Comparative characteristics of different types of societies. Society types

The typology of societies is considered from different positions. Scientific approaches allow us to identify the main features of the types of government. Grade 10 of the profile course of social science disciplines presents briefly but clearly the general characteristics and levels of development of countries.

State development

Society, according to researchers, goes through 3 stages (levels, stages) . They can be ordered sequentially as follows:

agricultural, pre-industrial or traditional;
industrial or capitalist;
post-industrial or informational.

The first two types developed slowly. Their historical period lasted depending on the cultural traditions of the countries. Despite the differences and individual characteristics of the development of countries, in all states these types had similar characteristics. Scientists have not stopped studying the development of states, they identify which features should be brought to the level of mandatory, which may be present in whole or in part. Evolution can move slowly, holding the state at one stage of development for many centuries. In other conditions, everything accelerates. What matters in type definition :

man and his attitude to nature, the natural resources of the planet;
interpersonal relationships, social connections;
values of the spiritual life of people (man and society).

The topic of the training course helps to imagine how the history of the planet, country, individual person goes.

All three types are interconnected, it is impossible to name the exact date of transition from one state to another, evolution passes through the territories, remote areas are pulled up behind the center or vice versa.

Table "Typology of societies"

	*Traditional to industrial*	*industrial society*	*post-industrial society*
Manufacturing	The predominant production area is agricultural labor based on manual technologies. It is clear that there are tools of production, but they are simple in design.	The industrial sector dominates. It is characterized by the active use of machines and conveyor technologies.	The sphere of production is services for the population. Production is distinguished by the development of computer technology. The era of robots begins.
Population	Most of the population are rural residents. Their standard of living is low: wood-burning houses. A person is engaged in physical labor that requires good health. A person lives by caring for pets. The main food products are produced independently. The society adheres to customs and traditions built on the experience of ancestors.	Most of the population lives in urban areas. Energy sources - the use of natural resources: oil, coal or gas.	The population is concentrated around cities. For energy production, alternative sources are selected: dangerous, but less expensive, for example, an atom.
core values	Land is the main value.	Capital is the main value.	The value of a person and society is knowledge and the timeliness of obtaining information.
Political structure	Society is politically a monarchy with disenfranchised residents. It is difficult for a person to rise, to move from one class to another. The ruler has a special right and inviolable authority.	The structure of society is a republic that guarantees the observance of the rights of any person, but the rights are not the same for all countries, but different. Public laws are regulated by legal normative acts.	According to the political structure - the rule of law. Public life is regulated by laws and regulations.

The traditional society is still found today. These are the states of Asia and Africa. Part of the signs of civilization reached the countries, but did not fully take root in society.

The industrial type of society is characterized by: the flourishing of large cities, the concentration of financial resources in one hand and a clear division of ownership.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

NOU SOUTH URAL INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS

"Finance and loans"

Topic: "Comparative characteristics of different types of societies"

Gichenko Valentina Nikolaevna

Speciality

"Economy"

Course 1, EZb - 101 FC

Supervisor:

Kartaly 2007

1. What is a society?

2. Types of societies

a) Traditional society

b) Industrial society

4. Conclusion

5. Literature

1. What is a society?

We all often throw the word "society" left and right without thinking about its meaning. For sociology, this concept is basic; it is with it that discussions about the object and subject of science begin. It is very useful for any sane person to know what society is, according to what laws it lives, what types it is divided into and how to behave in society.

Since ancient times, man has been interested not only in the mysteries and phenomena of the nature around him (river floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, the change of seasons or day and night, etc.), but also the problems associated with his own existence among other people. Indeed, why do people tend to live among other people, and not alone? What makes them draw borders among themselves, divide into separate states and be at enmity with each other? Why are some allowed to enjoy many benefits, while others are denied everything?

The search for answers to these and other questions forced scientists and thinkers of antiquity to turn their gaze to man and the society in which he exists.

The impetus for the study of social issues was the development of production. Using natural resources, expanding the sphere of production in this way, people faced the limitation of these resources, as a result of which the only way to increase productivity was the rational use of labor, or, in other words, people employed in the production of material goods. If at the beginning of the XIX century. manufacturers served as an addition to resources and mechanisms, and only mechanisms had to be invented and improved, then in the middle of the century it became obvious that only competent people interested in their activities could manage complex equipment. In addition, the complication of all spheres of people's life has raised the problem of interaction between them, managing these interactions and creating social order in society. When these problems were recognized and posed, the prerequisites for the formation and development of a science that studies people's associations, their behavior in these associations, as well as interactions between people and the results of such interactions arose.

The emergence of man and the emergence of society is a single process. There is no person - there is no society. What do we call society? In everyday life, a society is sometimes called a group of people who are part of someone's social circle. Society is not the sum of individuals, but an ensemble of human relations.

In a broad sense, the concept of "society" refers to a part of the material world isolated from nature. In a narrower sense, it is a certain stage of human history or a separate specific society. Society is understood as continuously developing. This means that it has not only a present, but also a past and a future. The generation of people who lived in the distant and very recent past did not leave without a trace. They created cities and villages, technology, various institutions. From them, people living now received language, science, art, and practical skills.

So, society is a historically developing set of relations between people, emerging on the basis of a constant change in the forms and conditions of their activity in the process of interaction with limited and unlimited nature. There are different approaches to understanding the essence of society. In the history of philosophy and sociology, society has often been understood as a collection of human individuals. This understanding of society was based on a variety of mythological, theological, teleological, idealistic ideas, the common thing for which was that society is the result of a subjective manifestation of the will of a person. In domestic science, society is understood as a relatively stable system of social ties and relations, determined in the process of the historical development of mankind, both between large and small groups of people, supported by the power of custom, tradition, law, social institutions, etc., based on a certain way of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material and spiritual goods. Each specific form of society is associated with a certain territory and political power. People included in a given territorial-political state system, the content, forms and direction of their social actions are not only self-determined, but also determined by this system. In turn, this form of organization of society is created by people or, rather, by power structures, no matter which way (democratic or anti-democratic) they came to power. From this follows the conclusion: what is the society (totalitarian, autocratic, democratic, etc.), such are the people and their social actions, respectively, what is the power structure, such is the society.

