Name: Declension of numerals.
Numeral- an independent part of speech denoting the number, quantity and order of objects. Answers the questions: How much? Which the? Which?
Numerals are divided into three lexical and grammatical categories:
1. Collective (both, two, five)
2. Quantitative (two, five, twenty, fifty, two hundred, three hundred and fifty one)
3. Ordinal (first, second, hundredth).
At the same time, quantitative numbers include definite-quantitative and indefinite-quantitative numerals. The first designate a certain number of units (two, four, fifteen, one hundred and fifty, two hundred), the second - an indefinite number of units; these include the words little, a lot, a lot, a little, as well as pronominal numerals a few, how much, how much, how much, how much.
Cardinal numbers denote the quantity itself, and collective- quantity as a set: there are four boys in the room, three of them have dark hair.
Declension of numerals five, six, seven, eight, nine occurs after the pattern of third declension nouns (night, shadow)
But: instrumental case: eight and eight.
-twenty, such as eleven, twelve, thirty and others are declined as follows:
Numerals ending in -ten, such as fifty, sixty, etc., decline as follows:
But: instrumental case - eighty and eighty
In compound numbers from fifty to eighty and from two hundred to nine hundred, both parts of the word are declined.
Declension of numbers 40, 90, 100.
Collective declension both, both
Declension of Cardinal Numbers
In compound quantitative numbers, all the words that form them decline, and nouns denoting countable objects, in all cases, except for the nominative and accusative, agree with the numeral in the case.
For example: a series of manuals with three hundred and sixty-seven drawings.
But: there are three hundred and sixty-seven drawings in the manual (sixty-three drawings).
The word thousand declines like a feminine noun to -a; the words million and billion are declined as masculine nouns with a stem in a consonant.
memo:
The numerals forty, ninety and one hundred have only two forms: forty, ninety, one hundred (i.p., v.p.) and forty, ninety, one hundred (in all other cases). Therefore, it is correct: with ninety rubles, about forty students, with a hundred problems, and NOT * with ninety rubles, about forty students, with a hundred problems.
The numeral one and a half has two forms of the nominative case - one and a half (m. R. and S. R.) and one and a half (F. R.): one and a half liters, one and a half logs, one and a half lives. The form of all indirect cases (except accusative) is one and a half. That's right: about a day and a half, and NOT * about a day and a half, * a day and a half.
CORRECT: Until what time is the library open? She works up to so many, NOT *up to how many, up to so many.
CORRECT: one thousand employees, one million employees, three thousand employees (e.g.), one thousand employees, one million employees, three thousand employees, one thousand employees and one thousand employees (e.g.).
CORRECT: address twenty-five thousand students, but address twenty-five thousand one hundred students.
Difficulties in the formation of numeral forms and their use in speech are mainly associated with their change in cases and combination with nouns.
1. The norm of the literary language is the declension of each word and each part in compound and complex cardinal numbers. In oral speech, the loss of declension in all parts except the last is regular.
Compare: the norm is the form: with five hundred sixty-three rubles, in oral speech typically - with five hundred sixty-three rubles.
Note, that the loss of the declension of each part, except for the last, is not allowed by the literary norm!
In addition, it should be remembered that the bulk of the numerals are declined according to the third declension.
The numeral thousand changes like a noun of the first declension (in common parlance, its illegal declension of the third type is often found: with a thousand instead of normative with a thousand).
The numerals forty and one hundred have only one form in indirect cases - forty, one hundred, but as part of complex numbers one hundred inclined according to the archaic variant of declension: about three hundred, with three hundred.
2. When declining compound ordinal numbers only the last part is changed. It is this part that has the form of an ordinal number, coinciding with the form of full adjectives. The remaining parts have the form of cardinal numbers, but do not change!
Wed: one thousand nine hundred and forty-first year - in the year one thousand nine hundred and forty-five; year two thousand and three - up to two thousand and three.
