of reasons. After the abolition of serfdom, which led to the release of bonded peasants and artisans, hired labor became widespread in the district, as in other parts of the country. Capitalist relations are getting stronger, trade is developing widely. Thanks to the construction of the Siberian railway, Altai was drawn into the all-Russian and world market. In cities and large villages, various kinds of industrial enterprises arise - wine and vodka, leather, boots, sheepskin coats, cheese, butter, sawmills, woodworking, etc. Many private craft workshops appear, handicraft production develops. Therefore, every year the need for competent workers and specialists increased. The peasant reform affected the intensity of the resettlement of the inhabitants of European Russia in Siberia, in particular, in Altai. In 1862, 432 thousand people lived in the district, and in 1897 - 1326 thousand. In the next two decades, the population doubled here (1897 - 13 million 1916 - 2.6 million people) (78, t 1, pp. 125 and 128). Settlers from more culturally developed regions of the country became champions of reforms in the matter of education. It should be noted that in the second half of the XIX - early XX century. the tsarist government began to exile its political opponents to the Altai. Although Altai was not the main region of the Siberian exile, the number of political exiles in this territory was also significant. For example, in the 80s and 90s 19th century quite a few populists settled in Altai. During this period, 6 such exiles lived in Novokuznetsk, 19 - in Biysk, 28 - in Barnaul. In addition, the lilas, who were under the covert supervision of the police, lived in Kolyvan, Zmeinogorsk (78, vol. 1, p. 163).

Among the exiles was the liberal populist V.K. Shtilke. On his initiative, in Barnaul in 1884, the "Society for the Care of Primary Education" was created. Members of the society carried out a wide campaign to raise funds for the construction of schools. Thanks to the selfless activity of Vasily Konstantinovich himself and other members of society - enthusiasts, Nagornaya (1883) and Zaichanskaya (1895) elementary schools were opened in the city, both in areas where the poor population of Barnaul lived. In schools, not only education, but also textbooks were free and some children from the poorest families received free breakfasts, shoes and clothes. With these schools, free libraries were created. By 1896, the number of students in these educational institutions* amounted to approximately 400 people. In 1897, at both schools, the society established Sunday schools for adults, in which up to two hundred people took a course every year. Later, members of the society initiated the opening of summer playgrounds and a folk gymnasium. The first teacher at the Nagornoye school was A. A. Yufereva, the wife of a political exile. In Sunday schools, classes were conducted by P.E. Semyanov, A.F. Veronsky, Ya.P. Shmakov, who became members of the RSDLP in 1905

A strong blow to the remnants of serfdom in 1905-1907. inflicted by the first Russian revolution. According to V.I. Lenin, tsarism was forced to rapidly destroy the remnants of the bourgeois. patriarchal life in Russia, as a result of which its bourgeois development began to march "remarkably fast" (25). The development of public education in the province was greatly influenced by the speeches of the workers demanding to expand the network of schools and improve the organization of education in them. An important role in awakening the consciousness of the people was played by the exiled social democrats, whose flow intensified in the 1990s. 19th century and especially after the revolution of 1905-1907. Despite the state under supervision, they carried out political and agitation-mass work among the working people, were engaged in their education, often becoming teachers of unofficially organized "free schools". Many peasants also showed a conscious craving for knowledge. During the years of the revolution, the number of "sentences" of peasant communities on the creation of new schools increased markedly. In the name of the inspector of public schools of only one of the inspector districts of the Barnaul district, by January 1. In 1911, 51 "sentences" were received from various rural societies, which petitioned for the opening of new schools. By that time, in this - the 2nd inspector district - there were already 188 schools, of which 65 were departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and 123 - MNP (32). By the end of the XIX century. there was a significant expansion of the network of schools in Barnaul and Biysk. Then there were more than 20 primary schools in Barnaul, including: a parochial school opened in 1860, a city school (1865), a two-year parish school for women (1868 from 1902 - Aleksandrovskoye), an elementary parochial male school (1S77), a two-class men's city school (1880), a four-class city school (1880), a men's parochial school (1894), mining, Nagornaya and Zaichany schools, etc. In addition, a women's gymnasium worked here. In connection with the closure by the beginning of the 90s. the majority of mining mines and factories, the question arose about the fate of the Barnaul Mining School and the opening of a men's secondary school (real school) on its basis. Its structure at the time of its transformation into a real school (1897) was as follows: the first three classes corresponded to the course of county schools, and the last three were suitable for the type of lower technological students with a mining specialization (73. 11). „, „!!! T 0С ° of the reorganization of the Barnaul district school into a secondary educational institution-bTna™1T LELEN by specialization b ™ was raised in 1896. In this regard, at a meeting of 3 N! U!. BC ^ And ™ ROYASKOI Duma reproached: “The region is entering the correct economic