2. Types of societies

All conceivable and real diversity of societies that existed before and exist now, sociologists divide into certain types. Several types of society, united by similar features or criteria, make up a typology. In the modern world, there are various types of societies that differ from each other in many ways, both explicit (language of communication, culture, geographical location, size, etc.) and hidden (degree of social integration, level of stability, etc.). Scientific classification involves the selection of the most significant, typical features that distinguish some features from others and unite societies of the same group. The complexity of social systems called societies determines both the diversity of their specific manifestations and the absence of a single universal criterion on the basis of which they could be classified.

In the middle of the 19th century, K. Marx proposed a typology of societies based on the method of production of material goods and production relations - primarily property relations. He divided all societies into 5 main types (according to the type of socio-economic formations): primitive communal, slave-owning, feudal, capitalist and communist (the initial phase is a socialist society).

Another typology divides all societies into simple and complex. The criterion is the number of management levels and the degree of social differentiation (stratification). A simple society is a society in which the components are homogeneous, there are no rich and poor, leaders and subordinates, the structure and functions here are poorly differentiated and can be easily interchanged. Such are the primitive tribes, in some places preserved to this day.

A complex society is a society with highly differentiated structures and functions, interconnected and interdependent from each other, which necessitates their coordination.

K. Popper distinguishes between two types of societies: closed and open. The differences between them are based on a number of factors, and, above all, the relationship of social control and freedom of the individual. A closed society is characterized by a static social structure, limited mobility, resistance to innovation, traditionalism, dogmatic authoritarian ideology, and collectivism. To this type of society, K. Popper attributed Sparta, Prussia, Tsarist Russia, Nazi Germany,

Soviet Union of the Stalin era. An open society is characterized by a dynamic social structure, high mobility, ability to innovate, criticism, individualism and democratic pluralistic ideology. K. Popper considered ancient Athens and modern Western democracies to be examples of open societies.

The division of societies into traditional, industrial and post-industrial, proposed by the American sociologist D. Bell on the basis of a change in the technological basis - the improvement of the means of production and knowledge, is stable and widespread.

a) Traditional society

Traditional (pre-industrial) society - a society with an agrarian way of life, with a predominance of subsistence farming, a class hierarchy, sedentary structures and a method of socio-cultural regulation based on tradition. It is characterized by manual labor, extremely low rates of development of production, which can satisfy the needs of people only at a minimal level. It is extremely inertial, therefore it is not very susceptible to innovations. The behavior of individuals in such a society is regulated by customs, norms, and social institutions. Customs, norms, institutions, consecrated by traditions, are considered unshakable, not allowing even the thought of changing them. Performing their integrative function, culture and social institutions suppress any manifestation of individual freedom, which is a necessary condition for the gradual renewal of society.

At present, the leading theories of traditional society are the theories of "multidimensional models" by F. Riggs and D. Apter. A feature of these theories is the refusal to emphasize the "civilizing mission" of Western technology, the recognition of the heterogeneity of traditional society, the desire to find new criteria for assessing the "development" of society, including taking into account "human", mainly psychological factors. The development of the classical theories of traditional society is also various theories of "pluralistic" traditional societies, characterizing it as a culturally heterogeneous and socially fragmented society, as well as the theory of "patrimonial society" by S. Eisenstadt, which describes a traditional society in which old forms of life are destroyed, and new socio-political structures have not yet developed.

b) Industrial society

The term industrial society was introduced by A. Saint-Simon, emphasizing its new technical basis. Industrial society - (in modern terms) is a complex society, with an industrial-based way of managing, with flexible, dynamic and modifiable structures, a method of sociocultural regulation based on a combination of individual freedom and the interests of society. These societies are characterized by a developed division of labor with its strong specialization, mass production of goods for a wide market, mechanization and automation of production and management, scientific and technological revolution. The consequence of these processes is the high development of means of transport and communications, a high degree of population mobility and urbanization, and qualitative shifts in the structures of national consumption. In an industrial society, the main characteristics of large-scale industry and the models of behavior it sets become decisive for social communication in society as a whole and for most of the population. The theory of industrial society was formulated in two versions: by the French social philosopher R. Aron in lectures at the Sorbonne in 1956-1959. and the American economist and political scientist W. Rostow in the book Stages of Economic Growth. The theory of industrial society reduces social progress to a transition from a backward, "traditional" (pre-capitalist) society, dominated by a subsistence economy and a class hierarchy, to an advanced, industrialized, "industrial" (capitalist) society with mass market production and a bourgeois-democratic system . According to the theory of industrial society, this transition is based on a process of successive technical innovations in production, largely due to a combination of random circumstances in combination with various psychological motives for activity (nationalism, Protestant ethics, the spirit of entrepreneurship and competition, personal ambitions of politicians, etc.). ). the main criterion for the progressiveness of society is the achieved level of industrial production, and according to Rostov - the production of durable consumer goods (cars, refrigerators, televisions, etc.).

c) Post-industrial society

Post-industrial society (sometimes called information society) - a society developed on an information basis: extraction (in traditional societies) and processing (in industrial societies) of natural products are replaced by the acquisition and processing of information, as well as predominant development (instead of agriculture in traditional societies and industry in industrial) service sectors. As a result, the structure of employment and the ratio of various professional and qualification groups are also changing. According to forecasts, already at the beginning of the 21st century in advanced countries, half of the workforce will be employed in the field of information, a quarter - in the field of material production and a quarter - in the production of services, including information.

The term "post-industrial society" was born in the US back in the 1950s, when it became clear that American mid-century capitalism differed in many ways from the industrial capitalism that existed before the great crisis of 1929-1933. It is noteworthy that initially the post-industrial society was considered in terms of rationalistic concepts of linear progress, economic growth, welfare and labor technization, as a result of which working time is reduced and free time increases, respectively. At the same time, already in the late 1950s, Risman questioned the expediency of unlimited growth in wealth, noting that among young Americans from the "upper middle class" the prestige of owning certain things was gradually declining.

