Russia is a multinational country, so there are many names and surnames of different origins.

We have to sign notebooks, fill out documents, while we must put our last name in a certain case and not make a mistake with the ending. This is where difficulties await us. For example, how to say correctly: "reward Lyanka Elena or Lyanka Elena, Bavtruk Timur or Bavtruk Timur, Anton Sedykh or Anton Sedogo»?

Today we will try to deal with some aspects of the declension of the surnames of foreign and Russian-speaking, male and female.

Let's begin with most of the surnames are native Russian similar in form to adjectives with suffixes -sk-, -in-, -ov- (-ev-): Hvorostovsky, Veselkin, Mikhalkov, Ivanov, Tsarev. They can be both masculine and feminine, and also used in the plural. At the same time, rarely anyone will have difficulty with the declension of such surnames.

I. p. (who? what?) Hvorostovsky, Hvorostovskaya, Hvorostovsky.

R. p. (whom? what?) Hvorostovsky, Hvorostovsky, Hvorostovsky.

D. p. (to whom? to what?) Hvorostovsky, Hvorostovsky, Hvorostovsky.

V. p. (whom? what?) Hvorostovsky, Hvorostovsky, Hvorostovsky.

Etc. (by whom? by what?) Hvorostovsky, Hvorostovsky, Hvorostovsky.

P. p. (about whom? about what?) about Hvorostovsky, about Hvorostovskaya, about the Hvorostovskys.

However, you need to be careful with surnames ending in a consonant or a soft sign. For example, Jackal, Tavgen, Korob, Great-grandfather. In this case, the declination will depend on whether What gender does the surname belong to? If we are talking about a woman, then similar e surnames are indeclinable, but male surnames are declined like nouns of the 2nd declension husband. R. (such as a table, a deer). This does not apply to surnames ending in - their(s). For example, go with Jackal Anna and Jackal Anton, talk about Tavgen Anastasia and about tavgJena Alexandra, stroll with Great-grandfather Daria and with Great-grandfather Emelyan.

Some surnames like Child, Kravets, Crane can have variant declension because they look like common nouns. When declensing nouns, there is dropping a vowel at the end of a word(jura flight ow me, bathe the rebbe nk a), when declining the surname, the vowel can be retained in order to prevent distortion or comic sounding of the surname (write Crane, dispatch from Child).

Don't bow down male and female surnames on th(s). Talk about Diana Sedykh and about Anton Sedykh, write Velimir Kruchenykh and Antonina Kruchenykh.

All female and male surnames ending in vowels, except -a or -I, are indeclinable. For example, Artmane, Amadou, Bossuet, Goethe, Galsworthy, Gramsci, Gretry, Debussy, Giusoyty, Dode, Camus, Cornu, Lully, Manzu, Modigliani, Navoi, Rustaveli, Ordzhonikidze, Chabukiani, Enescu and many others.

This includes last names ending in -about, and surnames of Ukrainian origin on -ko. For example, Hugo, La Rochefoucauld, Leoncavallo, Longfellow, Picasso, Craft, Khitrovo, Shamisso, Makarenko, Korolenko, Gorbatko, Shepitko, Savchenko, Zhivago, Derevyago and others.

Declension of surnames ending in -a, causes the greatest difficulty. Here it is necessary to take into account several criteria: origin of the surname, stress and letter, after which -a located. Let's try to simplify the picture as much as possible.

Surnames don't inflect -a if this letter is preceded by a vowel (most often at or and): Gulia, Moravia, Delacroix, Heredia. This also applies to surnames. Georgian origin.

Surnames don't inflect -aFrench descent with stress on the last syllable: Degas, Dumas, Lucas, Thomas, Farm, Petipa and etc.

All other surnames -a decline in Russian. Bring Lyanka Elena, take from Inna's smocks, read Petrarch, together with Kurosawa, about Glinka, for Alexander Mitta.

The situation is similar with the declension of surnames with the final -I: do not decline surnames French descent with stress on the last syllable (Zola). All other surnames ending in -I, lean. For example, persuade Ivan Golovnya and Elena Golovnya, write about Beria, movie George Danelia.

Thus, as you may have noticed, you need to know not so many rules in order to correctly decline your surname in Russian. We hope that now you will not make mistakes when signing a notebook or filling out documents! But if you still have any doubts, please contact us. Our experts will always try to help!

Good luck to you and a beautiful, competent, rich Russian language!

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From the questions received by the “Information Bureau” of “Gramoty.ru”:

• Hello, my surname is Ossa, the emphasis is on O, they wrote Osse in my diploma, and now I have to do an examination, which costs a lot of money to prove that the surname is not inclined.
• My last name is Pogrebnyak. It's a Ukrainian surname, and they don't seem to bow. Some people decline my last name, write Pogrebnyak, Pogrebnyak, Pogrebnyak. Is it possible?
• My surname is Eroshevich, she is of Polish origin (this is known for sure). I'm interested in the following question: is my surname declined? My relative (male) was issued a certificate in which the surname was declined. And with this certificate, they did not take him anywhere. They said that the surname does not decline. Teachers also say that they do not incline, but on your website it says that they incline. I am confused!

Such questions are not uncommon in the "Help Desk" of our portal. Most often they are asked in May-June and at the very beginning of September. This is due, of course, to the fact that at the end of the school year, graduates of schools and universities receive certificates and diplomas, and in September, children go to school and begin to sign notebooks. The certificate and diploma will definitely say to whom it was issued (i.e., surname in the dative case), and on the cover of the notebook - whose it is (i.e., surname in the genitive case). And in cases where the student's last name does not end in -ov(s), -in (-yn) or - sky (-sky)(i.e., it does not belong to the so-called standard ones), the question almost always arises: is it necessary to incline the surname and, if so, how exactly to incline? It is with him that native speakers turn to linguists for help. And this question is often followed by another: “How to prove that the surname is inclined?” or “How to defend the right to not decline the surname?”. The question "To incline or not to incline the surname?" often goes beyond the language, causing fierce disputes and leading to serious conflicts.

Of course, such questions come not only from students, their parents and teachers, they are asked throughout the year, but the peaks of calls to linguists are in May-June and September, due to the aggravation of this problem in schools and universities. This is not accidental: after all, it is in an educational institution that many native speakers have their first meeting with a specialist - a teacher of the Russian language, and the teacher's requirement to change the last name, which in the family has always been considered unchanged, surprises, annoys and rebuffs. Similar difficulties are experienced by office workers (secretaries, clerks), who are faced with the categorical demands of the management not to inflect inflected surnames.

The experience of our "Information Bureau" shows that the laws of declension of surnames are really unknown to a large number of native speakers (and even to some philologists), although they are given in many reference books on the Russian language, including widely available ones. Among these manuals are the "Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing" by D. E. Rozental, the stylistic dictionary of options by L. K. Graudina, V. A. Itskovich, L. P. Katlinskaya "Grammatical Correctness of Russian Speech" (3rd edition - under the heading “Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language”), “Dictionary of Russian personal names” by A.V. Superanskaya, research by L.P. Kalakutskaya “Surnames. Names. Patronymic. Writing and their declension” and many other sources. A study of Internet user requests and monitoring of the blogosphere allow us to conclude that there are many misconceptions among native speakers regarding the rules for declension of surnames. Here are the main ones: the decisive factor is the linguistic origin of the surname (“Georgian, Armenian, Polish surnames, etc. are not inclined”); in all cases, the declension of the surname depends on the gender of the carrier; surnames that match common nouns (Thunderstorm, Beetle, Stick) are not inclined. A considerable number of native speakers are convinced that there are so many rules for declension of surnames that it is not possible to remember them.