3. Collective numbers ( two, three etc.) can only be used with masculine nouns, nouns denoting baby animals, or nouns that only have a plural form:
two men, two guys, two kittens, two scissors.
In other cases, the use of collective numerals in the literary language is unacceptable.
In addition, it should be remembered that collective numbers express only a number from two to ten! Therefore, when indicating the number of more than ten males, cubs of animals, cardinal numbers should be used:
twelve friends, forty-five cubs.
Particular attention should be paid to designate a quantity of more than ten for those nouns that do not have a singular form.
Combinations of compound numbers ending in two three four, with nouns that do not have a singular form ( 22 days - twenty two days), are unacceptable in literary speech. Only combinations of the type are possible twenty-one days, twenty-five days. If it is necessary to indicate the corresponding number, it is necessary to replace the noun that does not have a singular form with a synonymous one that has both forms of the number ( twenty two days). With nouns scissors, tongs etc. you can use words like thing and etc. ( twenty-three pieces of scissors).
4. The pronoun-numeral both has two generic forms: both(not wallpaper!) - masculine and neuter, both- feminine: in both states, in both countries. The same applies to the numeral one and a half ( one and a half rubles, one and a half thousand). In addition, in indirect cases, this numeral has the form one and a half(about one and a half thousand rubles). The numeral one and a half hundred ( about one and a half rubles).
5. Phrases "numeral plus noun" behave differently in the nominative and oblique cases.
In the nominative case, the numeral governs the genitive case of the noun (give fifty-five rubles).
In indirect cases, the noun becomes the main word, and the numeral agrees with it ( about fifty five rubles). In vernacular, there is a common mistake when in indirect cases the noun is put in the genitive case ( about fifty five rubles). In the literary language, such control is unacceptable!
Numerals thousand, million, billion in all cases retain the control of the dependent noun in the genitive case: a million rubles, about a million rubles.
6. The use of singular or plural forms of a noun depends on the following conditions.
With numerals one two three four the singular form is used ( two days, four apples), with numerals from five onwards, the noun is put in the plural form ( five days).
The numeral one and a half in the nominative and accusative cases governs the noun in the singular, and in the remaining cases the noun is in the plural form ( an hour and a half - about an hour and a half). The same applies to the numeral one and a half.
Such a part of speech as the numeral often causes difficulties even for native speakers, to say nothing of those who study Russian as a foreign language. Special problems begin with the declination of ordinal numbers, denoting three- or four-digit complex numbers: here even very educated people who have no problems in spelling and word formation can get confused. Imagine a phrase like: "We went camping with two thousand three hundred and twenty-eight pairs of socks" - it's hard to even pronounce it out loud, let alone quickly and correctly pick up the right word forms!
Numerals as a part of speech
The numeral is an independent part of speech, capable of playing the role of the main or secondary member of the sentence. Answers the questions "How much?" “Which?”, and in the case of single-root adjectives like “eight-story”, “four-stroke”, the question is asked “Which one?”.
May refer to:
- amount;
- number of items;
- the order of things in counting.
This part of speech is inherent in the category of case: in a sentence, it always appears in the form of one of them. The main difficulty in declining numerals is that there is no single model for the formation of case word forms. It is necessary either to know by heart all types of declension (namely, declension, conjugation of verbs!) And be able to put them into practice, or decline numerals by cases online, which many sites can now help with.
Since there are a lot of types and word forms, many begin to get confused, cannot correctly determine the case ending, use the wrong form of the case, try to decline the cardinal number as ordinal and vice versa.
General theory of declension of numbers
It is clear from the introductory part of the article that there is no single model for the formation of word forms. If we turn to the 1990 edition of the Russian Grammar, we can find two types of declension of the numeral: the substantive type of declension (it is similar to the declension in cases of nouns) and the adjective type of declension (inherent in adjectives).
According to the first (substantive) model, we decline:
The use of the second The (adjective) model is used to change:
- Cardinal numbers one, two, three, four;
- ordinal numbers;
- Collective (including "both" and "both") and indefinitely quantitative numerals.