Since the late 1960s, the term "post-industrial society" has been filled with new content. Scientists identify such features as the mass distribution of creative, intellectual labor, a qualitatively increased volume of scientific knowledge and information used in production, the predominance in the structure of the economy of the service sector, science, education, culture over industry and agriculture in terms of share in GNP and the number of employees. , changing the social structure.

In a traditional agrarian society, the main task was to provide the population with basic means of subsistence.

Therefore, efforts were concentrated in agriculture, in food production.

In the industrial society that has come to replace this problem has faded into the background. In developed countries, 5-6% of the population employed in agriculture provided food for the entire society. Industry came to the fore. It employed the bulk of the people. Society developed along the path of accumulation of material wealth.

The next stage is associated with the transition from an industrial to a service society. Theoretical knowledge is of decisive importance for the implementation of technological innovations. The volumes of this knowledge are becoming so large that they provide a qualitative leap. Extremely developed means of communication ensure the free dissemination of knowledge, which makes it possible to talk about a qualitatively new type of society.

In the 19th century and up to the middle of the 20th century, communications existed in two different forms. The first is mail, newspapers, magazines and books, i.e. media that were printed on paper and distributed by physical transport or stored in libraries. The second is the telegraph, telephone, radio and television; here, coded messages or speech were transmitted by means of radio signals or by cable communication from person to person. Now technologies that once existed in different fields of application are blurring these distinctions, so that consumers of information have at their disposal a variety of alternative means, which also creates a number of complex problems from the point of view of legislators.

Powerful private interests are inevitably involved in the matter. Just as the replacement of coal by oil and competition between trucks, railroads, and gas pipelines have brought about significant changes in the distribution of corporate power, employment structures, labor unions, geographic location of enterprises, and the like, so too have the tremendous changes taking place in communications technology. , affect industries related to communications.

In general terms, there are 5 problems here:

1. Merging telephone and computer systems, telecommunications and information processing into one model. Related to this is the question of whether the transmission of information will be carried out primarily through telephone communications or whether some other independent data transmission system will arise; what will be the relative share of microwave stations, communication satellites and coaxial cable as transmission channels.

2. Replacing paper with electronic means, including electronic banking instead of checks, e-mail, facsimile transmission of newspaper and magazine information, and remote copying of documents.

3. Expansion of the television service through cable systems with multiple channels and specialized services to allow direct connection to consumer home terminals.

Transport will be replaced by telecommunications using videophones and indoor television systems.

4. Reorganization of information storage and systems of its request based on computers into an interactive information network accessible to research groups; direct receipt of information from data banks through library and home terminals.

5. Expansion of the education system based on computer learning, the use of satellite communications for rural areas, especially in underdeveloped countries; the use of videodiscs for both entertainment and home education.

Technologically, communications and information processing merge into a single model, called COMPYUNICATION. As computers become increasingly used in communications networks as switching systems, and as electronic communications become an integral part of computer processing, the distinction between information processing and communication disappears. The main problems here are legal and economic, and the main question is whether this new area should be subject to state regulation or should it be better developed in conditions of free competition.

The most important issue is political. Information in the post-industrial era is power. Access to information is a condition of freedom. From this directly follow the problems of a legislative nature.

It is impossible to consider post-industrial society only as a new stage in the technical sphere. The person himself is also changing. Work is no longer a vital necessity for him. Post-industrialization is associated with the transformation of the labor process, at least for a significant part of society, into a kind of creative activity, into a means of self-realization and overcoming some of the forms of alienation inherent in industrial society. At the same time, a post-industrial society is a post-economic society, since in the future it overcomes the dominance of the economy (the production of material goods) over people and the development of human abilities becomes the main form of life activity.

The formation of a post-industrial society is a profound social, economic, technological and spiritual revolution. Its core, in turn, is the formation of a new social type of man and the nature of social relations. This type can be defined as "rich personality", "multidimensional person". If even 30-50 years ago a person's life path and the circle of his social ties were determined primarily by what class or social stratum he belongs to, and only secondarily by his personal abilities, then a "multidimensional person" can really choose between work according to employment and own business, between various ways of self-expression and material success. This means that a person can choose and build, at his own discretion, the relationships that he enters into with other people. They dominate it less and less blindly, as they did in the era of industrial capitalism. It is with this change that the "market renaissance" currently observed in developed countries is connected.

Behind the "market renaissance" is in fact a colossal development of the non-market sphere - the system of social protection, education, health care, culture and, very importantly, domestic labor for upbringing, "production" by a person of himself and his children, labor of direct communication. A characteristic feature of the emerging post-industrial society is a two-story, two-sector economy, consisting of a sector for the production of material goods and services, which is controlled by the market, and a sector of "human production", where human capital is accumulated and, in essence, there is no place left for market relations. Moreover, the development of the sphere of "human production" increasingly determines the development and structure of the market, the dynamism of the economy and the competitiveness of countries in the world. At the same time, the "production of man" is less and less the prerogative of the state and more and more of civil society itself: local governments, public organizations, and finally, the citizens themselves.

The intellectual property of the "multidimensional man" of the post-industrial society is formed as a result of the huge labor costs of raising children in the family, the expenditures of the state, private funds and the citizens themselves on education, the own efforts of children, and then students to master knowledge and cultural values, general - public, private and the collective costs of maintaining and developing culture and art, the time spent by people on mastering the achievements of culture. Finally, intellectual property embodies the time and effort of a person to maintain his "sports form" - his health, efficiency, not to mention the total costs of protecting and restoring the environment. As early as 1985, America's "human capital" was several times greater than the total assets of American corporations. This comparison speaks for itself.

The ease of accumulation and transmission of information in the era of post-industrialization gives rise to its own problems. Thus, the threat of police and political surveillance of individuals using sophisticated information technology becomes more and more obvious. As former Senator S. Ervin wrote in a review of the use of computer databanks by federal agencies, "the subcommittee found numerous cases of agencies starting out with very good intentions and then going so far beyond what was necessary that the privacy and constitutional rights of individuals endangered by the mere existence of dossiers on them... The most important discovery was the establishment of an extremely large number of government data banks with huge dossiers on almost every inhabitant of the country.The 54 agencies that provided information on this matter reported the existence of 858 data banks , containing 1.25 billion records per individual".