To show that all these ideas are not true, we present the basic rules for declension of surnames. They are taken from the sources listed above and formulated by us in the form of a step-by-step instruction, a kind of algorithm with which you can quickly find the answer to the question: “Does the surname decline?”.

Here is the algorithm.

1. As stated above, declension of surnames ending in -ov (-ev,), -in (-yn), -sky (-tsky), i.e., the so-called standard surnames, does not cause difficulties for native speakers. You just need to remember two important rules.

A. Borrowed surnames on -ov, -in, which belong foreigners, in the instrumental form have the ending -ohm(as nouns of the second school declension, for example table, table): the theory was proposed by Darwin, the film was directed by Chaplin, the book was written by Cronin.(Interestingly, the pseudonym is also inclined Green, owned by a Russian writer: the book is written Green.) Homonymous Russian surnames have an ending - th in instrumental form: with Chaplin(from the dialect word chaplya"heron"), with Cronin(from crown).

B. Female surnames on - ina type Currant, Pearl inclined in two ways, depending on the declension of the male surname ( Irina Zhemchuzhina and Irina Zhemchuzhina, Zoe Smorodina and Zoya Smorodina). If the male surname is Zhemchuzhin, then it is correct: arrival Irina Zhemchuzhina. If the male surname is Pearl, then it is correct: arrival Irina Zhemchuzhina(surname is declined as a common noun pearl).

2. Now we go directly to the so-called non-standard surnames. The first thing to remember is that, contrary to popular misconception, the gender of the bearer of a surname does not always affect inclination / non-inclination. Even less often, this is influenced by the origin of the surname. First of all, it matters what sound the surname ends with - a consonant or a vowel..

3. We will immediately describe several groups of indeclinable surnames. In modern Russian literary language do not bow Russian surnames, ending in -s, -ih (type Black, Long), as well as all surnames, ending in vowels e, i, o, u, s, e, u .

Examples: notebooks by Irina Chernykh, Lydia Meie, Roman Grymau; the diploma was given to Victor Dolgikh, Andrey Gretry, Nikolay Shtanenko, Maya Lee; meeting with Nikolai Kruchenykh and Alexander Minadze.

Note. In colloquial speech and in the language of fiction, reflecting oral speech, it is considered acceptable to decline male surnames to - uh, -ih (in Chernykh's scenario, meeting with Ryzhykh), as well as the declension of surnames of Ukrainian origin into -ko, -enko according to the declension of feminine nouns -a: go to Semashka, visiting Ustimenka. Note that Ukrainian surnames of this type were consistently declined in the fiction of the 19th century ( at Shevchenko; Nalivaika's confession; poem dedicated to Rodzyanka).

4. If last name ends in a consonant(except for surnames on -oh, -them, which were mentioned above), then here - and only here! - the gender of the bearer of the surname matters. All male surnames ending in a consonant are inclined - this is the law of Russian grammar. All female surnames ending in a consonant are not declined. In this case, the linguistic origin of the surname does not matter. Men's surnames are also declined, coinciding with common nouns.
Examples: Mikhail Bock's notebook, diplomas issued to Alexander Krug and Konstantin Korol, meeting with Igor Shipelevich, visiting Andrey Martynyuk, daughter of Ilya Skalozub, work of Isaac Akopyan; notebook of Anna Bock, diplomas issued to Natalia Krug and Lydia Korol, meeting with Yulia Shipelevich, visiting Ekaterina Martynyuk, daughter of Svetlana Skalozub, work of Marina Akopyan.

Note 1. Male surnames of East Slavic origin, having a fluent vowel during declension, can be inclined in two ways - with and without loss of a vowel: Mikhail Zayats and Mikhail Zayets, with Alexander Zhuravel and Alexander Zhuravl, Igor Gritsevets and Igor Gritsevets. In a number of sources, declension without dropping a vowel is recognized as preferable (i.e. Hare, Crane, Gritsevets), because surnames also perform a legal function. But the final choice is up to the bearer of the surname. It is important to adhere to the chosen type of declension in all documents.

Note 2. Separately, it is necessary to say about surnames ending in a consonant th. If preceded by a vowel and(less often about), the surname can be inclined in two ways. Surnames such as Topchy, Pobozhiy, Boky, Ore, can be perceived as having endings -oh, -oh and inflect as adjectives ( Topchy, Topchy, feminine Topchaya, Topchaya), and it is possible - as having a zero ending with a declension similar to nouns ( Topchia, Topchia, feminine invariant form Topchy). If consonant th at the end of the surname, any other vowel precedes, the surname obeys the general rules (Igor Shakhrai, Nikolai Adzhubei, but Inne Shakhrai, Alexandre Adjubey).

5. If last name ends in a vowel -я preceded by another vowel (ex: Shengelaya, Breaking, Rhea, Beria, Danelia), she is bows down.
Examples: notebook by Inna Shengelai, diploma issued to Nikolay Lomaya, meeting with Anna Rhea; crimes of Lavrenty Beria, meeting with George Danelia.

6. If last name ends in a vowel -a preceded by another vowel (ex.: Galois, Morois, Delacroix, Moravia, Eria, Heredia, Gulia), she is does not bow.
Examples: notebook Nicholas Galua, diploma issued to Irina Eria, meeting with Igor Gulia.

7. And the last group of surnames - ending in -а, -я, preceded by a consonant . Here - and only here! - the origin of the surname and the place of stress in it matter. There are only two exceptions to keep in mind:

BUT. Don't bow down French surnames with an accent on the last syllable: books by Alexandre Dumas, Emile Zola and Anna Gavalda, aphorisms by Jacques Derrida, goals by Diarra and Drogba.

B. Predominantly do not bow Finnish surnames ending in - a unstressed: meeting with Mauno Pekkala(although in a number of sources it is recommended to incline them too).

All other surnames (Slavic, Eastern and others; ending in stressed and unstressed -and I) bow down. Contrary to a common misconception, surnames that coincide with common nouns are also declined.
Examples: Irina Groza's notebook, Nikolay Mukha's diploma, Elena Kara-Murza's lecture, Bulat Okudzhava's songs, Igor Kvasha's roles, Akira Kurosawa's films.

Note. There were fluctuations in the declension of Japanese surnames before, but reference books note that recently such surnames have been consistently declined, and in A. A. Zaliznyak’s “Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language” there is an indeclinable version at Akutagawa along with the inflexible near Okudzhava, called "gross violation of the norm" .

Here, in fact, are all the main rules; As you can see, there aren't too many of them. Now we can refute the misconceptions listed above related to the declension of surnames. So, contrary to popular belief: a) there is no rule “all Armenian, Georgian, Polish, etc. surnames do not decline” - the declension of surnames obeys the laws of the grammar of the language, and if the final element of the surname lends itself to Russian inflection, it declines; b) the rule “male surnames decline, female ones do not” does not apply to all surnames, but only to those that end in a consonant; c) the coincidence of the surname in form with common nouns is not an obstacle to their declension.