iinfiCHHQ LI "imiiUnviuiiiir"i"ii vi™ " ■" "* n.\j.wmn\. i Dinnuiand wavemi- te ^ no boundary Zoie ^ yoni "G" * "" agricultural). photographs (at the construction and boundary department). According to the head of the mining district, the opening of a speech

zGdesh "G and teTsTyTp" "shsh -" "° ^-lie about^e ™^eSx

In BiGk where eshGv PbT ^ "*** PREPARATIONS "U™™*"™ specialists (II,.

In Biisks, where else in P 65 and 1797. established garrison schools for soldiers

children and where in 1847 the first private school appeared, opened by an exiled priest

Shishko, in the second half of the XIX century. the following elementary schools were established

Since 1883, a catechism school has been operating in the city, preparing priests, translators and teachers for missionary schools (26). Nevertheless, the problem of school education in the district in the period under review was solved unsatisfactorily. The population census of 1897 revealed a depressing picture. Literate people turned out to be 9.1% in the Barnaul district (in Barnaul - 34.5%), in Biysk - 8.3% (Biysk - 27.7%), Zmeinogorsk district - 9.0% (in Zmeinogorsk - 17.7Ж) (46). The literacy rate of the rural population was: for men - 14.4, for women - only 2.7%. It was somewhat higher in the cities: in Barnaul, there were about 45% of literate males, and 24% of females; in Biysk there are about 40 such men. women - about 16%. Moreover, the majority of literate people by the time of the census had completed only primary school or had learned to read and write outside the school walls. Lia with higher education in Barnaul was counted during the census 79, in Biysk - 17. with secondary education - respectively 842 and 297 (29 thousand people lived in Barnaul then, in Biysk - 17 thousand). Moreover, representatives of the nobility had higher and secondary education -stvo, officials, clergy and merchants. Even worse with the training of people, the situation was in the rural areas of the district. At the end of the XIX century. in entire regions of Altai, no persons were found who had ever studied at school. Thus, about 800 people lived in the Charysh region that existed at that time, and there was not a single literate one among them. In the Western region, out of 6,500 inhabitants, only 6 people were literate (12). Literacy was especially low among the local population of Gorny Altai. Co-
according to the census in 1897, 41983 people lived here, including 4635 resettled
tsev from the European and Siberian provinces. Only 14S0 people turned out to be literate
century, or 3 5%. If we subtract 414 literate settlers from the above sum, then
the percentage of literacy of the local population is reduced to 2.3 and (74, p. 7). _ The elementary schools of Gorny Altai were not able to teach all the children. For example, in 1896 Chemal school was attended by 32 people, although at the same time 120 boys and girls of school age were not covered by education. There were about 120 school-age children in Shebalin. 92 of them did not attend schools. Similar picture H3 ^G^nn^^ go=GG^^a=IZ^ 1 ^™^-

while for the maintenance of police for e TO the same period - 1.3607 rubles. 18 kopecks, or 2.2 times

This had a profound effect on the financial situation of teachers and schools. Because of the low level of pay for tutors, it was difficult to find suitable pedagogical staff for work in the elementary school. A survey conducted by Tl894 of 114 elementary schools showed that only 48 6% of the teachers in them had an education in the volume of 7 classes and above; more than half of the number of tutors had no junior high school training, let alone teacher education (31). Vili! one of these teachers received a report from one village to the district authorities: - The teacher misses 2/3 of the lessons, sits in the classroom only for half an hour, is lazy, careless, does not know either the teaching methodology or the subject itself, is incapable and inexperienced in teaching ".

Dissertation abstract

The defense will take place on December 22, 2009 at 10.00 am at a meeting of the dissertation council D 003.006.01 for the defense of dissertations for the degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences at the Institute of Archeology, the Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug Ugra (1)

Document

Local history calendar: anniversaries and memorable dates of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra for 2009 / State. library of Yugra; Dep. Creved. Lit. And a bibliologist.

Formation and development of competitive strategies of economic entities of the agro-industrial complex (on the example of the agro-industrial complex of Western Siberia)

abstract

The work was carried out at the Department of Entrepreneurship and Agribusiness of the Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Ural State Agricultural Academy".

Portal for the student. Self-training

XVII-XVIII centuries

19th century

20th century

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug Ugra (1)

Formation and development of competitive strategies of economic entities of the agro-industrial complex (on the example of the agro-industrial complex of Western Siberia)

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