All this confirms the following fact: when any agency in power establishes bureaucratic norms and seeks to impose them at all costs, there is a danger of abuse. Another equally important point is that control over information most often results in abuse, from hiding information to its illegal disclosure. In order to prevent these abuses, institutional restrictions are needed, primarily in the field of information.

In a post-industrial society, for the self-expression and self-affirmation of a person, the importance of politics, administrative and public self-government - direct ("participatory") democracy, which expands a person's social ties and thereby the opportunity for him to show creative initiative.

Western social thought in the 1980s came to the same conclusion that it had come to in its time... Karl Marx in the first draft version of Capital: culture, science, information are in the public domain. As soon as they are "launched" into production, i.e. used as a productive force, they become truly universal property. “In classical and Marxian economic theory, capital was conceived as “embodied labor,” but knowledge cannot be interpreted in the same vein,” D. Bell wrote. “The main thing is that knowledge, as a systematized theory, is a collective property. Neither an individual, neither a single group of workers nor a corporation can monopolize or patent theoretical knowledge, or extract from it a unique production advantage. It is the public property of the intellectual world." At the same time, science, information, cultural values, in essence, are not alienated either from their creator ("producer"), or from the one who uses them. Therefore, this public property is individual for everyone who uses it. Thus, the post-industrial society is characterized by the unity of individual and public (but not state!) ownership of the main "product" and "production resource" predicted by Marx.

The process of post-industrialization is irreversible. However, so far it has not covered all aspects of public life and far from all countries. A new map of the world is being created. This is an information map that can be likened to a climate map in the sense that it reflects some constant environmental conditions. This information map shows a high density of information in North America, somewhat less in Europe, Japan and Russia; in all other places the density of information is negligible and even disappears. Even in the most developed countries (USA, Japan, Germany, Sweden), society is still very far from becoming fully post-industrial. Until now, many millions of people are engaged in simple labor and are subjected to the most ordinary capitalist exploitation. And even in these countries, especially in the USA, there are masses of illiterates who, naturally, remain on the sidelines of the road to the future. Of course, this hinders post-industrialization, conserves old relationships and old technologies, and sometimes recreates them on a new technological basis. Global problems also remain unresolved - environmental and the problem of backwardness of most countries of the Earth. However, these problems can be solved only on a post-industrial basis. In turn, further post-industrialization is unthinkable without their solution. The situation in Russia is interesting. The clear tendencies towards post-industrialism in developed countries and their comparison with what is happening in Russia testify rather to the multidirectional processes taking place "there" and "here" than to the fact that Russia is finally beginning to develop "like everyone else." The fact is that Russia is only entering the late stage of industrial society. Market structures are actively growing. At the same time, in developed countries, most of the social relations are moving into the non-market sector, into the sector of human restoration. In order for development to follow the path "like everyone else", we must at least understand to ourselves that without turning the economy and politics to face the person - at first, at least on a post-industrial basis - there is no development of the country "along the path of world civilization" there can be no talk. And one of the main paradoxes of history is that the ideas that Russian leaders are in a hurry to renounce are actually confirmed (albeit not fully) where these ideas have never turned into a dominant ideology.

The change in the technological basis also affects the organization of the entire system of social ties and relations. If in an industrial society the mass class was made up of workers, then in a post-industrial society it was employees and managers. At the same time, the significance of class differentiation is weakening, instead of a status (“granular”) social structure, a functional (“ready-made”) social structure is being formed. Instead of leading the principle of governance, coordination is becoming, and representative democracy is being replaced by direct democracy and self-government. As a result, instead of a hierarchy of structures, a new type of network organization is created, focused on rapid change depending on the situation.

True, at the same time, some sociologists pay attention to contradictory possibilities, on the one hand, ensuring a higher level of individual freedom in the information society, and on the other hand, the emergence of new, more hidden and therefore more dangerous forms of social control over it.

Table 1 MAIN STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY ACCORDING TO THE THEORY OF POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
STAGES\CHARACTERISTICS	pre-industrial society	industrial society	Post-industrial society
The main branch of the economy	Agriculture	Industry	Knowledge-intensive service (knowledge production)
dominant social group	The owners of the land and the people who cultivate it (slave owners, feudal lords, etc.)	Owners of capital (capitalists)	Knowledge Owners (Managers)

According to this theory (it is based on the ideas of O. Toffler, D. Bell and other institutionalist economists), the development of society is seen as a change of three socio-economic systems - pre-industrial society, industrial society and post-industrial society (Table 3). These three social systems differ in the main factors of production, the leading sectors of the economy and the dominant social groups. The boundaries of social systems are socio-technological revolutions: the Neolithic revolution (6-8 thousand years ago) created the prerequisites for the development of pre-industrial exploitative societies, the industrial revolution (18-19 centuries) separates the industrial society from the pre-industrial one, and the scientific and technological revolution (with second half of the 20th century) marks the transition from industrial to post-industrial society. Modern society is a transitional stage from the industrial to the post-industrial system.

The Marxist theory of social formations and the institutional theory of post-industrial society are based on similar principles common to all formational concepts: the development of the economy is seen as the fundamental basis for the development of society, and this development itself is interpreted as a progressive and phasic process.

3. Comparative characteristics

Table 2. Comparative characteristics of different types of societies

Type of society	pre-industrial	Industrial	Post-industrial Countries closest to this type of society
Characteristic representatives	Afghanistan Nicaragua	Great Britain
Gross national product per capita (in dollars)		about 10,000	around 18,000
Main factor of production
Main production product		industrial products
Characteristic features of production	Manual labor	Wide application of mechanisms, technologies	Automation of production, computerization of society
The nature of labor	individual labor	Predominantly standard activity	A sharp increase in creativity in work
Employment	Agriculture - about 75%	Agriculture - about 10%	Agriculture - up to 3%, industry - about 33%, services - about 66%
Cereal yield (c/ha)
Milk yield per cow in liters per year
Main type of export		Production products
Education Policy	Fight against illiteracy	Training of specialists	Continuing Education
Number of scientists and engineers per 1 million inhabitants	about 100 people	about 2000 people	about 2000 people
Mortality per 1000 people	about 20 people	about 10 people	about 10 people
Lifespan		over 70 years	over 70 years
Human impact on nature	Local, uncontrolled	Global, out of control	Global, controlled
Interaction with other countries	Insignificant	Close relationship	Society openness

4. Conclusion

So, analyzing all societies, we can characterize them as stages in the development of human society. At the lowest stage of development is the traditional society, it is characterized as a society with an agrarian way of life, with a predominance of subsistence farming. the next step is the industrial society, which, unlike the traditional society, is more complex. It is based on an industrial way of managing, a way of social regulation based on a combination of individual freedom and the interests of society. The post-industrial society is at the highest stage of development; unlike other societies, it is developed on an information basis.