It is important to remember: the surname is word and, like all words, it must obey the grammatical laws of the language. In this sense, there is no difference between sentences Certificate issued to Hunger Ivan(instead of correct Hunger Ivan) and The villagers were suffering from hunger.(instead of suffered from hunger), there is a grammatical error in both sentences.

It is also important to follow the rules of declension of surnames because the refusal to change the cases of the declined surname can lead to misunderstandings and incidents, and disorient the addressee of the speech. In fact, imagine the situation: a person with the surname Thunderstorm signed his work: article by Nikolai Groz. According to the laws of Russian grammar, a male surname ending in the genitive singular. numbers on - a, is restored in its original form, in the nominative case, with a zero ending, so the reader will make an unambiguous conclusion: the author's name is Nicholas Groz. Submitted to the dean's office work A. Pogrebnyak will lead to the search for a student (Anna? Antonina? Alice?) Pogrebnyak, and the student Alexander Pogrebnyak's belonging to her will still have to be proved. It is necessary to follow the rules of declension of surnames for the same reason that it is necessary to follow the rules of spelling, otherwise a situation arises similar to the famous “opteka” described by L. Uspensky in “Word about words”. The authors of the "Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language" L. K. Graudina, V. A. Itskovich, L. P. Katlinskaya indicate: case of a surname from its oblique cases.

Therefore, we suggest that you remember the elementary truth number 8.

ABC Truth No. 8. The declension of surnames obeys the laws of the grammar of the Russian language. There is no rule "all Armenian, Georgian, Polish, etc. surnames are not bowed." The declension of the surname depends primarily on what sound the surname ends with - a consonant or a vowel. The rule "male surnames decline, female ones do not" does not apply to all surnames, but only to those that end in consonant. The coincidence of the surname in form with common nouns (Fly, Hare, Stick etc.) is not an obstacle to their declination.

Literature:

1. Ageenko F. L. Dictionary of proper names of the Russian language. M., 2010.
2. Graudina L.K., Itskovich V.A., Katlinskaya L.P. Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language. -3rd ed., ster. M., 2008.
3. Zaliznyak A. A. Grammatical Dictionary of the Russian Language. - 5th ed., Rev. M., 2008.
4. Kalakutskaya L.P. Surnames. Names. Patronymic. Writing and declension. M., 1994.
5. Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing. - 8th ed., Rev. and additional M., 2003.
6. Superanskaya A.V. Dictionary of Russian personal names. M., 2004.

V. M. Pakhomov,
Candidate of Philology,
editor-in-chief of the Gramota.ru portal

Names (Slavic) on -about type Levko, Marco, Pavlo, Petro inflect following the pattern of the declension of masculine neuter nouns, for example: in front Levka, at Mark's; M. Gorky has a name Danko does not bow (talked about the burning heart of Danko).

Names that have parallel forms on -o / -a (Gavrilo-Gavrila, Mikhailo - Mikhaila), usually declined according to the type of nouns of the feminine declension : at Gavrila, to Gavrila, with Gavrila. Other endings (at Gavril, to Gavril, with Gavril) are found in common speech, they were also used in the 19th century.

Foreign names are inclined to a consonant sound regardless of whether they are used independently or together with a surname, for example: Jules Verne novels(not: "Jules Verne") stories by Mark Twain, plays by John Priestley, fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen, book by Pierre-Henri Simon. Partial deviations are observed with double French names, for example: philosophical views of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, an evening in memory of Jean-Richard Blok(the first name is not declined, see § 13, paragraph 3).

When declensing foreign names and surnames, the forms of Russian declensions are used and the peculiarities of the declension in the original language are not preserved, for example: Edek, Vladek(Polish names) - Edeka, Vladeka, Karel Capek - Karel Capek.

Russian and foreign surnames ending in a consonant are declined if they refer to men, and do not decline if they refer to women. Wed: student Kulik - student Kulik, Karl Zegers - Anna Zegers. Frequent deviations from the rule (non-inclination of male surnames ending in a consonant) are observed in cases where the surname is consonant with the name of an animal or inanimate object ( Goose, Belt, in order to avoid unusual or curious combinations, for example " at Comrade Goose”, “Citizen Belt". Often in such cases, the surname is retained in its initial form (cf .: " The Soviet government highly appreciated the merits of Sergei Yakovlevich Zhuk"- from newspapers) or make changes to this type of declension, for example, retain a fluent vowel in the forms of indirect cases (cf .: " On the awarding of a full member of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences named after V.I. V. I. Lenin Comb L. K. Order of the Red Banner of Labor ").

Surnames don't inflect -ago, -yago, -th, -them, -ava: Shambinago, Dubyago, Red, Long, Durnovo. Only in vernacular are there forms like “at Ivan Sedykh”.

Foreign surnames ending in a vowel (except
unstrikeable -and I), do not decline, for example: Zola's novels, Hugo's poems, Bizet's operas, Puccini's music, Shaw's plays. Often Slavic (Polish and Czech) surnames are also brought under this rule. -well and - s: novels by Johannes Bobrovka(GDR), Pokorny's dictionary(Czech linguist), brutal murder of Joseph Jablonski and his family(from newspapers). However, it should be borne in mind that the tendency to transfer such surnames in accordance with their sound in the source language (cf. the spelling of Polish surnames Glinski, Leszczynska - with a letter b before sk ) is combined with the tradition of their transmission according to the Russian model in writing I in declension: works by the Polish writer Krasiński, works by the linguist Ler-Splavinsky, a performance by the singer Ewa Wandrowska-Tirska, a concert by the pianist Czerny-Stefanska, an article by Octavia Spilska-Poletskaya etc. To avoid difficulties in the functioning of such surnames in the Russian language, it is advisable to arrange them according to the model of the declension of Russian male and female surnames in -sky, -tsniy; th. -and I, Wed case forms of such Polish combinations as Craiova Rada Narodova: delegation of the Craiova Rada Narodova, formation of the Provisional Government by the Craiova Rada Narodova etc.

From surnames to stressed -a only Slavic ones decline: from the writer Mayboroda, to the philosopher Skovoroda.

Non-Russian surnames on unstressed -and I (mostly Slavic and Romance) are declined, for example: the work of Jan Neruda, the poems of Pablo Neruda, the works of the honorary academician N. F. Gamaleya, the utopianism of Campanella, the cruelty of Torquemada, the musical comedy of D. Cimarosa, a film with the participation of Juliet Mazina, Mexican songs performed by Rosita Quintana. Also: treatise of Avicenna, named after Patrice Lumumba, negotiations with Modibo Keita, arrival of Souvanna Fima(there is a tendency to decline such words; cf. also recently appeared combinations like Correspondent of "Unita"). The exception is surnames -and I with a preceding consonant -i: Heredia's sonnets, Garcia's poems, Gilius' stories. Finnish surnames are also not inclined to -a: meeting with Kuusela.