Separate Declension Models
It is necessary to separately consider the formation of word forms of ordinal, quantitative, collective and fractional numbers. In mastering the rules for declension of numerals by cases, tables in textbooks can only help to a certain extent, since there are a lot of options for the formation of case word forms.
numeral one has three variations of the genus: one, one, one; its declension form is similar to the paradigm of the adjective unit. numbers like "beloved (oh, oh) - beloved (oh, oh)".
numeral two has the feminine form “two” (the neuter form is equal to the masculine form) and declines like an adjective in the plural (two blacks - two blacks, etc.), case word forms of numerals are formed exactly according to the same principle three and four.
Important! In the accusative case of cardinal numbers from one to four, the ending often depends on the inanimateness or animation of the object to which the numeral is attached. In the case of animateness, the accusative case is formed according to the model of the genitive case, in the case of inanimateness, according to the model of the nominative case. Example: “I see two cups”, but “I see two cats”; “I see the four directions of the world”, but “I see four horsemen”.
Numerals five to ten, as well as on -twenty and -ten have the same declension form as nouns like power, rags (3rd declension of a noun).
Formation of word forms:
- them. and in. p .: six, ten, thirteen, thirty;
- genus, date, suggestion p .: six, ten, thirteen, thirty;
- tv.p.; six, ten, thirteen, thirty.
The instrumental case of the word "eight" has the form "eight", not "eight", which is often confused by foreign students.
Important! Cardinal numbers denoting two-digit numbers and ending in -ten have two endings in the word form: both parts change in the compound word. Example: sixty, sixty.
For words with a special form of declension - one and a half, forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half hundred- only two options for endings:
- them. and in. p .: one and a half, forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half hundred;
- genus., date., tv., proposition. p .: one and a half, forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half hundred.
Formation of case word forms in numerals two hundred four hundred five hundred nine hundred based on the duality of these words. Conventionally, they can be divided into two parts (three-hundred, five-hundred), and each of these parts is inclined in its own way (three-hundred, three-hundred; five-hundred, five-hundred).
Deal with word paradigm formation thousand and million it is not difficult - it occurs by analogy with the formation of case word forms of nouns of the first (feminine in -a) and second (masculine in consonant) declension, respectively.
In complex cardinal numbers each word changes according to the declension. For example: two thousand eight hundred thirty-seven, two thousand eight hundred thirty-seven). Knowing this rule is very important, because it will help you cope, for example, with writing amounts on receipts in words.
Important! The category of animateness/inanimateness does not affect the formation of the accusative case of numerals starting from five. Example: I see forty (one hundred) cups, I see forty (one hundred) cats. In the atypical numeral one and a half, the case declension takes into account the gender of the main noun in the phrase: one and a half glasses, BUT one and a half cups.
Declension of fractional numbers
A fractional numeral consists of three conditional parts - an integer part (which is omitted for numbers denoting proper fractions less than one and improper fractions), a numerator and a denominator. When changing in cases, all parts are inclined: eight point nine tenths, eight point nine tenths. The words one-two are used exclusively in the feminine gender both in the integer part and in the numerator: one whole two tenths, two whole one second.
Ordinal and collective
The formation of case word forms of ordinal numerals (of the form first, third, eighth) occurs according to the same principle as for adjectives in the plural form (first-first = bold-bold). In this case, do not forget about the gender category, which also matters for words of this type (eighth - eighth - eighth). When forming compound and complex ordinal numbers, only the last word, the last root (one hundred twenty-second, eightieth) is declined.
According to the same adjective type, case endings are formed in collective numbers(two, three, seven - two, three, seven) and the words both and both.
Despite the above set of rules, the declension of this part of speech has been and remains one of the most difficult topics in Russian grammar - even literate native speakers sometimes cannot name some of the forms. It is noteworthy that paradigms differ not only depending on the words, but also depending on the type of speech (written or oral). It is all the more important to always be able to check yourself either in a dictionary or on the Internet.