Summing up, we note that each of these societies plays an important role. Moreover, they are historical stages in the development of mankind as a whole.

5. Literature

Frolov S. S. Sociology. M., 1998

Fundamentals of Sociology: A Course of Lectures / Ed. A. G. Efendiyeva. M., 1994

The evolution of Eastern societies: a synthesis of traditional and modern. Moscow 1984

Osipova OA American sociology about traditions in the countries of the East. Moscow 1985

Osipov G. V. Nature and Society 1996.

Sociology. Fundamentals of General Theory / Ed. Osipova G. V., Moskvicheva L. N. Moscow 1996

Pushkareva V. G. Society

Sociology. Basics of the general theory; ed. A.Yu. Myagkova; M.: "Flinta"; 2003;

D. V. Kakharchuk; Sociology; M .: "Yurait"; 2002;

Frolov S.S. Sociology. Textbook. For higher educational institutions. Moscow: Nauka, 1994;

Danilo J. Markovich; General sociology; "Vlados", M., 1998.

Russian Sociological Encyclopedia / Ed. G. V. Osipova Moscow 1996

Bell D. Social framework of the information society, [Sb. New technocratic wave in the West, - M., 1986]

Krasilshchikov V. Landmarks for the future in a post-industrial society, Social Sciences and Modernity, N2, 1993

Dizard W. The advent of the information age, [Sat. New technocratic wave in the West, - M., 1986]

Schoolchildren's handbook / social science / ed. , V.V. Barabanova, V.G. Zarubina Moscow 2004

Introduction to sociology A. I. Kravchenko Moscow 1995

Man and society textbook Moscow 1995

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The concept and main types of society. Social relations are relations that arise between people in the course of their life. Rules governing social relations. Interaction of society and nature. The structure of social relations.

Modern societies can be distinguished by numerous indicators, but they also have identical features, which allows them to be typified. One of the main directions in the typology of society is the choice of forms of state power, political relations, as criteria for separating individual types of society. For example, in Aristotle and Plato, societies are divided according to the type of state system: democracy, aristocracy, tyranny, monarchy and oligarchy. In our time, with such an approach, authoritarian societies are distinguished (combine elements of democracy and totalitarianism), democratic - the population has mechanisms of influence on state structures, totalitarian - all the main directions of social life are determined by the state.

Marxism based the typology of society on the difference between societies according to the type of production relations in certain socio-economic stages: primitive communal society (appropriating the simplest mode of production); with the Asian mode of production of society (the presence of a unique collective ownership of land); slave-owning societies (the use of slave labor and ownership of people); feudal societies (exploitation of peasants attached to the land); socialist or communist societies (due to the elimination of private property relations, an equal attitude of all to ownership of the means of production).

Consideration of types of societies is the purpose of this study.

In modern sociology, the most stable typology is recognized, based on the allocation of post-industrial, industrial and traditional societies.

A traditional society (or agrarian, simple) is a society with sedentary structures, an agrarian way of life and a method of sociocultural regulation based on traditions. The behavior of individuals in such a society is regulated by the norms of traditional behavior (customs) and is strictly controlled. In such a society, established social institutions, among which the family or community is the main one. Any social innovations are considered unacceptable. Such a society is characterized by low rates of development. For him, the key indicator is the well-established social solidarity, which was established by researching the society of indigenous Australians, even Durkheim Parsons T. The system of modern societies. M., 2002. S. 25 ..

Modern societies are classified as industrial and post-industrial societies.

An industrial society is a type of organization of social life, which combines the interests and freedom of the individual with the general principles governing their joint activities. Such societies are characterized by social mobility, flexibility of social structures, and a wide system of communications.

The negative side of the post-industrial society was the danger of tightening through access to electronic media and communications of social control by the ruling elite over citizens and society as a whole 2 Moijyan K.Kh. Society. Society. Story. M., 2004. S. 211.

In our time, the theory of post-industrialism has been developed in detail. This concept has both a large number of supporters and an ever-increasing number of opponents. In science, two main directions of perception of the future improvement of human society have been formed: techno-optimism and eco-pessimism. Techno-optimism draws a more optimistic future, assuming that scientific and technological progress will cope with all the hardships on the path of social development 3 Reznik Yu.M. Civil society as a phenomenon of civilization. M., 2003. S. 78. Ecopessimism predicts a total catastrophe by 2030 due to the increasing destruction of the biosphere of our planet.

Analyzing the history of social thought, one can discover several typologies of society.

Typologies of society during the formation of sociological science

The founder of sociology is the French scientist O. Comte, who proposed a three-part stadial typology, including:

the stage of military domination;

the stage of feudal rule;

stage of industrial civilization.

G. Spencer's typology is based on the principle of the evolutionary development of societies: from elementary to more differentiated. Spencer saw the development of societies as an integral part of the evolutionary process common to all nature. The lowest pole of the evolution of society is formed by the so-called military societies, which are characterized by high homogeneity, the subordinate position of the individual and the dominance of coercion as a factor of unification. Then, through a series of intermediate stages, society reaches the highest pole - it becomes industrial: democracy, the voluntary nature of integration, and spiritual pluralism begin to dominate in it. op. S. 212..

Typologies of society in the classical period of the formation of sociology.