Fluctuations are observed in the use of Georgian, Japanese and some other surnames, which are either inclined or not; compare:

1) performance by People's Artist of the USSR Khorava, Okudzhava's songs, 100 years since the birth of Saint-Katayama; cf. in the periodical press: " Ambassador Oshima reported from Berlin to Foreign Minister Matsuoka...”; “After all, Ikeda and Fukushima Sr. had some business that they discussed in “Colorful Butterfly””;

2) statement by Prime Minister Ikzda, conversation with Japanese Ambassador Toru Nikagawa.

In recent years, there has been a clear trend towards the declension of such surnames.

Ukrainian surnames on -ko (-enko) in fiction, it is usually declined, although according to a different type of declension, for example: an order to the head of Yevtukh Makogonenok; lay the nobleman killed by Kukubenko(Gogol); poem dedicated to Rodzyanka(Pushkin); with Goncharenko(Turgenev); according to the type of feminine nouns, similar surnames are inclined by Chekhov, Korolenko, Sholokhov. In modern press, such surnames, as a rule, are not declined, for example: anniversary of Taras Shevchenko, memories of VG Korolenko. In some cases, however, their mutability is useful to bring clarity to the text; compare: letter to V. G. Korolenko - letter to V. G. Korolenko. Wed also in Chekhov: In the evening, Belikov ... trudged to Kovalenki. Surnames don't inflect -ko sub-accented: theater names of Franko, stories of Lyashko.

In compound names and surnames of Korean, Vietnamese, Burmese, the last part is inclined (if it ends in a consonant sound), for example: Choi Heng's speech, Fang Van Dong's statement, conversation with Wu Ku Ling.

In Russian double surnames, the first part is declined if it is used as a surname on its own, for example: poems by Lebedev-Kumach, paintings by Sokolov-Scal. If the first part does not form a surname, then it does not decline, for example: research Grim-Grzhimailo, in the role of Skvoznik-Pmikhanovsky, sculptor Demut-Malinovsky.

Non-Russian surnames referring to two or more persons are put in the plural form in some cases, in the singular form in others, namely:

1) if the surname has two male names, then it is put in the plural form, for example: Heinrich and Thomas Mann, August and Jean Picard, Adolf and Michael Gottlieb; also father and son Oistrakhi;

2) with two female names, the surname is put in the singular form, for example: Irina and Tamara Press(cf. the inflexibility of surnames for a consonant sound related to women);

3) if the surname is accompanied by male and female names, then it retains the singular form, for example: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, Paul and Eslanda Robson, August and Carolina Schlegel, the creators of the film "Russian Miracle" Anneli and Andre Thorndike, associates of Richard Sorge Max and Anna Klaien, Ariadne and Peter Tur; also Seryozha and Valya Briezhak, Nina and Stanislav Zhuk;

4) the surname is also put in the singular if it is accompanied by two common nouns indicating a different gender, for example: Mr and Mrs Rainer, Lord and Lady Hamilton; however, with combinations husband and wife, brother and sister The surname is more often used in the plural form: husband and wife of Estrema, brother and sister of Niringa;

5) at the word of the spouse, the surname is put in the form of a single
numbers, for example: The Kentes, The Thorndikes, The Noddaks;

6) with the word brothers, the surname is also usually put in the form
singular, for example: brothers Grimm, brothers Schlegel, brothers Schellenberg, brothers Pokrass; the same with the word of the sister: sisters Press, sisters Koch;

7) with the word family, the surname is usually put in the singular form, for example: the Oppenheim family, the Hofmannsthal family.

In combinations of Russian surnames with numerals, the following forms are used: two Petrovs, both Petrovs, two Petrovs, both Petrov brothers, two Petrov friends; two (both) Zhukovskys; two (both) Zhukovsky. Combinations of numerals with foreign surnames are also brought under this rule: both Schlegels, two brothers of Manna.

Women's patronymics are declined according to the type of declension of nouns, not adjectives, for example: at Anna Ivanovna, to Anna Ivanovna (but: Anna Ivanovna; in the plural: Olga and Vera Pavlovna, at Olga and Vera Pavloven, with Olga and Vera Pavlovna (cf .: at the princesses, with the princesses).

USE OF THE LETTER E

1. The letter e is written in the following cases:

1. At the beginning of some Russian words: this, this, these, that, such, such, such, such, eva, evon, evot (simple), ehma, ek, eka (simple), hey, ege, e- ge-ge, he-he-he.

2. At the beginning of borrowed words: evolution, egoism, copy, screen, excursion, express, emotion, energy, enthusiasm, epigraph, epithet, epic, era, erudition, escalator, popsicle, aesthetics, etiquette, study, ether, effect. The letter e is preserved even after the prefixes: re-examination, save, anti-aesthetic, dielectric, electrify, de-escalate, re-export.

Note. The words anesthesia and adequate are written with e.

Note. In the most ancient borrowings Eve, Euripides, Europe; Egypt is spelled e.

3. At the beginning of proper names: Edward, Eleanor, Ella, Elvira, Emil, Emma, ​​Emmanuel, Erasmus, Ernest, Eshpay, Aegean Sea, Elba, Ecuador, Elbrus, etc.

4. In complex words: two-element, political economy, bromoethyl, polyethylene, polioencephalitis, quintessence, weekend.

5. In complex abbreviated words: TSB, CHP, VTEK, power lines (power lines), SEV, GOELRO, GRES, HPS, ROE (erythrocyte sedimentation reaction).

Note. The word UNESCO is spelled with e.

11. 1. In the middle and at the end of borrowed words, after the vowels o and u, e is written: aloe, duel, duenya, minuet, orthoepy, pirouette, poem, poet, silhouette, figurine, fuete; also in proper names: Maugham, Hemingway, Douai, Puerto Rico, Wales, Fort Worth.

Exception: the word project and its derivatives (design, designed, design; design, design, designer, design; projector; projection, projection) are written with e.

Compare: object and subject.

2. After and it is written e: aviette, arietta, audience, hygiene, hyena, sharp, diet, patient, reverence; Poliomyelitis, Requiem, Trieste.

Exceptions: Marietta, Associated Press, etc.

3. After a, both e and e are written: maestro, phaeton; but: trajectory. The spelling of such words is determined by the dictionary.

Note. In the words registry, extravaganza is written e.

111. After consonants in the middle and at the end of words, it is usually written e:

In common nouns, e is written: dandy, cab, koine, cottage, meter ("measure of length", "poetic meter", obsolete "teacher, mentor"), model, tennis, awning, synthesis, stack, stand, philatelist, phoneme , brown-haired, meringue, variety show, riding breeches, corrugation, neckline, cabaret, cafe, muffler, coupe, pince-nez, pleated, purse, puree, resume, dash, tour, highway, essay.

Exceptions: mayor (city hall), peer (peerage, peerage), sir, udege (Udege), etc.

Note. The phrase tete-a-tete (fr. alone, eye to eye) is written with e: Here, sit in my place and start a conversation tete-a-tete (B,).

2. E is written in proper names: Bizet, Wagner, Dode, Luther, Nansen, Pasteur, Romain Rolland, Stelmach, Stendhal, Telman, Thorez, Flaubert, Chaucer, Chopin; Tampere, Tananarive, Tabriz, Tennessee, Tuapse.

Exceptions: Baudouin de Courtenay, Bacon, Benescu, Cabet, Rytkheu, Ten, Freeman; Sikhote-Alin, Sukhe-Bator, Ulan-Ude, Hoyt-Terkhin-Gol, Huanghe, etc.

Notes: 1. The names of foreign newspapers and magazines are spelled differently: "Humanite", "Daily Herald", "Rudé Pravo", "Twentys Century"; but: "Fraternite", "African Revolution", "Australian Financial Review", etc.

2. The words magazine (“magazine”) and journal (“newspaper, magazine”) are written with e.

3. In particles, prepositions and conjunctions de, della, del, der, as well as in the words Sen and Ter, which are part of foreign names and surnames, it is written e: F. de Saussure, Luca della Rabbia, Andrva del Sarto, von der Goltz, Saint-Simon, Ter-Grigorian.

Kaydalova Kalinina c. 21

UNCHECKED SPELLINGS

There are many words whose vowels in the roots cannot be checked by stress. These are the so-called unchecked writing. Among them there are words originally Russian, but for the most part similar words came from other languages. Their spelling is determined by the dictionary. The spelling of the most common words should be remembered: vinaigrette, object, dilemma, conductor, dependent, quotation marks, obsession, charm, smell, panorama, periphery, minnow, confusion, utilitarian and etc.

It is necessary to distinguish:

campaign (French campagne- event, campaign, war), campaigning, campaigning [Not campaigning, not for the sake of a short-term fashion, but seriously we want to solve this problem (gaz.)] . compliment (fr. compliment - praise) deficit, scarce correct (lat. corrigere - correct) hyena (gr. hyaine - animal) tape recorder, magnetograph, magnetometer; magneto-optics (magnet) signor (it. signor - lord), signora, signorina

company (French compagnie - society, group of people), sociable, sociable, wardroom [But what a nice person he is - sincere, sociable (Evg.)] complement (lat. Complementum - enzyme) defect, defective correct (lat. correctus - amend, correct something.) Gehenna (gr. geenna - hell) magnetism, magnetizer, magneton, magnetite (magneto) senor (Spanish senor - lord), senora, senorita

The following loanwords are distinguished by their suffixes:
intellect - intelligent,

accompaniment - accompaniment,

engagement - engagement,

engraver - engrave,

grader - grade,

disinfection - disinfect,

composter - compost,

leader - lead

nickel - nickel plated,

trainer - to train;

but: exam - examiner, projection - project, injection - inject.

Notes: 1. Spelling tunnel, tunnel, tunneler is currently more common than writing tunnel, tunnel, tunneler.

2. The spelling number is obsolete, the modern spelling is number.

However, the words number, numberer, numbering, numbered, numbering, numberer are written only with y.

3. The spellings zero, zero, zero and zero are equally valid,
null, zero. But only with o: zero-zero (in three zero-zero) and only with y: nullify, nullification, nullified, and also in a stable phrase reduce (reduce) to zero.

4. Spelling exploitation is obsolete, modern spelling is
exploitation.

Vowels after sibilants

The use of letters s, uh, u, i

Of the ten vowels (a, e, e, i, o, u, s, e, u, i), not all are used after hissing words in Russian. Instead of vowels s, uh, u, i after sizzling are written i, e, y, a Keywords: adagio, tire, gesture, chief, lampshade, Chuvash, stunted, sorrel.

letters s, uh, u, i written only in the following cases:

1. In a few borrowed common nouns:
brochure (brochure, stitching, stitching, etc.), parachute (parachute, parachutist, paratrooper, etc.), jury, pshut (“fat, fop”; pshyuty”, fichu (“lace scarf”), montage (“apparatus for raising or lowering a liquid by means of pressure”), embouchure (“mouthpiece, part of a wind instrument”), shütte (“fungal disease of pine seedlings”), sheng (“Chinese musical instrument, a kind of harmonica”).

2. In foreign proper names: Jules (Jules Verne, Zhulvernovshchina), Chyun, Saint-Just, Schutz, Avizhyus, Chyurlionis, Marcinkyavichyus, Levon Mkrtchyan, Sheng Li; Longjumo, Pirchupis, Kaisiadorys, Siauliai, Truong Thanh and others.

Note. Use in loanwords s, uh, u, i after hissing is caused by the need to reflect in writing (graphic means) the peculiarity of the pronunciation of the word, characteristic of the source language: letters
yu, i emphasizes the soft sound of hissing, letters s, uh- solid. For the transfer of foreign names, surnames, geographical names, this deviation from the general rule is fully justified.

The letters e (e) / o in the roots

Spelling e (e) / o after hissing is determined by special
rules, and the rules for writing e (e) / o in roots are different than the rules for writing e (e) / o in suffixes and endings of different parts of speech.

1. The spelling e / e at the root of the word is determined by one of two conditions:

when a word changes or when new words are formed from the same root, the stress moves to another syllable: gutter - gutters, acorn - acorn, millstones - millstones, whisper - whisper, bile - turn yellow, comb - comb, wheat - millet, twine - twine, cheboty - chebotary, tap dance - tap, bang - chand (glob"), saplings - sazhen, alkali - silky, liver - liver, chew - chew;
2) the stress does not move to another syllable, but there is an alternation of ё / e in the root: perch - pole, ignited - ignite, slit - gap, calculation - comb. In a number of cases, we find both conditions; cf .: purse - purse - purse, damn - devils - devilry, cheap
vy - cheaper - cheapness.

2. After hissing at the root, o is written if, when the word changes or when other words are formed from the same root, the stress remains constant and o does not alternate with e: slum - slum - slum, rustle - rustle - rustle - rustle, blinkers - shor - in blinkers, (Shores - "side horse eyecups for shy horses"; transl. "that,
what bothers someone correctly understand the environment; limitedness"), saddler - saddler - saddlers - saddling, snorting - shorkayu - shorkaya - snorting, amikoshonstvo ("familiarity"), hood, artichoke, seam, shorts, bagasse, junk, joule, zholknut, gooseberry, on the rampage, dude, borzhom, clink glasses, chokhom ("all together"), anchovy ("small fish"), crested grebe ("diving duck"), choglok ("a small bird of prey from the passerine family"), changiri (Georgian "musical instrument") , shotts ("dry or occupied by saline lakes hollows"), as well as in proper names: Ashot, George, Sholokhov, Keshokov, Shoshin, Chaucer, Show, Shchors, Pechorin, Pechora (but: Pecherskaya
Lavra, Melnikov-Pechersky, Chardzhou, Izhora, Chona, Shosha.

The letter o after hissing under stress is also written in compound words: zhokh (<<Журнал общей химии»), ЧОН (части особого назначения), ШО (шифровальный отдел), ЩОМ-2 (щебнеочистительная машина) .

Usually, about after hissing it is under stress. But in a number of borrowed words and non-Russian proper names, it is written about after hissing and in an unstressed syllable: crepe georgette, highway, chocolate, chauvinist, juggler, jolner ("infantry soldier in the Polish army"), tartan, jockey, Shoshone (Indian tribe), ranch, banjo, majordomo; Joliot-Curie, Jonathan Swift; Giordano Bruno, Giovanni, Shota Rustaveli, Shokalsky, Shostakovich, Shogentsikov, Chabanu, Shovkoplyas, Correggio, Chopin, Chausson, Cholon, Shalapur and others.

penny (grosh), snake (already), Fomichdva hat, Kizmichdva car
etc. [All the estates of the rich man, we will sweep the ovs by the fireman (M.).]; but: pinshe-
vyy, grishevy, guzhev6y melange, cartilaginous;

to speak in general, to argue passionately; but: clumsily to move.