Such typologies differ from those described above. Sociologists of this period saw their task in explaining it, based not on the uniform laws of the development of nature, but on the basis of nature itself and its internal laws. For example, E. Durkheim was looking for the "initial cell" of the social as such and for this he sought to find the most elementary, "simplest" society, the most primitive form of organization of "collective consciousness". In this regard, his typology of societies is built from simple to complex, and it is based on the principle of complicating the form of social solidarity, i.e. awareness of their unity. Mechanical solidarity is inherent in simple societies, since their personalities are extremely similar in life situation and consciousness. In complex societies there is a ramified structure of differentiated functions of individuals, and therefore individuals differ significantly from each other in consciousness and way of life. They are united by functional ties, and their solidarity is "organic". Both types of solidarity exist in any society, but mechanical solidarity prevails in archaic societies, while organic solidarity prevails in modern ones.

The German classic of sociology M. Weber represented the social as a kind of system of subordination and domination. His concept was based on the understanding of society as the result of a confrontation for power and for the retention of dominance. Societies are classified according to the type of domination they have. The charismatic type of domination appears on the basis of the personal special power (charisma) of the leader. Leaders and priests often have charisma, such dominance is irrational and does not require a unique system of control. According to Weber, modern society is characterized by a legal type of domination based on law, characterized by the presence of a bureaucratic management system and the principle of rationality.

The typology of the French sociologist J. Gurvich is characterized by a complex multi-level system. The scientist points to four types of archaic societies that had a primary global system:

tribal (American Indians, Australia);

tribal, heterogeneous and weakly hierarchized associations, grouped around the leader, to whom magical power was attributed (Melanesia and Polynesia);

tribal with a military organization, consisting of clans and family groups (North America);

tribal tribes grouped into monarchical states ("black" Africa).

charismatic societies (Japan, Persia, Ancient China, Egypt);

patriarchal societies (Slavs, Jews of the Old Testament era, Homeric Greeks, Romans and Franks);

city-states (Italian Renaissance cities, Roman cities and Greek policies);

feudal hierarchical societies (European Middle Ages);

societies where enlightened absolutism and capitalism were born (Europe).

In today's world, Gurvich distinguishes: a society of pluralist collectivism; liberal-democratic society, which is built on the principles of collectivist etatism; technical-bureaucratic society, etc. Moidzhyan K.Kh. Society. Society. Story. M., 2004. S. 215.

The postclassical stage in the history of sociology is characterized by typologies based on the principle of technological and technical development of societies. Currently, the most popular typology distinguishes traditional, industrial and post-industrial societies.

Traditional societies are distinguished by the dominant development of agricultural labor. The main sphere of production is the procurement of raw materials, which is carried out by a peasant family; mainly members of society want to satisfy domestic needs. The economy is based on a family farm, able to satisfy almost all their needs. Technological progress is imperceptible. The main decision-making method is the "trial and error" method. Social relations and social differentiation are poorly developed. Such societies are traditionally oriented, which means they are oriented towards the past.

An industrial society is a society characterized by predominant industrial development and rapid economic growth. Economic progress is realized mainly due to the consumer, extensive attitude to bioresources: in order to meet its actual needs, such a society develops the natural resources at its disposal to the fullest extent possible. The main sector of production is the processing and processing of materials, which are carried out by teams of workers in plants and factories. This society seeks to meet social needs and the greatest adaptation. The main method of validating decisions is empirical research.

Post-industrial society - a society, the process of emergence of which is currently taking place. It has several important differences from an industrial society. So, if the industrial society is characterized by maximum attention to the development of industry, then in the post-industrial society priority is given to technologies, knowledge and information. Also, the service sector is rapidly improving, overtaking industry. Kumar K. Civil society. M., 2004. S. 45.

Information is recognized as the basis of a post-industrial society, which in turn forms another type of society - the information society. According to the idea of the adherents of the concept of the information society, an absolutely new society is emerging, characterized by processes other than those that took place at the previous stages of the development of societies even in the 20th century. For example, centralization is replaced by regionalization, instead of bureaucratization and hierarchization - democratization, concentration replaces the process of downsizing, and individualization comes instead of standardization. The described processes are conditioned by information technologies.

Service providers either provide information or use it. So, teachers transfer knowledge to students, repairmen use their knowledge to service equipment, doctors, lawyers, designers sell their specialized knowledge and skills. Unlike factory workers in an industrial society, they do not produce anything. Instead, they use and transfer knowledge to provide services for which others are willing to pay.

Scientists already use the concept of "virtual society" to describe the modern type of society that develops under the influence of information technologies (primarily Internet technologies). Due to the computer boom that has swept modern society, the virtual world is becoming a new reality. Many researchers point to the virtualization (replacement of reality by simulation) of society. This process is growing, becoming total, as all the elements that make up society are virtualized, radically changing their status and appearance.

A post-industrial society is also understood as a “post-economic”, “post-labor” society, in other words, a society where the economic subsystem loses its defining significance and labor ceases to be the basis of all social relations. In a post-industrial society, a person loses his former economic essence and ceases to be regarded as an "economic man"; it focuses on other, “post-materialist” values. The emphasis is shifting to humanitarian, social problems, and the issues of safety and quality of life, the self-realization of the individual in various social spheres, in connection with which new criteria for social well-being and well-being are being formed, become priorities.

As follows from the concept of a post-economic society, which was developed by the Russian scientist V.L. Inozemtsev, in contrast to the economic, focused on material enrichment, in a post-economic society for most people the main goal is the development of their own personality Shapiro I. Democracy and civil society // Polis 2003. No. 3. S. 52..

Thus, a wide variety of societies have existed and continue to exist in history. In a broad sense, society is understood as the interaction of people with nature and among themselves, as well as ways to unite them. In a narrower definition, this concept is represented by a certain set of people who are endowed with their own will and consciousness and who manifest themselves in the light of certain interests and moods. Any society can be characterized by the following features: a name, stable and holistic forms of human interaction, the existence of a history of creation and development, the presence of its own culture, self-sufficiency and self-regulation. For scientific and practical purposes, it is important to identify those that have some significant similar features. On this basis, they can be compared and even, to some extent, predict their development. All the variety of societies that existed before and that exist now are divided by social scientists into certain types. There are many ways to classify societies. One of them involves the separation of pre-industrial (traditional) society and industrial (modern, industrial) society.