And with exclusion: more.

4. In nouns and short forms of male adjectives
kind after hissing under y "donation is written about (fluent"): princess,
scabbard 27, funny; without stress - e (fluent"): earrings, sinful,
scary 28, needed, must 29

Notes: 1. In the words knife and knife, pawn and pawn pi-
It is written O or e, depending on the stress and pronunciation.

2. In proper names formed from adjectives, after hissing under
the accent is written -ov or -ev according to [TRADITION) I: Likhachev, Pigachev, Sychevka; but: Roma
seam, Stishbv, Mezhov:-t ~ shchovsk and others.

§ 8. Vowels after c

1. Letters uh, i after c as well as after hissing, they are written only in proper names of foreign origin: Druce, Tserbe, Tsyavlovsky, Tsyurupa, Kotsyubinsky, Stetsyuk, Qu Yuan, Zurich, etc.

II. 1. In the roots of words after C, it is written mainly and: shell, cymbal, mat, cigar, scurvy, barber, Tsimlyansk (and Tsimlyansk), cyme, cicada, cymbals, tsifir, auction, nation, bacillus, citadel, zinnia, narcissus, Cincinnati, Circe, etc.

As an exception, after C is written s in words: gypsy, chicken, tiptoe, tsyts (interj.), tsyt (interj., reg.) and their derivatives (gypsy, chicken, chick-chick, etc.), as well as in some proper names: Tsyganov, Tsypin , Tsybin, Itsykovich, Artsybashev, Tsydynzhapov, Tsyrempilon and others.

2. After C is written s in the endings of nouns and adjectives, as well as in words in -tsyn: oysters, birds, tits, health resorts, borders, standard-bearers; red-faced (red-faced, red-faced), stubby (stubby, stubby); kuritsyn, sinitsyn, bird; Stanitsyn, Skobeltsyn, Spitsyn, Kuritsyn, Sinitsyn, Ptitsyn.

Note. In the spelling of surnames, deviations are possible (-tsin vm. -tsyn): Tsitsin, Vitsin.

1 II. Writing. o or e after C is determined by stress. Under the beat
rhenium is written about (regardless of which part of the word is the root,
suffix, ending - stress falls), without stress - e "compare: face -
facial; well done - well done; dancer - dance -
dance; ring, ringed - ring; beaten -
to beat; scar, earibtsdvyvatsya - to heal; beer, oeertsd-:
blanket, heart; tree - tree: pepper - chintz; with cunning
tsoi - with a calculator; jogging - mattress,

27 The shape of the scabbard is also possible.

28 The scary form is colloquial.

29 The forms NUZHON, which must be found in literary texts, are
colloquial and used for stylistic purposes.

29 Please note: the Barents Sea (after C it is written e in common
rule).

Notes: 1. After c not under stress is written about in Russian words tsokotukha (clatter) and spetsovsky (special) and in some borrowings: duke, duchess, pozzolan, pozzolanic, palazzo ("palace"), scherzo, mezzo, Zorndorf; Arezzo.

2. Occurring in literary texts of the 19th century. (for example, in the works x
L. N. Tolstoy and A. P. Chekhov) spellings dance, dance for the modern Russian language are not normative; one should write to dance, to dance.

1. Place names

1.1. If the geographical name is not inflected, then it is marked neskl. In other cases, for each toponym, the form genus is given. pad. It is given in full:

1) with monosyllabic names: Belz, Belza; Gzhel, Gzhe;

2) in non-single-word names, which are ordinary phrases: Stary Oskol, Stary Oskol;

3) in compound words written with a hyphen: Baba -Durma s, Baba -Durma for; Ba den - Ba den, Ba den - Ba dena [de].

In other cases, the form genus. pad. given in a truncated form: Badhy s, -a; Babad g, -a; Bavle ny, -e n; Badajo s, -a.

1.2. With some toponyms, forms of other cases are also given: with geographical names on - evo, -ovo, -ino, -yno forms are given genus., creative. and suggestion. pad., since in speech practice, in the press, in television and radio programs, these names are sometimes not declined, which contradicts the traditional norm of the Russian literary language, for example: Bagerovo, -a, -om, in Bagerovo (Ukraine) ; Ko sovo, -a, -om, in Kosov (Rep. Serbia); Gabrovo, -a, -om, in Gabrow (gor., Bulgaria).

1.3. East Slavic names ending in - about with a preceding consonant, do not decline: Dubno, neskl. (gor., Ukraine); Ro no, neskl. (gor., Ukraine); Gro bottom, neskl. (gor., Belarus).

1.4. In geographical names on - ev, -yov, -ov, -in genitive and instrumental forms are given: Belev, -a, -om (city, Tula region, RF); Bobro in, -a, -om (city, Voronezh region, RF); Bardejov, -a, -om (gor., Slovakia); Babi n, -a, -om (lake, Canada).

1.5. Foreign toponyms ending in a vowel - a, experience significant fluctuations in inclination:

many borrowed geographical names mastered by the Russian language are declined according to the type of noun. female kind on - a percussion, for example: Bukhara, -s; Bugulma, -s; Ankara, -s;

do not inflect toponyms French in origin with final stress: Jura, neskl. (mountains - France; Switzerland);

inflected Japanese place names ending in - a unstressed: O saka, -i; Yoko bitch, -i [yo];

do not inflect Estonian and Finnish names ending in - a, -I unstressed: Sa wonlinna, neskl. (mountains, Finland); Yu vaskyla, neskl. (mountains, Finland); Sa aremaa, neskl. (islands, Estonia);

Abkhazian and Georgian toponyms ending in unstressed - experience fluctuations in declension - a. In the Dictionary, the names are given in a declined version: Шха pa, -ы (city - on the border of Georgia and Kabardino-Balkaria, RF); Ochamchi ra, -s (gor., Rep. Abkhazia); Gudau ta, -s (gor., Rep. Abkhazia);

complex geographical names are not inclined to - a unstressed, borrowed from Spanish and other Romance languages: Bai ya Blanca, neskl. (mountains, Argentina); Bai ya-la ypa, neskl. (mountains, Argentina); Here s - de la Fronte ra [re, de, te], neskl. (mountains, Spain);

decline as nouns compound Slavic names that are nouns in the presence of derivational signs of adjectives, for example: Bya la-Podlya ska, Bya la-Podlya ski (gor., Poland); Banska-Bi Strica, Banska-Bi Stritsy (gor., Slovakia); Zielona-Gura, Zielona-Gura (mountains, Poland);

both parts are inclined in names with the word river, for example: Moscow-river, Moscow-river, on the Moscow-river, etc. But in colloquial speech there are cases of inclination of the first part of these combinations: beyond the Moscow-river, on the Moscow-river, etc. e. However, this use does not correspond to the standard of the literary language.

1.6. Toponyms ending in vowels - and, -s and not perceived in Russian as plural forms. numbers are given in indeclinable form, for example: Burli, neskl. (s., Kazakhstan); Karshi, neskl. (s., Turkmenistan); Ismayilli, neskl., (gor., Azerbaijan); Mary, neskl. (gor., Turkmenistan); Dzhusaly , neskl. (town, Kazakhstan).