Modern societies differ in many ways, but they also have the same parameters by which they can be typified.

One of the main trends in typology is choice of political relations, forms of government as grounds for distinguishing different types of society. For example, u and i societies differ in type of government: monarchy, tyranny, aristocracy, oligarchy, democracy. In modern versions of this approach, there is a distinction totalitarian(the state determines all the main directions of social life); democratic(population can influence government structures) and authoritarian(combining elements of totalitarianism and democracy) societies.

The basis typology of society supposed Marxism difference between societies type of industrial relations in various socio-economic formations: primitive communal society (primitive appropriating mode of production); societies with an Asian mode of production (the presence of a special type of collective ownership of land); slave-owning societies (ownership of people and the use of slave labor); feudal (exploitation of peasants attached to the land); communist or socialist societies (equal attitude of all to ownership of the means of production through the elimination of private property relations).

Traditional, industrial and post-industrial societies

The most stable in modern sociology is considered a typology based on the allocation traditional, industrial and post-industrial societies.

traditional society(it is also called simple and agrarian) is a society with an agrarian way of life, sedentary structures and a method of sociocultural regulation based on traditions (traditional society). The behavior of individuals in it is strictly controlled, regulated by the customs and norms of traditional behavior, established social institutions, among which the family will be the most important. Attempts of any social transformations, innovations are rejected. For him characterized by low rates of development, production. Important for this type of society is the well-established social solidarity that Durkheim established while studying the society of Australian aborigines.

traditional society characterized by a natural division and specialization of labor (mainly by gender and age), personalization of interpersonal communication (directly individuals, not officials or status persons), informal regulation of interactions (norms of unwritten laws of religion and morality), connectedness of members by kinship relations (family type of community organization) , a primitive system of community management (hereditary power, the rule of elders).

Modern societies differ in the following traits: the role-based nature of interaction (expectations and behavior of people are determined by the social status and social functions of individuals); the developing deep division of labor (on a professional and qualification basis related to education and work experience); a formal system of regulation of relations (based on written law: laws, regulations, contracts, etc.); a complex system of social management (singling out the institution of management, special governing bodies: political, economic, territorial and self-government); secularization of religion (separation of it from the system of government); the allocation of many social institutions (self-reproducing systems of special relations that allow for social control, inequality, protection of its members, distribution of benefits, production, communication).

These include industrial and post-industrial societies.

industrial society- this is a type of organization of social life, which combines the freedom and interests of the individual with the general principles governing their joint activities. It is characterized by the flexibility of social structures, social mobility, and a developed system of communications.

In the 1960s concepts appear post-industrial (informational) societies (D. Bell, A. Touraine, Y. Habermas), caused by drastic changes in the economy and culture of the most developed countries. The role of knowledge and information, computer and automatic devices is recognized as leading in society.. An individual who has received the necessary education, who has access to the latest information, gets an advantageous chance of moving up the ladder of the social hierarchy. Creative work becomes the main goal of a person in society.

The negative side of the post-industrial society is the danger of strengthening on the part of the state, the ruling elite through access to information and electronic media and communication over people and society as a whole.

life world human society is getting stronger obeys the logic of efficiency and instrumentalism. Culture, including traditional values, is destroyed under the influence of administrative control gravitating towards standardization and unification of social relations, social behavior. Society is increasingly subject to the logic of economic life and bureaucratic thinking.

Distinctive features of a post-industrial society:

the transition from the production of goods to a service economy;
the rise and dominance of highly educated vocational professionals;
the main role of theoretical knowledge as a source of discoveries and political decisions in society;
control over technology and the ability to assess the consequences of scientific and technological innovations;
decision-making based on the creation of intelligent technology, as well as using the so-called information technology.

The latter was brought to life by the needs of the one that began to form. information society. The emergence of such a phenomenon is by no means accidental. The basis of social dynamics in the information society is not traditional material resources, which are also largely exhausted, but information (intellectual): knowledge, scientific, organizational factors, intellectual abilities of people, their initiative, creativity.

The concept of post-industrialism has been developed in detail today, it has a lot of supporters and an ever-increasing number of opponents. The world has formed two main directions assessments of the future development of human society: eco-pessimism and techno-optimism. eco-pessimism predicts in 2030 a total global catastrophe due to increasing environmental pollution; destruction of the Earth's biosphere. Techno-optimism draws a more rosy picture, assuming that scientific and technological progress will cope with all the difficulties in the development of society.

Basic typologies of society

Several typologies of society have been proposed in the history of social thought.

Typologies of society during the formation of sociological science

French scientist, founder of sociology O. Comte proposed a three-term stadial typology, which included:

stage of military domination;
stage of feudal rule;
stage of industrial civilization.

The basis of the typology G. Spencer the principle of the evolutionary development of societies from simple to complex, i.e. from an elementary society to an increasingly differentiated one. Spencer presented the development of societies as an integral part of an evolutionary process that is unified for all nature. The lowest pole of the evolution of society is formed by the so-called military societies, characterized by high homogeneity, the subordinate position of the individual and the dominance of coercion as an integration factor. From this phase, through a series of intermediate phases, society develops to the highest pole - an industrial society dominated by democracy, the voluntary nature of integration, spiritual pluralism and diversity.

Typologies of society in the classical period of development of sociology

These typologies differ from those described above. The sociologists of that period saw their task in explaining it, starting not from the general order of nature and the laws of its development, but from itself and its internal laws. So, E. Durkheim sought to find the "original cell" of the social as such, and for this purpose he was looking for the "simplest", most elementary society, the simplest form of organization of "collective consciousness". Therefore, his typology of societies is built from simple to complex, and it is based on the principle of complicating the form of social solidarity, i.e. awareness by individuals of their unity. Mechanical solidarity operates in simple societies, because the individuals that make up them are very similar in consciousness and life situation - like particles of a mechanical whole. In complex societies there is a complex system of division of labor, differentiated functions of individuals, therefore the individuals themselves are separated from each other in terms of their way of life and consciousness. They are united by functional ties, and their solidarity is "organic", functional. Both types of solidarity are present in any society, but mechanical solidarity dominates in archaic societies, while organic solidarity dominates in modern ones.