1.7. With monosyllabic names ending in a soft consonant, the forms of genus, dates are given. and suggestion. pad., since they experience fluctuations when declining: Rus, Rus, to Rus, in Rus; Ob, Ob, to the Ob, to the Ob; Perm, Perm, to Perm, about Perm; Kerch, Kerch, to Kerch, to Kerch. In the latter case, the stress was fixed on the base.

1.8. With names ending in consonants - well, -c, -sh, the forms of the genus are indicated. and creativity. pad., as in creative. pad. under stress is written - about, and without the accent - e, for example: Fate w, -a, -em (gor., Kursk region, RF); Kirzha h, -a, -o m (city, Vladimir region, RF).

1.9. Some foreign names such as Saint-Catarins [se] are not declined, neskl., (mountain, Canada); Pe r-Lache s [pe], neskl. (cemetery in Paris); Pla ya-Hiro n (Pla ya-Hiro n), neskl. (pos., Cuba).

1.10. In an indeclinable form, some foreign-language names from the area of ​​​​urban nomenclature are given with the second part - straight, -square: Wall Street, neskl.; Washington n-square, neskl. etc.

about, -e, -and, -at, -Yu, are presented in the Dictionary in an indeclinable form, for example: SHI LO Nikolay i, Shi lo Nikolay i (Russian geologist); Craft Vasily, Craft Vasily (Russian breeder); Durnovo Ivan, Durnovo Ivan (Russian statesman); VA YKULE Laima, Vaikule Laima (Latvian pop singer); VESKY And anna, neskl. (Est. pop singer); BASILASHVI LI Ole g, Basilashvi li Ole ha (Russian actor); ILIIE SCU Io n, Ilie sku Io na (Rom. statesman); BENTO yu Pasca l, Bento yu Pasca la (rum. Composer).

3. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in -ah, -ya, -ya, -ya, -oy

Male and female surnames and personal names ending in - a, -I, -and I, -and I, -oya are usually inclined. But there are also cases of their non-declension, which is associated with the place of stress in the word and the tradition of their use in Russian:

3.1. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in - a, -I unstressed, as a rule, bow; for example: TO MA Svetlana, That we are Svetlana (Russian actress), DO GA Evgeny, Dogi Evgenia (Mold. composer).

3.2. Japanese given names and surnames ending in - a unstressed, recently in the press, in television and radio programs, in literature, they are regularly declined. The Dictionary gives: KUROSA WA Aki ra, Kurosa you Aki ry (Japanese director); HATOYA MA Ichi ro, Hatoya we Ichi ro (jap. statesman).

3.3. Georgian names and surnames of the indicated type experience fluctuations during declension, but in accordance with the norm of the Russian literary language, they should be declined, for example: OKUJA VA Bula t, Okudzha you Bula ta; HORA WA Aka cue, Hora you Aka cue; VA ZHA Pshave la, Va zhi Pshavely. But the name of the Georgian poet, ending in - a shock, Shota Rustavi is traditionally not declined in Russian.

3.4. Finnish given names and surnames ending in - a unstressed, mostly not inclined, for example: KE KKONEN Urho Kaleva, Kekkonen Urho Kaleva, PE KKALA Ma yno, neskl.

3.5. Names and surnames ending in - a with the preceding - and, do not decline, for example: GAMSAHU RDIA Konstantin n, Gamsahu rdia Konstantin na (Georgian writer).

3.6. Slavic surnames ending in - a percussion, decline: SKORODO Gregory, Skovorody Gregory (Ukrainian philosopher); POTEBNYA Alexa NDR, Potebnya Alexa Ndra (Ukrainian and Russian philologist - Slavist).

3.7. French surnames and personal names ending in - a percussion, do not decline: TALMA François, neskl. (French actor); THOMA Ambrois s, Thomas Ambrois for (French composer); GAMARRA Pierre, Gamarra Pierre (French writer); DUMA Alexa NDR, Dumas Alexa Ndra (French writer).

3.8. Some African surnames on - a the shock experience fluctuations in declination: BABANGIDA Ibragi m, Babangida Ibragi ma (government figure of Nigeria); YAMARA Semoko [se], neskl. (common leader of Chad).

3.9. Women's personal names and surnames ending in - and I are inclined according to the pattern of declension of personal names such as Ra I, Ta I, Agla I. The Dictionary gives the forms genus, dates. and suggestion. pad., for example: GULA I I nna, Gula and I nna, to Gula e I nna, about Gula e I nna (Russian actress); SANA Ya Marina, Sana and Marina, to Sana e Marine, o Sana e Marine (Russian figure skater).

3.10. Male surnames ending - oya decline according to the type of declension n. “needles”, for example: PIHO I am Rudolf, Pikho and Rudolf, to Pikho e Rudolf, about Pikho e Rudolf (Russian statesman).

3.11. Georgian surnames ending in - and I, are inclined according to the model of the name Mariya (Mariya, born, dated, proposition. andand), although in speech practice, on TV and radio, in the press, surnames of this type are sometimes not declined, which does not correspond to the norm of the Russian literary language. Correct: DANELIA Georgy, Daneliya Georgiy, to Daneliya Georgiy, about Daneliya Georgy [ne] (Russian film director); ALEXA NDRIIA Na na, Alexa ndria Na na, to Alex andria Na ne, about Alexandria Na ne (Georgian chess player); Chkonia Lamar, Chkonia Lamara, to Chkonia Lamar, about Chkonia Lamar (Georgian actress).

3.12. For personal names And I, Li I, Vi I, Ti I, Gi I (masculine Georgian name) are given the forms of genus, dates. and suggestion. pad. ending - ai: And I, And and, to And and, about And and. There is a second way of inflecting these names: And I, And and, to And e, about And e. The dictionary prefers the first, i.e.: And I, And and, to And and, about And and.

3.13. For personal names and surnames of eastern origin such as Aliya, Alfiya, Zulfiya, the forms of genus, dates are given. and suggestion. fall: Zulfiya, -ii; to Zulfiya, about Zulfiya.

4. Male and female surnames and personal names ending in a consonant (including th)

4.1. Male surnames and personal names ending in a consonant (hard or soft) are inclined: DAL Vladi world, Da la Vladi world; BRECHT Bertolt, Brecht Bertolt [re].

4.2. Male and female surnames ending in - them, -s, do not bow: RAVENSKIKH Nikolai, Ravenskikh Nikolai I (Russian director); Cheremny x Mihai l, Cheremny x Mihai la (Russian artist); Cheremny x, neskl. (female f.).

4.3. To male names and surnames ending in hissing and - c, the forms of the genus are given. and creativity. pad. Emphasis on creativity. pad. written - about, and without the accent - e, for example: LIST Ferenc, Lista Ferenc, Listom Ferenc (Hungarian composer, pianist, conductor); Barents Willem, Barents Willem, Barents Willem (Dutch navigator); BILA SH Alexa ndr, Bilasha Alex ndra, Bilasho m Alexa ndrom (Russian composer); BA LAZH (Balash) Bela, Balazha (Balasha) Bely, Balazhem (Balashem) White (Hungarian writer). However, there are exceptions, for example: TE LESHOV Nikolay th, Teleshova Nikola I (Russian writer); VLADI MIRTSOV Bori s, Vladi Mirtsova Boris sa (scientist-Mongolian); KOKO VTSOV Pa led, Koko Vtsova Pa Vla (Russian scientist and Semitologist).