German classic of sociology M. Weber viewed the social as a system of domination and subordination. His approach was based on the concept of society as the result of a struggle for power and to maintain dominance. Societies are classified according to the type of domination that has developed in them. The charismatic type of domination arises on the basis of a personal special power - charisma - of the ruler. Charisma is usually held by priests or leaders, and such dominance is irrational and does not require a special system of government. Modern society, according to Weber, is characterized by a legal type of domination based on law, characterized by the presence of a bureaucratic management system and the principle of rationality.

Typology of a French sociologist J. Gurvich differs by a complex multi-level system. He identifies four types of archaic societies that had a primary global structure:

tribal (Australia, American Indians);
tribal, which included heterogeneous and weakly hierarchized groups, united around a leader endowed with magical powers (Polynesia, Melanesia);
tribal with a military organization, consisting of family groups and clans (North America);
tribal tribes united in monarchical states ("black" Africa).

charismatic societies (Egypt, Ancient China, Persia, Japan);
patriarchal societies (Homeric Greeks, Jews of the Old Testament era, Romans, Slavs, Franks);
city-states (Greek policies, Roman cities, Italian cities of the Renaissance);
feudal hierarchical societies (European Middle Ages);
societies that gave rise to enlightened absolutism and capitalism (Europe only).

In the modern world, Gurvich distinguishes: a technical-bureaucratic society; a liberal-democratic society built on the principles of collectivist etatism; a society of pluralistic collectivism, etc.

Typologies of the Society of Contemporary Sociology

The postclassical stage in the development of sociology is characterized by typologies based on the principle of the technical and technological development of societies. Nowadays, the most popular typology is one that distinguishes traditional, industrial and post-industrial societies.

Traditional societies characterized by a high development of agricultural labor. The main sector of production is the procurement of raw materials, which is carried out within the framework of peasant families; members of society seek to meet mainly domestic needs. The basis of the economy is the family economy, capable of satisfying, if not all of their needs, then a significant part of them. Technical development is extremely weak. In decision making, the main method is the trial and error method. Social relations are extremely poorly developed, as is social differentiation. Such societies are traditionally oriented and therefore directed towards the past.

industrial society - a society characterized by high industrial development and rapid economic growth. Economic development is carried out mainly due to an extensive, consumerist attitude to nature: in order to meet its actual needs, such a society strives for the fullest possible development of the natural resources at its disposal. The main sector of production is the processing and processing of materials carried out by teams of workers in factories and plants. Such a society and its members strive for maximum adaptation to the present moment and satisfaction of social needs. The main decision-making method is empirical research.

Another very important feature of an industrial society is the so-called "modernizing optimism", i.e. absolute confidence that any problem, including social, can be solved based on scientific knowledge and technology.

post-industrial society is a society that is emerging at the moment and has a number of significant differences from an industrial society. If an industrial society is characterized by a desire for the maximum development of industry, then in a post-industrial society, knowledge, technology and information play a much more noticeable (and ideally paramount) role. In addition, the service sector is developing rapidly, overtaking industry.

In a post-industrial society, there is no faith in the omnipotence of science. This is partly due to the fact that humanity has faced the negative consequences of its own activities. For this reason, “ecological values” come to the fore, and this means not only a careful attitude to nature, but also an attentive attitude to the balance and harmony necessary for the adequate development of society.

The basis of a post-industrial society is information, which in turn gave rise to another type of society - informational. According to the information society theory proponents, a completely new society is emerging, characterized by processes that are opposite to those that took place in the previous phases of the development of societies even in the 20th century. For example, instead of centralization, there is regionalization; instead of hierarchization and bureaucratization, democratization; instead of concentration, disaggregation; instead of standardization, individualization. All these processes are driven by information technology.

Service providers either provide information or use it. For example, teachers transfer knowledge to students, repairmen use their knowledge to service equipment, lawyers, doctors, bankers, pilots, designers sell their specialized knowledge of laws, anatomy, finance, aerodynamics and color schemes to clients. They do not produce anything, unlike factory workers in an industrial society. Instead, they transfer or use knowledge to provide services that others are willing to pay for.

Researchers are already using the term virtual society" to describe the modern type of society that has developed and is developing under the influence of information technologies, primarily Internet technologies. The virtual, or possible, world has become a new reality as a result of the computer boom that has swept society. Virtualization (replacement of reality with simulation/image) of society, the researchers note, is total, since all the elements that make up society are virtualized, significantly changing their appearance, their status and role.

Post-industrial society is also defined as a society " post-economic", "post-labor”, i.e. a society in which the economic subsystem loses its defining significance, and labor ceases to be the basis of all social relations. In a post-industrial society, a person loses his economic essence and is no longer considered as an “economic person”; it focuses on new, “post-materialist” values. The emphasis is shifted to social, humanitarian problems, and the issues of quality and safety of life, self-realization of the individual in various social spheres are the priorities, in connection with which new criteria for well-being and social well-being are being formed.

According to the concept of a post-economic society developed by the Russian scientist V.L. Inozemtsev, in a post-economic society, in contrast to an economic society focused on material enrichment, the main goal for most people is the development of their own personality.

The theory of post-economic society is associated with a new periodization of the history of mankind, in which three large-scale eras can be distinguished - pre-economic, economic and post-economic. Such periodization is based on two criteria - the type of human activity and the nature of the relationship between the interests of the individual and society. The post-economic type of society is defined as a type of social structure where a person's economic activity is becoming more intense and complex, but is no longer determined by his material interests, is not set by the traditionally understood economic expediency. The economic basis of such a society is formed by the destruction of private property and a return to personal property, to a state of non-alienation of the worker from the instruments of production. The post-economic society is characterized by a new type of social confrontation - the confrontation between the information and intellectual elite and all people who are not included in it, who are employed in the sphere of mass production and, because of this, are forced out to the periphery of society. However, each member of such a society has the opportunity to enter the elite himself, since belonging to the elite is determined by abilities and knowledge.

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