4.4. Male surnames of East Slavic origin that have a fluent vowel during declension can have two declension options - with and without loss of a vowel, depending on the tradition of their use in literary speech. The Dictionary gives: ZA Yats Anatoly, Za Yats Anatoly (Russian poet); SUDET Ts Vladi world, Sudetsa Vladi world (Russian military leader); Gritsev Ts Sergey th, Gritsevets Sergey I (Russian pilot); LUCHENO K and grief, Luchenka And grief (Belarusian composer); KOVALYONOK Vladi the world, Kovalyonka Vladi the world (Russian cosmonaut); MAZURO K Yury, Mazuroka Yury (Russian singer).

4.5. For male surnames and personal names of West Slavic and West European origin, the gender forms are given. pad. without dropping out a vowel, for example: GA SHEK Yaroslava, Hasek Yaroslava (Czech writer); GA VRANEK Bo guslav, Ga vranek Bo guslav [ne] (Czech linguist); GOTT Karel, Gotta Karela [re] (Czech singer).

4.6. Male Polish, Czech and Slovak surnames on - sky, -tsky are usually given with full endings in the nominative case and are declined according to Russian models (following the model of adjective declension), for example: Olbry Khsky Danie l, Olbry Khsky Danie la [ie] (Polish actor); Oginsky (Oginsky) Michal Cleofas, Oginsky (Oginsky) Michal Cleofas (Polish composer). But sometimes surnames of this type are used in an indeclinable form, for example: POLA NSKI Roman, Polanski Roman (Polish film director), although they should be declined on the recommendation of specialists. The dictionary gives: POLAN (Pol Nsk) Roman, Polan (Pol N) Roman.

4.7. Women's surnames can be issued in different ways: with full endings (- skye, -tskaya) and with truncated (- ska, -tska). In both cases, they are more often inclined according to Russian models (following the pattern of declension of full adjectives), for example: BANDRO VSKA-TU RSKA E va, Bandrovskaya - Turskaya E you (Polish singer); BRY LSKA Barbara, Bry lskoy Barbara (Polish actress); CHERNY-STEFA NSKA Galina, Cherny-Stefanskaya Galina (Polish pianist). Quite often, the name Brylskaya is pronounced incorrectly, with an emphasis on the first syllable: Barbara. But in Polish, the stress is always placed on the penultimate syllable: Barbara. The Dictionary gives: BRYLSKA Barbara.

4.8. With borrowed male surnames ending in unstressed - ov, -in, the forms of the genus are given. and creativity. pad. ending - ohm: DA RVIN Charles, DA RVIN Charles, DA RVIN Charles (English naturalist); CHA PLIN Charles Spencer, Chaplin Charles Spencer, Chaplin Charles Spencer [pe, se] (American film actor, film director); FLOTOV Friedrich, Flotov Friedrich, Flotov Friedrich (German composer). Similar Russian surnames are in creation. pad. the ending - th.

4.9. European female surnames on unstressed - ov, -in are presented in the Dictionary in the indeclinable form: HO JKIN Do roti, neskl. (English scientist, f.); CHA PLIN Geraldine, Cha plin Geraldine (American actress).

4.10. The Dictionary also includes male surnames with stress - in. If these are Russian and Russified male surnames, then they are inclined according to the general rule, that is, they have to create. pad. percussion - th. Therefore, this form is not given in the Dictionary, for example: KARAMZI N Nikolai, Karamzina Nikolay i; BUTURLI N Vasily, Buturlina Vasily.

4.11. Women's surnames of the above type are also inclined according to the Russian model: ROSTOPCHINA Evdoki I, Rostopchino i Evdoki and (Russian poetess).

4.12. To borrowed non-Russified male surnames with stress - in the form of creation is given. pad. with unstressed - ohm: RASI N Jean, Rasi na Jean, Rasi nom Jean nom (French playwright); BARTOLIN N Era zm, Bartoli na Era zm, Bartholin nom Era zm (Danish scientist).

4.13. Female surnames of this type are presented in an indeclinable version: DENEV Katri n [de], neskl. (French actress), BIRKY N Jane, neskl. (French actress).

4.14. Female surnames and given names ending in a consonant (hard or soft) are given in an indeclinable form, for example: VO YNICH Ethel Lilián [te], neskl. (English writer); COURSE L Nico l [se], neskl. (French actress).

4.15. Female personal names of biblical origin (Hagar, Rakhil, Ruth, Sulami f, Esfir, Judith) are inclined according to the type of declension of the word “salt” (salt, salt, with salt, about salt), for example; Aga ry, Aga ri, with Aga ryu, about Aga ri. The Dictionary lists the forms of the genus, creation. and suggestion. pad. According to the same pattern, the name Rachele is inclined (Rachele, Rachele, with Rachele, oh Rachele), but the stage name of the French actress RASHEL ( present fam. - Eli for Rache l Felix) does not bow.

4.16. The name Love is declined without dropping out a vowel, the Dictionary contains the forms of genus, dates. and suggestion. fall .: Love, Love, to Love, oh Love. The names Nine l and Asso l fluctuate when declining. The dictionary gives: Nine l, -i [ne] (female name); Asso l, neskl. (f. name).

5. Complex borrowed names and surnames

5.1. In complex Western names and surnames connected by a hyphen, the last word is inclined: BELMONDO Zha n--Paul, Belmondo Zha n-Paul (French actor); RUSSO Zha n--Zha k, Rousseau Zha n--Zha ka (French writer and philosopher); CAPABLA NCA Jose -Rau l, Capabla nki Jose -Rau la [se] (Cuban chess player). If the second name is not inclined, then the first name takes over the function of inflection, for example: TRENTIGNA N Zsa n-Louis, Trintigna na Zha na-Louis (French actor); GE Y-LUSSA TO Jose f-Louis, Gay-Lussa ca Jose f-Louis [ze] (French chemist and physicist).

5.2. In compound names and surnames of Vietnamese, Korean, Burmese, Cambodian, Chinese, etc., the last part is inclined: KIM YON NAM, Kim Yong Na ma (North-Korean statesman); BA THEIN TIN, Ba Thein Ti na [te] (Burmese statesman); CHE A SIM, Che a Sima (Cambodian statesman); LI PENG, Li Peng na (Chinese statesman).

6. Double surnames

In Russian double surnames, both parts are inclined if their endings are declensible, for example: SOKOLO V-MIKITO V, Sokolo va-Mikitova (Russian writer); SHAFT SCHEV-KUTU CALL, SHAFT SCHEVA-KUTU CALL (Russian poet, philologist, literary critic), but: FALCON IN-SKAL, Falcon va-Scala (Russian artist).

If the first part is not used as an independent word, it is not declined: DE MUT-MALINOVSKY, Demut-Malinovsky (Russian sculptor); Grum-Grzhima YLO Vladi the world, Grum-Grzhima ylo Vladi the world (Russian scientist - metallurgist); BO LF-BRUE HIV, Bon nch-Bruevicha (Russian military figure).